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Fehrenbach GW, Murphy E, Pogue R, Carter F, Clifford E, Major I, Rowan N. Pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) disinfection of artificially contaminated seawater seeded with high levels of pathogen disease indicators as an alternative for the shellfish industry depuration systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27286-6. [PMID: 37155092 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The increase in pathogen levels in seawater threatens the safety of entire aquatic ecosystems. Foodborne pathogens can potentially accumulate in shellfish, especially in filter feeders such as bivalves, requiring an efficient depuration process before consumption. Alternative approaches to promote a cost-efficient purge at depuration plants are urgently needed. A small prototype pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) light recirculation system was designed, and its depuration potential was tested in a seawater matrix artificially contaminated with high levels of microbial pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans. The analysis of treatment parameters including voltage, number of pulses and duration of treatment was performed to ensure the highest reduction in contaminant levels. Optimal PUV disinfection was attained at 60 pulses/min at 1 kV for 10 min (a UV output of 12.9 J/cm2). All reductions were statistically significant, and the greatest was observed for S. aureus (5.63 log10), followed by C. albicans (5.15 log10), S. typhimurium (5 log10), B. cereus (4.59 log10) and E. coli (4.55 log10). PUV treatment disrupted the pathogen DNA with the result that S. aureus, C. albicans and S. typhimurium were not detectable by PCR. Regulations were reviewed to address the applicability of PUV treatment as a promising alternative to assist in the reduction of microbial pathogens at depuration plants due to its high efficiency, short treatment period, high UV dose and recirculation system as currently employed in shellfish depuration plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Waltzer Fehrenbach
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon - Midlands Campus, N37 HD68, Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Emma Murphy
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon - Midlands Campus, N37 HD68, Athlone, Ireland
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon - Midwest Campus, V94 EC5T, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Robert Pogue
- Post-Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, 71966-700, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Sustainable Disinfection and Sterilization, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon - Midlands Campus, N37 F6D7, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Frank Carter
- Coney Island Shellfish Ltd., F91 YH56, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Clifford
- School of Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 HX31, Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 HX31, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon - Midlands Campus, N37 HD68, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Neil Rowan
- Center for Sustainable Disinfection and Sterilization, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon - Midlands Campus, N37 F6D7, Athlone, Ireland
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2
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Scott R, Joshi LT, McGinn C. Hospital surface disinfection using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation technology: A review. Healthc Technol Lett 2022; 9:25-33. [PMID: 35662749 PMCID: PMC9160814 DOI: 10.1049/htl2.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technologies have emerged as a promising alternative to biocides as a means of surface disinfection in hospitals and other healthcare settings. This paper reviews the methods used by researchers and clinicians in deploying and evaluating the efficacy of UVGI technology. The type of UVGI technology used, the clinical setting where the device was deployed, and the methods of environmental testing that the researchers followed are investigated. The findings suggest that clinical UVGI deployments have been growing steadily since 2010 and have increased dramatically since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hardware platforms and operating procedures vary considerably between studies. Most studies measure efficacy of the technology based on the objective measurement of bacterial bioburden reduction; however, studies conducted over longer durations have examined the impact of UVGI on the reduction of healthcare associated infections (HCAIs). Future trends include increased automation and the use of UVGI technologies that are safer for use around people. Although existing evidence seems to support the efficacy of UVGI as a tool capable of reducing HCAIs, more research is needed to measure the magnitude of these effects and to establish recommended best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Scott
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical EngineeringTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Conor McGinn
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical EngineeringTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Akara RoboticsDublinIreland
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Qiao JJ, Li JJ, Li CH, Qi Y, Chen LY, Wang SN, Honess PE, Liu YB, Zhang C, Liu QX, Yi B, Gao CQ. A Practical Assessment of the Disinfectant Efficacy of UV Light with and without Ozone Using a Novel Transfer Hatch in a Research Animal Facility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:248-251. [PMID: 35393007 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Most in vivo animal research and breeding using mice and rats in China takes place in facilities under barrier conditions. Items being moved across the barrier are typically disinfected using UV radiation in a transfer hatch. However, the time periods necessary for this disinfection technique are inefficient, and disinfection is frequently incomplete, especially if concealed surfaces are present. The current study used a newly developed transfer hatch incorporating both UV and ozone disinfection to examine disinfection efficacy against 4 bacteria species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii). Disinfection trials used UV and ozone, applied separately and in combination, for up to 30 min. Separate and combined treatments were also tested with a UV barrier. We found that if UV radiation has direct contact with surfaces, it is an efficient disinfection method. However, where surfaces are concealed by a UV barrier, UV radiation performs relatively poorly. The results of this study indicate that a combination of UV and ozone produces the most effective disinfection and is markedly quicker than current disinfection times for UV applied on its own. This novel transfer hatch design therefore allows more complete and efficient disinfection, improves workflow, and reduces barrier breaches by pathogens that may affect animal health and welfare and compromise research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Hui Li
- Infection Control Center, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan-Ni Wang
- Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Paul E Honess
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Yun-Bo Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Qing Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China;,
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Jadidi A, Irannejad B, Mohsenifard M, Hezave AK, Aghaepour SM. Comparison of the Antimicrobial Effect of Zataria Multiflora Essence and Deconex Surface on Microbial Load of Emergency Ambulances. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221093454. [PMID: 35583187 PMCID: PMC9121464 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221093454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effect of Deconex Surface, a common disinfectant, and Zataria multiflora essence on microbial load of Emergency ambulance equipment in Iran. The samples were selected from all the ambulances through convenience sampling. Before the intervention, the cultures were obtained from the contact surfaces and the surfaces were then disinfected with Deconex and Zataria multiflora. Then, repeated cultures were obtained from the same surfaces. Next, the samples were immediately sent to a microbiology lab. The obtained data were entered into SPSS 2016 and analyzed using statistical tests. Results showed that disinfecting effect of Zataria multiflora is better than Deconex in eliminating certain bacterial species such as Staphylococcus and Bacillus. So Zataria multiflora essence can be used as a surface and hospital equipment disinfectant along with other disinfectant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jadidi
- Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Iran
| | - Behrooz Irannejad
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Crisis Management and Emergency Medical Services of Markazi Province, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohsenifard
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Crisis Management and Emergency Medical Services of Markazi Province, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Malateaux G, Salazar-Gamarra R, de Souza Silva J, Gallego Arias Pecorari V, Suffredini IB, Dib LL. Ultraviolet C as a method of disinfecting medical silicone used in facial prostheses: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 126:452.e1-452.e6. [PMID: 34301417 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Hygiene and disinfection are important factors for preserving facial prostheses and supporting tissue health. However, a method that does not accelerate degradation or color change is necessary. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of irradiation with ultraviolet C light-emitting diode (UV-C LED) light in the disinfection and initial color stability of the silicone (A-588-1; Factor II) used in facial prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and twenty specimens were made, contaminated by multispecies biofilm, and divided into 5 groups (n = 24) with different treatments: control, distilled water, 0.12% chlorhexidine, UV-C LED light, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the negative control. Cell viability was measured by the methyl tetrazolium salt method. Statistical analysis was performed by generalized linear models. Additional descriptive analysis was performed for color analysis by using 16 silicone specimens made with light and dark intrinsic coloring in 4 groups (controls and treatments n=4) submitted to UV-C LED light. The ΔE of the specimens was obtained by CIEDE200. RESULTS The results of cell viability demonstrated a statistically significant difference among the groups (P<.001), with a microbial reduction after UVC-LED exposure compared with the control group. Regarding the color, the groups presented an average ΔE (light 0.205 and dark 0.308) compatible with visually imperceptible changes (light < 0.7 and dark < 1.2). CONCLUSIONS Irradiation with UV-C LED light decreased the in vitro microbial cell viability of the medical silicone used in facial prostheses, demonstrating initial color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Malateaux
- Researcher, UNIP Postgraduation Dental School, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra
- Researcher, UNIP Postgraduation Dental School, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jefferson de Souza Silva
- Researcher, Center for Research in Biodiversity, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Gallego Arias Pecorari
- Professor, Bioestatistic Department, UNIP Postgraduation Dental School, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Lauria Dib
- Professor, UNIP Postgraduation Dental School, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Jean J, Rodríguez-López MI, Jubinville E, Núñez-Delicado E, Gómez-López VM. Potential of pulsed light technology for control of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital environments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 215:112106. [PMID: 33383557 PMCID: PMC7767662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential transmission through touching surfaces in clinical environments have impelled the use of conventional and novel methods of disinfection to prevent its spreading. Among the latter, pulsed light may be an effective, non-chemical decontamination alternative. Pulsed light technology inactivates microorganisms and viruses by using high intensity polychromatic light pulses, which degrades nucleic acids and proteins. This review describes this technology, compiles and critically analyzes the evidence about the virucidal efficacy of pulsed light technology with view on its potential use against SARS-CoV-2 in touching surfaces in health-care facilities. The efficacy of pulsed light proved against many different kind of viruses allows to conclude that is a suitable candidate to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as long as the required fluence is applied and the appropriated exposure to contaminated surfaces is guaranteed. Pulsed light can inactivate many different types of viruses. Its antimicrobial efficacy has been proved in different health care facilities. Pulsed light produces fast inactivation and it is ecologically friendly. Evidence shows that it should be effective for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jean
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Jubinville
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Estrella Núñez-Delicado
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente M Gómez-López
- Catedra Alimentos para la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain.
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7
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Scarano A, Inchingolo F, Lorusso F. Environmental Disinfection of a Dental Clinic during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Insight. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8896812. [PMID: 33145359 PMCID: PMC7596431 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8896812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of biological hazard risk in health care and dental clinic environments represents a critical point in relation to the Covid-19 infection outbreak and international public health emergency. The purpose of the present review was to evaluate the scientific literature on the no-touch disinfection procedures in dental clinics aiming to limit transmission via airborne particles or fomites using no-touch procedures for environmental decontamination of dental clinics. METHODS An electronic database literature search was performed to retrieve research papers about Covid-19 and no-touch disinfection topics including full-length articles, editorials, commentaries, and outbreak studies. A total of 86 papers were retrieved by the electronic research. RESULTS No clinical article about the decontamination of a dental clinic during the Covid-19 pandemic was detected. About the topic of hospital decontamination, we found different no-touch disinfection procedures used in hospital against highly resistant organisms, but no data were found in the search for such procedures with respect to SARS-CoV-2: (1) aerosolized hydrogen peroxide, (2) H2O2 vapor, (3) ultraviolet C light, (4) pulsed xenon, and (5) gaseous ozone. One paper was retrieved concerning SARS-CoV-2; 32 documents focused on SARS and MERS. The cleaning and disinfection protocol of health care and dental clinic environment surfaces are essential elements of infection prevention programs, especially during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. CONCLUSION The decontamination technique that best suits the needs of the dental clinic is peroxide and hypochlorous which can be sprayed via a device at high turbine speed with the ability of producing small aerosol particles, recommendable also for their low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Scarano
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Pruthi G, Parkash H, Bharathi P V, Jain R, Gupta A, Rai S. Comprehensive review of guidelines to practice prosthodontic and implant procedures during COVID-19 pandemic. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:768-775. [PMID: 33101891 PMCID: PMC7568128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present a comprehensive review of current literature available on Corona virus disease and dentistry, modifications required in dental and laboratory settings; and recommended disinfection protocols in current scenario. Special emphasis has been given to discuss guidelines for handling different prosthodontic procedures and implications of this pandemic on prosthodontic practice, education and research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature pertaining to COVID-19 and dentistry was scrutinized on electronic search engines including PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane. Guidelines given by various organizations, institutions, national and international regulatory bodies and Indian Prosthodontic Society were also consulted to gather information pertaining to the objectives of our review. RESULTS and observations: A total of 160 articles including cross-sectional studies, in vitro study, narrative reviews, letters to the editor and opinions were found to be relevant in accordance with our search strategy. Documented literature revealed that Covid-19 pandemic has culminated in serious clinical, financial and psychological implications in the field of dentistry. Certain steps such as adoption of teledentistry, judicious use of protective equipment, use of rubber dams, pre-procedural rinses have been suggested unanimously. However, there is a dearth of evidence-based recommendations in literature. Data regarding consequences of delaying prosthodontic procedures and patients' perspectives is also sparse. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 necessitates the need to adopt a balanced approach while treating patients and safeguarding the dental professionals at the same time. Risk-benefit ratio has to be assessed along with stringent following of guidelines and disinfection protocols to combat this unprecedented situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Pruthi
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hari Parkash
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Radhika Jain
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arpit Gupta
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sachin Rai
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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