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Berezina TA, Fushtey IM, Berezin AA, Pavlov SV, Berezin AE. Predictors of Kidney Function Outcomes and Their Relation to SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Had Chronic Heart Failure. Adv Ther 2024; 41:292-314. [PMID: 37935870 PMCID: PMC10796534 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have a favorable impact on the kidney function in patients with heart failure (HF), while there is no clear evidence of what factors predict this effect. The aim of the study was to identify plausible predictors for kidney function outcome among patients with HF and investigate their association with SGLT2i. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 480 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with diet and metformin and concomitant chronic HF and followed them for 52 weeks. In the study, we determined kidney outcome as a composite of ≥ 40% reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline, newly diagnosed end-stage kidney disease or kidney replacement therapy. The relevant medical information and measurement of the biomarkers (N-terminal natriuretic pro-peptide, irisin, apelin, adropin, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) were collected at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS The composite kidney outcome was detected in 88 (18.3%) patients of the entire population. All patients received guideline-recommended optimal therapy, which was adjusted to phenotype/severity of HF, cardiovascular risk and comorbidity profiles, and fasting glycemia. Levels of irisin, adropin and apelin significantly increased in patients without clinical endpoint, whereas in those with composite endpoint the biomarker levels exhibited a decrease with borderline statistical significance (p = 0.05). We noticed that irisin ≤ 4.50 ng/ml at baseline and a ≤ 15% increase in irisin serum levels added more valuable predictive information than the reference variable. However, the combination of irisin ≤ 4.50 ng/ml at baseline and ≤ 15% increase in irisin serum levels (area under curve = 0.91; 95% confidence interval = 0.87-0.95) improved the discriminative value of each biomarker alone. CONCLUSION We suggest that low levels of irisin and its inadequate increase during administration of SGLT2i are promising predictors for unfavorable kidney outcome among patients with T2DM and concomitant HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana A Berezina
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, VitaCenter, Zaporozhye, 69000, Ukraine
| | - Ivan M Fushtey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zaporozhye Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Zaporozhye, 69096, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Berezin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zaporozhye Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Zaporozhye, 69096, Ukraine
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinik Barmelweid, 5017, Erlinsbach, Switzerland
| | - Sergii V Pavlov
- Department Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostics, Zaporozhye State Medical University, Zaporozhye, 69035, Ukraine
| | - Alexander E Berezin
- Department of Cardiology, Vita Center, Zaporozhye, 69000, Ukraine.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Liu Q, Duan SB, Wang L, Luo XQ, Wang HS, Deng YH, Wu X, Wu T, Yan and P, Kang YX. Apelin-13 alleviates contrast-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2179852. [PMID: 37723076 PMCID: PMC9970253 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2179852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a severe complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Apelin is an endogenous physiological regulator with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. However, the role of apelin-13 in CI-AKI remains unclear. In our study, we found that the protein expression levels of apelin were significantly downregulated in rat kidney tissues and HK-2 cells during contrast media treatment. Moreover, we explored the protective effect of apelin-13 on renal tubule damage using in vitro and in vivo models of CI-AKI. Exogenous apelin-13 ameliorated endoplasmic reticulum stress, reactive oxygen species and apoptosis protein expression in contrast media-treated cells and rat kidney tissues. Mechanistically, the downregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress contributed critically to the antiapoptotic effect of apelin-13. Collectively, our findings reveal the inherent mechanisms by which apelin-13 regulates CI-AKI and provide a prospective target for the prevention of CI-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Shao-Bin Duan
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Hong-Shen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Ying-Hao Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Ping Yan and
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
| | - Yi-Xin Kang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha410011, China
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Rozwadowski J, Borodzicz-Jażdżyk S, Czarzasta K, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. A Review of the Roles of Apelin and ELABELA Peptide Ligands in Cardiovascular Disease, Including Heart Failure and Hypertension. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938112. [PMID: 36523134 PMCID: PMC9764672 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin and ELABELA (ELA), which are peptides belonging to the adipokines group, are endogenous peptide ligands of their receptor, APJ, which together constitute the apelinergic system. The apelinergic system is expressed in numerous human tissues and organs, including the heart, blood vessels, adipose tissue, central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and liver. Apelin, being the most widely studied member of the apelinergic system, plays a key role in the cardiovascular system and exerts a pleiotropic effect in tissues. Under physiological conditions, the peripheral actions of apelin include augmented cardiac contractility, increased left ventricular stroke volume, vasodilation, increased diuresis, and lowered systemic blood pressure. Multiple studies suggest that activation of the apelinergic system exerts beneficial effects on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including hypertension and heart failure, whereas the silencing of the apelin/APJ axis results in attenuation of inflammatory processes and prevents formation of atherosclerotic plaques. As numerous effects of apelin are not entirely explained, further studies of the cardiovascular actions of apelin and ELA are necessary to help establish effective pharmacological treatments of CVDs. This article aims to review the roles of apelin and elabela peptide ligands in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and hypertension.
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Javaheri A, Diab A, Zhao L, Qian C, Cohen JB, Zamani P, Kumar A, Wang Z, Ebert C, Maranville J, Kvikstad E, Basso M, van Empel V, Richards AM, Doughty R, Rietzschell E, Kammerhoff K, Gogain J, Schafer P, Seiffert DA, Gordon DA, Ramirez-Valle F, Mann DL, Cappola TP, Chirinos JA. Proteomic Analysis of Effects of Spironolactone in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2022; 15:e009693. [PMID: 36126144 PMCID: PMC9504263 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.009693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TOPCAT trial (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial) suggested clinical benefits of spironolactone treatment among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction enrolled in the Americas. However, a comprehensive assessment of biologic pathways impacted by spironolactone therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has not been performed. METHODS We conducted aptamer-based proteomic analysis utilizing 5284 modified aptamers to 4928 unique proteins on plasma samples from TOPCAT participants from the Americas (n=164 subjects with paired samples at baseline and 1 year) to identify proteins and pathways impacted by spironolactone therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Mean percentage change from baseline was calculated for each protein. Additionally, we conducted pathway analysis of proteins altered by spironolactone. RESULTS Spironolactone therapy was associated with proteome-wide significant changes in 7 proteins. Among these, CARD18 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 18), PKD2 (polycystin 2), and PSG2 (pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 2) were upregulated, whereas HGF (hepatic growth factor), PLTP (phospholipid transfer protein), IGF2R (insulin growth factor 2 receptor), and SWP70 (switch-associated protein 70) were downregulated. CARD18, a caspase-1 inhibitor, was the most upregulated protein by spironolactone (-0.5% with placebo versus +66.5% with spironolactone, P<0.0001). The top canonical pathways that were significantly associated with spironolactone were apelin signaling, stellate cell activation, glycoprotein 6 signaling, atherosclerosis signaling, liver X receptor activation, and farnesoid X receptor activation. Among the top pathways, collagens were a consistent theme that increased in patients receiving placebo but decreased in patients randomized to spironolactone. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic analysis in the TOPCAT trial revealed proteins and pathways altered by spironolactone, including the caspase inhibitor CARD18 and multiple pathways that involved collagens. In addition to effects on fibrosis, our studies suggest potential antiapoptotic effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a hypothesis that merits further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Javaheri
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lei Zhao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ
| | - Chenao Qian
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jordana B. Cohen
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Payman Zamani
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa van Empel
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rob Doughty
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ernst Rietzschell
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas P. Cappola
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Julio A. Chirinos
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
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Lu D, Wei J, Chen J, Zhao J, Wang J, Gong Y, Wei L, Wei Q, Ban H, Li Y, Wang Z, Luo C, Zhou H, Shen J, Liao Q, He S, Zhang W, Luo Q, Xie K, Song J, Meng L. Apelin Alleviates Meniscus Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Osteoarthritis. Dis Markers 2022; 2022:3556372. [PMID: 35069930 PMCID: PMC8777459 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3556372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by articular cartilage and/or chondrocyte destruction, and although it has long been considered as a primary disease, the importance of meniscus endothelial cell modulation in the subchondral microenvironment has recently drawn attention. Previous studies have shown that apelin could potentially inhibit cellular apoptosis; however, it remains unclear whether apelin could play a protective role in protecting the endothelium in the OA meniscus. In this study, with the advantages of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, in combination with flow cytometry, we identified two endothelial subclusters in the meniscus, featured by high expression of Homeobox A13 (HOXA13) and Ras Protein-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Factor 2 (RASGRF2), respectively. Compared with control patients, both subclusters decreased in absolute cell numbers and exhibited downregulated APJ endogenous ligand (APLN, coding for apelin) and upregulated apelin receptor (APLNR, coding apelin receptor). Furthermore, we confirmed that in OA, decreased endothelial cell numbers, including both subclusters, were related to intrinsic apoptosis factors: one more relevant to caspase 3 (CASP3) and the other to BH3-Interacting Domain Death agonist (BID). In vitro culturing of meniscal endothelial cells purified from patients proved that apelin could significantly inhibit apoptosis by downregulating these two factors in endothelial cell subclusters, suggesting that apelin could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinggui Lu
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Traumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jihua Wei
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Traumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Sport Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jingjie Zhao
- Life Science and Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yuanxun Gong
- Life Science and Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Liuzhi Wei
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qiuju Wei
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Huadeng Ban
- Department of Foot and Hand Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yueyong Li
- Department of Interventive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zechen Wang
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Changtai Luo
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Traumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Sport Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Haidong Zhou
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Traumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Sport Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jiajia Shen
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qiujiao Liao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Siyuan He
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Department of Traumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qunqiang Luo
- Department of Foot and Hand Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Kegong Xie
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jian Song
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Lingzhang Meng
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Province, China
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Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. In recent years, many studies have shown that the apelin/APJ system has neuroprotective properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and regulating autophagy, blocking excitatory toxicity. Apelin/APJ system has been proven to play a role in various neurological diseases and may be a promising therapeutic target for nervous system diseases. In this paper, the neuroprotective properties of the apelin/APJ system and its role in neurologic disorders are reviewed. Further understanding of the pathophysiological effect and mechanism of the apelin/APJ system in the nervous system will help develop new therapeutic interventions for various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China
| | - Nian-Nian Shuai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Kuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, PR China.
| | - Shao-Wen Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, PR China.
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Li Y, Lu H, Xu W, Shang Y, Zhao C, Wang Y, Yang R, Jin S, Wu Y, Wang X, Teng X. Apelin ameliorated acute heart failure via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in rabbits. Amino Acids 2021; 53:417-427. [PMID: 33609179 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated the ameliorative effect of apelin on acute heart failure (AHF). Rabbit model of AHF was induced by sodium pentobarbital. Cardiac dysfunction and injury were detected in the rabbit models of AHF, including impaired hemodynamic parameters and increased levels of CK-MB and cTnI. Apelin treatment dramatically improved cardiac impairment caused by AHF. ERS, indexed by increased GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved-caspase12 protein levels, was simultaneously attenuated by apelin. Apelin also could ameliorate increased protein levels of cleaved-caspase3 and Bax, and improved decreased protein levels of Bcl-2. Two common ERS stimulators, tunicamycin (Tm) and dithiothreitol (DTT) blocked the ameliorative effect of apelin on AHF. Phosphorylated Akt levels increased after apelin treatment in the rabbit models of AHF. The Akt signaling inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 could block the cardioprotective effect of apelin, which could be relieved by ERS inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA). The aforementioned beneficial effects of apelin could all be blocked by APJ receptor antagonist F13A. 4-PBA and SC79, an Akt activator, can restore the ameliorative effect of apelin on AHF blocked by F13A. Apelin treatment dramatically ameliorated cardiac impairment caused by AHF, which might be mediated by APJ/Akt/ERS signaling pathway. These results will shed new light on AHF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Li
- Hebei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei University of Chines Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Haohan Lu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Wenyuan Xu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuxuan Shang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Cece Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yipu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Heping West Road No. 215, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Xu Teng
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road No. 361, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Son JS, Chae SA, Wang H, Chen Y, Bravo Iniguez A, de Avila JM, Jiang Z, Zhu MJ, Du M. Maternal Inactivity Programs Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Offspring Mice by Attenuating Apelin Signaling and Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108461. [PMID: 33264618 PMCID: PMC8137280 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although maternal exercise (ME) becomes increasingly uncommon, the effects of ME on offspring muscle metabolic health remain largely undefined. Maternal mice are subject to daily exercise during pregnancy, which enhances mitochondrial biogenesis during fetal muscle development; this is correlated with higher mitochondrial content and oxidative muscle fibers in offspring muscle and improved endurance capacity. Apelin, an exerkine, is elevated due to ME, and maternal apelin administration mirrors the effect of ME on mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Importantly, both ME and apelin induce DNA demethylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (Ppargc1a) promoter and enhance its expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Such changes in DNA methylation were maintained in offspring, with ME offspring muscle expressing higher levels of PGC-1α1/4 isoforms, explaining improved muscle function. In summary, ME enhances DNA demethylation of the Ppargc1a promoter in fetal muscle, which has positive programming effects on the exercise endurance capacity and protects offspring muscle against metabolic dysfunction. Son et al. demonstrate that maternal exercise facilitates fetal muscle development, which improves muscle function and exercise endurance in offspring. Maternal administration of apelin, an exerkine, mirrors the beneficial effects of maternal exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and fetal muscle development. These findings suggest apelin and its receptor as potential drug targets for improving fetal muscle development of sedentary mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Son
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Jeanene M de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Nasseri B, Zareian P, Alizade H. Apelin attenuates streptozotocin-induced learning and memory impairment by modulating necroptosis signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106546. [PMID: 32413735 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a neuropeptide that plays an important role in neuronal protection. In this study, we investigated the effects of apelin intracerebroventricular administration on spatial learning and memory-related behaviors, and necroptosis signaling pathways in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ) -injected rats. Apelin treatment was implemented following STZ-induced dementia for 15 days. After conducting a behavioral test (Morris Water Maze), the cellular and molecular aspects were examined to detect the apelin effect on the necroptosis signaling pathway. We demonstrated that STZ administration significantly slowed down the learning capability. However apelin treatment notably reversed this neuroinflammation induced behavioral impairment. Furthermore, molecular investigations showed that apelin treatment reduced the hippocampal RIP1, RIP3, and TNF-α level. Our results suggest that apelin treatment attenuates STZ-induced dementia. This effect may be mediated by inhibition of the necroptosis signaling pathway which seems to be associated with the ability of apelin to reduce central TNF-α level. This data provides evidence of the neuroprotective effect of apelin on STZ-induced learning and memory impairment and characterize some of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Nasseri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Zareian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hadi Alizade
- Department of Pharmacology &Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract
We believe that, in parallel to the attempts for direct blockade of the SARS-CoV-2 penetration into host cell and repurposing drugs, finding new therapeutic strategies for patients with lung injury or cardiovascular complications/coagulopathies associated with COVID-19 should be paid particular attention. Apelin or its receptor agonists are of great potential treatment for COVID-19 through suppressing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (Ang-II) production, as well as, down-regulating angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1R) and ACE2 up-regulation. These drugs have potential to improve acute lung injury and cardiovascular/coagulopathy complications in COVID-19 which are associated with elevated Ang-II/Ang(1–7) ratio. RAS up-regulation is associated with lung and cardiovascular injuries in COVID-19. Apelin can suppress ACE and AT1R, and activate ACE2 which is down-regulated by SARS-CoV-2. Apelin may improve Ang-II-mediated inflammation, thrombosis, and vasoconstriction in COVID-19. Apelin and its receptor agonists could be trialed in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Jürg H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland.
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Wang YH, Kuo SJ, Liu SC, Wang SW, Tsai CH, Fong YC, Tang CH. Apelin Affects the Progression of Osteoarthritis by Regulating VEGF-Dependent Angiogenesis and miR-150-5p Expression in Human Synovial Fibroblasts. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030594. [PMID: 32131466 PMCID: PMC7140420 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovium-induced angiogenesis is central to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis and thus a promising therapeutic target. The adipokine apelin (APLN) is involved in both OA pathogenesis and angiogenesis. We examined the role of APLN in synovium-induced angiogenesis by investigating the crosstalk between APLN and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs). We found higher levels of APLN and VEGF expression in OA samples compared with normal samples. APLN-induced stimulation of VEGF expression and VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in OASFs was mitigated by FAK/Src/Akt signaling. APLN also inhibited levels of microRNA-150-5p (miR-150-5p), which represses VEGF production and angiogenesis. Analyses of an OA animal model showed that shAPLN transfection of OASFs rescued pathologic changes in OA cartilage and histology. Here, we found APLN enhances VEGF expression and angiogenesis via FAK/Src/Akt cascade and via downstream suppression of miR-150-5p expression. These findings help to clarify the pathogenesis of adipokine-induced angiogenesis in OA synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Jui Kuo
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (Y.-C.F.)
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (Y.-C.F.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (Y.-C.F.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22052121 (ext. 7726)
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Nazari A, Chehelcheraghi F. Using Apelin and exercise to protect the cardiac cells: synergic effect in ischemia reperfusion injuries treatment in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 121:14-21. [PMID: 31950835 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2020_003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIM Apelin is an active endogenous peptide, which affects blood vessels. Also exercise increases angiogenesis after myocardial infarction and exerts cardio protective effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Apelin and aerobic exercise on reducing the severity of Ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS The rats were divided into the following 4 groups 8 weeks before surgery (Langendorff model of perfusion): I) Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), II: Exercise Ischemia- reperfusion (EX+I/R), III: Apelin+Ischemia-reperfusion (APE+I/R) (Apelin 10 nmol/kg/day, i.p), and IV: Exercise+Apelin+Ischemia-reperfusion (EX+APE+I/R). Exercise was performed on a treadmill 8 weeks before the surgery at a speed of 17 m/min for 10 to 50 min/day. The ventricular function was evaluated after I/R injury, histopathological and immunohistopathology indices were then measured at the scar tissue. RESULTS The results of H(et)E, Masson's trichrome staining indicated that APE+EX pre-treatment reduced cardiac fibrosis and the percentage of collagen deposition. It also enhanced the microvessels density (MVD) and decreased the number of inflammatory cells and apoptosis rate. CONCLUSION According to our study, Apelin and exercise preconditioning had anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects on the ischemia-reperfusion myocardium cells, which could lead to the protection of cardiac cells (Tab. 5, Fig. 3, Ref. 33).
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Nazari A, Chehelcheraghi F. Using Apelin and exercise to protect the cardiac cells: synergic effect in ischemia reperfusion injuries treatment in rats. BRATISL MED J 2020; 121:14-21. [PMID: 31950835 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2020_00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Apelin is an active endogenous peptide, which affects blood vessels. Also exercise increases angiogenesis after myocardial infarction and exerts cardio protective effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Apelin and aerobic exercise on reducing the severity of Ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS The rats were divided into the following 4 groups 8 weeks before surgery (Langendorff model of perfusion): I) Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), II: Exercise Ischemia- reperfusion (EX+I/R), III: Apelin+Ischemia-reperfusion (APE+I/R) (Apelin 10 nmol/kg/day, i.p), and IV: Exercise+Apelin+Ischemia-reperfusion (EX+APE+I/R). Exercise was performed on a treadmill 8 weeks before the surgery at a speed of 17 m/min for 10 to 50 min/day. The ventricular function was evaluated after I/R injury, histopathological and immunohistopathology indices were then measured at the scar tissue. RESULTS The results of H(et)E, Masson's trichrome staining indicated that APE+EX pre-treatment reduced cardiac fibrosis and the percentage of collagen deposition. It also enhanced the microvessels density (MVD) and decreased the number of inflammatory cells and apoptosis rate. CONCLUSION According to our study, Apelin and exercise preconditioning had anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects on the ischemia-reperfusion myocardium cells, which could lead to the protection of cardiac cells (Tab. 5, Fig. 3, Ref. 33).
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Zhang ZX, Li E, Yan JP, Fu W, Shen P, Tian SW, You Y. Apelin attenuates depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation in rats co-treated with chronic stress and lipopolysaccharide. Neuropeptides 2019; 77:101959. [PMID: 31445676 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several experimental studies have proved that activation of neuroinflammation pathways may contribute to the development of depression, a neuropsychiatric disorder disease. Our previous studies have shown the antidepressant properties of apelin, but the mechanism was unkown. This study was performed to verify whether the antidepressant effect of apelin was related to its anti-inflammation effect in the central nervous system. To achieve our aim, we selected the co-treatment of chronic stress and LPS to induced an inflammatory process in rats. The effect of this co-treatment was evaluated through the expression of inflammatory markers and glial cell activation. LPS injection co-treated with unpredictable chronic mild stress resulted in the activation of microglial cell and astrocyte, expression of inflammatory markers and depressive behaviors. Treatment with apelin significantly attenuates the deleterious effects in these rats. Our results showed that apelin improved depressive phenotype and decreased the activation of glial cells in stress co-treatment group. The down-regulations of p-NF-κB and p-IKKβ suggested that the effects are possibly mediated by inhibition of the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. These findings speculated that intracerebroventricular injection of apelin could be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of depression, and the antidepressant function of apelin may closely associated with its alleviation in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, PR China; Department of Neurology, XiangTan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, PR China
| | - E Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Wan Fu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Pei Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Shao-Wen Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Yong You
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, PR China.
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Sato T, Kuba K. [The functional role of endogenous APJ agonists; Apelin and Elabela/Toddler in cardiovascular diseases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:172-178. [PMID: 30971657 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for APJ receptor, which is widely expressed in human body, and exerts various physiological effects such as vasodilation, inotropic effect, water balance, heart development, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. The beneficial effects of Apelin in cardiovascular diseases have been elucidated, and the roles of Apelin in aging-associated diseases are recently implicated. The mechanisms for therapeutic effects of Aplein include an antagonistic action to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in addition to inotropic and vasodilatory actions. We have revealed that endogenous Apelin negatively regulates RAS via upregulation of Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition, a second ligand for APJ receptor, Elabela/Toddler, was identified as an essential hormone for heart development, and it has been reported to have physiological effects similar to Apelin. We and others have shown that Elabela exerts inotropic and protective effects in the heart. Although the number of heart failure patients is rapidly increasing, the pathophysiology of heart failure remains elusive and further development of new therapeutic option is awaited. Apelin is a unique bifunctional molecule, which has both inotropic and cardioprotective effects in heart failure, and thus further elucidation of the mechanisms for Apelin/Elabela-APJ signaling would contribute to development of a novel therapeutics for heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
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Gourdy P, Cazals L, Thalamas C, Sommet A, Calvas F, Galitzky M, Vinel C, Dray C, Hanaire H, Castan-Laurell I, Valet P. Apelin administration improves insulin sensitivity in overweight men during hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:157-164. [PMID: 28681996 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Apelin is a recently identified adipokine known to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in murine models. This study was dedicated to the proof of concept that apelin administration also enhances insulin sensitivity in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy overweight men were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study that successively considered the efficacy and the tolerance of 2 doses of (pyr1)-Apelin-13. A first group of subjects received 9 nmol/kg (n = 8) of (pyr1)-Apelin-13 and, after examination of safety data, a second group received 30 nmol/kg (n = 8). Each volunteer underwent 2 hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps where the basal level of glucose infusion rate (GIR) was measured from the 90th to the 120th minute (level 1). Continuous intravenous administration of apelin or placebo was ongoing for 2 hours and GIR was finally evaluated from the 210th to the 240th minute (level 2). Primary evaluation endpoint was the difference in GIR between level 2 and level 1 (ΔGIR). RESULTS A slight increase in ΔGIR was observed with the low apelin dose (0.65 ± 0.71 mg/kg/min, P = .055) whereas the highest dose significantly improved insulin sensitivity (0.82 ± 0.71 mg/kg/min, P = .033). Cardiovascular monitoring and safety reports did not reveal any side effect of apelin administration. CONCLUSION As the first demonstration of the insulin-sensitizing action of apelin in humans, alongside numerous studies in rodents, this trial confirms that the apelin/APJ pathway should be considered as a new target to design alternative therapeutic strategies to control insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gourdy
- Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Institut Cardiomet, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Cazals
- Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Institut Cardiomet, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Thalamas
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC), CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Sommet
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC), CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche Clinique (USMR), CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Calvas
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC), CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Monique Galitzky
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC), CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Vinel
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Hanaire
- Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Institut Cardiomet, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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