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Spanò R, Petrozza A, Summerer S, Fortunato S, de Pinto MC, Cellini F, Mascia T. Overview of transcriptome changes and phenomic profile of sanitized artichoke vis-à-vis non-sanitized plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:715-726. [PMID: 38924230 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant tissue in vitro culture is increasingly used in agriculture to improve crop production, nutritional quality, and commercial value. In plant virology, the technique is used as sanitation protocol to produce virus-free plants. Sanitized (S) artichokes show increased vigour compared to their non-sanitized (NS) counterparts, because viral infections lead to a decline of growth and development. To investigate mechanisms that control the complex traits related to morphology, growth, and yield in S artichokes compared to NS plants, RNAseq analysis and phenotyping by imaging were used. The role of peroxidases (POD) was also investigated to understand their involvement in sanitized plant development. Results showed that virus infection affected regulation of cell cycle, gene expression and signal transduction modulating cellular response to stimulus/stress. Moreover, primary metabolism and photosynthesis were also influenced, contributing to explain the main morphological differences observed between S and NS artichokes. Sanitized artichokes are also characterized by higher POD activity, probably associated with increased plant growth, rather than strengthening of cell walls. Overall, results show that the differences in development of S artichokes may be derived from the in vitro culture stressor, as well as through pathogen elimination, which, in turn, improve qualitative and quantitative artichoke production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Spanò
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - A Petrozza
- Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto di Bernalda, Italy
| | - S Summerer
- Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto di Bernalda, Italy
| | - S Fortunato
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - M C de Pinto
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - F Cellini
- Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto di Bernalda, Italy
| | - T Mascia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Carvajal-Yepes M, Jimenez J, Belalcazar J, Cuasquer JB, Lozano I, Olaya CA, Cuellar WJ. Genome Analysis and Pathobiology of Cassava-Infecting Torradoviruses Containing a Putative Maf/HAM1 Pyrophosphatase Domain. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2808-2816. [PMID: 35471077 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2520-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing has been used to identify and characterize the full genome sequence of a cassava-infecting torradovirus, revealing the presence of a Maf/HAM1 domain downstream of the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) domain in RNA1 in all isolates sequenced. A similar domain is also found in unrelated potyvirids infecting Euphorbiaceae hosts in the Americas and cassava in Africa. Even though cassava torrado-like virus (CsTLV) could not be mechanically transmitted to a series of herbaceous hosts, it can be efficiently transmitted by bud graft-inoculation to different cassava landraces. Our bioassays show that CsTLV has a narrow host range. Crystal-like structures of isometric virus-like particles were observed in cells of plants with single infection by CsTLV, and consistently induced chlorotic leaf spots and affected root yields significantly. Moreover, CsTLV infection induces changes in the accumulation of total sugars in storage roots. Field surveys indicated the presence of CsTLV in the main cassava growing regions of Colombia, and the occurrence of two different cassava-infecting torradovirus species. Profiles of small RNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length, derived from CsTLV RNAs targeted by cassava RNA silencing defense mechanisms, are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenyfer Jimenez
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL), Palmira, Colombia
| | - John Belalcazar
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan B Cuasquer
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ivan Lozano
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Cristian A Olaya
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Wilmer J Cuellar
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali, Colombia
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Andreola S, Rodriguez M, Parola R, Alemano S, Lascano R. Interactions between soybean, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soybean mosaic virus: the effects depend on the interaction sequence. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:1036-1048. [PMID: 31575385 DOI: 10.1071/fp17361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between soybean and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can lead to plant growth promotion and induced systemic responses. Symbiotic interactions may increase tolerance/resistance to abiotic/biotic stress conditions, but are also sensitive to environmental conditions. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), which is transmitted by seed and aphids, severely affects crop yields in many areas of the world, consequently virus infection may precede rhizobium infection or vice versa in the field. With the hypothesis that sequence of interaction is a key determinant of the resulting responses; growth, primary metabolism and defence responses were evaluated in different interaction sequences. Results showed that vegetative growth was promoted by Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) inoculation and drastically impaired by SMV infection. The negative effect of SMV single infection on soybean growth parameters was correlated with photosynthesis decrease, sugar accumulation, oxidative damage, and increases in salicylic acid levels. Bj inoculation partially reversed virus-induced symptoms, mainly at Bj-SMV sequence. However, this symptom attenuation did not correlate with less virus accumulation. Nodulation was negatively affected by SMV, particularly when virus infection was previous to Bj inoculation (SMV-Bj). Defence related hormones (salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA)) and the expression of defence-related genes were dependent on the sequence of tripartite interaction. The present study showed that the sequence of the tripartite interaction among soybean, Bj and SMV determinates the tolerance/susceptibility to SMV infection, through changes in the defence mechanism and metabolic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Andreola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5 y ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; and Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 cuadras km, 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marianela Rodriguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5 y ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; and Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 cuadras km, 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Parola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5 y ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; and Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 cuadras km, 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alemano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Lascano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5 y ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; and Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina; and Corresponding author.
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Fernandez-Göbel TF, Deanna R, Muñoz NB, Robert G, Asurmendi S, Lascano R. Redox Systemic Signaling and Induced Tolerance Responses During Soybean- Bradyrhizobium japonicum Interaction: Involvement of Nod Factor Receptor and Autoregulation of Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:141. [PMID: 30828341 PMCID: PMC6384266 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia induces local and systemic responses, which ultimately lead to nodule formation. The autoregulation of nodulation (AON) is a systemic mechanism related to innate immunity that controls nodule development and involves different components ranging from hormones, peptides, receptors to small RNAs. Here, we characterized a rapid systemic redox changes induced during soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotic interaction. A transient peak of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was found in soybean leaves after 30 min of root inoculation with B. japonicum. The ROS response was accompanied by changes in the redox state of glutathione and by activation of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the ROS peak and antioxidant enzyme activation were abolished in leaves by the addition, in either root or leaf, of DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Likewise, these systemic redox changes primed the plant increasing its tolerance to photooxidative stress. With the use of non-nodulating nfr5-mutant and hyper-nodulating nark-mutant soybean plants, we subsequently studied the systemic redox changes. The nfr5-mutant lacked the systemic redox changes after inoculation, whereas the nark-mutant showed a similar redox systemic signaling than the wild type plants. However, neither nfr5- nor nark-mutant exhibited tolerance to photooxidative stress condition. Altogether, these results demonstrated that (i) the early redox systemic signaling during symbiotic interaction depends on a Nod factor receptor, and that (ii) the induced tolerance response depends on the AON mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeo F. Fernandez-Göbel
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocío Deanna
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nacira B. Muñoz
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Germán Robert
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Lascano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Więsyk A, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Fogtman A, Zagórski-Ostoja W, Góra-Sochacka A. Time-Course Microarray Analysis Reveals Differences between Transcriptional Changes in Tomato Leaves Triggered by Mild and Severe Variants of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050257. [PMID: 29762480 PMCID: PMC5977250 DOI: 10.3390/v10050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroids are small non-capsidated non-coding RNA replicons that utilize host factors for efficient propagation and spread through the entire plant. They can incite specific disease symptoms in susceptible plants. To better understand viroid-plant interactions, we employed microarray analysis to observe the changes of gene expression in “Rutgers” tomato leaves in response to the mild (M) and severe (S23) variants of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The changes were analyzed over a time course of viroid infection development: (i) the pre-symptomatic stage; (ii) early symptoms; (iii) full spectrum of symptoms and (iv) the so-called ‘recovery’ stage, when stem regrowth was observed in severely affected plants. Gene expression profiles differed depending on stage of infection and variant. In S23-infected plants, the expression of over 3000 genes was affected, while M-infected plants showed 3-fold fewer differentially expressed genes, only 20% of which were specific to the M variant. The differentially expressed genes included many genes related to stress; defense; hormone metabolism and signaling; photosynthesis and chloroplasts; cell wall; RNA regulation, processing and binding; protein metabolism and modification and others. The expression levels of several genes were confirmed by nCounter analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Więsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (R.I.-N.); (A.F.)
| | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (R.I.-N.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (R.I.-N.); (A.F.)
| | - Włodzimierz Zagórski-Ostoja
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (R.I.-N.); (A.F.)
| | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (R.I.-N.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-592-34-08; Fax: +48-22-592-21-90
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Shi B, Lin L, Wang S, Guo Q, Zhou H, Rong L, Li J, Peng J, Lu Y, Zheng H, Yang Y, Chen Z, Zhao J, Jiang T, Song B, Chen J, Yan F. Identification and regulation of host genes related to Rice stripe virus symptom production. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1106-19. [PMID: 26487490 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections cause plant chlorosis, stunting, necrosis or other symptoms. The down-regulation of chloroplast-related genes (ChRGs) is assumed to be responsible for chlorosis. We identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Rice stripe virus (RSV)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana, and examined the contribution of 75 down-regulated DEGs to RSV symptoms by silencing them one by one using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing. Silencing of 11 of the 75 down-regulated DEGs caused plant chlorosis, and nine of the 11 were ChRGs. Silencing of a down-regulated DEG encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) caused leaf-twisting and stunting that were visible on RSV-infected N. benthamiana. A region of RSV RNA4 was complementary to part of eIF4A mRNA and virus-derived small interfering (vsiRNAs) from that region were present in infected N. benthamiana. When expressed as artificial microRNAs, those vsiRNAs could target NbeIF4A mRNA for regulation. We provide experimental evidence supporting the association of ChRGs with chlorosis and show that eIF4A is involved in RSV symptom development. This is also the first report demonstrating that siRNA derived directly from a plant virus can target a host gene for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbin Shi
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Lin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lingling Rong
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Junmin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Baoan Song
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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Primary Metabolism, Phenylpropanoids and Antioxidant Pathways Are Regulated in Potato as a Response to Potato virus Y Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146135. [PMID: 26727123 PMCID: PMC4738437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato production is one of the most important agricultural sectors, and it is challenged by various detrimental factors, including virus infections. To control losses in potato production, knowledge about the virus—plant interactions is crucial. Here, we investigated the molecular processes in potato plants as a result of Potato virus Y (PVY) infection, the most economically important potato viral pathogen. We performed an integrative study that links changes in the metabolome and gene expression in potato leaves inoculated with the mild PVYN and aggressive PVYNTN isolates, for different times through disease development. At the beginning of infection (1 day post-inoculation), virus-infected plants showed an initial decrease in the concentrations of metabolites connected to sugar and amino-acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, the GABA shunt, ROS scavangers, and phenylpropanoids, relative to the control plants. A pronounced increase in those metabolites was detected at the start of the strong viral multiplication in infected leaves. The alterations in these metabolic pathways were also seen at the gene expression level, as analysed by quantitative PCR. In addition, the systemic response in the metabolome to PVY infection was analysed. Systemic leaves showed a less-pronounced response with fewer metabolites altered, while phenylpropanoid-associated metabolites were strongly accumulated. There was a more rapid onset of accumulation of ROS scavengers in leaves inoculated with PVYN than those inoculated with PVYNTN. This appears to be related to the lower damage observed for leaves of potato infected with the milder PVYN strain, and at least partially explains the differences between the phenotypes observed.
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Abstract
Potyvirus is the largest genus of plant viruses causing significant losses in a wide range of crops. Potyviruses are aphid transmitted in a nonpersistent manner and some of them are also seed transmitted. As important pathogens, potyviruses are much more studied than other plant viruses belonging to other genera and their study covers many aspects of plant virology, such as functional characterization of viral proteins, molecular interaction with hosts and vectors, structure, taxonomy, evolution, epidemiology, and diagnosis. Biotechnological applications of potyviruses are also being explored. During this last decade, substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular biology of these viruses and the functions of their various proteins. After a general presentation on the family Potyviridae and the potyviral proteins, we present an update of the knowledge on potyvirus multiplication, movement, and transmission and on potyvirus/plant compatible interactions including pathogenicity and symptom determinants. We end the review providing information on biotechnological applications of potyviruses.
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Robert G, Muñoz N, Melchiorre M, Sánchez F, Lascano R. Expression of animal anti-apoptotic gene Ced-9 enhances tolerance during Glycine max L.-Bradyrhizobium japonicum interaction under saline stress but reduces nodule formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101747. [PMID: 25050789 PMCID: PMC4106779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the expression of animal cell death suppressors in economically important plants conferred enhanced stress tolerance are not fully understood. In the present work, the effect of expression of animal antiapoptotic gene Ced-9 in soybean hairy roots was evaluated under root hairs and hairy roots death-inducing stress conditions given by i) Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation in presence of 50 mM NaCl, and ii) severe salt stress (150 mM NaCl), for 30 min and 3 h, respectively. We have determined that root hairs death induced by inoculation in presence of 50 mM NaCl showed characteristics of ordered process, with increased ROS generation, MDA and ATP levels, whereas the cell death induced by 150 mM NaCl treatment showed non-ordered or necrotic-like characteristics. The expression of Ced-9 inhibited or at least delayed root hairs death under these treatments. Hairy roots expressing Ced-9 had better homeostasis maintenance, preventing potassium release; increasing the ATP levels and controlling the oxidative damage avoiding the increase of reactive oxygen species production. Even when our results demonstrate a positive effect of animal cell death suppressors in plant cell ionic and redox homeostasis under cell death-inducing conditions, its expression, contrary to expectations, drastically inhibited nodule formation even under control conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Robert
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nacira Muñoz
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Melchiorre
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ramiro Lascano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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10
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Rodríguez M, Muñoz N, Lenardon S, Lascano R. Redox-related metabolites and gene expression modulated by sugar in sunflower leaves: similarities with Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus-induced symptom. Redox Rep 2013; 18:27-35. [PMID: 23321504 DOI: 10.1179/1351000212y.0000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugars are part of an integrated redox system, since they are key regulators of respiration and photosynthesis, and therefore of the levels of reducing power, ATP and ROS. These elements are major determinants of the cellular redox state, which is involved in the perception and regulation of many endogenous and environmental stimuli. Our previous findings suggested that early sugar increase produced during compatible Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (SuCMoV) infection might modulate chlorotic symptom development through redox state alteration in sunflower. The purpose of this work was to characterize redox-related metabolites and gene expression changes associated with high sugar availability and symptom development induced by SuCMoV. The results show that sugar caused an increase in glutathione, ascorbate, pyridine nucleotides, and ATP. In addition, higher sugar availability reduced hydrogen peroxide and ΦPSII. This finding suggests that high sugar availability would be associated with cellular redox alteration and photoinhibitory process. The expression of the genes analyzed was also strongly affected by sugar, such as the down-regulation of psbA and up-regulation of psbO and cp29. The expression level of cytoplasmic (apx-1 and gr)- and chloroplastic (Fe-sod)-targeted genes was also significantly enhanced in sugar-treated leaves. Therefore, all these responses suggest that sugars induce chloroplastic redox state alteration with photoinhibition process that could be contributing to chlorotic symptom development during SuCMoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Rodríguez
- IFRGV, CIAP, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino a 60 Cuadras Km 5½, X5020 ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Rodríguez M, Muñoz N, Lenardon S, Lascano R. The chlorotic symptom induced by Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus is associated with changes in redox-related gene expression and metabolites. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 196:107-16. [PMID: 23017905 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Systemic infections are commonly associated with changes in host metabolism and gene expression. Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (SuCMoV) causes systemic infection with sugar increase, photoinhibition and increase in antioxidant enzyme activities before chlorotic symptom appearance in sunflower leaves. The aim of this study was to determine if chlorotic symptom development induced by SuCMoV infection is accompanied by changes in different redox-related metabolites and transcripts. Symptom development was analyzed in the second pair of leaves (systemic infection) at different post-inoculation times: before symptom appearance (BS, 4 dpi), and at an early (ES, 7 dpi) and later stage (LS, 12 dpi) of symptom expression. The results showed that the virus reaches the second pair of leaves at 4 dpi. A positive correlation between chlorotic symptom and number of viral copies was also observed. Changes in hydrogen peroxide, glutathione, pyridine nucleotides and ATP content were observed since symptom appearance (ES, 7 dpi). The expression of some of the genes analyzed was also strongly affected by SuCMoV infection. Specifically, down-regulation of both chloroplast-encoded genes and chloroplast-targeted genes: psbA, rbcS, Cu/Zn sod, Fe sod, phosphoglycolate phosphatase, psbO, psaH and fnr was present, whereas the expression of cytoplasmic-targeted genes, apx1, and Cu/Zn sod was up-regulated. Mitochondrial Mn sod decreased at BS stage and aox decreased only at ES stage. Peroxisomal catalase (cat-2) was lower at BS and LS stages. All these results suggest that SuCMoV infection induces progressive changes in determinants of redox homeostasis associated with chlorotic symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Rodríguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales-IFRGV, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-CIAP, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-INTA, Camino a 60 Cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020 ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Gamm M, Héloir MC, Bligny R, Vaillant-Gaveau N, Trouvelot S, Alcaraz G, Frettinger P, Clément C, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, Adrian M. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in Plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1061-73. [PMID: 21649510 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-11-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Plasmopara viticola is responsible for downy mildew, a severe grapevine disease. In infected grapevine leaves, we have observed an abnormal starch accumulation at the end of the dark period, suggesting modifications in starch metabolism. Therefore, several complementary approaches, including transcriptomic analyses, measurements of enzyme activities, and sugar quantification, were performed in order to investigate and to understand the effects of P. viticola infection on leaf starch and-to a larger extent-carbohydrate metabolism. Our results indicate that starch accumulation is associated with an increase in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity and modifications in the starch degradation pathway, especially an increased α-amylase activity. Together with these alterations in starch metabolism, we have observed an accumulation of hexoses, an increase in invertase activity, and a reduction of photosynthesis, indicating a source-to-sink transition in infected leaf tissue. Additionally, we have measured an accumulation of the disaccharide trehalose correlated to an increased trehalase gene expression and enzyme activity. Altogether, these results highlight a dramatic alteration of carbohydrate metabolism correlated with later stages of P. viticola development in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gamm
- Universite de Bourgogne Plante Microbe Environnement, Dijon Cedex, France
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