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Satapathy T, Singh G, Pandey RK, Shukla SS, Bhardwaj SK, Gidwani B. Novel Targets and Drug Delivery System in the Treatment of Postoperative Pain: Recent Studies and Clinical Advancement. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:25-45. [PMID: 38037995 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501271207231127063431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Pain is generated by a small number of peripheral targets. These can be made more sensitive by inflammatory mediators. The number of opioids prescribed to the patients can be reduced dramatically with better pain management. Any therapy that safely and reliably provides extended analgesia and is flexible enough to facilitate a diverse array of release profiles would be useful for improving patient comfort, quality of care, and compliance after surgical procedures. Comparisons are made between new and traditional methods, and the current state of development has been discussed; taking into account the availability of molecular and cellular level data, preclinical and clinical data, and early post-market data. There are a number of benefits associated with the use of nanotechnology in the delivery of analgesics to specific areas of the body. Nanoparticles are able to transport drugs to inaccessible bodily areas because of their small molecular size. This review focuses on targets that act specifically or primarily on sensory neurons, as well as inflammatory mediators that have been shown to have an analgesic effect as a side effect of their anti- inflammatory properties. New, regulated post-operative pain management devices that use existing polymeric systems were presented in this article, along with the areas for potential development. Analgesic treatments, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trilochan Satapathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh-493111, India
| | - Gulab Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh-493111, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh-493111, India
| | - Shiv Shankar Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh-493111, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh-493111, India
| | - Beena Gidwani
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh-493111, India
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2
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Espinosa-Juárez JV, Chiquete E, Estañol B, Aceves JDJ. Optogenetic and Chemogenic Control of Pain Signaling: Molecular Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10220. [PMID: 37373365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a complex experience that involves physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects. This review focuses specifically on the physiological processes underlying pain perception, with a particular emphasis on the various types of sensory neurons involved in transmitting pain signals to the central nervous system. Recent advances in techniques like optogenetics and chemogenetics have allowed researchers to selectively activate or inactivate specific neuronal circuits, offering a promising avenue for developing more effective pain management strategies. The article delves into the molecular targets of different types of sensory fibers such as channels, for example, TRPV1 in C-peptidergic fiber, TRPA1 in C-non-peptidergic receptors expressed differentially as MOR and DOR, and transcription factors, and their colocalization with the vesicular transporter of glutamate, which enable researchers to identify specific subtypes of neurons within the pain pathway and allows for selective transfection and expression of opsins to modulate their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Vidal Espinosa-Juárez
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas Sede Ocozocoautla, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Ocozocoautla de Espinosa 29140, Mexico
| | - Erwin Chiquete
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Bruno Estañol
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - José de Jesús Aceves
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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3
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Wei Y, Khalaf AT, Rui C, Abdul Kadir SY, Zainol J, Oglah Z. The Emergence of TRP Channels Interactome as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041164. [PMID: 37189782 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins, known as Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, are cellular sensors for various physical and chemical stimuli in the nervous system, respiratory airways, colon, pancreas, bladder, skin, cardiovascular system, and eyes. TRP channels with nine subfamilies are classified by sequence similarity, resulting in this superfamily's tremendous physiological functional diversity. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, the development of effective treatment methods for pancreatic cancer has been hindered by the lack of understanding of the pathogenesis, partly due to the difficulty in studying human tissue samples. However, scientific research on this topic has witnessed steady development in the past few years in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie TRP channel disturbance. This brief review summarizes current knowledge of the molecular role of TRP channels in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal carcinoma to identify potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wei
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | | | - Cao Rui
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Samiah Yasmin Abdul Kadir
- Faculty of Medicine, Widad University College, BIM Point, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
| | - Jamaludin Zainol
- Faculty of Medicine, Widad University College, BIM Point, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
| | - Zahraa Oglah
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), 55 Wellesley Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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4
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Kambe Y, Youkai M, Hashiguchi K, Sameshima Y, Takasaki I, Miyata A, Kurihara T. Spinal Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle Contributes to the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/PAC1 Receptor-Induced Nociceptive Behaviors in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121859. [PMID: 36551287 PMCID: PMC9775268 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that spinal pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/PACAP type 1 (PAC1) receptor signaling triggered long-lasting nociceptive behaviors through astroglial activation in mice. Since astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) could be essential for long-term synaptic facilitation, we aimed to elucidate a possible involvement of spinal ANLS in the development of the PACAP/PAC1 receptor-induced nociceptive behaviors. A single intrathecal administration of PACAP induced short-term spontaneous aversive behaviors, followed by long-lasting mechanical allodynia in mice. These nociceptive behaviors were inhibited by 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB), an inhibitor of glycogenolysis, and this inhibition was reversed by simultaneous L-lactate application. In the cultured spinal astrocytes, the PACAP-evoked glycogenolysis and L-lactate secretion were inhibited by DAB. In addition, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor attenuated the PACAP-induced nociceptive behaviors as well as the PACAP-evoked glycogenolysis and L-lactate secretion. Finally, an inhibitor for the monocarboxylate transporters blocked the L-lactate secretion from the spinal astrocytes and inhibited the PACAP- and spinal nerve ligation-induced nociceptive behaviors. These results suggested that spinal PAC1 receptor-PKC-ANLS signaling contributed to the PACAP-induced nociceptive behaviors. This signaling system could be involved in the peripheral nerve injury-induced pain-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masafumi Youkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashiguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshimune Sameshima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5256
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5
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Yin S, Pang A, Liu C, Li Y, Liu N, Li S, Li C, Sun H, Fu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Sun J, Wang Y, Yang X. Peptide OM-LV20 protects astrocytes against oxidative stress via the 'PAC1R/JNK/TPH1' axis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102429. [PMID: 36037970 PMCID: PMC9513268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke can lead to severe nerve injury and debilitation, resulting in considerable social and economic burdens. Due to the high complexity of post-injury repair mechanisms, drugs approved for use in stroke are extremely scarce, and thus, the discovery of new antistroke drugs and targets is critical. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is involved in a variety of mental and neurobehavioral processes, but its effects on stroke have not yet been reported. Here, we used primary astrocyte culture, quantitative real-time PCR, double immunofluorescence assay, lentiviral infection, cell viability analysis, Western blotting, and other biochemical experiments to explore the protective mechanism of peptide OM-LV20, which previously exhibited neuroprotective effects in rats after ischemic stroke via a mechanism that may involve TPH1. First, we showed that TPH1 was expressed in rat astrocytes. Next, we determined that OM-LV20 impacted expression changes of TPH1 in CTX-TNA2 cells and exhibited a protective effect on the decrease in cell viability and catalase (CAT) levels induced by hydrogen peroxide. Importantly, we also found that TPH1 expression induced by OM-LV20 may be related to the level of change in the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide type 1 receptor (PAC1R) and to the JNK signaling pathways, thereby exerting a protective effect on astrocytes against oxidative stress. The protective effects of OM-LV20 likely occur via the ‘PAC1R/JNK/TPH1’ axis, thus highlighting TPH1 as a novel antistroke drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saige Yin
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ailan Pang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650031, China
| | - Chengxing Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Naixin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Huilin Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Zhe Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yinglei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Meifeng Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources & Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China.
| | - Xinwang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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6
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Marynissen H, Buntinx L, Bamps D, Depre M, Ampe E, Van Hecken A, Gabriel K, Sands S, Vargas G, de Hoon J. First-in-human development of a pharmacodynamic biomarker for PAC 1 receptor antagonists using intradermal injections of maxadilan. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1968-1977. [PMID: 35621246 PMCID: PMC9372410 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide, selectively activates the PAC1 receptor, a promising target for migraine therapy. Therefore, maxadilan has been suggested as a tool to study the pharmacodynamics (PDs) of PAC1 receptor antagonists. The objectives of this first-in-human study were to: (1) determine the safety, tolerability, dose response, and time course of the dermal blood flow (DBF) changes after intradermal (i.d.) injections of maxadilan in the human forearm, and (2) assess the inter-arm and inter-period reproducibility of this response. This was a single-center, open-label study in healthy subjects, comprising three parts: (1) dose-response (n = 25), (2) response duration (n = 10), and (3) reproducibility (n = 15). DBF measurements were performed using laser Doppler imaging (LDI) up to 60 min postinjection, or up to 5 days for the response duration assessments. To assess reproducibility, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and sample sizes were calculated. The i.d. maxadilan (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.9, 3, and 10 ng) produced a well-tolerated, dose-dependent increase in DBF, with a half-maximal effective concentration fitted at 0.0098 ng. The DBF response to 0.9 ng maxadilan was quantifiable with LDI up to 72 h postinjection. The inter-period reproducibility of the DBF response was better upon 0.9 ng (ICC > 0.6) compared to 0.01 ng (ICC < 0.4) maxadilan. However, irrespective of the study design or maxadilan dose, a sample size of 11 subjects is sufficient to detect a 30% difference in DBF response with 80% power. In conclusion, intradermal maxadilan provides a safe, well-tolerated, and reproducible PD biomarker for PAC1 receptor antagonists in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Marynissen
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dorien Bamps
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Depre
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Ampe
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Hecken
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Gabriel
- Spark Therapeutics, Member of the Roche Group, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Jan de Hoon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Recent behavioral findings of pathophysiological involvement of lactate in the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Takasaki I, Watanabe A, Okada T, Kanayama D, Nagashima R, Shudo M, Shimodaira A, Nunomura K, Lin B, Watanabe Y, Gouda H, Miyata A, Kurihara T, Toyooka N. Design and synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives for a novel PAC1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Sadamura Y, Thapa S, Mizunuma R, Kambe Y, Hirasawa A, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S, Yoshimoto K, Arita K, Miyata A, Oyoshi T, Kurihara T. FFAR1/GPR40 Contributes to the Regulation of Striatal Monoamine Releases and Facilitation of Cocaine-Induced Locomotor Activity in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699026. [PMID: 34489696 PMCID: PMC8417570 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is suggested to function as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPR40) for medium-to-long-chain free fatty acids. Previous studies on the expression of FFAR1 revealed that the nigrostriatal region is one of the areas which express abundant FFAR1 mRNA/protein in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of FFAR1 in the CNS has been still largely unclarified. Here, we examined a possible functional role of FFAR1 in the control of extracellular concentrations of striatal monoamines and cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Microdialysis analysis revealed that the basal level of extracellular dopamine (DA) was significantly elevated, while the basal serotonin (5-HT) level tended to be reduced in the striatum of FFAR1 knockout (-/-) mice. Interestingly, local application of a FFAR1 agonist, GW9508, markedly augmented the striatal 5-HT release in FFAR1 wild-type (+/+) mice, whereas topical application of a FFAR1 antagonist, GW1100, significantly reduced the 5-HT release. However, the enhanced 5-HT release was completely lost in -/- mice. Although acute administration of cocaine enhanced the locomotor activity in both +/+ and -/- mice, the magnitude of the enhancement was significantly reduced in -/- mice. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of GW1100 significantly decreased the cocaine-induced locomotor enhancement. These results suggest that FFAR1 has a facilitatory role in striatal 5-HT release, and the evoked 5-HT release might contribute to enhance cocaine-induced locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sadamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shanta Thapa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryota Mizunuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Arita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Oyoshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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10
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Abstract
A limited number of peripheral targets generate pain. Inflammatory mediators can sensitize these. The review addresses targets acting exclusively or predominantly on sensory neurons, mediators involved in inflammation targeting sensory neurons, and mediators involved in a more general inflammatory process, of which an analgesic effect secondary to an anti-inflammatory effect can be expected. Different approaches to address these systems are discussed, including scavenging proinflammatory mediators, applying anti-inflammatory mediators, and inhibiting proinflammatory or facilitating anti-inflammatory receptors. New approaches are contrasted to established ones; the current stage of progress is mentioned, in particular considering whether there is data from a molecular and cellular level, from animals, or from human trials, including an early stage after a market release. An overview of publication activity is presented, considering a IuPhar/BPS-curated list of targets with restriction to pain-related publications, which was also used to identify topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin I Ciotu
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Takasaki I, Ogashi H, Okada T, Shimodaira A, Hayakawa D, Watanabe A, Miyata A, Kurihara T, Gouda H, Toyooka N. Synthesis of a novel and potent small-molecule antagonist of PAC1 receptor for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Takasaki I, Nakamura K, Shimodaira A, Watanabe A, Du Nguyen H, Okada T, Toyooka N, Miyata A, Kurihara T. The novel small-molecule antagonist of PAC1 receptor attenuates formalin-induced inflammatory pain behaviors in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 139:129-132. [PMID: 30552012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed PA-8, a novel small-molecule antagonist of PACAP type 1 (PAC1) receptor. In the present study, we examined whether PA-8 was effective against formalin-induced inflammatory pain in mice. Both intrathecal and oral administration of PA-8 resulted in the dose-dependent attenuation of the second phase of formalin-induced nociceptive responses. PA-8 also inhibited c-fos upregulation in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The results suggested that PACAP-PAC1 receptor signaling system in the spinal cord were primarily involved in the transmission of inflammatory pain, and PA-8 could be useful for the development of novel analgesics for treating inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Koji Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Shimodaira
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ai Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Huy Du Nguyen
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takuya Okada
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyooka
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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13
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Rubio-Beltrán E, Correnti E, Deen M, Kamm K, Kelderman T, Papetti L, Vigneri S, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Edvinsson L. PACAP38 and PAC 1 receptor blockade: a new target for headache? J Headache Pain 2018; 19:64. [PMID: 30088106 PMCID: PMC6081277 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) is a widely distributed neuropeptide involved in neuroprotection, neurodevelopment, nociception and inflammation. Moreover, PACAP38 is a potent inducer of migraine-like attacks, but the mechanism behind this has not been fully elucidated. Migraine is a neurovascular disorder, recognized as the second most disabling disease. Nevertheless, the antibodies targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor are the only prophylactic treatment developed specifically for migraine. These antibodies have displayed positive results in clinical trials, but are not effective for all patients; therefore, new pharmacological targets need to be identified. Due to the ability of PACAP38 to induce migraine-like attacks, its location in structures previously associated with migraine pathophysiology and the 100-fold selectivity for the PAC1 receptor when compared to VIP, new attention has been drawn to this pathway and its potential role as a novel target for migraine treatment. In accordance with this, antibodies against PACAP38 (ALD 1910) and PAC1 receptor (AMG 301) are being developed, with AMG 301 already in Phase II clinical trials. No results have been published so far, but in preclinical studies, AMG 301 has shown responses comparable to those observed with triptans. If these antibodies prove to be effective for the treatment of migraine, several considerations should be addressed, for instance, the potential side effects of long-term blockade of the PACAP (receptor) pathway. Moreover, it is important to investigate whether these antibodies will indeed represent a therapeutic advantage for the patients that do not respond the CGRP (receptor)-antibodies. In conclusion, the data presented in this review indicate that PACAP38 and PAC1 receptor blockade are promising antimigraine therapies, but results from clinical trials are needed in order to confirm their efficacy and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Rubio-Beltrán
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edvige Correnti
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marie Deen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Katharina Kamm
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Kelderman
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Papetti
- Headache Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Vigneri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo; Pain Medicine Unit, Santa Maria Maddalena Hospital, Occhiobello, Italy
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Takasaki I, Watanabe A, Yokai M, Watanabe Y, Hayakawa D, Nagashima R, Fukuchi M, Okada T, Toyooka N, Miyata A, Gouda H, Kurihara T. In Silico Screening Identified Novel Small-molecule Antagonists of PAC1 Receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:1-8. [PMID: 29363578 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors are present in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, suggesting an important role of PACAP signaling systems in the modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. Previously, we found that intrathecal injection of PACAP or maxadilan, a selective PACAP type I (PAC1) receptor agonist, induced transient aversive responses followed by a long-lasting mechanical allodynia in mice, suggesting that PACAP-PAC1 receptor systems are involved in chronic pain and that selective PAC1 antagonists may become a new class of analgesics. Although several PAC1 antagonists, such as PACAP 6-38, have been reported, all of them are peptide compounds. In the present study, we identified new small-molecule antagonists of the PAC1 receptor using in silico screening and in vitro/vivo pharmacological assays. The identified small-molecule compounds, named PA-8 and PA-9, dose dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of CREB induced by PACAP in PAC1-, but not VPAC1- or VPAC2-receptor-expressing CHO cells. PA-8 and PA-9 also dose dependently inhibited PACAP-induced cAMP elevation with an IC50 of 2.0 and 5.6 nM, respectively. In vivo pharmacological assays showed that intrathecal injection of these compounds blocked the induction of PACAP-induced aversive responses and mechanical allodynia in mice. In contrast, the compounds when administered alone exerted neither agonistic nor algesic actions in the in vitro/vivo assays. The compounds identified in the present study are new and the first small-molecule antagonists of the PAC1 receptor; they may become seed compounds for developing novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Ai Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Masafumi Yokai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Yurie Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Daichi Hayakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Ryota Nagashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Mamoru Fukuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Takuya Okada
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Naoki Toyooka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Hiroaki Gouda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (I.T., A.W., R.N.), Graduate School of Innovative Life Sciences (I.T., T.O., N.T.), Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.F.), and Department of Bio-functional Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering (T.O., N.T.), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (M.Y., A.M., T.K.); and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.W., D.H., H.G.)
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15
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Kambe Y, Kurihara T, Miyata A. [Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, the major effector of astrocytic PACAP signaling for CNS functions]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:239-243. [PMID: 29887572 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of lactate from astrocytes to neurons is activated when synaptic activity is increased, and this mechanism is now known as the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS), that could account for the coupling between synaptic activity and energy delivery. Many lines of evidence suggested that ANLS contributes to neuronal activation or synaptic plasticity at the cellular level as well as learning/memory and cocaine addiction at the behavioral level. However, the candidate neurotransmitters which evoke ANLS activation are still under discussion. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotransmitter which distributed widely in central nervous system. Since PACAP might activate ANLS from very low concentration in cultured forebrain astrocytes, PACAP might be one of the candidates for the endogenous ANLS activator. In the present study, we investigated the potential relevance of PACAP/ANLS signaling in the learning/memory and spinal nociceptive transmission. In this study, we made the following findings: 1) PACAP could be an endogenous inducer for ANLS activation in central nervous system; 2) ANLS activation by PACAP/PAC1 receptor signaling contributed to learning/memory and induced long-lasting nociceptive behaviors; 3) PKC activation played an important role in the PACAP/PAC1 receptor-evoked ANLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
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16
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Vaczy A, Reglodi D, Somoskeoy T, Kovacs K, Lokos E, Szabo E, Tamas A, Atlasz T. The Protective Role of PAC1-Receptor Agonist Maxadilan in BCCAO-Induced Retinal Degeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:186-94. [PMID: 27566170 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have proven that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is protective in neurodegenerative diseases. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) causes severe degeneration in the rat retina. In our previous studies, protective effects were observed with PACAP1-38, PACAP1-27, and VIP but not with their related peptides, glucagon, or secretin in BCCAO. All three PACAP receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) appear in the retina. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the retinoprotective effects are most probably mainly mediated by the PAC1 receptor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the retinoprotective effects of a selective PAC1-receptor agonist maxadilan in BCCAO-induced retinopathy. Wistar rats were used in the experiment. After performing BCCAO, the right eye was treated with intravitreal maxadilan (0.1 or 1 μM), while the left eye was injected with vehicle. Sham-operated rats received the same treatment. Two weeks after the operation, retinas were processed for standard morphometric and molecular analysis. Intravitreal injection of 0.1 or 1 μM maxadilan caused significant protection in the thickness of most retinal layers and the number of cells in the GCL compared to the BCCAO-operated eyes. In addition, 1 μM maxadilan application was more effective than 0.1 μM maxadilan treatment in the ONL, INL, IPL, and the entire retina (OLM-ILM). Maxadilan treatment significantly decreased cytokine expression (CINC-1, IL-1α, and L-selectin) in ischemia. In summary, our histological and molecular analysis showed that maxadilan, a selective PAC1 receptor agonist, has a protective role in BCCAO-induced retinal degeneration, further supporting the role of PAC1 receptor conveying the retinoprotective effects of PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Somoskeoy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - K Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Lokos
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Street 6, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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17
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Yokai M, Kurihara T, Miyata A. Spinal astrocytic activation contributes to both induction and maintenance of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor-induced long-lasting mechanical allodynia in mice. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916646383. [PMID: 27175011 PMCID: PMC4956379 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916646383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors are present in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, suggesting an important role of PACAP–PACAP receptors signaling system in the modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. We have previously reported that a single intrathecal injection of PACAP or a PACAP specific (PAC1) receptor selective agonist, maxadilan, in mice induced dose-dependent aversive behaviors, which lasted more than 30 min, and suggested that the maintenance of the nociceptive behaviors was associated with the spinal astrocytic activation. Results We found that a single intrathecal administration of PACAP or maxadilan also produced long-lasting hind paw mechanical allodynia, which persisted at least 84 days without affecting thermal nociceptive threshold. In contrast, intrathecal application of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide did not change mechanical threshold, and substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, or N-methyl-D-aspartate induced only transient mechanical allodynia, which disappeared within 21 days. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses with an astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, revealed that the spinal PAC1 receptor stimulation caused sustained astrocytic activation, which also lasted more than 84 days. Intrathecal co-administration of L-α-aminoadipate, an astroglial toxin, with PACAP or maxadilan almost completely prevented the induction of the mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, intrathecal treatment of L-α-aminoadipate at 84 days after the PAC1 stimulation transiently reversed the mechanical allodynia accompanied by the reduction of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression level. Conclusion Our data suggest that spinal astrocytic activation triggered by the PAC1 receptor stimulation contributes to both induction and maintenance of the long-term mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yokai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Japan
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