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Du R, Wang P, Tian N. CD3ζ-Mediated Signaling Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glutamate Excitotoxicity of the Retina. Cells 2024; 13:1006. [PMID: 38920637 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive levels of glutamate activity could potentially damage and kill neurons. Glutamate excitotoxicity is thought to play a critical role in many CNS and retinal diseases. Accordingly, glutamate excitotoxicity has been used as a model to study neuronal diseases. Immune proteins, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and their receptors, play important roles in many neuronal diseases, while T-cell receptors (TCR) are the primary receptors of MHCI. We previously showed that a critical component of TCR, CD3ζ, is expressed by mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The mutation of CD3ζ or MHCI molecules compromises the development of RGC structure and function. In this study, we investigated whether CD3ζ-mediated molecular signaling regulates RGC death in glutamate excitotoxicity. We show that mutation of CD3ζ significantly increased RGC survival in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. In addition, we found that several downstream molecules of TCR, including Src (proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase) family kinases (SFKs) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), are expressed by RGCs. Selective inhibition of an SFK member, Hck, or Syk members, Syk or Zap70, significantly increased RGC survival in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. These results provide direct evidence to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms that control RGC death under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Du
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ning Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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2
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Zhao QC, Xu ZW, Peng QM, Zhou JH, Li ZY. Enhancement of miR-16-5p on spinal cord injury-induced neuron apoptosis and inflammatory response through inactivating ERK1/2 pathway. J Neurosurg Sci 2024; 68:101-108. [PMID: 32043849 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.20.04880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the effect and mechanism of miR-16-5p on neuron apoptosis and inflammatory response induced by spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Allen's weight-drop method and Basso Bcattie Bresnahan (BBB) rating scale were used to establish SCI rat model and assess locomotor function, respectively. Histopathology of SCI rats and Sham-operated rats was validated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. After intravenous injection of miR-16-5p agomir, miR-16-5p antagomir, pcDNA3.1-Apelin-13 or negative controls into SCI rat tails, neuron apoptosis and the expression of miR-16-5p, Apelin-13, apoptotic proteins, inflammatory response-related proteins, and ERK1/2 pathway-related protein were detected. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was applied for identifying the binding between miR-16-5p and Apelin-13. RESULTS SCI rats had locomotor impairment with markedly edema and hemorrhage. Upregulated miR-16-5p expression and downregulated Apelin-13 expression were presented in SCI rats. Intravenous injection of miR-16-5p antagomir or/and pcDNA3.1-Apelin-13 could increase the expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Mcl-1) and p-ERK1/2 expression while decrease the expression of proapoptotic proteins (cleaved caspase-3 and Bax) and inflammatory response-related proteins (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). The reverse pattern was shown in rats injected with miR-16-5p agomir. MiR-16-5p targeted Apelin-13. Promotion of miR-16-5p agomir on SCI was attenuated by injection of agomir + pcDNA3.1-Apelin-13. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of miR-16-5p could upregulate Apelin-13 expression to activate ERK1/2 pathway, thus alleviating SCI-induced neuron apoptosis and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhe-Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qing-Ming Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Yue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China -
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3
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Tian Y, Wang R, Liu L, Zhang W, Liu H, Jiang L, Jiang Y. The regulatory effects of the apelin/APJ system on depression: A prospective therapeutic target. Neuropeptides 2023; 102:102382. [PMID: 37716179 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating neuropsychological disorder characterized by high incidence, high recurrence, high suicide, and high disability rates, which poses serious threats to human health and imposes heavy psychological and economic burdens on family and society. The pathogenesis of depression is extremely complex, and its etiology is multifactorial. Mounting evidence suggests that apelin and apelin receptor APJ, which compose the apelin/APJ system, are related to the development of depression. However, the specific mechanism is still unclear, and research in this area in human is still insufficient. Acceleration of research into the regulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of the apelin/APJ system in depression may identify attractive therapeutic targets and contribute to the development of novel intervention strategies against this devastating psychological disorder. In this review, we mainly discuss the regulatory effects of apelin/APJ system on depression and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Tian
- Medical Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Ruihao Wang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Wenhuan Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Institute of Basic Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250024, China
| | - Liqing Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.
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4
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Zhao WJ, Fan CL, Hu XM, Ban XX, Wan H, He Y, Zhang Q, Xiong K. Regulated Cell Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potentials. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3161-3178. [PMID: 37338781 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of diseases characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and progressive, irreversible vision loss. High intraocular pressure (IOP) heightens the likelihood of glaucoma and correlates with RGC loss. While the current glaucoma therapy prioritizes lower the IOP; however, RGC, and visual loss may persist even when the IOP is well-controlled. As such, discovering and creating IOP-independent neuroprotective strategies for safeguard RGCs is crucial for glaucoma management. Investigating and clarifying the mechanism behind RGC death to counteract its effects is a promising direction for glaucoma control. Empirical studies of glaucoma reveal the role of multiple regulated cell death (RCD) pathways in RGC death. This review delineates the RCD of RGCs following IOP elevation and optic nerve damage and discusses the substantial benefits of mitigating RCD in RGCs in preserving visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Chun-Ling Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China
| | - Ye He
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Hunan Province, No. 188, Furong Road, Furong District, Changsha City, 410015, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan Province, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha City, 410013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410013, China.
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5
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Eskandari S, Rezayof A, Asghari SM, Hashemizadeh S. Neurobiochemical characteristics of arginine-rich peptides explain their potential therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102356. [PMID: 37390744 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer̕ s disease (AD), Parkinson̕ s disease (PD), Huntington̕ s disease (HD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) require special attention to find new potential treatment methods. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between the biochemical properties of arginine-rich peptides (ARPs) and their neuroprotective effects to deal with the harmful effects of risk factors. It seems that ARPs have portrayed a promising and fantastic landscape for treating neurodegeneration-associated disorders. With multimodal mechanisms of action, ARPs play various unprecedented roles, including as the novel delivery platforms for entering the central nervous system (CNS), the potent antagonists for calcium influx, the invader molecules for targeting mitochondria, and the protein stabilizers. Interestingly, these peptides inhibit the proteolytic enzymes and block protein aggregation to induce pro-survival signaling pathways. ARPs also serve as the scavengers of toxic molecules and the reducers of oxidative stress agents. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Moreover, by providing an efficient nucleic acid delivery system, ARPs can play an essential role in developing various fields, including gene vaccines, gene therapy, gene editing, and imaging. ARP agents and ARP/cargo therapeutics can be raised as an emergent class of neurotherapeutics for neurodegeneration. Part of the aim of this review is to present recent advances in treating neurodegenerative diseases using ARPs as an emerging and powerful therapeutic tool. The applications and progress of ARPs-based nucleic acid delivery systems have also been discussed to highlight their usefulness as a broad-acting class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Eskandari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - S Mohsen Asghari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shiva Hashemizadeh
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Yin H, Sun Y, Ya B, Guo Y, Zhao H, Zhang L, Wang F, Zhang W, Yang Q. Apelin-13 protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating STAT1 and STAT3. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2477-2493. [PMID: 37395757 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The ototoxic side effect of cisplatin is a main cause of sensorineural hearing loss. This side effect limits the clinical application of cisplatin and affects patients' quality of life. This study was designed to investigate the effect of apelin-13 on cisplatin-induced C57BL/6 mice hearing loss model and explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 100 μg/kg apelin-13 2 h before 3 mg/kg cisplatin injection for 7 consecutive days. Cochlear explants cultured in vitro were pretreated with 10 nM apelin-13 2 h prior to 30 μM cisplatin treatment for another 24 h. Hearing test and morphology results showed that apelin-13 attenuated cisplatin-induced mice hearing loss and protected cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons from damage. In vivo and in vitro experimental results showed that apelin-3 reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. In addition, apelin-3 preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibited ROS production in cultured cochlear explants. Mechanistic studies showed that apelin-3 decreased cisplatin-induced cleaved caspase 3 expression but increased Bcl-2; inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-a and IL-6; and increased STAT1 phosphorylation but decreased STAT3 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our results indicate that apelin-13 could be a potential otoprotective agent to prevent cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis, ROS production, TNF-α and IL-6 expression, and regulating phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yin
- Jining Key Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
| | - Yinuo Sun
- Jining Key Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Bailiu Ya
- Jining Key Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Jining Key Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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McNearney TA, Westlund KN. Pluripotential GluN1 (NMDA NR1): Functional Significance in Cellular Nuclei in Pain/Nociception. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13196. [PMID: 37686003 PMCID: PMC10488196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors function as plasma membrane ionic channels and take part in very tightly controlled cellular processes activating neurogenic and inflammatory pathways. In particular, the NR1 subunit (new terminology: GluN1) is required for many neuronal and non-neuronal cell functions, including plasticity, survival, and differentiation. Physiologic levels of glutamate agonists and NMDA receptor activation are required for normal neuronal functions such as neuronal development, learning, and memory. When glutamate receptor agonists are present in excess, binding to NMDA receptors produces neuronal/CNS/PNS long-term potentiation, conditions of acute pain, ongoing severe intractable pain, and potential excitotoxicity and pathology. The GluNR1 subunit (116 kD) is necessary as the anchor component directing ion channel heterodimer formation, cellular trafficking, and the nuclear localization that directs functionally specific heterodimer formation, cellular trafficking, and nuclear functions. Emerging studies report the relevance of GluN1 subunit composition and specifically that nuclear GluN1 has major physiologic potential in tissue and/or subnuclear functioning assignments. The shift of the GluN1 subunit from a surface cell membrane to nuclear localization assigns the GluN1 promoter immediate early gene behavior with access to nuclear and potentially nucleolar functions. The present narrative review addresses the nuclear translocation of GluN1, focusing particularly on examples of the role of GluN1 in nociceptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A. McNearney
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA
| | - Karin N. Westlund
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
- Biomedical Laboratory Research & Development (121F), New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108-5153, USA
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8
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Fibbi B, Marroncini G, Naldi L, Peri A. The Yin and Yang Effect of the Apelinergic System in Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054745. [PMID: 36902176 PMCID: PMC10003082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and has multiple biological activities in human tissues and organs, including the heart, blood vessels, adipose tissue, central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and liver. This article reviews the crucial role of apelin in regulating oxidative stress-related processes by promoting prooxidant or antioxidant mechanisms. Following the binding of APJ to different active apelin isoforms and the interaction with several G proteins according to cell types, the apelin/APJ system is able to modulate different intracellular signaling pathways and biological functions, such as vascular tone, platelet aggregation and leukocytes adhesion, myocardial activity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell proliferation and invasion. As a consequence of these multifaceted properties, the role of the apelinergic axis in the pathogenesis of degenerative and proliferative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer) is currently investigated. In this view, the dual effect of the apelin/APJ system in the regulation of oxidative stress needs to be more extensively clarified, in order to identify new potential strategies and tools able to selectively modulate this axis according to the tissue-specific profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Fibbi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Marroncini
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Naldi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peri
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-5794-9275
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9
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Basavarajappa D, Gupta V, Wall RV, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Mirshahvaladi SSO, Palanivel V, You Y, Mirzaei M, Klistorner A, Graham SL. S1PR1 signaling attenuates apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells via modulation of cJun/Bim cascade and Bad phosphorylation in a mouse model of glaucoma. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22710. [PMID: 36520045 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201346r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by optic nerve damage and apoptotic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Among the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) family, S1PR1 is a highly expressed subtype in the central nervous system and has gained rapid attention as an important mediator of pathophysiological processes in the brain and the retina. Our recent study showed that mice treated orally with siponimod drug exerted neuroprotection via modulation of neuronal S1PR1 in experimental glaucoma. This study identified the molecular signaling pathway modulated by S1PR1 activation with siponimod treatment in RGCs in glaucomatous injury. We investigated the critical neuroprotective signaling pathway in vivo using mice deleted for S1PR1 in RGCs. Our results showed marked upregulation of the apoptotic pathway was associated with decreased Akt and Erk1/2 activation levels in the retina in glaucoma conditions. Activation of S1PR1 with siponimod treatment significantly increased neuroprotective Akt and Erk1/2 activation and attenuated the apoptotic signaling via suppression of c-Jun/Bim cascade and by increasing Bad phosphorylation. Conversely, deletion of S1PR1 in RGCs significantly increased the apoptotic cells in the ganglion cell layer in glaucoma and diminished the neuroprotective effects of siponimod treatment on Akt/Erk1/2 activation, c-Jun/Bim cascade, and Bad phosphorylation. Our data demonstrated that activation of S1PR1 in RGCs induces crucial neuroprotective signaling that suppresses the proapoptotic c-Jun/Bim cascade and increases antiapoptotic Bad phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that S1PR1 is a potential therapeutic target for neuroprotection of RGCs in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Seyed Shahab Oddin Mirshahvaladi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Viswanthram Palanivel
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Klistorner
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Li J, Chen Z, Chen J, Yu Y. The beneficial roles of apelin-13/APJ system in cerebral ischemia: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903151. [PMID: 36034795 PMCID: PMC9399844 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cerebral ischemia has increased in the past decades, and the high fatality and disability rates seriously affect human health. Apelin is a bioactive peptide and the ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Both are ubiquitously expressed in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and regulate various physiological and pathological process in the cardiovascular, nervous and endocrine systems. Apelin-13 is one of the subtypes of apelin, and the apelin-13/APJ signaling pathway protects against cerebral ischemia by promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting excitotoxicity and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we have discussed the role of apelin-13 in the regulation of cerebral ischemia and the underlying mechanisms, along with the therapeutic potential of the apelin-13/APJ signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Tuina, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyu Chen, ; Yue Yu,
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyu Chen, ; Yue Yu,
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Tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 cooperatively exacerbate neurovascular degeneration in the neonatal rat retina. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 390:173-187. [PMID: 35895162 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α contribute to the pathogenesis of several ocular diseases. Previous studies have shown that MMP-9 activation plays an important role in capillary degeneration in injured retinas. In this study, we aimed to determine the roles of TNF-α in capillary degeneration and MMP-9 activation in the injured retina. In rats, retinal injury was induced by intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA, 200 nmol) at postnatal day 7. We examined (1) the effects of blocking MMP-9 and TNF-α signaling pathway on capillary degeneration, (2) changes in protein levels and distribution of MMP-9 and TNF-α, and (3) the interaction between MMP-9 and TNF-α in regulating the expression level of each protein in retinas of NMDA-injected eyes. Intravitreal injection of GM6001, an MMP inhibitor, or TNF-α neutralizing antibody (anti-TNF-α Ab) attenuated capillary degeneration in retinas of NMDA-injected eyes. Protein levels of TNF-α increased 2 h after NMDA injection, whereas those of MMP-9 increased 4 h after the injection. Anti-TNF-α Ab suppressed activation of MMP-9 in retinas of NMDA-injected eyes, whereas GM6001 diminished the TNF-α protein expression. Incubation of recombinant TNF-α with supernatants of homogenized retina increased protein levels and activity of MMP-9. These results suggest that TNF-α and MMP-9 collaboratively increase their expression levels in the retina following neurodegeneration, thus leading to retinal capillary degeneration. The cooperative interaction between MMP-9 and TNF-α could be involved in the exacerbation of retinal neurovascular degeneration.
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Luo J, Zhao Q, Li Z, Chen L. Multiple roles of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases. Peptides 2022; 152:170767. [PMID: 35181348 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor (APJ), and they compose apelin/APJ system. Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in tissues and plays pleiotropic roles. Attractively, more emphasis has recently been placed on the effects of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). In this review, we elaborated the roles of apelin/APJ system in the pathophysiological processes of eye. Concretely, apelin/APJ system induces retinal gliosis and angiogenesis. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in apelin/APJ system-triggered ROP progress. Apelin/APJ system mediates DR-induced retinopathy. Apelin/APJ system maintains retinal functions and health by protecting Müller cells from apoptosis. Apelin/APJ system suppresses the NMDA-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss to protect optic nerve damage. Overall, apelin/APJ system is a potential therapeutic target for eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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13
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Biomarkers for primary open-angle glaucoma progression. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Dawid M, Mlyczyńska E, Jurek M, Respekta N, Pich K, Kurowska P, Gieras W, Milewicz T, Kotula-Balak M, Rak A. Apelin, APJ, and ELABELA: Role in Placental Function, Pregnancy, and Foetal Development-An Overview. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010099. [PMID: 35011661 PMCID: PMC8750556 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelinergic system, which includes the apelin receptor (APJ) as well as its two specific ligands, namely apelin and ELABELA (ELA/APELA/Toddler), have been the subject of many recent studies due to their pleiotropic effects in humans and other animals. Expression of these factors has been investigated in numerous tissues and organs—for example, the lungs, heart, uterus, and ovary. Moreover, a number of studies have been devoted to understanding the role of apelin and the entire apelinergic system in the most important processes in the body, starting from early stages of human life with regulation of placental function and the proper course of pregnancy. Disturbances in the balance of placental processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, or hormone secretion may lead to specific pregnancy pathologies; therefore, there is a great need to search for substances that would help in their early diagnosis or treatment. A number of studies have indicated that compounds of the apelinergic system could serve this purpose. Hence, in this review, we summarized the most important reports about the role of apelin and the entire apelinergic system in the regulation of placental physiology and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Jurek
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Natalia Respekta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Wiktoria Gieras
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
| | - Tomasz Milewicz
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Kotula-Balak
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (E.M.); (M.J.); (N.R.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-1-2664-5003
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15
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Hubens WHG, Krauskopf J, Beckers HJM, Kleinjans JCS, Webers CAB, Gorgels TGMF. Small RNA Sequencing of Aqueous Humor and Plasma in Patients With Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:24. [PMID: 34156425 PMCID: PMC8237107 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.7.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Identify differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in aqueous humor (AH) and blood of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients by using small RNA sequencing. These may provide insight into POAG pathophysiology or serve as diagnostic biomarker. Methods AH and plasma of nine POAG patients and 10 cataract control patients were small RNA sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000. Identification of gene transcripts targeted by differentially expressed miRNAs was done with miRWalk and MirPath. These targets were used for pathway analysis and Gene Ontology enrichment. Diagnostic potential was evaluated by receiver operating characteristics analysis. Results We identified 715 miRNAs in plasma and 62 miRNAs in AH. Plasma miRNA profile did not differ between POAG and control. In contrast, in AH, seven miRNAs were differentially expressed. Hsa-miR-30a-3p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-211-5p, and hsa-miR-221-3p were upregulated, whereas hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-451a, and hsa-miR-486-5p were downregulated in POAG. Compared to previous studies, hsa-mir-143-3p, hsa-miR-211-5p, and hsa-miR-221-3p were reported previously, strengthening their involvement in POAG whereas hsa-miR-30a-3p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, and hsa-miR-486-5p are implicated in POAG for the first time. Identified gene transcripts were involved in several pathways, some implicated in glaucoma before (e.g., TGF-β and neurotrophin signaling), whereas others are new (e.g., prolactin and apelin signaling). In respect to diagnostics, AH concentration of hsa-mir-143-3p had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.889. Combined with hsa-miR-221-3p, AUC improved to 0.96. Conclusions Small RNA sequencing identified seven differentially expressed miRNAs in AH of POAG patients. The differentially expressed miRNAs may be useful as POAG biomarkers or could become targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter H G Hubens
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Krauskopf
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henny J M Beckers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Bougea A, Piperi C. Impact of the apelin/APJ axis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease with therapeutic potential. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2117-2133. [PMID: 34115895 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains elusive. There is still no available disease-modifying strategy against PD, whose management is mainly symptomatic. A growing amount of preclinical evidence shows that a complex interplay between autophagy dysregulation, mitochondrial impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and excessive neuroinflammation underlies PD pathogenesis. Identifying key molecules linking these pathological cellular processes may substantially aid in our deeper understanding of PD pathophysiology and the development of novel effective therapeutic approaches. Emerging preclinical evidence indicates that apelin, an endogenous neuropeptide acting as a ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ, may play a key neuroprotective role in PD pathogenesis, via inhibition of apoptosis and dopaminergic neuronal loss, autophagy enhancement, antioxidant effects, endoplasmic reticulum stress suppression, as well as prevention of synaptic dysregulation in the striatum, excessive neuroinflammation, and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Underlying signaling pathways involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and inositol requiring kinase 1α/XBP1/C/EBP homologous protein. Herein, we discuss the role of apelin/APJ axis and associated molecular mechanisms on the pathogenesis of PD in vitro and in vivo and provide evidence for its challenging therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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17
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Visual Disfunction due to the Selective Effect of Glutamate Agonists on Retinal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126245. [PMID: 34200611 PMCID: PMC8230349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the causes of nervous system degeneration is an excess of glutamate released upon several diseases. Glutamate analogs, like N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA), have been shown to induce experimental retinal neurotoxicity. Previous results have shown that NMDA/KA neurotoxicity induces significant changes in the full field electroretinogram response, a thinning on the inner retinal layers, and retinal ganglion cell death. However, not all types of retinal neurons experience the same degree of injury in response to the excitotoxic stimulus. The goal of the present work is to address the effect of intraocular injection of different doses of NMDA/KA on the structure and function of several types of retinal cells and their functionality. To globally analyze the effect of glutamate receptor activation in the retina after the intraocular injection of excitotoxic agents, a combination of histological, electrophysiological, and functional tools has been employed to assess the changes in the retinal structure and function. Retinal excitotoxicity caused by the intraocular injection of a mixture of NMDA/KA causes a harmful effect characterized by a great loss of bipolar, amacrine, and retinal ganglion cells, as well as the degeneration of the inner retina. This process leads to a loss of retinal cell functionality characterized by an impairment of light sensitivity and visual acuity, with a strong effect on the retinal OFF pathway. The structural and functional injury suffered by the retina suggests the importance of the glutamate receptors expressed by different types of retinal cells. The effect of glutamate agonists on the OFF pathway represents one of the main findings of the study, as the evaluation of the retinal lesions caused by excitotoxicity could be specifically explored using tests that evaluate the OFF pathway.
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18
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Zhou JX, Shuai NN, Wang B, Jin X, Kuang X, Tian SW. Neuroprotective gain of Apelin/APJ system. Neuropeptides 2021; 87:102131. [PMID: 33640616 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. In recent years, many studies have shown that the apelin/APJ system has neuroprotective properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and regulating autophagy, blocking excitatory toxicity. Apelin/APJ system has been proven to play a role in various neurological diseases and may be a promising therapeutic target for nervous system diseases. In this paper, the neuroprotective properties of the apelin/APJ system and its role in neurologic disorders are reviewed. Further understanding of the pathophysiological effect and mechanism of the apelin/APJ system in the nervous system will help develop new therapeutic interventions for various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Nian-Nian Shuai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Kuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, PR China.
| | - Shao-Wen Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China.
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19
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The MT1G Gene in LUHMES Neurons Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:967-978. [PMID: 32870474 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification of toxicants that underlie neurological diseases is a neglected area awaiting a valid strategy to identify such toxicants. We sought biomarkers that respond to known neurotoxicants in LUHMES immortalized neurons and evaluated these biomarkers for use in screening libraries of environmental toxicants. LUHMES immortalized human dopaminergic neurons were surveyed by RNA sequencing following challenge with parkinsonian toxicants rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, MPP+, and ziram (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate; Zn2+DDC2), as well as additional toxicants paraquat, MS275, and methylmercury. The metallothionein gene MT1G was the most dynamic gene expression response to all seven toxicants. Multiple toxicants also increased transcripts for SLC30A1 and SLC30A2 zinc secretion transporters, the SLC7A11 xCT cystine/glutamate antiporter important for glutathione synthesis, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), and secreted growth factors FIBIN and CXCL12, whereas several toxicants decreased expression of the apelin growth factor (APLN). These biomarker genes revealed stress responses to many toxicants at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Since several of these biomarker genes and prior neurological disease studies implicated disruption of metal distribution, we tested metal chelator thiram (dimethyldithiocarbamate, DDC), ziram, and several other metals and metal chelates for cytotoxicity and induction of MT1G expression. Metals and chelators that caused dynamic increases in MT1G expression also caused cytotoxicity, except Ni2+DDC2 induced MT1G at 5 μM, but lacked cytotoxicity up to 100 μM. These results bolster prior work suggesting that neurons are characteristically sensitive to depletion of glutathione or to disruption of cellular metal distribution and provide biomarkers to search for such neurotoxicants in chemical libraries.
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20
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Li YQ, Zhong Y, Xiao XP, Li DD, Zhou Z, Tian YY. IL-33/ST2 axis promotes the inflammatory response of nasal mucosal epithelial cells through inducing the ERK1/2 pathway. Innate Immun 2020; 26:505-513. [PMID: 32456598 PMCID: PMC7491240 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920918911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a nasal mucosal inflammatory disease mediated by environmental allergens. At present, the relationship between the IL-33/ST2 axis, ERK1/2 pathway and AR progression needs further exploration. In our study, an AR model was constructed in vitro by treating HNEpC cells with Der p1. qRT-PCR was applied to assess the mRNA levels of IL-33, ST2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Western blotting was used to measure the protein levels of IL-33, ST2, and the downstream proteins p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, p-RSK, and RSK. IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, and TNF-α protein levels in cell supernatants were evaluated by ELISA. Flow cytometry was performed to check cell apoptosis of HNEpC in the presence or absence of Der p1. Our results indicate that the relative levels of IL-33, ST2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were increased significantly in the AR model group. The above effects were notably reversed after transfection with shIL-33 or shST2. IL-33 stimulation further resulted in the increase in both ST2 and inflammation-associated cytokines, and these effects were restored after shST2 treatment. Also, the levels of inflammatory factors induced by IL-33 stimulation or ST2 overexpression were reversed after applying an ERK1/2 pathway blocker. In conclusion, IL-33/ST2 mediated inflammation of nasal mucosal epithelial cells by inducing the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qiu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Ping Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Tian
- Chronic Disease Management Center of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, P.R. China
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21
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Ishimaru Y, Sumino A, Shibagaki F, Yamamuro A, Yoshioka Y, Maeda S. Endogenous Apelin Is Protective Against Age-Associated Loss of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:58. [PMID: 32296325 PMCID: PMC7141441 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) causes visual deficits, but there is not yet any therapeutic agent to prevent the loss of these cells. Herein, we report that apelin, an endogenous peptide ligand of APJ receptor, is protective against the age-related loss of RGCs in mice. The mRNA expression of apelin was reduced in the retina of old mice compared with that in young mice, whereas retinal APJ expression increased with age. Immunofluorescence staining showed that APJ was present in RGCs and their surrounding cells expressed apelin. In addition, both functional and histological analyses demonstrated that apelin deficiency accelerated the loss of RGCs associated with age in mice. These results suggest that endogenous apelin plays a protective role against the degeneration of RGCs and that the apelinergic axis may be a new target for preventing age-related visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishimaru
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akihide Sumino
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumiya Shibagaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamamuro
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
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22
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Yang N, Young BK, Wang P, Tian N. The Susceptibility of Retinal Ganglion Cells to Optic Nerve Injury is Type Specific. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030677. [PMID: 32164319 PMCID: PMC7140711 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death occurs in many eye diseases, such as glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Increasing evidence suggests that the susceptibility of RGCs varies to different diseases in an RGC type-dependent manner. We previously showed that the susceptibility of several genetically identified RGC types to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity differs significantly. In this study, we characterize the susceptibility of the same RGC types to optic nerve crush (ONC). We show that the susceptibility of these RGC types to ONC varies significantly, in which BD-RGCs are the most resistant RGC type while W3-RGCs are the most sensitive cells to ONC. We also show that the survival rates of BD-RGCs and J-RGCs after ONC are significantly higher than their survival rates after NMDA excitotoxicity. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the susceptibility of RGCs to ONC varies in an RGC type-dependent manner. Further, the susceptibilities of the same types of RGCs to ONC and NMDA excitotoxicity are significantly different. These are valuable insights for understanding of the selective susceptibility of RGCs to various pathological insults and the development of a strategy to protect RGCs from death in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; (N.Y.); (B.K.Y.); (P.W.)
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Brent K Young
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; (N.Y.); (B.K.Y.); (P.W.)
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84114, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; (N.Y.); (B.K.Y.); (P.W.)
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ning Tian
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; (N.Y.); (B.K.Y.); (P.W.)
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84114, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-801-213-2852
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Meloni BP, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW. Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs): A Novel Class of Neuroprotective Agents With a Multimodal Mechanism of Action. Front Neurol 2020; 11:108. [PMID: 32158425 PMCID: PMC7052017 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are virtually no clinically available neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic neurological disorders, hence there is an urgent need for the development of new neuroprotective molecules. Cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) are an expanding and relatively novel class of compounds, which possess intrinsic neuroprotective properties. Intriguingly, CARPs possess a combination of biological properties unprecedented for a neuroprotective agent including the ability to traverse cell membranes and enter the CNS, antagonize calcium influx, target mitochondria, stabilize proteins, inhibit proteolytic enzymes, induce pro-survival signaling, scavenge toxic molecules, and reduce oxidative stress as well as, having a range of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer actions. CARPs have also been used as carrier molecules for the delivery of other putative neuroprotective agents across the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier. However, there is increasing evidence that the neuroprotective efficacy of many, if not all these other agents delivered using a cationic arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (CCPPs) carrier (e.g., TAT) may actually be mediated largely by the properties of the carrier molecule, with overall efficacy further enhanced according to the amino acid composition of the cargo peptide, in particular its arginine content. Therefore, in reviewing the neuroprotective mechanisms of action of CARPs we also consider studies using CCPPs fused to a putative neuroprotective peptide. We review the history of CARPs in neuroprotection and discuss in detail the intrinsic biological properties that may contribute to their cytoprotective effects and their usefulness as a broad-acting class of neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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24
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Calvo E, Milla-Navarro S, Ortuño-Lizarán I, Gómez-Vicente V, Cuenca N, De la Villa P, Germain F. Deleterious Effect of NMDA Plus Kainate on the Inner Retinal Cells and Ganglion Cell Projection of the Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051570. [PMID: 32106602 PMCID: PMC7084685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined administration of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) on the inner retina was studied as a model of excitotoxicity. The right eye of C57BL6J mice was injected with 1 µL of PBS containing NMDA 30 mM and KA 10 mM. Only PBS was injected in the left eye. One week after intraocular injection, electroretinogram recordings and immunohistochemistry were performed on both eyes. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections were studied by fluorescent-cholerotoxin anterograde labeling. A clear decrease of the retinal "b" wave amplitude, both in scotopic and photopic conditions, was observed in the eyes injected with NMDA/KA. No significant effect on the "a" wave amplitude was observed, indicating the preservation of photoreceptors. Immunocytochemical labeling showed no effects on the outer nuclear layer, but a significant thinning on the inner retinal layers, thus indicating that NMDA and KA induce a deleterious effect on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Anterograde tracing of the visual pathway after NMDA and KA injection showed the absence of RGC projections to the contralateral superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus. We conclude that glutamate receptor agonists, NMDA and KA, induce a deleterious effect of the inner retina when injected together into the vitreous chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Calvo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
| | | | - Isabel Ortuño-Lizarán
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Violeta Gómez-Vicente
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Germain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain (P.D.l.V.)
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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25
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Rodríguez Villanueva J, Martín Esteban J, Rodríguez Villanueva LJ. Retinal Cell Protection in Ocular Excitotoxicity Diseases. Possible Alternatives Offered by Microparticulate Drug Delivery Systems and Future Prospects. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020094. [PMID: 31991667 PMCID: PMC7076407 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity seems to play a critical role in ocular neurodegeneration. Excess-glutamate-mediated retinal ganglion cells death is the principal cause of cell loss. Uncontrolled glutamate in the synapsis has significant implications in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The exploitation of various approaches of controlled release systems enhances the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity of drugs. In particular, microparticles are secure, can maintain therapeutic drug concentrations in the eye for prolonged periods, and make intimate contact by improving drug bioavailability. According to the promising results reported, possible new investigations will focus intense attention on microparticulate formulations and can be expected to open the field to new alternatives for doctors, as currently required by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez Villanueva
- Human resources for I+D+i Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Ctra. de la Coruña (Autovía A6) Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-347-4158
| | - Jorge Martín Esteban
- University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (J.M.E.); (L.J.R.V.)
| | - Laura J. Rodríguez Villanueva
- University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (J.M.E.); (L.J.R.V.)
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26
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Systemic Administration of an Apelin Receptor Agonist Prevents NMDA-Induced Loss of Retinal Neuronal Cells in Mice. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:752-759. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Neuroprotective Peptides in Retinal Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081146. [PMID: 31374938 PMCID: PMC6722704 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of many disorders, neuronal death plays a key role. It is now assumed that neurodegeneration is caused by multiple and somewhat converging/overlapping death mechanisms, and that neurons are sensitive to unique death styles. In this respect, major advances in the knowledge of different types, mechanisms, and roles of neurodegeneration are crucial to restore the neuronal functions involved in neuroprotection. Several novel concepts have emerged recently, suggesting that the modulation of the neuropeptide system may provide an entirely new set of pharmacological approaches. Neuropeptides and their receptors are expressed widely in mammalian retinas, where they exert neuromodulatory functions including the processing of visual information. In multiple models of retinal diseases, different peptidergic substances play neuroprotective actions. Herein, we describe the novel advances on the protective roles of neuropeptides in the retina. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which peptides affect neuronal death/survival and the vascular lesions commonly associated with retinal neurodegenerative pathologies. The goal is to highlight the therapeutic potential of neuropeptide systems as neuroprotectants in retinal diseases.
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28
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Haghparast E, Sheibani V, Abbasnejad M, Esmaeili-Mahani S. Apelin-13 attenuates motor impairments and prevents the changes in synaptic plasticity-related molecules in the striatum of Parkinsonism rats. Peptides 2019; 117:170091. [PMID: 31121196 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The striatum plays a critical role in motor control and also learning and memory of motor skills. It has been reported that striatal synaptic components are significantly decreased in dopaminergic-denervated striatum. In this study the effects of apelin-13 were investigated on motor disorders and striatal synaptosomal expression of PSD-95, neurexin1, neuroligin, metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu R1) and dopaminergic receptors (DR1 and DR2) in rat parkinsonism experimental model. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected into the substantia nigra. Apelin-13 (1, 2 and 3 μg/rat) was administered into the substantia nigra one week after the 6-OHDA injection. Accelerating rotarod, beam-balance, beam-walking and bar tests were performed one month after the apelin injection. Immunohistochemistry staining of dopaminergic neurons was performed. The levels of synaptic proteins were determined by immunoblotting. 6-OHDA-treated animals showed a significant impairment in motor-skill tasks and a dramatically change in the expression levels of mentioned proteins. Apelin-13 (3 μg/rat) significantly attenuates the motor impairments and prevents the changes in striatal synaptic elements in 6-OHDA-treated animals. In addition, it could rescue the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The data will potentially extend the possible benefic aspect of apelin in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Haghparast
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman, Iran.
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29
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Luo H, Han L, Xu J. Apelin/APJ system: A novel promising target for neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:638-657. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqing Luo
- Department of Physiology Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Physiology Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Changsha Medical University Changsha Hunan China
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30
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Christensen I, Lu B, Yang N, Huang K, Wang P, Tian N. The Susceptibility of Retinal Ganglion Cells to Glutamatergic Excitotoxicity Is Type-Specific. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:219. [PMID: 30930737 PMCID: PMC6429039 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only output neurons that conduct visual signals from the eyes to the brain. RGC degeneration occurs in many retinal diseases leading to blindness and increasing evidence suggests that RGCs are susceptible to various injuries in a type-specific manner. Glutamate excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation of glutamate receptors and it plays a central role in the death of neurons in many CNS and retinal diseases. The purpose of this study is to characterize the susceptibility of genetically identified RGC types to the excitotoxicity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). We show that the susceptibility of different types of RGCs to NMDA excitotoxicity varies significantly, in which the αRGCs are the most resistant type of RGCs to NMDA excitotoxicity while the J-RGCs are the most sensitive cells to NMDA excitotoxicity. These results strongly suggest that the differences in the genetic background of RGC types might provide valuable insights for understanding the selective susceptibility of RGCs to pathological insults and the development of a strategy to protect RGCs from death in disease conditions. In addition, our results show that RGCs lose dendrites before death and the sequence of the morphological and molecular events during RGC death suggests that the initial insult of NMDA excitotoxicity might set off a cascade of events independent of the primary insults. However, the kinetics of dendritic retraction in RGCs does not directly correlate to the susceptibility of type-specific RGC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Christensen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Bo Lu
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ning Yang
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kevin Huang
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ning Tian
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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31
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Halon-Golabek M, Borkowska A, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Antosiewicz J. Iron Metabolism of the Skeletal Muscle and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:165. [PMID: 30949015 PMCID: PMC6436082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies clearly indicate that the endocrine function of the skeletal muscle is essential for a long and healthy life. Regular exercise, which has been shown to stimulate the release of myokines, lowers the risk of many diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, emphasizing the role of skeletal muscle in proper functioning of other tissues. In addition, exercise increases insulin sensitivity, which may also impact iron metabolism. Even though the role of iron in neurodegeneration is well established, the exact mechanisms of iron toxicity are not known. Interestingly, exercise has been shown to modulate iron metabolism, mainly by reducing body iron stores. Insulin signaling and iron metabolism are interconnected, as high tissue iron stores are associated with insulin resistance, and conversely, impaired insulin signaling may lead to iron accumulation in an affected tissue. Excess iron accumulation in tissue triggers iron-dependent oxidative stress. Further, iron overload in the skeletal muscle not only negatively affects muscle contractility but also might impact its endocrine function, thus possibly affecting the clinical outcome of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms of iron dependent oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, its impact on muscle mass and endocrine function, as well as on neurodegeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Halon-Golabek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andzelika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Herman-Antosiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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32
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The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on apelin distribution of nervous system in the experimental mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Tissue Cell 2019; 56:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Tsoka P, Barbisan PR, Kataoka K, Chen XN, Tian B, Bouzika P, Miller JW, Paschalis EI, Vavvas DG. NLRP3 inflammasome in NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity. Exp Eye Res 2019; 181:136-144. [PMID: 30707890 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity is an acute form of experimental retinal injury as a result of overactivation of glutamate receptors. NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing-3) inflammasome, one of the most studied sensors of innate immunity, has been reported to play a critical role in retinal neurodegeneration with controversial implications regarding neuroprotection and cell death. Thus far, it has not been elucidated whether NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity can trigger NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo. Moreover, it is unknown if NLRP3 is beneficial or detrimental to NMDA-mediated retinal cell death. Here, we employed a murine model of NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity by administering 100 nmoles of NMDA intravitreally, which resulted in massive TUNEL+ (TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labelling) cell death in all retinal layers and especially in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) 24 h post injection. NMDA insult in the retina potentiates macrophage/microglia cell infiltration, primes the NLRP3 inflammasome in a transcription-dependent manner and induces the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, despite NLRP3 inflammasome upregulation, systemic deletion of Nlrp3 or Casp1 (caspase-1) did not significantly alter the NMDA-induced, excitotoxicity-mediated TUNEL+ retinal cell death at 24 h (acute phase). Similarly, the deletion of the two aforementioned genes did not alter the survival of the Brn3a+ (brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A) RGCs in a significant way at 3- or 7-days post injection (long-term phase). Our results indicate that NMDA-mediated retinal excitotoxicity induces immune cell recruitment and NLRP3 inflammasome activity even though inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation is not a leading contributing factor to cell death in this type of retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Tsoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo R Barbisan
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohong Nancy Chen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Tian
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peggy Bouzika
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan W Miller
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleftherios I Paschalis
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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34
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Pichavaram P, Palani CD, Patel C, Xu Z, Shosha E, Fouda AY, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Targeting Polyamine Oxidase to Prevent Excitotoxicity-Induced Retinal Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:956. [PMID: 30686964 PMCID: PMC6335392 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of retinal neurons is a major cause of vision impairment in blinding diseases that affect children and adults worldwide. Cellular damage resulting from polyamine catabolism has been demonstrated to be a major player in many neurodegenerative conditions. We have previously shown that inhibition of polyamine oxidase (PAO) using MDL 72527 significantly reduced retinal neurodegeneration and cell death signaling pathways in hyperoxia-mediated retinopathy. In the present study, we investigated the impact of PAO inhibition in limiting retinal neurodegeneration in a model of NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartate)-induced excitotoxicity. Adult mice (8–10 weeks old) were given intravitreal injections (20 nmoles) of NMDA or NMLA (N-Methyl-L-aspartate, control). Intraperitoneal injection of MDL 72527 (40 mg/kg body weight/day) or vehicle (normal saline) was given 24 h before NMDA or NMLA treatment and continued until the animals were sacrificed (varied from 1 to 7 days). Analyses of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer cell survival was performed on retinal flatmounts. Retinal cryostat sections were prepared for immunostaining, TUNEL assay and retinal thickness measurements. Fresh frozen retinal samples were used for Western blotting analysis. A marked decrease in the neuronal survival in the RGC layer was observed in NMDA treated retinas compared to their NMLA treated controls, as studied by NeuN immunostaining of retinal flatmounts. Treatment with MDL 72527 significantly improved survival of NeuN positive cells in the NMDA treated retinas. Excitotoxicity induced neurodegeneration was also demonstrated by reduced levels of synaptophysin and degeneration of inner retinal neurons in NMDA treated retinas compared to controls. TUNEL labeling studies showed increased cell death in the NMDA treated retinas. However, treatment with MDL 72527 markedly reduced these changes. Analysis of signaling pathways during excitotoxic injury revealed the downregulation of pro-survival signaling molecules p-ERK and p-Akt, and the upregulation of a pro-apoptotic molecule BID, which were normalized with PAO inhibition. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of polyamine oxidase blocks NMDA-induced retinal neurodegeneration and promotes cell survival, thus offering a new therapeutic target for retinal neurodegenerative disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Chithra Devi Palani
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Chintan Patel
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Subhadra Priya Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States.,VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
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35
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Huang Z, Luo X, Liu M, Chen L. Function and regulation of apelin/APJ system in digestive physiology and pathology. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7796-7810. [PMID: 30390294 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin and APJ are distributed in various tissues, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract and even in tumor tissues. Studies show that apelin messenger RNA is widely expressed in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, including stomach and small intestine, which is closely correlated with GI function. Thus, the apelin/APJ system may exert a broad range of activities in the digestive system. In this paper, we review the role of the apelin/APJ system in the digestive system in physiological conditions, such as gastric acid secretion, control of appetite and food intake, cell proliferation, cholecystokinin secretion and histamine release, gut-brain axis, GI motility, and others. In pathological conditions, the apelin/APJ system plays an important role in the healing process of stress gastric injury, the clinical features and prognosis of patients with gastric cancers, the reduction of inflammatory response to enteritis and pancreatitis, the mediation of liver fibrogenesis, the promotion of liver damage, the inhibition of liver regeneration, the contribution of splanchnic neovascularization in portal hypertension, the treatment of colon cancer, and GI oxidative damage. Overall, the apelin/APJ system plays diversified functions and regulatory roles in digestive physiology and pathology. Further exploration of the relationship between the apelin/APJ system and the digestive system will help to find new and effective drugs for treating and alleviating the pain of digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Meiqing Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Neuroprotective Peptide Therapies: A Case for Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs). Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8080147. [PMID: 30087289 PMCID: PMC6119922 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates, with survivors suffering significant neurological sequelae including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. While hypothermia is used clinically to reduce neurological injury following HIE, it is only used for term infants (>36 weeks gestation) in tertiary hospitals and improves outcomes in only 30% of patients. For these reasons, a more effective and easily administrable pharmacological therapeutic agent, that can be used in combination with hypothermia or alone when hypothermia cannot be applied, is urgently needed to treat pre-term (≤36 weeks gestation) and term infants suffering HIE. Several recent studies have demonstrated that cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs), which include many cell-penetrating peptides [CPPs; e.g., transactivator of transcription (TAT) and poly-arginine-9 (R9; 9-mer of arginine)], possess intrinsic neuroprotective properties. For example, we have demonstrated that poly-arginine-18 (R18; 18-mer of arginine) and its D-enantiomer (R18D) are neuroprotective in vitro following neuronal excitotoxicity, and in vivo following perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In this paper, we review studies that have used CARPs and other peptides, including putative neuroprotective peptides fused to TAT, in animal models of perinatal HIE. We critically evaluate the evidence that supports our hypothesis that CARP neuroprotection is mediated by peptide arginine content and positive charge and that CARPs represent a novel potential therapeutic for HIE.
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Huang Z, He L, Chen Z, Chen L. Targeting drugs to APJ receptor: From signaling to pathophysiological effects. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:61-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital, University Of South China Hengyang China
| | - Lu He
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
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Bucolo C, Platania CBM, Drago F, Bonfiglio V, Reibaldi M, Avitabile T, Uva M. Novel Therapeutics in Glaucoma Management. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:978-992. [PMID: 28925883 PMCID: PMC6120119 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170915142727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell death and alterations of visual field. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered the main risk factor of glaucoma, even though other factors cannot be ruled out, such as epigenetic mechanisms. OBJECTIVE An overview of the ultimate promising experimental drugs to manage glaucoma has been provided. RESULTS In particular, we have focused on purinergic ligands, KATP channel activators, gases (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide), non-glucocorticoid steroidal compounds, neurotrophic factors, PI3K/Akt activators, citicoline, histone deacetylase inhibitors, cannabinoids, dopamine and serotonin receptors ligands, small interference RNA, and Rho kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The review has been also endowed of a brief chapter on last reports about potential neuroprotective benefits of anti-glaucoma drugs already present in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; Tel: +39 095 4781196;
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Abstract
Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Ishimaru Y, Shibagaki F, Yamamuro A, Yoshioka Y, Maeda S. An apelin receptor antagonist prevents pathological retinal angiogenesis with ischemic retinopathy in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15062. [PMID: 29118394 PMCID: PMC5678128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological retinal angiogenesis is caused by the progression of ischemic retinal diseases and can result in retinal detachment and irreversible blindness. This neovascularization is initiated from the retinal veins and their associated capillaries and involves the overgrowth of vascular endothelial cells. Since expression of the apelin receptor (APJ) is restricted to the veins and proliferative endothelial cells during physiological retinal angiogenesis, in the present study, we investigated the effect of APJ inhibition on pathological retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). In vitro experiments revealed that ML221, an APJ antagonist, suppressed cultured-endothelial cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal administration of ML221 inhibited pathological angiogenesis but enhanced the recovery of normal vessels into the ischemic regions in the retina of the OIR model mice. ML221 did not affect the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR2) in the retina. APJ was highly expressed in the endothelial cells within abnormal vessels but was only detected in small amounts in morphologically normal vessels. These results suggest that APJ inhibitors selectively prevent pathological retinal angiogenesis and that the drugs targeting APJ may be new a candidate for treating ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishimaru
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Shibagaki
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamamuro
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Maeda
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
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He S, Stankowska DL, Ellis DZ, Krishnamoorthy RR, Yorio T. Targets of Neuroprotection in Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:85-106. [PMID: 28820649 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurodegeneration of the optic nerve and the loss of retinal ganglion cells is a hallmark of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most frequent form of glaucoma in the Western world. While some genetic mutations have been identified for some glaucomas, those associated with POAG are limited and for most POAG patients, the etiology is still unclear. Unfortunately, treatment of this neurodegenerative disease and other retinal degenerative diseases is lacking. For POAG, most of the treatments focus on reducing aqueous humor formation, enhancing uveoscleral or conventional outflow, or lowering intraocular pressure through surgical means. These efforts, in some cases, do not always lead to a prevention of vision loss and therefore other strategies are needed to reduce or reverse the progressive neurodegeneration. In this review, we will highlight some of the ocular pharmacological approaches that are being tested to reduce neurodegeneration and provide some form of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing He
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorota L Stankowska
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorette Z Ellis
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Raghu R Krishnamoorthy
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Thomas Yorio
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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