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Norero NS, Rey Burusco MF, D’Ippólito S, Décima Oneto CA, Massa GA, Castellote MA, Feingold SE, Guevara MG. Genome-Wide Analyses of Aspartic Proteases on Potato Genome ( Solanum tuberosum): Generating New Tools to Improve the Resistance of Plants to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040544. [PMID: 35214878 PMCID: PMC8875628 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases are proteolytic enzymes widely distributed in living organisms and viruses. Although they have been extensively studied in many plant species, they are poorly described in potatoes. The present study aimed to identify and characterize S. tuberosum aspartic proteases. Gene structure, chromosome and protein domain organization, phylogeny, and subcellular predicted localization were analyzed and integrated with RNAseq data from different tissues, organs, and conditions focused on abiotic stress. Sixty-two aspartic protease genes were retrieved from the potato genome, distributed in 12 chromosomes. A high number of intronless genes and segmental and tandem duplications were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight StAP groups, named from StAPI to StAPVIII, that were differentiated into typical (StAPI), nucellin-like (StAPIIIa), and atypical aspartic proteases (StAPII, StAPIIIb to StAPVIII). RNAseq data analyses showed that gene expression was consistent with the presence of cis-acting regulatory elements on StAP promoter regions related to water deficit. The study presents the first identification and characterization of 62 aspartic protease genes and proteins on the potato genome and provides the baseline material for functional gene determinations and potato breeding programs, including gene editing mediated by CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sigrid Norero
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - María Florencia Rey Burusco
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University National of Mar del Plata, Balcarce B7620, Argentina
| | - Sebastián D’Ippólito
- Institute of Biological Research, University of Mar del Plata (IIB-UNMdP), Mar del Plata B7600, Argentina;
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1499, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Andrea Décima Oneto
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Gabriela Alejandra Massa
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University National of Mar del Plata, Balcarce B7620, Argentina
| | - Martín Alfredo Castellote
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Sergio Enrique Feingold
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - María Gabriela Guevara
- Institute of Biological Research, University of Mar del Plata (IIB-UNMdP), Mar del Plata B7600, Argentina;
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1499, Argentina
- Correspondence: or
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Cheung LKY, Dupuis JH, Dee DR, Bryksa BC, Yada RY. Roles of Plant-Specific Inserts in Plant Defense. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:682-694. [PMID: 32526173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed in plants, the plant-specific insert (PSI) of typical plant aspartic proteases (tpAPs) has been associated with plant development, stress response, and defense processes against invading pathogens. Despite sharing high sequence identity, structural studies revealed possible different mechanisms of action among species. The PSI induces signaling pathways of defense hormones in vivo and demonstrates broad-spectrum activity against phytopathogens in vitro. Recent characterization of the PSI-tpAP relationship uncovered novel, nonconventional intracellular protein transport pathways and improved tpAP production yields for industrial applications. In spite of research to date, relatively little is known about the structure-function relationships of PSIs. A comprehensive understanding of their biological roles may benefit plant protection strategies against virulent phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennie K Y Cheung
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John H Dupuis
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Derek R Dee
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Brian C Bryksa
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. @ubc.ca
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Folgado A, Abranches R. Plant Aspartic Proteases for Industrial Applications: Thistle Get Better. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E147. [PMID: 31979230 PMCID: PMC7076372 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteases have a number of applications in industrial processes including cheese manufacturing. The flower of the cardoon plant (Cynara cardunculus L.) is traditionally used as a milk-clotting agent in protected designation of origin cheeses made from goat and sheep milk. Plant-derived rennets are of particular importance to consumers who wish to eat cheeses that are produced without harming any animals. In this review, we have highlighted the importance of plant proteases, particularly aspartic proteases, in industrial processes, as well as exploring more fundamental aspects of their synthesis. We have also reviewed and discussed the production of these enzymes using sustainable and cost-effective alternative platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Abranches
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
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Vieira V, Peixoto B, Costa M, Pereira S, Pissarra J, Pereira C. N-Linked Glycosylation Modulates Golgi-Independent Vacuolar Sorting Mediated by the Plant Specific Insert. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090312. [PMID: 31480247 PMCID: PMC6784193 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, the conventional route to the vacuole involves the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi and the prevacuolar compartment. However, over the years, unconventional sorting to the vacuole, bypassing the Golgi, has been described, which is the case of the Plant-Specific Insert (PSI) of the aspartic proteinase cardosin A. Interestingly, this Golgi-bypass ability is not a characteristic shared by all PSIs, since two related PSIs showed to have different sensitivity to ER-to-Golgi blockage. Given the high sequence similarity between the PSI domains, we sought to depict the differences in terms of post-translational modifications. In fact, one feature that draws our attention is that one is N-glycosylated and the other one is not. Using site-directed mutagenesis to obtain mutated versions of the two PSIs, with and without the glycosylation motif, we observed that altering the glycosylation pattern interferes with the trafficking of the protein as the non-glycosylated PSI-B, unlike its native glycosylated form, is able to bypass ER-to-Golgi blockage and accumulate in the vacuole. This is also true when the PSI domain is analyzed in the context of the full-length cardosin. Regardless of opening exciting research gaps, the results obtained so far need a more comprehensive study of the mechanisms behind this unconventional direct sorting to the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vieira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - José Pissarra
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
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Soares A, Ribeiro Carlton SM, Simões I. Atypical and nucellin-like aspartic proteases: emerging players in plant developmental processes and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2059-2076. [PMID: 30715463 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the pepsin-like family (A1) of aspartic proteases (APs) are widely distributed in plants. A large number of genes encoding putative A1 APs are found in different plant genomes, the vast majority of which exhibit distinct features when compared with the so-called typical APs (and, therefore, grouped as atypical and nucellin-like APs). These features include the absence of the plant-specific insert; an unusually high number of cysteine residues; the nature of the amino acids preceding the first catalytic aspartate; and unexpected localizations. The over-representation of atypical and nucellin-like APs in plants is suggestive of greater diversification of protein functions and a more regulatory role for these APs, as compared with the housekeeping function generally attributed to typical APs. New functions have been uncovered for non-typical APs, with proposed roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses, chloroplast metabolism, and reproductive development, clearly suggesting functional specialization and tight regulation of activity. Furthermore, unusual enzymatic properties have also been documented for some of these proteases. Here, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the distinctive features and functions of both atypical and nucellin-like APs, and discuss this emerging pattern of functional complexity and specialization among plant pepsin-like proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Soares
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Isaura Simões
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Mazorra-Manzano MA, Ramírez-Suarez JC, Yada RY. Plant proteases for bioactive peptides release: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2147-2163. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1308312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Mazorra-Manzano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Lácteos, Química y Autenticidad de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - J. C. Ramírez-Suarez
- Laboratorio de Calidad de Productos Pesqueros, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - R. Y. Yada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Almeida CM, Manso JA, Figueiredo AC, Antunes L, Cruz R, Manadas B, Bur D, Pereira PJB, Faro C, Simões I. Functional and structural characterization of synthetic cardosin B-derived rennet. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6951-6968. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Chen HJ, Huang YH, Huang GJ, Huang SS, Chow TJ, Lin YH. Sweet potato SPAP1 is a typical aspartic protease and participates in ethephon-mediated leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 180:1-17. [PMID: 25886396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant aspartic proteases are generally divided into three categories: typical, nucellin-like, and atypical aspartic proteases based on their gene and protein structures. In this report, a full-length cDNA SPAP1 was cloned from sweet potato leaves, which contained 1515 nucleotides (504 amino acids) and exhibited high amino acid sequence identity (ca. 51-72%) with plant typical aspartic proteases, including tomato LeAspP, potato StAsp, and wheat WAP2. SPAP1 also contained conserved DTG and DSG amino acid residues within its catalytic domain and plant specific insert (PSI) at the C-terminus. The cDNA corresponding to the mature protein (starting from the 66th to 311th amino acid residues) without PSI domain was constructed with pET30a expression vector for fusion protein and antibody production. RT-PCR and protein blot hybridization showed that SPAP1 expression level was the highest in L3 mature leaves, then gradually declined until L5 completely yellow leaves. Ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, also enhanced SPAP1 expression at the time much earlier than the onset of leaf senescence. Exogenous application of SPAP1 fusion protein promoted ethephon-induced leaf senescence, which could be abolished by pre-treatment of SPAP1 fusion protein with (a) 95 °C for 5 min, (b) aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin A, and (c) anti-SPAP1 antibody, respectively. Exogenous SPAP1 fusion protein, whereas, did not significantly affect leaf senescence under dark. These data conclude that sweet potato SPAP1 is a functional typical aspartic protease and participates in ethephon-mediated leaf senescence. The SPAP1-promoted leaf senescence and its activity are likely not associated with the PSI domain. Interaction of ethephon-inducible components for effective SPAP1 promotion on leaf senescence is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Jung Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 804 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 804 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Jin Chow
- Department of Biotechnology, Fooyin University, 831 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Huei Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 115 Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Maruyama N, Fujiwara K, Yokoyama K, Cabanos C, Hasegawa H, Takagi K, Nishizawa K, Uki Y, Kawarabayashi T, Shouji M, Ishimoto M, Terakawa T. Stable accumulation of seed storage proteins containing vaccine peptides in transgenic soybean seeds. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:441-7. [PMID: 24794626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the use of transgenic plants for the large-scale production of pharmaceuticals and industrial proteins. Here, we report the stable accumulation of seed storage proteins containing disease vaccine peptides in transgenic soybean seeds. To synthesize vaccine peptides in soybean seeds, we used seed storage proteins as a carrier and a soybean breeding line lacking major seed storage proteins as a host. Vaccine peptides were inserted into the flexible disordered regions in the A1aB1b subunit three-dimensional structure. The A1aB1b subunit containing vaccine peptides in the disordered regions were sorted to the protein storage vacuoles where vaccine peptides are partially cleaved by proteases. In contrast, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention type of the A1aB1b subunit containing vaccine peptides accumulated in compartments that originated from the ER as an intact pro-form. These results indicate that the ER may be an organelle suitable for the stable accumulation of bioactive peptides using seed storage proteins as carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Keigo Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Cerrone Cabanos
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Takagi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan; National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Keito Nishizawa
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Yuriko Uki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Mikio Shouji
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan; National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
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Almeida CM, Gomes D, Faro C, Simões I. Engineering a cardosin B-derived rennet for sheep and goat cheese manufacture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:269-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mazorra-Manzano MA, Moreno-Hernández JM, Ramírez-Suarez JC, Torres-Llanez MDJ, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Córdoba B. Sour orange Citrus aurantium L. flowers: A new vegetable source of milk-clotting proteases. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pereira C, Pereira S, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B, Pissarra J. Cardosin A contains two vacuolar sorting signals using different vacuolar routes in tobacco epidermal cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:87-100. [PMID: 23808398 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several vacuolar sorting determinants (VSDs) have been described for protein trafficking to the vacuoles in plant cells. Because of the variety in plant models, cell types and experimental approaches used to decipher vacuolar targeting processes, it is not clear whether the three well-known groups of VSDs identified so far exhaust all the targeting mechanisms, nor if they reflect certain protein types or families. The vacuolar targeting mechanisms of the aspartic proteinases family, for instance, are not yet fully understood. In previous studies, cardosin A has proven to be a good reporter for studying the vacuolar sorting of aspartic proteinases. We therefore propose to explore the roles of two different cardosin A domains, common to several aspartic proteinases [i.e. the plant-specific insert (PSI) and the C-terminal peptide VGFAEAA] in vacuolar sorting. Several truncated versions of the protein conjugated with fluorescent protein were made, with and without these putative sorting determinants. These domains were also tested independently, for their ability to sort other proteins, rather than cardosin A, to the vacuole. Fluorescent chimaeras were tracked in vivo, by confocal laser scanning microscopy, in Nicotiana tabacum cells. Results demonstrate that either the PSI or the C terminal was necessary and sufficient to direct fluorescent proteins to the vacuole, confirming that they are indeed vacuolar sorting determinants. Further analysis using blockage experiments of the secretory pathway revealed that these two VSDs mediate two different trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pereira
- BioFig - Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Laboratoire Dynamique de la Compartimentation Cellulaire, CNRS UPR2355/IFR87, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre de Recherche de Gif (FRC3115), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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13
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Vairo Cavalli S, Lufrano D, Colombo ML, Priolo N. Properties and applications of phytepsins from thistle flowers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:16-32. [PMID: 23701679 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of thistle flowers from the genus Cynara-Cardueae tribe Cass. (Cynareae Less.), Asteraceae Dumortier-are traditionally used in the Mediterranean region for production of artisanal cheeses. This is because of the presence of aspartic proteases (APs) with the ability to coagulate milk. Plant APs, collectively known as phytepsins (EC 3.4.23.40), are bilobed endopeptidases present in an ample variety of plant species with activity mainly at acidic pHs, and have two aspartic residues located on each side of a catalytic cleft that are responsible for catalysis. The cleavage of the scissile peptide-bond occurs primarily between residues with large hydrophobic side-chains. Even when aspartylendopeptidase activity in plants is normally present at relatively low levels overall, the flowers of several species of the Cardueae tribe possess APs with extremely high specific activities in certain tissues. For this reason, in the last two decades, APs present in thistle flowers have been the subject of intensive study. Present here is a compilation of work that summarizes the known chemical and biological properties of these proteases, as well as their biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vairo Cavalli
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
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Lufrano D, Faro R, Castanheira P, Parisi G, Veríssimo P, Vairo-Cavalli S, Simões I, Faro C. Molecular cloning and characterization of procirsin, an active aspartic protease precursor from Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 81:7-18. [PMID: 22727116 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Typical aspartic proteinases from plants of the Astereaceae family like cardosins and cyprosins are well-known milk-clotting enzymes. Their effectiveness in cheesemaking has encouraged several studies on other Astereaceae plant species for identification of new vegetable rennets. Here we report on the cloning, expression and characterization of a novel aspartic proteinase precursor from the flowers of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. The isolated cDNA encoded a protein product with 509 amino acids, termed cirsin, with the characteristic primary structure organization of plant typical aspartic proteinases. The pro form of cirsin was expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to be active without autocatalytically cleaving its pro domain. This contrasts with the acid-triggered autoactivation by pro-segment removal described for several recombinant plant typical aspartic proteinases. Recombinant procirsin displayed all typical proteolytic features of aspartic proteinases as optimum acidic pH, inhibition by pepstatin, cleavage between hydrophobic amino acids and strict dependence on two catalytic Asp residues for activity. Procirsin also displayed a high specificity towards κ-casein and milk-clotting activity, suggesting it might be an effective vegetable rennet. The findings herein described provide additional evidences for the existence of different structural arrangements among plant typical aspartic proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lufrano
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (LIPROVE), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Almeida CM, Pereira C, da Costa DS, Pereira S, Pissarra J, Simões I, Faro C. Chlapsin, a chloroplastidial aspartic proteinase from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTA 2012; 236:283-296. [PMID: 22349731 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteinases have been extensively characterized in land plants but up to now no evidences for their presence in green algae group have yet been reported in literature. Here we report on the identification of the first (and only) typical aspartic proteinase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This enzyme, named chlapsin, was shown to maintain the primary structure organization of typical plant aspartic proteinases but comprising distinct features, such as similar catalytic motifs DTG/DTG resembling those from animal and microbial counterparts, and an unprecedentedly longer plant specific insert domain with an extra segment of 80 amino acids, rich in alanine residues. Our results also demonstrated that chlapsin accumulates in Chlamydomonas chloroplast bringing this new enzyme to a level of uniqueness among typical plant aspartic proteinases. Chlapsin was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and it displayed the characteristic enzymatic properties of typical aspartic proteinases, like optimum activity at acidic pH and complete inhibition by pepstatin A. Another difference to plant aspartic proteinases emerged as chlapsin was produced in an active form without its putative prosegment domain. Moreover, recombinant chlapsin showed a restricted enzymatic specificity and a proteolytic activity influenced by the presence of redox agents and nucleotides, further differentiating it from typical plant aspartic proteinases and anticipating a more specialized/regulated function for this Chlamydomonas enzyme. Taken together, our results revealed a pattern of complexity for typical plant aspartic proteinases in what concerns sequence features, localization and biochemical properties, raising new questions on the evolution and function of this vast group of plant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Malaquias Almeida
- Biocant, Biotechnology Innovation Center, Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 4 Lote 3, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
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Contour-Ansel D, Torres-Franklin ML, Zuily-Fodil Y, de Carvalho MHC. An aspartic acid protease from common bean is expressed 'on call' during water stress and early recovery. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:1606-12. [PMID: 20705361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a putative aspartic acid protease precursor (PvAP1) was cloned from the leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Sequence analysis showed that PvAP1 presents all the characteristic features of phytepsins, the typical plant APs. PvAP1 gene expression was tightly regulated by water stress, being significantly up-regulated under mild water stress (Ψ(w)=-1.0 MPa) for the drought-susceptible cultivar (Carioca) and moderate water stress (Ψ(w)=-1.5 MPa) for the more drought-tolerant cultivar (IPA). Protein gel blotting analysis under water stress revealed the presence of two main bands of calculated MW of 46 and 38 kDa, suggesting proteolytic processing of the enzyme precursor form under drought in both cultivars. Taken together, our results suggest that water stress regulates PvAP1 activity both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and that the response occurs earlier and is stronger in the drought-susceptible cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Contour-Ansel
- IBIOS-EPM, UMR CNRS 7618 BIOEMCO, Université Paris Est-Paris 12, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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Mazorra-Manzano MA, Tanaka T, Dee DR, Yada RY. Structure-function characterization of the recombinant aspartic proteinase A1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:515-23. [PMID: 20079503 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteinases (APs) are involved in several physiological processes in plants, including protein processing, senescence, and stress response and share many structural and functional features with mammalian and microbial APs. The heterodimeric aspartic proteinase A1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtAP A1) was the first acid protease identified in this model plant, however, little information exists regarding its structure function characteristics. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that recombinant AtAP A1 contained an higher alpha-helical content than most APs which was attributed to the presence of a sequence known as the plant specific insert in the mature enzyme. rAtAP A1 was stable over a broad pH range (pH 3-8) with the highest stability at pH 5-6, where 70-80% of the activity was retained after 1 month at 37 degrees C. Using calorimetry, a melting point of 79.6 degrees C was observed at pH 5.3. Cleavage profiles of insulin beta-chain indicated that the enzyme exhibited a higher specificity as compared to other plant APs, with a high preference for the Leu(15)-Tyr(16) peptide bond. Molecular modeling of AtAP A1 indicated that exposed histidine residues and their interaction with nearby charged groups may explain the pH stability of rAtAP A1.
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18
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Chapter 3. New insights into plant vacuolar structure and dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 277:103-35. [PMID: 19766968 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)77003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plant vacuole is a multifunctional organelle and is essential for plant development and growth. The most distinctive feature of the plant vacuole is its size, which usually occupies over 80-90% of the cell volume in well-developed somatic cells, and is therefore highly involved in cell growth and plant body size. Recent progress in the visualization of the vacuole, together with developments in image analysis, has revealed the highly organized and complex morphology of the vacuole, as well as its dynamics. The plant vacuolar membrane (VM) forms not only a typically large vacuole but also other structures, such as tubular structures, transvacuolar strands, bulbs, and sheets. In higher plant cells, actin microfilaments are mainly located near the VM and are involved in vacuolar shape changes with the actin-myosin systems. Most recently, microtubule-dependent regulation of vacuolar structures in moss plant cells was reported, suggesting a diversity of mechanisms regulating vacuolar morphogenesis.
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Duarte P, Pissarra J, Moore I. Processing and trafficking of a single isoform of the aspartic proteinase cardosin A on the vacuolar pathway. PLANTA 2008; 227:1255-68. [PMID: 18273641 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardosin A is the major vacuolar aspartic proteinase (APs) (E.C.3.4.23) in pistils of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon). Plant APs carry a unique domain, the plant-specific-insert (PSI), and a pro-segment which are separated from the catalytic domains during maturation but the sequence and location of processing steps for cardosins have not been established. Here transient expression in tobacco and inducible expression in Arabidopsis indicate that processing of cardosin A is conserved in heterologous species. Pulse chase analysis in tobacco protoplasts indicated that cleavage at the carboxy-terminus of the PSI could generate a short-lived 50 kDa intermediate which was converted to a more stable 35 kDa intermediate by removal of the PSI. Processing intermediates detected immunologically in tobacco leaves and Arabidopsis seedlings confirmed that cleavage at the amino-terminus of the PSI either preceded or followed quickly after cleavage at its carboxy-terminus. Thus removal of PSI preceded the loss of the prosegment in contrast to the well-characterised barley AP, phytepsin. PreprocardosinA acquired a complex glycan and its processing was inhibited by brefeldin A and dominant-inhibitory AtSAR1 or AtRAB-D2(a )mutants indicating that it was transported via the Golgi and that processing followed ER export. The 35 kDa intermediate was present in the cell wall and protoplast culture medium as well as the vacuole but the 31 kDa mature subunit, lacking the amino-terminal prosegment, was detected only in the vacuole. Thus maturation appears to occur only after sorting from the trans-Golgi to the vacuole. Processing or transport of cardosin A was apparently slower in tobacco protoplasts than in whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal.
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Pereira CS, da Costa DS, Pereira S, Nogueira FDM, Albuquerque PM, Teixeira J, Faro C, Pissarra J. Cardosins in postembryonic development of cardoon: towards an elucidation of the biological function of plant aspartic proteinases. PROTOPLASMA 2008; 232:203-213. [PMID: 18767217 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-008-0288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Following on from previous work, the temporal and spatial accumulation of the aspartic proteinases (EC 3.4.23) cardosin A and cardosin B during postembryonic seed development of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) was studied, mRNA and protein analyses of both cardosins suggested that the proteins accumulate during seed maturation, and that cardosin A is later synthesised de novo at the time of radicle emergence. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the precursor form of cardosin A accumulates in protein bodies and cell walls. This localisation in seeds is different from that previously described for cardoon flowers, suggesting a tissue-dependent targeting of the protein. It is known that procardosins are active and may have a role in proteolysis and processing of storage proteins. However, the presence of procardosin A in seeds could be related to the proposed role of the plant-specific insert in membrane lipid conversion during water uptake and solute leakage in actively growing tissues. This is in accordance with the recently proposed bifunctional role of aspartic proteinase precursor molecules that possess a membrane-destabilising domain in addition to a protease domain. Mature cardosin B, but not its mRNA, was detected in the first hours after seed imbibition and disappeared at the time of radicle emergence. This extracellular aspartic protease has already been implicated in cell wall loosening and remodelling, and its role in seed germination could be related to loosening tissue constraints for radicle protusion. The described pattern of cardosin A and B expression suggests a finely tuned developmental regulation and prompts an analysis of their possible roles in the physiology of postembryonic development.
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Tamura T, Asakura T, Uemura T, Ueda T, Terauchi K, Misaka T, Abe K. Signal peptide peptidase and its homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana- plant tissue-specific expression and distinct subcellular localization. FEBS J 2007; 275:34-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tamura T, Terauchi K, Kiyosaki T, Asakura T, Funaki J, Matsumoto I, Misaka T, Abe K. Differential expression of wheat aspartic proteinases, WAP1 and WAP2, in germinating and maturing seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:470-7. [PMID: 16690164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Two aspartic proteinase (AP) cDNA clones, WAP1 and WAP2, were obtained from wheat seeds. Proteins encoded by these clones shared 61% amino acid sequence identity. RNA blotting analysis showed that WAP1 and WAP2 were expressed in both germinating and maturing seeds. The level of WAP2 mRNA expression was clearly weaker than that of WAP1 in all tissues of seeds during germination and maturation. APs purified from germinating seeds were enzymatically active and digested the wheat storage protein, gluten. To elucidate the physiological functions of WAP1 and WAP2 in seeds, we investigated the localisation of WAP1 and WAP2 by in situ hybridisation. In germinating seeds investigated 24h after imbibition, both WAP1 and WAP2 were expressed in embryos, especially in radicles and shoots, scutellum, and the aleurone layer. In maturing seeds, WAP1 was expressed in the whole embryo, with slightly stronger expression in radicles and shoots. WAP1 was also expressed in the aleurone layer 3 weeks after flowering. Strong signals of WAP1 mRNA were detected in the whole embryo and aleurone layer 6 weeks after flowering. On the other hand, WAP2 was scarcely detected in seeds 3 weeks after flowering, and thereafter weak signals began to appear in the whole embryo. WAP1 and WAP2 were expressed widely in germinating and maturing seeds. Such diversity in site- and stage-specific expression of the two enzymes suggests their differential functions in wheat seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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