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Qiu C, Zhang JZ, Wu B, Xu CC, Pang HH, Tu QC, Lu YQ, Guo QY, Xia F, Wang JG. Advanced application of nanotechnology in active constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:456. [PMID: 38017573 PMCID: PMC10685519 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been used for centuries for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, their effective delivery to targeted sites may be a major challenge due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic nanohybrids based on active constituents from TCMs have been extensively studied as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of active constituents from TCMs to achieve a higher therapeutic effect with fewer side effects compared to conventional formulations. This review summarizes the recent advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems for various types of active constituents of TCMs, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones, from different natural sources. This review covers the design and preparation of nanocarriers, their characterization, and in vitro/vivo evaluations. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities in the field and suggests future directions for research. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have shown great potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of TCMs, and this review may serve as a comprehensive resource to researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huan Huan Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Chao Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiu Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ji Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Toscano M, Russo N. On the origin of photodynamic activity of hypericin and its iodine-containing derivatives. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:2037-2042. [PMID: 36129210 PMCID: PMC9826312 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main photophysical properties, useful for establishing whether hypericin in anionic form and some of its derivatives containing heavy atoms such as iodine, can be proposed for their use in photodynamic therapy, were determined using density functional based computations. The results showed that in the anionic form and in the iodinated derivatives, the absorption wavelength undergoes a bathochromic shift, the singlet-triplet energy gap assumes values that allow to excite the oxygen molecule from its ground to the excited singlet state, and that the spin-orbit couplings between singlet and triplet states significantly increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Nino Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
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Zhao Y, Cartabia A, Lalaymia I, Declerck S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:221-256. [PMID: 35556179 PMCID: PMC9184413 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an important source of therapeutic compounds used in the treatment of many diseases since ancient times. Interestingly, they form associations with numerous microorganisms developing as endophytes or symbionts in different parts of the plants. Within the soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most prevalent symbiotic microorganisms forming associations with more than 70% of vascular plants. In the last decade, a number of studies have reported the positive effects of AMF on improving the production and accumulation of important active compounds in medicinal plants.In this work, we reviewed the literature on the effects of AMF on the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The major findings are as follows: AMF impact the production of secondary metabolites either directly by increasing plant biomass or indirectly by stimulating secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. The magnitude of the impact differs depending on the plant genotype, the AMF strain, and the environmental context (e.g., light, time of harvesting). Different methods of cultivation are used for the production of secondary metabolites by medicinal plants (e.g., greenhouse, aeroponics, hydroponics, in vitro and hairy root cultures) which also are compatible with AMF. In conclusion, the inoculation of medicinal plants with AMF is a real avenue for increasing the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of pharmacological, medical, and cosmetic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Zhao
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Cartabia
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ismahen Lalaymia
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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de Morais FAP, Gonçalves RS, Vilsinski BH, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Balbinot RB, Tsubone TM, Brunaldi K, Nakamura CV, Hioka N, Caetano W. Hypericin photodynamic activity in DPPC liposomes - part II: stability and application in melanoma B16-F10 cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:620-630. [PMID: 32248218 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00284g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (Hyp) is considered a promising photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), due to its high hydrophobicity, affinity for cell membranes, low toxicity and high photooxidation activity. In this study, Hyp photophysical properties and photodynamic activity against melanoma B16-F10 cells were optimized using DPPC liposomes (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) as a drug delivery system. This nanoparticle is used as a cell membrane biomimetic model and solubilizes hydrophobic drugs. Hyp oxygen singlet lifetime (τ) in DPPC was approximately two-fold larger than that in P-123 micelles (Pluronic™ surfactants), reflecting a more hydrophobic environment provided by the DPPC liposome. On the other hand, singlet oxygen quantum yield values (ΦΔ1O2) in DPPC and P-123 were similar; Hyp molecules were preserved as monomers. The Hyp/DPPC liposome aqueous dispersion was stable during fluorescence emission and the liposome diameter remained stable for at least five days at 30 °C. However, the liposomes collapsed after the lyophilization/rehydration process, which was resolved by adding the lyoprotectant Trehalose to the liposome dispersion before lyophilization. Cell viability of the Hyp/DPPC formulation was assessed against healthy HaCat cells and high-metastatic melanoma B16-F10 cells. Hyp incorporated into the DPPC carrier presented a higher selectivity index than the Hyp sample previously solubilized in ethanol under the illumination effect. Moreover, the IC50 was lower for Hyp in DPPC than for Hyp pre-solubilized in ethanol. These results indicate the potential of the formulation of Hyp/DPPC for future biomedical applications in PDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Technological Innovation Laboratory in the Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Development, Department of Health Sciences, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Bento Balbinot
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Technological Innovation Laboratory in the Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Development, Department of Health Sciences, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tayana Mazin Tsubone
- Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kellen Brunaldi
- Physiological Sciences Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Celso Vatatu Nakamura
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Technological Innovation Laboratory in the Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Development, Department of Health Sciences, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Alam ST, Le TAN, Park JS, Kwon HC, Kang K. Antimicrobial Biophotonic Treatment of Ampicillin-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Hypericin and Ampicillin Cotreatment Followed by Orange Light. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E641. [PMID: 31805742 PMCID: PMC6956302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is an alarming global issue that requires alternative antimicrobial methods to which there is no resistance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a well-known method to combat this problem for many pathogens, especially Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Hypericin and orange light APDT efficiently kill Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the yeast Candida albicans. Although Gram-positive bacteria and many fungi are readily killed with APDT, Gram-negative bacteria are difficult to kill due to their different cell wall structures. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important opportunistic, life-threatening Gram-negative pathogens. However, it cannot be killed successfully by hypericin and orange light APDT. P. aeruginosa is ampicillin resistant, but we hypothesized that ampicillin could still damage the cell wall, which can promote photosensitizer uptake into Gram-negative cells. Using hypericin and ampicillin cotreatment followed by orange light, a significant reduction (3.4 log) in P. aeruginosa PAO1 was achieved. P. aeruginosa PAO1 inactivation and gut permeability improvement by APDT were successfully shown in a Caenorhabditis elegans model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemi Tasnim Alam
- Natural Products Informatics Research Center, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do 25451, Korea; (S.T.A.); (T.A.N.L.); (J.-S.P.); (H.C.K.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Gangwon-do 25451, Korea
| | - Tram Anh Ngoc Le
- Natural Products Informatics Research Center, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do 25451, Korea; (S.T.A.); (T.A.N.L.); (J.-S.P.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Natural Products Informatics Research Center, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do 25451, Korea; (S.T.A.); (T.A.N.L.); (J.-S.P.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Natural Products Informatics Research Center, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do 25451, Korea; (S.T.A.); (T.A.N.L.); (J.-S.P.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Kyungsu Kang
- Natural Products Informatics Research Center, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do 25451, Korea; (S.T.A.); (T.A.N.L.); (J.-S.P.); (H.C.K.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Gangwon-do 25451, Korea
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de Morais FAP, Gonçalves RS, Vilsinski BH, de Oliveira ÉL, Rocha NL, Hioka N, Caetano W. Hypericin photodynamic activity in DPPC liposome. PART I: biomimetism of loading, location, interactions and thermodynamic properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 190:118-127. [PMID: 30513414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (Hyp) is a potential photosensitizer drug for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). However, the high lipophilicity of Hyp prevents its preparation in water. To overcome the Hyp solubility problem, this study uses the liposomal vesicle of DPPC. Otherwise liposome is also one of the most employed artificial systems that mimetizes cell membranes. Our present focus is the interaction of Hyp into DPPC liposome as biomimetic system. We studied the loading, interaction, and localization of Hyp (2.8 μmol L-1) in DPPC (5.4 mmol L-1) liposomes, as well as the thermodynamic aspects of Hyp-liposomes. The Hyp addition to the DPPC liposome dispersion showed a Encapsulation Efficiency for [Hyp] = 2.8 μmol L-1 in [DPPC] = 5.3 mmol L-1 of 74.3% and 89.3% at 30.0 and 50.0 °C, respectively. The encapsulation profile obeys a pseudo first-order kinetic law, with a rate constant of 1.26 × 10-3 s-1 at 30.0 °C. Also the data suggests this reaction is preceded by an extremely rapid step. A study on the binding of Hyp/DPPC liposomes (Kb), performed at several temperatures, showed results of 4.8 and 18.5 × 103 L mol-1 at 293 and 323 K, respectively. Additionally, a decrease was observed in the ΔG of the Hyp/DPPC interaction (-20.6 and - 26.4 kL mol-1 at 293 and 323 K, respectively). The resulting ΔH > 0 with ΔS < 0 shows that the entropy is driven the process. Studies of Hyp location in the liposome at 298 K revealed the existence of two different Hyp populations with a Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv) of 4.65 and 1.87 L mol-1 using iodide as an aquo-suppressor at concentration ranged from 0 to 0.025 mol L-1 and from 0.025 to 0.150 mol L-1, respectively. Furthermore, studies of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, using DPH as a donor and Hyp as an acceptor, revealed that Hyp is allocated in different binding sites of the liposome. This is dependent on temperature. Thermal studies revealed that the Hyp/DPPC formulation presented reasonable stability. Size and morphological investigations showed that Hyp incorporation increases the average size of DPPC liposomes from 116 to 154 nm. The study demonstrated the ability of the Hyp-DPPC liposome as an interesting system for drug delivery system that can be applied to PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia A P de Morais
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Renato S Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Bruno H Vilsinski
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Évelin L de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Nicola L Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Carlos Gomes 241- Campinas - SP, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Keša P, Jancura D, Kudláčová J, Valušová E, Antalík M. Excitation of triplet states of hypericin in water mediated by hydrotropic cromolyn sodium salt. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 193:185-191. [PMID: 29241053 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin (Hyp) is a hydrophobic pigment found in plants of the genus Hypericum which exhibits low levels of solubility in water. This work shows that the solubility of Hyp can be significantly increased through the addition of cromolyn disodium salt (DSCG). Performed studies using UV-VIS absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies demonstrate that Hyp remains in a predominantly biologically photodynamic active monomeric form in the presence of DSCG at concentrations ranging from 4.6×10-3 to 1.2×10-1mol·L-1. The low association constant between Hyp and DSCG (Ka=71.7±2M-1), and the polarity value of 0.3 determined for Hyp in a DSCG-water solution, lead to a suggestion that the monomerization of Hyp in aqueous solution can be explained as a result of the hydrotropic effect of DSCG. This hydrotropic effect is most likely a result of interactions between two relative rigid aromatic rings of DSCG and a delocalized charge on the surface of the Hyp molecule. The triplet-triplet (T-T) electronic transition observed in is Hyp in the presence of DSCG suggests a possible production of reactive oxygen species once Hyp is irradiated with visible light in a DSCG aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Keša
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Kudláčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Valušová
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marián Antalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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Boran R, Ugur A. The mutagenic, antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of Hypericum lydium. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:402-405. [PMID: 27931153 PMCID: PMC6130500 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1242146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a growing market demand for Hypericum sp., a pharmacologically active plant that has been traditionally used to treat various ailments. However, there have been limited studies on the extract or essential oil of Hypericum lydium Boiss (Hypericaceae). OBJECTIVE This study investigates for the first time the antioxidant, mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of an ethanol extract of H. lydium. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ethanol extract from aerial parts of H. lydium harvested from Turkey were tested for this mutagenic and antimutagenic activities (2.0-0.002 mg/plate) using Ames Salmonella/microsome test system. 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4-NPD) (3 μg/plate) for the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and sodium azide (NaN3) (8 μg/plate) for the S. typhimurium TA100 were used as positive controls. The antioxidant activity, total antioxidant activity and phenolic constituent of the extract (2.0-0.002 mg/mL) was determined by the inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), β-carotene-linoleic acid model and by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, respectively. RESULTS The extract showed no sign of mutagenicity at the tested concentrations (0.002-2.0 mg/mL), and showed concentration-dependent antimutagenic activity against NaN3 and 4-NPD ranging from 26.8 to 81.5%. The extract was found to be an efficient scavenger of DPPH (IC50 0.165 ± 0.23 mg/mL) and to inhibit β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching (IC50 0.39 ± 0.11 mg/mL). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings indicate ethanol extract of H. lydium to be a safe and effective agent that may be incorporated into new strategies for the prevention of cancer and mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Boran
- Medical Laboratory Program, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Service, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Aysel Ugur
- Section of Medical Microbiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Nigutová K, Kusari S, Sezgin S, Petijová L, Henzelyová J, Bálintová M, Spiteller M, Čellárová E. Chemometric evaluation of hypericin and related phytochemicals in 17 in vitro cultured Hypericum species, hairy root cultures and hairy root-derived transgenic plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 71:46-57. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this study was to ascertain the presence and correlations among eight important secondary metabolites viz. hypericin, pseudohypericin, emodin, hyperforin, rutin, hyperoside, quercetin and quercitrin in different organs of 17 in vitro cultured Hypericum species, along with H. tomentosum and H. tetrapterum hairy root cultures, and hairy root-derived transgenic plants of H. tomentosum.
Methods
Samples were extracted and analysed by LC-MS. The LC-MS data were subjected to chemometric evaluations for metabolite profiling and correlating the phytochemical compositions in different samples.
Key findings
Hypericin, pseudohypericin and their proposed precursor emodin were detected in various levels in the leaves of eight Hypericum species. The highest content of hypericins and emodin was found in H. tetrapterum, which contains the studied secondary metabolites in all plant organs. A significant positive correlation between hypericins and emodin was observed both by principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS), indicating the role of emodin as a possible precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of hypericins. Flavonoids were found in all tested plant organs except roots of H. pulchrum. The hairy roots lacked hypericin, pseudohypericin, emodin, hyperforin and rutin. However, the hairy root-derived transgenic plants showed a significant increase in flavonoids.
Conclusions
This study broadens knowledge about the phytochemical composition of selected in vitro cultured Hypericum species, compared to that of hairy root cultures and hairy root-derived transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Nigutová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Selahaddin Sezgin
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Linda Petijová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Henzelyová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Bálintová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
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Cirak C, Radusiene J, Jakstas V, Ivanauskas L, Seyis F, Yayla F. Secondary metabolites of seven Hypericum species growing in Turkey. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2244-2253. [PMID: 26958815 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1152277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context The genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) has attracted remarkable scientific interest as its members have yielded many bioactive compounds. Objective The current study presents investigations on the accumulation of hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin, adhyperforin, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 13,118-biapigenin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, avicularin, rutin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin in seven Hypericum (Hypericaceae) species growing wild in Turkey, namely, H. aviculariifolium Jaup. and Spach subsp. aviculariifolium (Freyn and Bornm.) Robson var. albiflorum (endemic), H. bithynicum Boiss., H. calycinum L., H. cardiophyllum Boiss., H. elongatum L. subsp. microcalycinum (Boiss. and Heldr.) Robson, H. hirsutum L. and H. xylosteifolium (Spach) N. Robson. Materials and methods The plant materials were collected at flowering period and dissected in different tissues. Air-dried plant material including stems, leaves and flowers was mechanically powdered with a laboratory mill and samples (0.1 g) were extracted in 10 mL of 100% methanol by ultrasonication at 40 °C for 30 min for HPLC-PDA analyses. Results Accumulation levels of the investigated compounds varied greatly depending on species and plant part. Discussion For the first time, the detailed chemical profiles of corresponding Turkish Hypericum species were reported and the results were discussed from a phytochemical point of view. Conclusions The present data have importance in evaluation of plant resources of Hypericum genus in selecting the new potential sources of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Cirak
- a Vocational High School of Bafra , University of Ondokuz Mayis , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Jolita Radusiene
- b Nature Research Centre , Institute of Botany , Vilnius LT , Lithuania
| | - Valdas Jakstas
- c Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas LT , Lithuania
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- c Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas LT , Lithuania
| | - Fatih Seyis
- d Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University , Rize , Turkey
| | - Fatih Yayla
- e Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Gaziantep University , Gaziantep , Turkey
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Calixto GMF, Bernegossi J, de Freitas LM, Fontana CR, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review. Molecules 2016; 21:342. [PMID: 26978341 PMCID: PMC6274468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative approach for improved cancer treatment. In PDT, a photosensitizer (PS) is administered that can be activated by light of a specific wavelength, which causes selective damage to the tumor and its surrounding vasculature. The success of PDT is limited by the difficulty in administering photosensitizers (PSs) with low water solubility, which compromises the clinical use of several molecules. Incorporation of PSs in nanostructured drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), hydrogels, liposomes, liquid crystals, dendrimers, and cyclodextrin is a potential strategy to overcome this difficulty. Additionally, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may improve the transcytosis of a PS across epithelial and endothelial barriers and afford the simultaneous co-delivery of two or more drugs. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology in medicine may offer numerous exciting possibilities in cancer treatment and improve the efficacy of available therapeutics. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Maria Fioramonti Calixto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Araraquara 14800-903 SP, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Bernegossi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Araraquara 14800-903 SP, Brazil.
| | - Laura Marise de Freitas
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara 14800-903 SP, Brazil.
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara 14800-903 SP, Brazil.
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Araraquara 14800-903 SP, Brazil.
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Shoaf AL, Bayse CA. TD-DFT and structural investigation of natural photosensitive phenanthroperylene quinone derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02448j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural modification of the phenanthroperylene quinone core affects the electronic structure of a series of natural product photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Shoaf
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Old Dominion University
- Norfolk
- USA
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Old Dominion University
- Norfolk
- USA
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Souza MI, Silva ER, Jaques YM, Ferreira FF, Fileti EE, Alves WA. The role of water and structure on the generation of reactive oxygen species in peptide/hypericin complexes. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:554-62. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia I. Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; 09210-170 Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Emerson R. Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; 09210-170 Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Ygor M. Jaques
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; 09210-170 Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Fabio F. Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; 09210-170 Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Eudes E. Fileti
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 12231-280 São José dos Campos SP Brazil
| | - Wendel A. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; 09210-170 Santo André SP Brazil
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Pietrzak M, Maciejczyk M, Szabelski M, Kasparek A, Wieczorek Z. Self-association of hypericin analyzed by light absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Antibacterial Photosensitization-Based Treatment for Food Safety. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-013-9070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Cirak C, Radusiene J, Camas N, Caliskan O, Odabas MS. Changes in the contents of main secondary metabolites in two Turkish Hypericum species during plant development. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:391-9. [PMID: 23406360 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.733012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The genus Hypericum (Guttiferae) has received considerable scientific interest as a source of biologically active compounds. OBJECTIVE The study determined the morphogenetic and ontogenetic variation in the main bioactive compounds of two Hypericum species, namely, Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (Freyn and Bornm.) Robson var. depilatum and Hypericum orientale L. through HPLC analyses of whole plants as well as individual plant parts (stems, leaves, and reproductive tissues). MATERIALS AND METHODS The plant materials were harvested at five phenological stages: vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting, and mature fruiting; dried at room temperature, then assayed for chemical content. RESULTS In H. aviculariifolium, no kaempferol accumulation was observed and the highest level of hypericin, pseudohypericin, and quercitrin was reached at full flowering (0.71, 1.78, and 4.15 mg/g DW, respectively). Plants, harvested at floral budding produced the highest amount of rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrine (32.96, 2.42, 1.52 mg/g DW, respectively). H. orientale did not produce hypericin, pseudohypericin, or kaempferol. Rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercetine levels were the highest at floral development (1.76, 11.85, and 1.21 mg/g DW, respectively) and plants harvested at fresh fruiting produced the highest amount of quercitrine and quercetine (0.20 and 1.30 mg/g DW, respectively). DISCUSSION For the first time, the chemical composition of the Turkish species of Hypericum was monitored during the course of ontogenesis to determine the ontogenetic and morphogenetic changes in chemical content. CONCLUSIONS Plant material should be harvested during flower ontogenesis for medicinal purposes in which the content of many bioactive substances tested reached their highest level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Cirak
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Vocational High School of Bafra, Samsun, Turkey.
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Souza MI, Jaques YM, de Andrade GP, Ribeiro AO, da Silva ER, Fileti EE, Ávilla ÉDS, Pinheiro MVB, Krambrock K, Alves WA. Structural and Photophysical Properties of Peptide Micro/Nanotubes Functionalized with Hypericin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2605-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia I. Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ygor M. Jaques
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Gislaine P. de Andrade
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson O. Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Emerson R. da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Eudes E. Fileti
- Instituto de Ciência
e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 12231-280, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Érick de Souza Ávilla
- Departamento de Física,
ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício V. B. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Física,
ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Departamento de Física,
ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel A. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais
e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,
09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Kashef N, Borghei YS, Djavid GE. Photodynamic effect of hypericin on the microorganisms and primary human fibroblasts. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 10:150-5. [PMID: 23769281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericin (HYP) is a natural photosensitizer considered for the new generation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro bactericidal effect of HYP-PDT on four bacterial species, assessing its photocytotoxicity to primary human fibroblasts to determine possible side effects. METHODS Effect of photosensitizer concentration (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1 μg/ml) and light irradiation time (3, 5, 10 min) on photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms and primary human fibroblasts was investigated. RESULTS A 6.3 log killing was obtained for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) treated with 1 μg/ml at 48 J/cm². For this set of PDT parameters, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 11700) showed 6.5 log killing, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) 6.2 log killing, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) 0.7 log killing. Fibroblasts can be preserved by keeping the HYP concentration below 0.6 μg/ml and the light dose below 48 J/cm². CONCLUSION S. aureus, E. faecalis, and E. coli appear to be suitable for treatment with HYP-PDT without significant damage to fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Sytar O, Brestic M, Rai M. Possible ways of fagopyrin biosynthesis and production in buckwheat plants. Fitoterapia 2012; 84:72-9. [PMID: 23103298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work extends knowledge about possible biosynthesis of fagopyrin in buckwheat plants by providing possible candidate genes for its biosynthesis and the role of type III polyketide synthases (PKSs). Moreover, new information is presented about the possible connection between naphthodianthrones and phenolic biosynthesis. Possible regulation of fagopyrin biosynthesis and production under different growth conditions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia.
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Camas N, Radusiene J, Stanius Z, Caliskan O, Cirak C. Secondary metabolites of Hypericum leptophyllum Hochst., an endemic Turkish species. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:501027. [PMID: 22649295 PMCID: PMC3353281 DOI: 10.1100/2012/501027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the presence of the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin, the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, the phenylpropane chlorogenic acid and the flavonoids rutin, hyperoside, kaempferol, isoquercetine, quercitrine, and quercetine was investigated in Hypericum leptophyllum Hochst., an endemic Turkish species for the first time. The aerial parts representing a total of 30 individuals were collected at full flowering and dissected into floral, leaf, and stem tissues. After being dried at room temperature, the plant materials were assayed for secondary metabolite concentrations by HPLC. Aerial plant parts accumulated chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, isoquercetine, quercitrine, and quercetine, but they did not accumulate hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, rutin, and kaempferol. Accumulation levels of the detected compounds varied with plant tissues. Such kind of data could be useful for elucidation of the chemotaxonomical significance of the corresponding compounds and phytochemical evaluation of this endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necdet Camas
- Vocational High School of Bafra, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, 55040 Bafra, Turkey
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Bertoli A, Cirak C, Leonardi M, Seyis F, Pistelli L. Morphogenetic changes in essential oil composition of Hypericum perforatum during the course of ontogenesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:741-751. [PMID: 21639687 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.545826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the past few years, an increasing interest in the volatile secondary metabolites of Hypericum perforatum L. (Guttiferae) has been arising. OBJECTIVE The present study is a contribution to better understand the relationship between the morphological variations and volatile composition during the phenological cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leaves at the stages of vegetative, floral budding, flowering and green capsule, buds, full opened flowers and green capsules were assayed for essential oil (EO) components by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS Significant amounts of sesquiterpenes (oxygenated 26-50% and hydrocarbons 20-40%) and oxygenated hydrocarbons (13-38%) characterized the all analyzed samples showing peculiar fluctuations during the seven phenological stages. Although monoterpenes were present in much lower amounts (monoterpene hydrocarbons 0.4-6%; oxygenated monoterpenes 0.8-6%) they were considered also important discrimination for several stages. The green capsules and the full opened flowers collected at flowering stage were clearly distinguished in terms of EO compositions from the other samples. DISCUSSION For the first time, the EO composition of Turkish wild Hypericum perforatum was monitored by the hydrodistillation of different plant organs collected at different seven stages in order to point out the modification of target volatiles related to each phenological step. CONCLUSIONS Based on the EO composition monitored during these seven morphological stages by GC-MS, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, significant metabolite modifications were observed during the phenological cycle which involved the levels of specific volatile target compounds belonging to the chemical classes of hydrocarbons, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bertoli
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biopharmaceutics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Cirak C, Bertoli A, Pistelli L, Seyis F. Essential oil composition and variability of Hypericum perforatum from wild populations of northern Turkey. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:906-914. [PMID: 20673178 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903311136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypericum perforatum L. (Guttiferae) contains many bioactive secondary metabolites including hypericins, hyperforins, and essential oil. OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to determine the variation in composition of essential oil in H. perforatum accessions from Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS At full flowering, aerial parts of 30 plants were collected from 10 sites of northern Turkey and assayed for essential oil components by GC-FID and GC-MS. RESULTS The chemical analysis revealed that the main constituents of the all analyzed samples were hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes such as beta-caryophyllene (4.08-5.93%), gamma-muurolene (5.00-9.56%), beta-selinene (5.08-19.63%), alpha-selinene (4.12-10.42%), d-cadinene (3.02-4.94%), spathulenol (2.34-5.14%), and caryophyllene oxide (6.01-12.18%). Monoterpenes, both hydrocarbon and oxygenated, were represented by scarce amounts of alpha- and beta-pinene, myrcene, linalool, cis- and trans-linalool oxide, and alpha-terpineol. Principal component analysis was also carried out and, according to the results, the first nine principal components were found to represent 100% of the observed variation. DISCUSSION The chemical variation among the populations is discussed as the possible result of different genetic and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS The wild populations examined here are potentially important sources for breeding and improvement of the cultivated varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Cirak
- The Vocational High School of Bafra, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey.
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Çırak C, Radušienė J, Janulis V, Ivanauskas L. Secondary Metabolites of Hypericum confertum and their Possible Chemotaxonomic Significance. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin, the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, the phenylpropane chlorogenic acid, and the flavonoids rutin, hyperoside, apigenin-7- O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercitrin, quercetin and amentoflavone were investigated in Hypericum confertum growing wild in Turkey. After drying at room temperature, the plant materials were assayed for secondary metabolite concentrations by HPLC. All the listed compounds were detected at various levels. This is the first report on the chemistry of H. confertum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Çırak
- The Vocational High School of Bafra, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Jolita Radušienė
- Institute of Botany, Zaliuju ezeru 49, Vilnius, LT-08406, Lithuania
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Huntosova V, Alvarez L, Bryndzova L, Nadova Z, Jancura D, Buriankova L, Bonneau S, Brault D, Miskovsky P, Sureau F. Interaction dynamics of hypericin with low-density lipoproteins and U87-MG cells. Int J Pharm 2010; 389:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Cirak C, Ivanauskas L, Janulis V, Radusiene J. Chemical constituents of Hypericum adenotrichum Spach, an endemic Turkish species. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1189-95. [PMID: 19731137 DOI: 10.1080/14786410802393209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted out to determine hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and amentoflavone contents of Hypericum adenotrichum, an endemic plant species to Turkey. The aerial parts representing a total of 30 individuals were collected at full flowering, dried at room temperature and assayed for secondary metabolite concentrations by HPLC. All of the chemicals were detected at various levels except for hyperforin. This is the first report on polar chemistry of this endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Cirak
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey.
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A TD-DFT study on the photo-physicochemical properties of chrysophanol from rheum. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3186-3193. [PMID: 19742131 PMCID: PMC2738918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10073186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a naturally occurring anthraquinone pigment, chrysophanol (MHAQ) has attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to its efficient photosensitivity under the solar spectrum. Considering the successful use of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) in investigating the photo-physicochemical behaviors of dyes and pigments, we performed a study by means of TD-DFT calculations, which provided us with various excited state properties of chrysophanol, including absorption spectrum, lowest triplet excited-state energy, vertical electron affinity and vertical ionization potential. On the basis of the calculated results, the photosensitive mechanisms of chrysophanol were discussed and some deeper insights were gained. First, we indicated that the experimentally observed chrysophanol’s photo-damage to DNA in oxygen-free media is more likely to arise from MHAQ•+ rather than from T1 state chrysophanol. Second, we revealed that it is the MHAQ•− that is responsible for the O2•− generation in solvents. Based on the photosensitive activities, chrysophanol may be potentially used as the photodynamic medicine for clinical therapy of the diseases occurring on the shallow surface and vascular capillary diseases.
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Gbur P, Dedic R, Chorvat Jr D, Miskovsky P, Hala J, Jancura D. Time-resolved Luminescence and Singlet Oxygen Formation After Illumination of the Hypericin-Low-density Lipoprotein Complex. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:816-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lanzo I, Quartarolo AD, Russo N, Sicilia E. Can subpyriporphyrin and its boron complex be proposed as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy ? A first principle time dependent study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:386-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b817718j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Çamaş N, Radušienė J, Ayan AK, Çırak C, Janulis V, Ivanauskas L. Variation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra from Wild Populations of Turkey. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800301027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the variation in the content of hyperforin, hypericin and pseudohypericin in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra growing wild in four locations of Turkey. The aerial parts, representing a total of 30 individuals, were collected at full flowering and dissected into floral, leaf and stem tissues. After drying at room temperature, the plant materials were assayed for their chemical contents by HPLC. The populations varied significantly in chemical contents. Hyperforin content ranged from 0.05 to 0.56 mg/g, hypericin from 0.74–1.98 mg/g, and pseudohypericin from 0.72–2.26 mg/g, dry weight. Among the different plant parts, the flowers were found to be the principle organ for hyperforin accumulation, while hypericin and pseudohypericin were accumulated mainly in leaves. Such kinds of data could be useful for optimizing the processing methodology of wild-harvested plant material and phytochemical evaluation of H. triquetrifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necdet Çamaş
- The High School of Profession of Bafra, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Jolita Radušienė
- Institute of Botany, Zaliuju ezeru 49, Vilnius, LT-08406, Lithuania
| | - Ali Kemal Ayan
- The High School of Profession of Bafra, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Çırak
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
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Çırak C, Radušienė J, Çamas N. Pseudohypericin and hyperforin in two Turkish Hypericum species: Variation among plant parts and phenological stages. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cirak C, Radusiene J, Janulis V, Ivanauskas L. Pseudohypericin and hyperforin in Hypericum perforatum from Northern Turkey: variation among populations, plant parts and phenological stages. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:575-580. [PMID: 18713425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum is a perennial medicinal plant known as "St. John's wort" in Western Europe and has been used in the treatment of several diseases for centuries. In the present study, morphologic, phenologic and population variability in pseudohypericin and hyperforin concentrations among H. perforatum populations from Northern Turkey was investigated for the first time. The aerial parts of H. perforatum plants representing a total of 30 individuals were collected at full flowering from 10 sites of Northern Turkey to search the regional variation in the secondary metabolite concentrations. For morphologic and phenologic sampling, plants from one site were gathered in five phenological stages: vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting and mature fruiting. The plant materials were air-dried at room temperature and subsequently assayed for chemical concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography. Secondary metabolite concentrations ranged from traces to 2.94 mg/g dry weight (DW) for pseudohypericin and traces -6.29 mg/g DW for hyperforin. The differences in the secondary metabolite concentrations among populations of H. perforatum were found to be significant. The populations varied greatly in hyperforin concentrations, whereas they produced a similar amount of pseudohypericin. Concentrations of both secondary metabolites in all tissues increased with advancing of plant development and higher accumulation levels were reached at flowering. Among different tissues, full opened flowers were found to be superior to stems, leaves and the other reproductive parts with regard to pseudohypericin and hyperforin accumulations. The present findings might be useful to optimize the processing methodology of wild-harvested plant material and obtain increased concentrations of these secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Cirak
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139 Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey.
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Theoretical investigation of the photosensitization mechanisms of urocanic acid. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 91:96-8. [PMID: 18359241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The photosensitization mechanisms of urocanic acid (UA), the main skin chromophores of ultraviolet (UV) light, are investigated by means of theoretical calculations. The results indicate that the direct photooxidative damage to DNA bases by triplet state UA through electron transfer reaction is not favorable on thermodynamic grounds. However, UA can photogenerate various reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g., (1)O(2), O(2)(-)) theoretically and the ROS-generating mechanisms are illustrated as follows. Firstly, the (1)O(2)-generating pathway involves direct energy transfer between triplet state UA and (3)O(2). Secondly, UA gives birth to O(2)(-) through two pathways: (i) direct electron transfer between triplet state UA and (3)O(2); (ii) electron transfer between anion radical of UA (generated through autoionization reactions) and (3)O(2).
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Photodynamic effect of hypericin on the conformation and catalytic activity of hemoglobin. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:145-153. [PMID: 19325739 PMCID: PMC2635659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericin, extracted from H. perforatum, can induce the generation of reactive oxygen species by visible light irradiation, which may consequently induce the conformational change of hemoglobin. We have not only employed UV-vis spectroscopy to observe the changes of UV-vis spectra of the protein, which reveals the conformational changes of the protein, but also employed electrochemical method to obtain its enhanced peroxidase activity. The photodynamic effect of hypericin on the conformation and catalytic activity of the protein has also been proven to be strongly dependent on the irradiation time, the hypericin concentration and the presence of oxygen. This work is beneficial not only to the fabrication of more sensitive hydrogen peroxide biosensor, but also to the guidance of the usage of this medicinal herb molecule, since the conformational change of the protein and the enhanced peroxidase can be easily obtained only by visible light irradiation on hypericin, the process of which is so common to happen.
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Shen L, Ji HF, Zhang HY. Photophysical and photochemical properties of anthraquinones: A DFT study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shen L. Theoretical Study on the Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Elsinochrome A. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2007; 25:321-6. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2007.10507180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Guedes RC, Eriksson LA. Photophysics, photochemistry, and reactivity: molecular aspects of perylenequinone reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1089-96. [PMID: 17914483 DOI: 10.1039/b704869f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) were used to elucidate the photochemistry and photophysics of eight different perylenequinones (PQ). The objective of this work has been to quantitatively investigate the photodynamic therapeutic potential of this family of compounds and give an overview of their photoreactivity. The effects of solvation were evaluated through single-point calculations using the integral equation formalism of the polarised continuum model. It is concluded that the eight studied perylenequinones can generate singlet oxygen (in aqueous solution) and superoxide radical anions, and that the autoionisation of two nearby PQ molecules is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cardoso Guedes
- iMED.UL/CECF, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Lisbon, Av., Prof. Gama Pinto 2, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Theoretical study on the photochemical properties of naphthazarin and halogen substitution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shen L, Ji HF, Zhang HY. A TD-DFT study on photo-physicochemical properties of hypocrellin A and its implications for elucidating the photosensitizing mechanisms of the pigment. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shen L, Ji HF, Zhang HY. A Theoretical Elucidation on the Solvent-dependent Photosensitive Behaviors of C60. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:798-800. [PMID: 16420101 DOI: 10.1562/2005-10-20-rn-723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the solvent-dependent photosensitive behaviors of fullerene (C(60)) were investigated in polar and nonpolar solvents by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculation. Based on the calculated physicochemical parameters on triplet state, it is revealed that excited-state C(60) only generates (1)O(2) via energy transfer in benzene, but can give birth to O(2)(.-) and (1)O(2) in water via energy transfer and electron transfer, respectively. Considering the fact that electron transfer is more favorable compared with energy transfer in polar biological systems, especially with the presence of electron donors, the O(2)(.-)-generating process will get predominant in physiological systems. These results account well for the experimental observations that O(2)(.-) and (.)OH are primarily responsible for the photoinduced DNA cleavage by C(60) under physiological conditions, whereas (1)O(2) plays a critical role in nonpolar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
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Shen L, Ji HF, Zhang HY. Theoretical study on photophysical and photosensitive properties of aloe emodin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shen L, Ji HF, Zhang HY. Anion of hypericin is crucial to understanding the photosensitive features of the pigment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 16:1414-7. [PMID: 16337376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive behaviors of hypericin (HYP) have attracted much attention, because of HYP's great potential in photodynamic therapy. It has been found that HYP differs from homologous pigments, such as hypocrellin A (HA), in photosensitive features. For instance, despite the comparable triplet state quantum yields, HYP holds a much lower singlet oxygen yield than HA. To understand the unique photosensitive behaviors of HYP, time-dependent density functional theory is employed to calculate a series of excited-state properties of HYP and its anion (dominant in polar solvents), which are then compared with excited-state properties of HA. It is revealed that the stronger electron-donating power of HYP anion than that of HA is responsible for the HYP's photosensitive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
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