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Eker F, Duman H, Akdaşçi E, Bolat E, Sarıtaş S, Karav S, Witkowska AM. A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity. Molecules 2024; 29:3482. [PMID: 39124888 PMCID: PMC11314082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Emir Akdaşçi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Ecem Bolat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sümeyye Sarıtaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (F.E.); (H.D.); (E.A.); (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Witkowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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Maharjan A, Gautam R, Lee G, Kim D, Lee D, Acharya M, Kim H, Heo Y, Kim C. Assessment of skin sensitization potential of zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, manganese oxide, and copper oxide nanoparticles through the local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-deoxyuridine flow cytometry method. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38796781 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2357466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The advent of nanotechnology has significantly spurred the utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) across diverse sectors encompassing industry, agriculture, engineering, cosmetics, and medicine. Metallic oxides including zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), manganese oxide (Mn2O3), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), in their NP forms, have become prevalent in cosmetics and various dermal products. Despite the expanding consideration of these compounds for dermal applications, their potential for initiating skin sensitization (SS) has not been comprehensively examined. An in vivo assay, local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) recognized as an alternative testing method for screening SS potential was used to address these issues. Following the OECD TG 442B guidelines, NPs suspensions smaller than 50 nm size were prepared for ZnO and Al2O3 at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50%, and Mn2O3 and CuO at concentrations of 5, 10, and 25%, and applied to the dorsum of each ear of female BALB/c mice on a daily basis for 3 consecutive days. Regarding the prediction of test substance to skin sensitizer if sensitization index (SI)≥2.7, all 4 NPs were classified as non-sensitizing. The SI values were below 2.06, 1.33, 1.42, and 0.99 for ZnO, Al2O3, Mn2O3, and CuO, respectively, at all test concentrations. Although data presented were negative with respect to adverse SS potential for these 4 NPs, further confirmatory tests addressing other key events associated with SS adverse outcome pathway need to be carried out to arrive at an acceptable conclusion on the skin safety for both cosmetic and dermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Maharjan
- Department of Health and Safety, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Health and Safety, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - GiYong Lee
- Department of Toxicity Assessment, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School of Medical Health and Science, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - DongYoon Kim
- Department of Toxicity Assessment, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School of Medical Health and Science, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - DaEun Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Health and Safety, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Health and Safety, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Toxicity Assessment, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School of Medical Health and Science, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Health and Safety, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Toxicity Assessment, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School of Medical Health and Science, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Chandrasekaran K, Kakani V, Kokkarachedu V, Abdulrahman Syedahamed HH, Palani S, Arumugam S, Shanmugam A, Kim S, Kim K. Toxicological assessment of divalent ion-modified ZnO nanomaterials through artificial intelligence and in vivo study. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 267:106826. [PMID: 38219502 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The nanotechnology-driven industrial revolution widely relies on metal oxide-based nanomaterial (NM). Zinc oxide (ZnO) production has rapidly increased globally due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties and versatile applications in industries including cement, rubber, paints, cosmetics, and more. Nevertheless, releasing Zn2+ ions into the environment can profoundly impact living systems and affect water-based ecosystems, including biological ones. In aquatic environments, Zn2+ ions can change water properties, directly influencing underwater ecosystems, especially fish populations. These ions can accumulate in fish tissues when fish are exposed to contaminated water and pose health risks to humans who consume them, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and even organ damage. To address this issue, safety of ZnO NMs should be enhanced without altering their nanoscale properties, thus preventing toxic-related problems. In this study, an eco-friendly precipitation method was employed to prepare ZnO NMs. These NMs were found to reduce ZnO toxicity levels by incorporating elements such as Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. Structural, morphological, and optical properties of synthesized NMs were thoroughly investigated. In vitro tests demonstrated potential antioxidative properties of NMs with significant effects on free radical scavenging activities. In vivo, toxicity tests were conducted using Oreochromis mossambicus fish and male Swiss Albino mice to compare toxicities of different ZnO NMs. Fish and mice exposed to these NMs exhibited biochemical changes and histological abnormalities. Notably, ZnCaO NMs demonstrated lower toxicity to fish and mice than other ZnO NMs. This was attributed to its Ca2+ ions, which could enhance body growth metabolism compared to other metals, thus improving material safety. Furthermore, whether nanomaterials' surface roughness might contribute to their increased toxicity in biological systems was investigated utilizing computer vision (CV)-based AI tools to obtain SEM images of NMs, providing valuable image-based surface morphology data that could be correlated with relevant toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Kakani
- Integrated System Engineering, Inha University, Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Varaprasad Kokkarachedu
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Deseno, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Bio-Bio, Chile
| | | | - Suganthi Palani
- KIRND Institute of Research and Development Pvt Ltd, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 020, India
| | - Stalin Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, National College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 001, India
| | - Achiraman Shanmugam
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
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Rajasekar M, Mary J, Sivakumar M, Selvam M. Recent developments in sunscreens based on chromophore compounds and nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2529-2563. [PMID: 38226149 PMCID: PMC10788710 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen formulations have undergone significant advancements in recent years, with a focus on improving UV radiation protection, photostability, and environmental sustainability. Chromophore compounds and nanoparticles have emerged as key components in these developments. This review highlights the latest research and innovations in chromophore compounds and nanoparticle-based sunscreens. It discusses the role of nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, in scattering and absorbing UV radiation while remaining cosmetically acceptable. Chromophore compounds, encapsulated in nanoparticles, are explored for their potential to enhance UV protection by absorbing specific wavelengths of light. Additionally, advances in photo-stability, broad-spectrum protection, antioxidant inclusion, and biodegradability are discussed. The evolving landscape of sunscreen technology aims to provide more effective and environment-friendly solutions for safeguarding skin from the sun's harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Rajasekar
- Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University) Chennai - 600 119 Tamil Nadu India +91-9710230530
| | - Jennita Mary
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University) Chennai 600119 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Meenambigai Sivakumar
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University) Chennai 600119 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Masilamani Selvam
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University) Chennai 600119 Tamil Nadu India
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Lin CH, Lin MH, Chung YK, Alalaiwe A, Hung CF, Fang JY. Exploring the potential of the nano-based sunscreens and antioxidants for preventing and treating skin photoaging. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140702. [PMID: 37979799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to sunlight, especially UV irradiation, causes skin photodamage. Sunscreens, such as TiO2 and ZnO, can potentially prevent UV via scattering, reflection, and absorption. Topical antioxidants are another means of skin photoprotection. Developing nanoparticles for sunscreens and antioxidants is recommended for photoaging prevention and treatment as it can improve uncomfortable skin appearance, stability, penetration, and safety. This study reviewed the effects of nano-sized sunscreens and antioxidants on skin photoprevention by examining published studies and articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, which explore the topics of skin photoaging, skin senescence, UV radiation, keratinocyte, dermal fibroblast, sunscreen, antioxidant, and nanoparticle. The researchers of this study also summarized the nano-based UV filters and therapeutics for mitigating skin photoaging. The skin photodamage mechanisms are presented, followed by the introduction of current skin photoaging treatment. The different nanoparticle types used for topical delivery were also explored in this study. This is followed by the mechanisms of how nanoparticles improve the UV filters and antioxidant performance. Lastly, recent investigations were reviewed on nanoparticulate sunscreens and antioxidants in skin photoaging management. Sunscreens and antioxidants for topical application have different concepts. Topical antioxidants are ideal for permeating into the skin to exhibit free radical scavenging activity, while UV filters are prescribed to remain on the skin surface without absorption to exert the UV-blocking effect without causing toxicity. The nanoparticle design strategy for meeting the different needs of sunscreens and antioxidants is also explored in this study. Although the benefits of using nanoparticles for alleviating photodamage are well-established, more animal-based and clinical studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lin
- Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuo Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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He P, Low RJY, Burns SF, Lipik V, Tok AIY. Enhanced far infrared emissivity, UV protection and near-infrared shielding of polypropylene composites via incorporation of natural mineral for functional fabric development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22329. [PMID: 38102206 PMCID: PMC10724279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Far infrared radiation in the range of 4-20 µm has been showed to have biological and health benefits to the human body. Therefore, incorporating far-infrared emissivity additives into polymers and/or fabrics hold promise for the development of functional textiles. In this study, we incorporated nine types of natural minerals into polypropylene (PP) film and examined their properties to identify potential candidates for functional textiles and apparels. The addition of 2% mineral powders into PP film increased the far-infrared emissivity (5-14 µm) by 7.65%-14.48%. The improvement in far-infrared emissivity within the range of 5-14 µm, which overlaps with the peak range of human skin radiation at 8-14 µm, results in increased absorption efficiency, and have the potential to enhance thermal and biological effects. Moreover, the incorporation of mineral powders in PP films exhibited favorable ultraviolet (UV) protection and near-infrared (NIR) shielding properties. Two films, specifically those containing red ochre and hematite, demonstrated excellent UV protection with a UPF rating of 50+ and blocked 99.92% and 98.73% of UV radiation, respectively. Additionally, they showed 95.2% and 93.2% NIR shielding properties, compared to 54.1% NIR shielding properties of PP blank films. The UV protection and NIR shielding properties offered additional advantages for the utilization of polymer composite with additives in the development of sportswear and other outdoor garments. The incorporation of minerals could absorb near-IR radiation and re-emit them at longer wavelength in the mid-IR region. Furthermore, the incorporation of minerals significantly improved the heat retention of PP films under same heat radiation treatment. Notably, films with red ochre and hematite exhibited a dramatic temperature increase, reaching 2.5 and 3.2 times the temperature increase of PP films under same heat radiation treatment, respectively (46.8 °C and 59.9 °C higher than the temperature increase of 20.9 °C in the PP film). Films with additives also demonstrated lower thermal effusivity than PP blank films, indicating superior heat insulation properties. Therefore, polypropylene films with mineral additives, particularly those containing red ochre and hematite, showed remarkable heat capacity, UV-protection, NIR-shielding properties and enhanced far infrared emissivity, making them promising candidates for the development of functional textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rayland Jun Yan Low
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Stephen Francis Burns
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Vitali Lipik
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Alfred Iing Yoong Tok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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Doghmane NEA, Chettibi S, Doghmane M, Othmane DB, Touam T. Comparative investigations of structural, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of pure and 2 at. % Al-doped ZnO. J Mol Model 2023; 29:343. [PMID: 37847327 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT We comparatively investigate the properties of pure ZnO and 2 at. % Al doping concentration of ZnO, AZO, as potential candidates for specific applications. METHODS Calculations were carried out, using Wien2k package, to deduce structural, electronic, optical thermoelectric, and properties of both ZnO and AZO materials via the combination of GGA and mBJ approximations. RESULTS It is shown that Al doping of ZnO (AZO) improves its optical properties; the deduced direct fundamental gap is enhanced due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Moreover, the dielectric function, at lower energies, confirms the existence of an extra strong fluctuation in the dispersive real part ɛ1(ω) and a high peak for absorptive imaginary parts ɛ2(ω) which are due to a variation in specific molecular bonding and the transition between the occupied and the non-occupied states. The critical point, observed at 2.81 eV for pure ZnO, is shifted to 3.3 eV in 2 at. % AZO, confirming a larger optical band gap. The reflectivity values slightly decreased for 2% AZO. The investigation of thermoelectric parameters as a function of chemical potential at different temperatures ranging from 300 to 900°C showed that these structures can be considered for good thermoelectric devices with (i) high absolute values of Seebeck coefficient: ׀SZnO׀ = 1.16 mV/K and ׀SAZO׀ = 0.746 mV/K, (ii) no effect of temperature on electrical conductivity but a strong effect on thermal conductivity, (iii) a high value approaching unity for the figure of merit. Hence, these properties and their improvements, introduced by Al doping of ZnO, lead specific and more uses in optoelectronics, energy, and piezoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozha El Ahlem Doghmane
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux, L2PM, Département Sciences de la Matière, Faculté MISM, Université 08 Mai 1945, DZ-24000, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Sabah Chettibi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux, L2PM, Département Sciences de la Matière, Faculté MISM, Université 08 Mai 1945, DZ-24000, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Malika Doghmane
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux, L2PM, Département Sciences de la Matière, Faculté MISM, Université 08 Mai 1945, DZ-24000, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Djemâa Ben Othmane
- Laboratoire des Semi-conducteurs, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji-Mokhtar-Annaba, B.P 12, DZ-23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Tahar Touam
- Laboratoire des Semi-conducteurs, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji-Mokhtar-Annaba, B.P 12, DZ-23000, Annaba, Algeria.
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