1
|
Manju, Bharadvaja N. Exploring the Potential Therapeutic Approach Using Ginsenosides for the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1520-1536. [PMID: 37330923 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for an efficient and long-lasting treatment due to the population's increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders. In an effort to generate fresh ideas and create novel therapeutic medications, scientists have recently started to investigate the biological functions of compounds derived from plants and herbs. Ginseng, famous Chinese herbal medicine, has therapeutic value by virtue of its compounds ginsenosides or panaxosides, which are triterpene saponins and steroid glycosides. Research revealed positive impacts on ameliorating various disease conditions and found it as a possible drug candidate. Several neuroprotection mechanisms followed by this compound are inhibition of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and tumor activity. It has been demonstrated that controlling these mechanisms enhances cognitive performance and safeguards the brain against neurodegenerative disorders. The main objective of this review is to give a description of the most recent studies on ginsenoside's possible therapeutic application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Using organic compounds like ginseng and its various components may create new avenues for innovative treatment approaches development for neurological diseases. However, further research is necessary to confirm the stability and effectiveness of ginsenosides for neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manju
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Navneeta Bharadvaja
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu S, Wang M, Xiao H, Ye J, Cao L, Li W, Sun G. Advancements in research on the effects of panax notoginseng saponin constituents in ameliorating learning and memory disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28581. [PMID: 38586351 PMCID: PMC10998096 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory disorder is a cluster of symptoms caused by neuronal aging and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are a series of saponins derived from the natural active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that have neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. In this paper, we review the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng saponin-like components on learning and memory disorders to provide valuable references and insights for the development of new drugs for the treatment of learning and memory disorders. Our summary results suggest that Panax ginseng saponins have significant effects on improving learning and memory disorders, and these effects and potential mechanisms are mediated by their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, β-amyloid lowering, mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo, neuronal structure and function improving, neurogenesis promoting, neurotransmitter release regulating, and probiotic homeostasis in vivo activities. These findings suggest the potential of Panax notoginseng saponin-like constituents as drug candidates for improving learning and memory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenlan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Chen S, Zheng G, Yang Y, Yin N, Niu X, Yao L, Lv P. Atorvastatin Calcium Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Through the AMPK/Mtor Pathway in Rats with Vascular Dementia. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:148-156. [PMID: 37282650 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230606114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, the protective effects of atorvastatin calcium (AC) on nerve cells and cognitive improvement in vivo and in vitro were investigated by establishing cell models and vascular dementia (VD) rat models. BACKGROUND VD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deficits caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. AC has been studied for its potential to cure VD but its efficacy and underlying mechanism are still unclear. OBJECTIVE The mechanism of action of AC on cognitive deficits in the early stages of VD is unclear. Here, the 2-vessel occlusion (2-VO) model in vivo and the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cell model in vitro was established to investigate the function of AC in VD. METHODS The spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were detected by the Morris method. The IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cell supernatant was tested by ELISA kits. After behavioural experiments, rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed, and their brains were extracted. One part was immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for H&E, Nissl, and immunohistochemical analyses, and the other was stored in liquid nitrogen. All data were shown as mean ± SD. Statistical comparison between the two groups was performed by Student's t-test. A two-way ANOVA test using GraphPad Prism 7 was applied for escape latency analysis and the swimming speed test. The difference was considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS AC decreased apoptosis, increased autophagy, and alleviated oxidative stress in primary hippocampal neurons. AC regulated autophagy-related proteins in vitro by western blotting. VD mice improved cognitively in the Morris water maze. Spatial probing tests showed that VD animals administered AC had considerably longer swimming times to the platform than VD rats. H&E and Nissl staining showed that AC reduces neuronal damage in VD rats. Western blot and qRT-PCR indicated that AC in VD rats inhibited Bax and promoted LC3-II, Beclin-1, and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus region. AC also improves cognition via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION This study found that AC may relieve learning and memory deficits as well as neuronal damage in VD rats by changing the expression of apoptosis/autophagy-related genes and activating the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Department of Preventive Health, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Guiming Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Nan Yin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Xiaoli Niu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Department of Geriatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song L, Zhang S. Anti-Aging Activity and Modes of Action of Compounds from Natural Food Sources. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1600. [PMID: 38002283 PMCID: PMC10669485 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural and inescapable phenomenon characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological functions, leading to increased vulnerability to chronic diseases and death. With economic and medical development, the elderly population is gradually increasing, which poses a great burden to society, the economy and the medical field. Thus, healthy aging has now become a common aspiration among people over the world. Accumulating evidence indicates that substances that can mediate the deteriorated physiological processes are highly likely to have the potential to prolong lifespan and improve aging-associated diseases. Foods from natural sources are full of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, terpenoids and vitamins. These bioactive compounds and their derivatives have been shown to be able to delay aging and/or improve aging-associated diseases, thereby prolonging lifespan, via regulation of various physiological processes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the anti-aging activities of the compounds, polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, terpenoids and vitamins from natural food sources, and their modes of action in delaying aging and improving aging-associated diseases. This will certainly provide a reference for further research on the anti-aging effects of bioactive compounds from natural food sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Zhangjiakou, College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China;
| | - Shicui Zhang
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau, Kashi 844000, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Zhen Y, Wang X, Wang J, Zhu G. Neurovascular glial unit: A target of phytotherapy for cognitive impairments. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:155009. [PMID: 37573807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurovascular glial unit (NVGU) dysfunction has been reported to be an early and critical event in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Although herbal medicines, with their favorable safety profiles and low adverse effects, have been suggested to be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment, the potential role of the NVGU as the target of the effects of herbal medicines is still unclear. PURPOSE This review aimed to retrieve evidence from experimental studies of phytopharmaceuticals targeting the NVGU for the treatment of cognitive impairment in AD and VD, and discussed the potential of phytopharmaceuticals to improve cognitive impairment from the perspective of the NVGU. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI. The keywords used for searching information on the NVGU in the treatment of cognitive impairments included "Alzheimer's disease," "Vascular dementia," "Herbal medicines," "Natural products," "Neurovascular," "Adverse reaction," and "Toxicity, etc." We selected studies on the basis of predefined eligibility criteria. RESULTS NVGU mainly consists of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, and damage to these cells can induce cognitive impairment by impairing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) as well as neuronal function. The active components of herbal medicines, including Ginkgo biloba L., Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Epimedium Folium, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Carthami flos, and Acorus tatarinowii Schott, as well as traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions have shown the potential to improve BBB function and increase CBF to prevent cognitive impairment by inhibiting astrocyte and microglia activation, protecting oligodendrocyte myelin function, reducing neuronal apoptosis, and promoting angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Herbal medicines demonstrate great potential to prevent cognitive impairment. Multiple components from herbal medicines may function through different signaling pathways to target the NVGU. Future studies using novel drug-carrier or delivery systems targeting the NVGU will certainly facilitate the development of phytopharmaceuticals for AD and VD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yilan Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xuncui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Jingji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; The Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230061, China.
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chu LL, Hanh NTY, Quyen ML, Nguyen QH, Lien TTP, Do KV. Compound K Production: Achievements and Perspectives. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1565. [PMID: 37511939 PMCID: PMC10381408 DOI: 10.3390/life13071565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (CK) is one of the major metabolites found in mammalian blood and organs following oral administration of Panax plants. CK, also known as minor ginsenoside, can be absorbed in the systemic circulation. It has garnered significant attention in healthcare and medical products due to its pharmacological activities, such as antioxidation, anticancer, antiproliferation, antidiabetics, neuroprotection, and anti-atherogenic activities. However, CK is not found in natural ginseng plants but in traditional chemical synthesis, which uses toxic solvents and leads to environmental pollution during the harvest process. Moreover, enzymatic reactions are impractical for industrial CK production due to low yield and high costs. Although CK could be generated from major ginsenosides, most ginsenosides, including protopanaxatriol-oleanane and ocotillol-type, are not converted into CK by catalyzing β-glucosidase. Therefore, microbial cell systems have been used as a promising solution, providing a safe and efficient approach to CK production. This review provides a summary of various approaches for the production of CK, including chemical and enzymatic reactions, biotransformation by the human intestinal bacteria and endophytes as well as engineered microbes. Moreover, the approaches for CK production have been discussed to improve the productivity of target compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trinh Yen Hanh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - My Linh Quyen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Quang Huy Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Phuong Lien
- Faculty of Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Hanoi Pagadogical University 2, Vinh Yen City 283460, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Van Do
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mantik KEK, Kim S, Gu B, Moon S, Kwak HB, Park DH, Kang JH. Repositioning of Anti-Diabetic Drugs against Dementia: Insight from Molecular Perspectives to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11450. [PMID: 37511207 PMCID: PMC10380685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance as a hallmark of type 2 DM (T2DM) plays a role in dementia by promoting pathological lesions or enhancing the vulnerability of the brain. Numerous studies related to insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling are linked with various types of dementia. Brain insulin resistance in dementia is linked to disturbances in Aβ production and clearance, Tau hyperphosphorylation, microglial activation causing increased neuroinflammation, and the breakdown of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These mechanisms have been studied primarily in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but research on other forms of dementia like vascular dementia (VaD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has also explored overlapping mechanisms. Researchers are currently trying to repurpose anti-diabetic drugs to treat dementia, which are dominated by insulin sensitizers and insulin substrates. Although it seems promising and feasible, none of the trials have succeeded in ameliorating cognitive decline in late-onset dementia. We highlight the possibility of repositioning anti-diabetic drugs as a strategy for dementia therapy by reflecting on current and previous clinical trials. We also describe the molecular perspectives of various types of dementia through the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Esther Kristina Mantik
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsang Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Arts and Sports, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Arts and Sports, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Guo M, Li H. Panax Ginseng in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. J Ginseng Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
|
9
|
Ginsenoside and Its Therapeutic Potential for Cognitive Impairment. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091310. [PMID: 36139149 PMCID: PMC9496100 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the major clinical features of many neurodegenerative diseases. It can be aging-related or even appear in non-central nerve system (CNS) diseases. CI has a wide spectrum that ranges from the cognitive complaint with normal screening tests to mild CI and, at its end, dementia. Ginsenosides, agents extracted from a key Chinese herbal medicine (ginseng), show great promise as a new therapeutic option for treating CI. This review covered both clinical trials and preclinical studies to summarize the possible mechanisms of how ginsenosides affect CI in different diseases. It shows that ginsenosides can modulate signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. The involved signaling pathways mainly include the PI3K/Akt, CREB/BDNF, Keap1/Nrf2 signaling, and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of CI for related diseases by ginsenosides.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hussien M, Yousef MI. Impact of ginseng on neurotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62042-62054. [PMID: 34591247 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, many researches have shown the potential protective effects of ginseng for preventing and treating neurological damage and their related diseases. Neuronal disturbance is one of the most common serious effects of cisplatin chemotherapy that triggers memory impairment and cognitive disability. Based on the hypothesis that mechanistic pathways of ginseng against the neurological and biochemical disturbance remain unclear, therefore, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ginseng extract against neurological and behavior abnormality induced by cisplatin in male rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 served as a control, group 2 was orally administrated with ginseng (100 mg/kg BW) daily for 90 days, group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin (4 mg/kg BW) once a week for 90 days, and group 4 received ginseng and cisplatin. Cisplatin induced a learning and memory dysfunction in the Morris water maze task and locomotor disability in the rotarod test. In addition, cisplatin disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant systems, neuroinflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β), neurotransmitters, and apoptotic (caspase-3, P53, and Bax) and dementia markers (amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β 42). Co-treatment with ginseng extracts successfully ameliorated the cognitive behaviors and intramuscular strength and presented a good protective agent against neurological damage. Histopathological and histochemical studies proved the neuroprotective effect of ginseng. Our data showed that ginseng capable to counteract the memory dysfunction is induced by cisplatin via reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation restoring the neurological efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hussien
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Sidi Gaber, P.O. Box 37, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mokhtar Ibrahim Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, 163 Horreya Avenue, Chatby 21526, P.O. Box 832, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oxidative Stress and Ginsenosides: An Update on the Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9299574. [PMID: 35498130 PMCID: PMC9045968 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9299574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a class of active components extracted from ginseng plants (such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng). Ginsenosides have significant protective effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system, so they have been widely used in the treatment of related diseases. Entry of a variety of endogenous or exogenous harmful substances into the body can lead to an imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and reactive oxygen species, thus producing toxic effects on a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, oxidative stress can alter multiple signaling pathways, including the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB pathways. With the deepening of research in this field, various ginsenoside monomers have been reported to exert antioxidant effects through multiple signaling pathways and thus have good application prospects. This article summarized the research advancements regarding the antioxidative effects and related mechanisms of ginsenosides, providing a theoretical basis for experimental research on and clinical treatment with ginsenosides.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu J, Wang X, Wu A, Cao Y, Dai X, Liang Y, Li X. Ginsenosides in central nervous system diseases: Pharmacological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1523-1544. [PMID: 35084783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is one of the most complex physiological systems, and central nervous system diseases (CNSDs) are serious diseases that affect human health. Ginseng (Panax L.), the root of Panax species, are famous Chinese herbs that have been used for various diseases in China, Japan, and Korea since ancient times, and remain a popular natural medicine used worldwide in modern times. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that ginsenosides can prevent CNSDs, including neurodegenerative diseases, memory and cognitive impairment, cerebral ischemia injury, depression, brain glioma, multiple sclerosis, which has been confirmed in numerous studies. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential pathways by which ginsenosides affect the pathogenesis of CNSDs mainly including antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic effects, and nerve protection, which provides novel ideas for the treatment of CNSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Anxin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nanosafety vs. nanotoxicology: adequate animal models for testing in vivo toxicity of nanoparticles. Toxicology 2021; 462:152952. [PMID: 34543703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotoxicological studies using existing models of normal cells and animals often encounter a paradox: retention of nanoparticles in intracellular compartments for a long time is not accompanied by any significant toxicological effects. Can we expect that the revealed changes will be not harmful after translation to practice, outside of a sterile laboratory and ideally healthy organisms? Age-associated and pathological processes can affect target organs, metabolism, and detoxification in the mononuclear phagocyte system organs and change biodistribution routes, thus making the use of nanomaterial not safe. The potential solution to this issue can be testing the toxic properties of nanoparticles in animal models with chronic diseases. However, current studies of nanotoxicity in animal models with a brain, cardiovascular system, liver, digestive tract, reproductive system, and skin diseases are unsystematic. Even though these studies demonstrate the emergence of new toxic effects that are not present in healthy animals. In this regard, we set the goal of this review as the formulation of the requirements for an animal model capable of assessing the potential toxicity of nanoparticles based on the nanosafety approach.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tilianin Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuronal Damage in Rats with Vascular Dementia via p-CaMKII/ERK/CREB and ox-CaMKII-Dependent MAPK/NF- κB Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6673967. [PMID: 34527176 PMCID: PMC8437593 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6673967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a common cause of cognitive decline and dementia of vascular origin, but the precise pathological mechanisms are unknown, and so effective clinical treatments have not been established. Tilianin, the principal active compound of total flavonoid extract from Dracocephalum moldavica L., is a candidate therapy for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in China. However, its potential in the treatment of VaD is unclear. The present study is aimed at investigating the protective effects of tilianin on VaD and exploring the underlying mechanism of the action. A model of VaD was established by permanent 2-vessel occlusion (2VO) in rats. Human neurons (hNCs) differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells were used to establish an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. The therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of tilianin were identified using behavioral tests, histochemistry, and multiple molecular biology techniques such as Western blot analysis and gene silencing. The results demonstrated that tilianin modified spatial cognitive impairment, neurodegeneration, oxidation, and apoptosis in rats with VaD and protected hNCs against OGD by increasing cell viability and decreasing apoptosis rates. A study of the mechanism indicated that tilianin restored p-CaMKII/ERK1/2/CREB signaling in the hippocampus, maintaining hippocampus-independent memory. In addition, tilianin inhibited an ox-CaMKII/p38 MAPK/JNK/NF-κB associated inflammatory response caused by cerebral oxidative stress imbalance in rats with VaD. Furthermore, specific CaMKIIα siRNA action revealed that tilianin-exerted neuroprotection involved increase of neuronal viability, inhibition of apoptosis, and suppression of inflammation, which was dependent on CaMKIIα. In conclusion, the results suggested the neuroprotective effect of tilianin in VaD and the potential mechanism associated with dysfunction in the regulation of p-CaMKII-mediated long-term memory and oxidation and inflammation involved with ox-CaMKII, which may lay the foundation for clinical trials of tilianin for the treatment of VaD in the future.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian D, Gao Q, Lin J, Chang Z, Wang Y, Shi Y, Su R, Han Z, Ma D. Uncovering the mechanism of the Shenzhi Jiannao formula against vascular dementia using a combined network pharmacology approach and molecular biology. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153637. [PMID: 34273705 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shenzhi Jiannao formula (SZJNF) is a herbal prescription which is used for detoxification, dredging collaterals, and activating blood circulation and Qi flow in traditional Chinese medicine. SZJNF is a clinical effective prescription for the treatment of vascular dementia (VD) first formulated based on the classical theory of traditional Chinese medicine, but its anti-VD mechanism remains ambiguous. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to elucidate the multi-target mechanisms of SZJNF against VD using a network pharmacology approach and verify its effects through biological experiments. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We utilized network pharmacology-based prediction and molecular docking techniques to uncover the potential micro-mechanism of SZJNF against VD. We identified active components and potential targets, and performed network analysis, functional annotation, and pathway enrichment analysis. Subsequently, glutamate-induced PC12 cells and VD rats were used to verify the molecular mechanisms of SZJNF. RESULTS Seventeen active compounds were identified in SZJNF rat plasma; moreover, 773 predicted targets and 1544 VD-related targets were found. Various networks, including the PPI, herb-compound-target, and compound-target-pathway network were constructed. A total of 188 shared targets were identified by network topological analysis, which were closely associated to the anti-VD effects of SZJNF. They were also enriched in various biological processes through hypoxia reaction, promotion of cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and calcium signaling pathway, as evaluated by the analysis of advanced functions and pathways. SZJNF components docked well with the key targets. Treatment with SZJNF promoted cell proliferation, ameliorated apoptosis and oxidative stress injury, and improved neurological and cognitive abilities. CONCLUSION This study comprehensively demonstrated the multi-target mechanisms of SZJNF in VD using network pharmacology and molecular biology experiments. This provides evidence for further mechanistic studies and for the development of SZJNF as a potential treatment for patients with VD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfeng Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Chang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), Shenzhen, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Academic Research, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyun Han
- Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Dayong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tian D, Guo Y, Zhang D, Gao Q, Liu G, Lin J, Chang Z, Wang Y, Su R, Han Z. Shenzhi Jiannao formula ameliorates vascular dementia in vivo and in vitro by inhibition glutamate neurotoxicity via promoting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Chin Med 2021; 16:65. [PMID: 34321050 PMCID: PMC8317332 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic damage and glutamate excitotoxicity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD). Clathrin, RAB5B and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 1 (NMDAR1) proteins play a vital role in endocytosis of synaptic vesicles in neurons and glutamate over accumulation. Previous researches have been confirmed that Shenzhi Jiannao (SZJN) formula has an anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effect in VD, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of SZJN formula on cognitive impairment and glutamate excitotoxicity via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS SZJN formula consists of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, and Paeonia anomala subsp. veitchii (Lynch) D.Y.Hong & K.Y.Pan. All herbs were prepared into granules. Both common carotid arteries were permanent occluded (2-vessel occlusion, 2VO) in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats to model VD. One day after operation, the rats began daily treatment with SZJN formula for 2 weeks. The neuroprotective effects of SZJN formula was subsequently assessed by the novel object recognition test, Morris water maze, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. Glutamate cytotoxicity was assessed by detecting cell viability and cell death of PC12 cells. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the expression levels of clathrin, RAB5B, and NMDAR1. RESULTS Administration of SZJN formula effectively improved short-term memory and spatial memory. SZJN formula treatment significantly reduced hippocampal neuronal loss, and recovered the arrangement and morphology of neurons and Nissl bodies. Moreover, SZJN formula promoted the proliferation of PC12 cells and inhibited glutamate-induced cell death. The down-regulation of clathrin and RAB5B, as well as the upregulation of NMDAR1 in the brain induced by 2VO or glutamate was also notably reversed by SZJN formula at both the protein and mRNA levels, which may contribute to SZJN formula induced improved neurological function. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings provide evidence that the neuroprotective effects of SZJN formula in experimental VD maybe mediated through promoting the expression of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and reducing NMDARs-associated glutamate excitotoxicity. SZJN formula serves as a promising alternative therapy and may be a useful herbal medicine for preventing progression of VD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ganlu Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingfeng Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ze Chang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Scientific Research, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Zhenyun Han
- Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), No. 1 Dayun Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Y, Chen X, Gong Q, Shi J, Li F. Osthole Improves Cognitive Function of Vascular Dementia Rats: Reducing Aβ Deposition via Inhibition NLRP3 Inflammasome. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1315-1323. [PMID: 32879205 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and the cognitive dysfunction is a major manifestation of VD. Lots of evidences showed that beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and neuroinflammation act as vital elements in the progress of VD. The previous studies showed that osthole (OST) can improve the cognitive function of VD and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effect of OST on Aβ in VD brain is still unclear. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) of rats were used to investigate the effect of OST on Aβ through nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in this study. Morris Water Maze and Y-maze were used to test the spatial learning, memory and working abilities. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining were used to observe the morphology and number of hippocampal neurons. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the number of microglia activated. Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins. The study results showed that OST obviously enhanced the spatial learning, memory and working abilities induced by modified bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in rats, improved the pathological damage of hippocampal neurons induced by BCCAO in rats, inhibited the activation of microglia induced by BCCAO in rats. Furthermore, this study also discovered that OST reduced Aβ deposition in VD hippocampus via inhibition the NLRP3 inflammasome. Together, these results suggest that OST reduces Aβ deposition via inhibition NLRP3 inflammasome in microglial in VD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University.,School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University.,School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University
| | - Qihai Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University.,School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University.,School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University.,School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bai X, Zhang M. Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervenes in Vascular Dementia: Traditional Medicine Brings New Expectations. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:689625. [PMID: 34194332 PMCID: PMC8236843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.689625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is one of the most common forms of dementia, referring to a group of symptoms that mainly manifest as advanced neurocognitive dysfunction induced by cerebrovascular disease (CVD). A significant number of studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a clinical impact on VD and thus has promising prospects. There have been many discussions regarding the pharmacological mechanisms involved in treatment of the kidney, elimination of turbidity, and promotion of blood circulation. TCM has a prominent effect on improving patients’ cognitive function and quality of life. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of VD in modern medicine and TCM, traditional prescriptions, single-agent effective ingredients and their pharmacological mechanisms for treating VD, highlight TCM’s characteristics, and discuss TCM’s multi-targeted mechanism for the treatment of VD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou L, Zeng X, Rao T, Tan Z, Zhou G, Ouyang D, Chen L. Evaluating the protective effects of individual or combined ginsenoside compound K and the downregulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase expression against sodium valproate-induced liver cell damage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 422:115555. [PMID: 33915122 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sodium valproate (SVP) is one of the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs. However, SVP is known to induce hepatotoxicity, which limits its clinical application for treating various neurological disorders. Previously, we found that ginsenoside compound K (G-CK) demonstrated protective effects against SVP-induced hepatotoxicity by mitigating oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, as well as downregulating the expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in rats. This study aimed to assess the effect of G-CK on SVP-induced cytotoxicity in human hepatocytes (L02 cell line), as well as the effect of the downregulation of sEH expression on both the hepatotoxicity of SVP and the hepatoprotective effects of G-CK. We observed that G-CK significantly ameliorated the decrease of cell viability, elevated ALT, AST and ALP activities, significant oxidative stress, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by SVP in L02 cells. G-CK also inhibited the SVP-mediated upregulation of sEH expression. Transfection of the L02 cells with siRNA-sEH led to a partial improvement in the L02 cytotoxicity caused by SVP by mitigating cellular oxidative stress without recovering the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, the combination of siRNA-sEH and G-CK had better inhibitory effects on the SVP-induced changes of all detection indices except mitochondrial membrane potential than G-CK alone. Together, our results demonstrated that the combination of siRNA-sEH and G-CK better suppressed the SVP-induced cytotoxicity in L02 cells compared to either G-CK or siRNA-sEH alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Xiangchang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Tai Rao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Zhirong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Gan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha 410000, PR China.
| | - Lulu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha 410000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ginsenoside Compound K Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Differentiation of Schwann Cells via the Activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT Pathways. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1400-1409. [PMID: 33738663 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells are critical for the remyelination of injured peripheral nerve. Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a metabolite produced from ginsenoside Rb1 which has strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, the potential effects of CK on Schwann cells have not been studied systematically before. Therefore, this study was aimed to explore the functions of CK in Schwann cell proliferation, migration and differentiation and its potential regulatory mechanism. Primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were treated with or without CK at different doses. The proliferation and migration of primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays, respectively. The mRNA expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP) was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The levels of all proteins were examined by Western blot. CK could promote cell proliferation, migration and induce MAG and MBP expression in primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells. Furthermore, CK activated MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways, and the beneficial effects of CK on primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were distinctly suppressed by inhibitor PD98059 or LY294002. Ginsenoside compound K induced cell proliferation, migration and differentiation via the activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways in cultured primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tian F, Wang X, Ni H, Feng X, Yuan X, Huang Q. The ginsenoside metabolite compound K stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 145:88-96. [PMID: 33357784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 has been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Its major metabolite, compound K (CK), can stimulate the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), a gastrointestinal hormone that plays a vital role in regulating glucose metabolism. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of GLP1 secretion by compound K has not been fully explored. This study was designed to investigate whether CK ameliorates incretin impairment by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation in NCI-H716 cells. Using NCI-H716 cells as a model cell line for GLP1 secretion, we analyzed the effect of CK on the expression of RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway components. Our results suggest that the effect of CK on GLP1 secretion depends on the anti-inflammatory effect of CK. We also demonstrated that CK can affect the RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway, which is downstream of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), by maintaining the capacity of intestinal differentiation. In addition, this effect was mediated by regulating F/G-actin dynamics. These results provide not only the mechanistic insight for the effect of CK on intestinal L cells but also the molecular basis for the further development of CK as a potential therapeutic agent to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Haixiang Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Terry C. Insights from nature: A review of natural compounds that target protein misfolding in vivo. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
23
|
Fu Y, Wei J, Li B, Gao L, Xia P, Wen Y, Xu S. CGA ameliorates cognitive decline by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and neurotransmitter systems in rats with multi-infarct dementia. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 32963600 PMCID: PMC7490799 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi infarct dementia (MID) is a form of dementia that is preventable and treatable. However, at present, the drugs used in MID treatment were developed for Alzheimer's disease. While only a limited range of drugs is available, the incidence of MID is increasing year on year. The present study aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of a combination of ginsenosides and astragalosides (CGA) on cognitive decline in rats with MID. A rat model of MID was established using micro-thromboembolism, and the behavioral changes in the rats were evaluated using the Morris water maze and open field tests at 60 days post-CGA intervention. The pathological morphology of the hippocampal CA1 area was observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The contents of ATP, ADP and AMP were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Mitochondrial swelling and changes in the membrane potential in the hippocampus were detected using flow cytometry, and the changes in insulin, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content were detected using ELISA. Additionally, the expression of PI3K and AKT proteins was detected using western blot analysis. In a rat model of MID, CGA shortened the escape latency, increased the frequency of platform crossing, improved the disordered vertebral cell arrangement and reduced the cell number in the hippocampal CA1 area. CGA also reduced the degree of mitochondrial swelling, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated the energy load and ATP content in the brain of rats with MID. Furthermore, CGA increased the insulin content and upregulated the expression of PI3K and AKT in the brain of rats with MID. In addition, in the rat model of MID, CGA also enhanced the movement time and the frequency of standing, and decreased the concentration of glutamate and GABA in the brain tissue. Amelioration of the cognitive decline in rats with MID by CGA was associated with its regulatory effect on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and neurotransmitter systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Jiangping Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Geriatrics Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Yueqiang Wen
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China.,Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sharma A, Lee HJ. Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1028. [PMID: 32664389 PMCID: PMC7407392 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb popular for its medicinal and health properties. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from major ginsenosides. Compound K is more bioavailable and soluble than its parent ginsenosides and hence of immense importance. The review summarizes health-promoting in vitro and in vivo studies of CK between 2015 and 2020, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-aging/skin protective, and others. Clinical trial data are minimal and are primarily based on CK-rich fermented ginseng. Besides, numerous preclinical and clinical studies indicating the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK, its parent compound (Rb1), and processed ginseng extracts are also summarized. With the limited evidence available from animal and clinical studies, it can be stated that CK is safe and well-tolerated. However, lower water solubility, membrane permeability, and efflux significantly diminish the efficacy of CK and restrict its clinical application. We found that the use of nanocarriers and cyclodextrin for CK delivery could overcome these limitations as well as improve the health benefits associated with them. However, these derivatives have not been clinically evaluated, thus requiring a safety assessment for human therapy application. Future studies should be aimed at investigating clinical evidence of CK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li CW, Deng MZ, Gao ZJ, Dang YY, Zheng GD, Yang XJ, Chao YX, Cai YF, Wu XL. Effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenosides, on memory and cognitive dysfunction in db/db mice involve the inhibition of ER stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Food Funct 2020; 11:4416-4427. [PMID: 32374299 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating clinical and epidemiological evidence indicates a close relationship between diabetes mellitus and dementia. The ginsenoside compound K (CK) has been reported to ameliorate diabetes mellitus and confer protection to the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated whether CK could improve memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction in diabetic db/db mice. Firstly, we found that CK treatments significantly improved behavioral impairment and cognitive dysfunction based on Morris water maze, Y-maze, and fear conditioning tests. Besides, CK decreased the fasting glucose level, increased lipid metabolism, and ameliorated glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and dyslipidemia in diabetic db/db mice. In addition, CK treatments alleviated oxidative stress and inhibited the inflammatory response in hippocampal tissue. Further investigations showed that CK treatments inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, as evidenced by the declined expression of TXNIP, NLRP3 inflammasomes, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, and mature IL-1β in hippocampal tissues. Moreover, CK treatments alleviated ER stress via down-regulating the level of BiP, CHOP, p-PERK, p-IRE1α and ATF6 in the hippocampus of db/db mice. These results suggest that CK improves memory and cognitive dysfunction, possibly by ameliorating glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and dyslipidemia, suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response and modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Flanagan SD, Proessl F, Dunn-Lewis C, Canino MC, Sterczala AJ, Connaboy C, DuPont WH, Caldwell LK, Kraemer WJ. Constitutive and Stress-Induced Psychomotor Cortical Responses to Compound K Supplementation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:315. [PMID: 32322188 PMCID: PMC7158875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated ginsenoside metabolites such as Compound K (CK) are of increasing interest to consumer and clinical populations as safe and non-pharmacological means to enhance psychomotor performance constitutively and in response to physical or cognitive stress. Nevertheless, the influence of CK on behavioral performance and EEG measures of cortical activity in humans is undetermined. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced within-group study, dose-dependent responses to CK (placebo, 160 and 960 mg) were assessed after 2 weeks of supplementation in nineteen healthy men and women (age: 39.9 ± 7.9 year, height 170.2 ± 8.6 cm, weight 79.7 ± 11.9 kg). Performance on upper- and lower-body choice reaction tests (CRTs) was tested before and after intense lower-body anaerobic exercise. Treatment- and stress-related changes in brain activity were measured with high-density EEG based on event-related potentials, oscillations, and source activity. Upper- (−12.3 ± 3.5 ms, p = 0.002) and lower-body (−12.3 ± 4.9 ms, p = 0.021) response times improved after exercise, with no difference between treatments (upper: p = 0.354; lower: p = 0.926). Analysis of cortical activity in sensor and source space revealed global increases in cortical arousal after exercise. CK increased activity in cortical regions responsible for sustained attention and mitigated exercise-induced increases in arousal. Responses to exercise varied depending on task, but CK appeared to reduce sensory interference from lower-body exercise during an upper-body CRT and improve the general maintenance of task-relevant sensory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Felix Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maria C Canino
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ginsenoside Compound K Induces Adult Hippocampal Proliferation and Survival of Newly Generated Cells in Young and Elderly Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030484. [PMID: 32210026 PMCID: PMC7175218 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment can be associated with reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and it may contribute to age-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD). Compound K (CK) is produced from the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc by intestinal microbial conversion. Although CK has been reported as an inducing effector for neuroprotection and improved cognition in hippocampus, its effect on adult neurogenesis has not been explored yet. Here, we investigated the effect of CK on hippocampal neurogenesis in both young (2 months) and elderly (24 months) mice. CK treatment increased the number of cells co-labeled with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA); also, Ki67, specific markers for progenitor cells, was more expressed, thus enhancing the generation of new cells and progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of both young and elderly mice. Moreover, CK treatment increased the number of cells co-labeled with EdU and NeuN, a specific marker for mature neuron in the dentate gyrus, suggesting that newly generated cells survived and differentiated into mature neurons at both ages. These findings demonstrate that CK increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which may be beneficial against neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ma L, Yang C, Zheng J, Chen Y, Xiao Y, Huang K. Non-polyphenolic natural inhibitors of amyloid aggregation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112197. [PMID: 32172082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding diseases (PMDs) are chronic and progressive, with no effective therapy so far. Aggregation and misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins are closely associated with the onset and progression of PMDs, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease, α-Synuclein (α-Syn) in Parkinson's disease and human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) in type 2 diabetes. Inhibiting toxic aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins is regarded as a promising therapeutic approach in PMDs. The past decade has witnessed the rapid progresses of this field, dozens of inhibitors have been screened and verified in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating inhibitory effects against the aggregation and misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins, together with beneficial effects. Natural products are major sources of small molecule amyloid inhibitors, a number of natural derived compounds have been identified with great bioactivities and translational prospects. Here, we review the non-polyphenolic natural inhibitors that potentially applicable for PMDs treatment, along with their working mechanisms. Future directions are proposed for the development and clinical applications of these inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zheng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yushuo Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430035, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhu NW, Yin XL, Lin R, Fan XL, Chen SJ, Zhu YM, Zhao XZ. Possible mechanisms of lycopene amelioration of learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:332-341. [PMID: 31552907 PMCID: PMC6905346 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. Studies have shown that lycopene can significantly inhibit oxidative stress; therefore, we hypothesized that lycopene can reduce the level of oxidative stress in vascular dementia. A vascular dementia model was established by permanent bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries. The dosage groups were treated with lycopene (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) every other day for 2 months. Rats without bilateral carotid artery ligation were prepared as a sham group. To test the ability of learning and memory, the Morris water maze was used to detect the average escape latency and the change of search strategy. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe changes of hippocampal neurons. The levels of oxidative stress factors, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde, were measured in the hippocampus by biochemical detection. The levels of reactive oxygen species in the hippocampus were observed by dihydroethidium staining. The distribution and expression of oxidative stress related protein, neuron-restrictive silencer factor, in hippocampal neurons were detected by immunofluorescence histochemistry and western blot assays. After 2 months of drug administration, (1) in the model group, the average escape latency was longer than that of the sham group, and the proportion of straight and tend tactics was lower than that of the sham group, and the hippocampal neurons were irregularly arranged and the cytoplasm was hyperchromatic. (2) The levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in the hippocampus of the model group rats were increased, and the activity of superoxide dismutase was decreased. (3) Lycopene (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) intervention improved the above changes, and the lycopene 100 mg/kg group showed the most significant improvement effect. (4) Neuron-restrictive silencer factor expression in the hippocampus was lower in the sham group and the lycopene 100 mg/kg group than in the model group. (5) The above data indicate that lycopene 100 mg/kg could protect against the learning-memory ability impairment of vascular dementia rats. The protective mechanism was achieved by inhibiting oxidative stress in the hippocampus. The experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian Medical University, China (approval No. 2014-025) in June 2014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Wei Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province; Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Yin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ren Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carota G, Raffaele M, Sorrenti V, Salerno L, Pittalà V, Intagliata S. Ginseng and heme oxygenase-1: The link between an old herb and a new protective system. Fitoterapia 2019; 139:104370. [PMID: 31629872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is an ancient herb, belonging to Asian traditional medicine, that has been considered as a restorative to enhance vitality for centuries. It has been demonstrated that the antioxidant action of ginseng may be mediated through activation of different cellular signaling pathways involving the heme oxygenase (HO) system. Several compounds derived from ginseng have been studied for their potential role in brain, heart and liver protection, and the Nrf2 pathway seems to be the most affected by these natural molecules to exert this effect. Ginseng is also popularly used in cancer patients therapy for the demonstrated capability to defend tissues from chemotherapy-induced damage. Reported results suggest that the effect of ginseng is primarily associated with ROS scavenging, mainly exerted through the activation of Nrf2 pathway, and the consequent induction of HO-1 levels. This review aims to discuss the connection between the antioxidant properties of ginseng and the activation of the HO system, as well as to outline novel therapeutic applications of this medicinal plant to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Carota
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Raffaele
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Loredana Salerno
- Department of Drug Science, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug Science, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Intagliata
- Department of Drug Science, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xie T, Li Z, Li B, Sun R, Zhang P, Lv J. Characterization of ginsenoside compound K metabolites in rat urine and feces by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4643. [PMID: 31271658 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an active metabolite of ginsenoside and has been shown to have ameliorative property in various diseases. However, the detailed in vivo metabolism of this compound has rarely been reported. In the present study, a method using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry together with multiple data processing techniques, including extracted ion chromatogram, multiple mass defect filter and MS/MS scanning, was developed to detect and characterize the metabolites of CK in rat urine and feces. After oral administration of CK at a dose of 50 mg/kg, urine and feces were collected for a period of time and subjected to a series of pretreatment. A total of 12 metabolites were tentatively or conclusively identified, comprising 11 phase I metabolites and a phase II metabolite. Metabolic pathways of CK has been proposed, including oxidation, deglycosylation, deglycosylation with sequential oxidation and dehydrogenation and deglycosylation with sequential glucuronidation. Relative quantitative analyses suggested that deglycosylation was the main metabolic pathway. The result could offer insights for better understanding of the mechanism of its pharmacological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xie
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Li
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Sun
- The affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiying Zhang
- The affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junxiu Lv
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|