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Cardona-López X, Cuyas L, Marín E, Rajulu C, Irigoyen ML, Gil E, Puga MI, Bligny R, Nussaume L, Geldner N, Paz-Ares J, Rubio V. Correction to: ESCRT-III-Associated Protein ALIX Mediates High-Affinity Phosphate Transporter Trafficking to Maintain Phosphate Homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2022; 34:2809. [PMID: 35348792 PMCID: PMC9252480 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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2
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Berthet S, Villiers F, Alban C, Serre NBC, Martin-Laffon J, Figuet S, Boisson AM, Bligny R, Kuntz M, Finazzi G, Ravanel S, Bourguignon J. Arabidopsis thaliana plants challenged with uranium reveal new insights into iron and phosphate homeostasis. New Phytol 2018; 217:657-670. [PMID: 29165807 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) is a naturally occurring radionuclide that is toxic to plants. It is known to interfere with phosphate nutrition and to modify the expression of iron (Fe)-responsive genes. The transporters involved in the uptake of U from the environment are unknown. Here, we addressed whether IRT1, a high-affinity Fe2+ transporter, could contribute to U uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana. An irt1 null mutant was grown hydroponically in different conditions of Fe bioavailability and phosphate supply, and challenged with uranyl. Several physiological parameters (fitness, photosynthesis) were measured to evaluate the response to U treatment. We found that IRT1 is not a major route for U uptake in our experimental conditions. However, the analysis of irt1 indicated that uranyl interferes with Fe and phosphate homeostasis at different levels. In phosphate-sufficient conditions, the absence of the cation chelator EDTA in the medium has drastic consequences on the physiology of irt1, with important symptoms of Fe deficiency in chloroplasts. These effects are counterbalanced by U, probably because the radionuclide competes with Fe for complexation with phosphate and thus releases active Fe for metabolic and biogenic processes. Our study reveals that challenging plants with U is useful to decipher the complex interplay between Fe and phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Berthet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Florent Villiers
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Alban
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nelson B C Serre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sylvie Figuet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Marie Boisson
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, BIG-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Kanno S, Cuyas L, Javot H, Bligny R, Gout E, Dartevelle T, Hanchi M, Nakanishi TM, Thibaud MC, Nussaume L. Performance and Limitations of Phosphate Quantification: Guidelines for Plant Biologists. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:690-706. [PMID: 26865660 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) is a macronutrient that is essential for plant life. Several regulatory components involved in Pi homeostasis have been identified, revealing a very high complexity at the cellular and subcellular levels. Determining the Pi content in plants is crucial to understanding this regulation, and short real-time(33)Pi uptake imaging experiments have shown Pi movement to be highly dynamic. Furthermore, gene modulation by Pi is finely controlled by localization of this ion at the tissue as well as the cellular and subcellular levels. Deciphering these regulations requires access to and quantification of the Pi pool in the various plant compartments. This review presents the different techniques available to measure, visualize and trace Pi in plants, with a discussion of the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kanno
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan Biotechnology Research Center, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Laura Cuyas
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Hélène Javot
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CEA, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CEA, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Thibault Dartevelle
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Mohamed Hanchi
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Tomoko M Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Marie-Christine Thibaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
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4
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Cardona-López X, Cuyas L, Marín E, Rajulu C, Irigoyen ML, Gil E, Puga MI, Bligny R, Nussaume L, Geldner N, Paz-Ares J, Rubio V. ESCRT-III-Associated Protein ALIX Mediates High-Affinity Phosphate Transporter Trafficking to Maintain Phosphate Homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2015; 27:2560-81. [PMID: 26342016 PMCID: PMC4815105 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the release of their cargoes into the vacuolar lumen, sorting endosomes mature into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) through the action of ENDOSOMAL COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT (ESCRT) protein complexes. MVB-mediated sorting of high-affinity phosphate transporters (PHT1) to the vacuole limits their plasma membrane levels under phosphate-sufficient conditions, a process that allows plants to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Here, we describe ALIX, a cytosolic protein that associates with MVB by interacting with ESCRT-III subunit SNF7 and mediates PHT1;1 trafficking to the vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the partial loss-of-function mutant alix-1 displays reduced vacuolar degradation of PHT1;1. ALIX derivatives containing the alix-1 mutation showed reduced interaction with SNF7, providing a simple molecular explanation for impaired cargo trafficking in alix-1 mutants. In fact, the alix-1 mutation also hampered vacuolar sorting of the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1. We also show that alix-1 displays altered vacuole morphogenesis, implying a new role for ALIX proteins in vacuolar biogenesis, likely acting as part of ESCRT-III complexes. In line with a presumed broad target spectrum, the alix-1 mutation is pleiotropic, leading to reduced plant growth and late flowering, with stronger alix mutations being lethal, indicating that ALIX participates in diverse processes in plants essential for their life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Cuyas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lès-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Elena Marín
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lès-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Charukesi Rajulu
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Erica Gil
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Puga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Institut de Recherche en Technologie et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lès-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Mladenov P, Finazzi G, Bligny R, Moyankova D, Zasheva D, Boisson AM, Brugière S, Krasteva V, Alipieva K, Simova S, Tchorbadjieva M, Goltsev V, Ferro M, Rolland N, Djilianov D. In vivo spectroscopy and NMR metabolite fingerprinting approaches to connect the dynamics of photosynthetic and metabolic phenotypes in resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis during desiccation and recovery. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:564. [PMID: 26257765 PMCID: PMC4508511 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis was used to study dynamics of drought response of photosynthetic machinery parallel with changes in primary metabolism. A relation between leaf water content and photosynthetic performance was established, enabling us to perform a non-destructive evaluation of the plant water status during stress. Spectroscopic analysis of photosynthesis indicated that, at variance with linear electron flow (LEF) involving photosystem (PS) I and II, cyclic electron flow around PSI remains active till almost full dry state at the expense of the LEF, due to the changed protein organization of photosynthetic apparatus. We suggest that, this activity could have a photoprotective role and prevent a complete drop in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in the absence of LEF, to fuel specific energy-dependent processes necessary for the survival of the plant, during the late states of desiccation. The NMR fingerprint shows the significant metabolic changes in several pathways. Due to the declining of LEF accompanied by biosynthetic reactions during desiccation, a reduction of the ATP pool during drought was observed, which was fully and quickly recovered after plants rehydration. We found a decline of valine accompanied by lipid degradation during stress, likely to provide alternative carbon sources for sucrose accumulation at late stages of desiccation. This accumulation, as well as the increased levels of glycerophosphodiesters during drought stress could provide osmoprotection to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petko Mladenov
- Abiotic Stress Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural AcademySofia, Bulgaria
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble AlpesINRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble AlpesINRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniela Moyankova
- Abiotic Stress Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural AcademySofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Zasheva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anne-Marie Boisson
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble AlpesINRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Brugière
- Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, Université Grenoble AlpesINSERM, Grenoble, France
| | - Vasilena Krasteva
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia UniversitySofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Alipieva
- Laboratory “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance", Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetlana Simova
- Laboratory “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance", Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Vasiliy Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia UniversitySofia, Bulgaria
| | - Myriam Ferro
- Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, Université Grenoble AlpesINSERM, Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble AlpesINRA, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Dimitar Djilianov, Abiotic Stress Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Boulevard, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria, ; Norbert Rolland, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France,
| | - Dimitar Djilianov
- Abiotic Stress Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural AcademySofia, Bulgaria
- *Correspondence: Dimitar Djilianov, Abiotic Stress Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Boulevard, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria, ; Norbert Rolland, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France,
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6
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Heber U, Bligny R, Streb P, Douce R. Photorespiration is Essential for the Protection of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of C3 Plants Against Photoinactivation Under Sunlight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Tcherkez G, Guérard F, Gilard F, Lamothe M, Mauve C, Gout E, Bligny R. Corrigendum to: Metabolomic characterisation of the functional division of nitrogen metabolism in variegated leaves. Funct Plant Biol 2014; 41:330. [PMID: 32480993 DOI: 10.1071/fp12189_co] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many horticultural and natural plant species have variegated leaves, that is, patchy leaves with green and non-green or white areas. Specific studies on the metabolism of variegated leaves are scarce and although white (non-green) areas have been assumed to play the role of a 'nitrogen store', there is no specific studies showing the analysis of nitrogenous metabolites and the dynamics of nitrogen assimilation. Here, we examined the metabolism of variegated leaves of Pelargonium × hortorum. We show that white areas have a larger N : C ratio, more amino acids, with a clear accumulation of arginine. Metabolomic analyses revealed clear differences in the chemical composition, suggesting contrasted metabolic commitments such as an enhancement of alkaloid biosynthesis in white areas. Using isotopic labelling followed by nuclear magnetic resonance or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we further showed that in addition to glutamine, tyrosine and tryptophan, N metabolism forms ornithine in green area and huge amounts of arginine in white areas. Fine isotopic measurements with isotope ratio mass spectrometry indicated that white and green areas exchange nitrogenous molecules but nitrogen export from green areas is quantitatively much more important. The biological significance of the metabolic exchange between leaf areas is briefly discussed.
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8
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Vauclare P, Bligny R, Gout E, Widmer F. An overview of the metabolic differences between Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 bacteria and differentiated bacteroids from soybean (Glycine max) root nodules: an in vitro 13C- and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 343:49-56. [PMID: 23480054 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria that induce root nodules formation in legume soybean (Glycine max.). Using (13)C- and (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we have analysed the metabolite profiles of cultivated B. japonicum cells and bacteroids isolated from soybean nodules. Our results revealed some quantitative and qualitative differences between the metabolite profiles of bacteroids and their vegetative state. This includes in bacteroids a huge accumulation of soluble carbohydrates such as trehalose, glutamate, myo-inositol and homospermidine as well as Pi, nucleotide pools and intermediates of the primary carbon metabolism. Using this novel approach, these data show that most of the compounds detected in bacteroids reflect the metabolic adaptation of rhizobia to the surrounding microenvironment with its host plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vauclare
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale (DBMV), Bâtiment Biophore, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Tcherkez GGB, Bathellier C, Stuart-Williams H, Whitney S, Gout E, Bligny R, Badger M, Farquhar GD. D2O Solvent Isotope Effects Suggest Uniform Energy Barriers in Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Catalysis. Biochemistry 2013; 52:869-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300933u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume G. B. Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris,
France
| | - Camille Bathellier
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Research School of
Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Hilary Stuart-Williams
- Research School of
Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Spencer Whitney
- Research School of
Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- Laboratoire de
Physiologie Cellulaire
Végétale, CEA-Grenoble, 17
rue des Martyrs, 38009 Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire de
Physiologie Cellulaire
Végétale, CEA-Grenoble, 17
rue des Martyrs, 38009 Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Murray Badger
- Research School of
Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Graham D. Farquhar
- Research School of
Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
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10
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Tcherkez G, Mahé A, Guérard F, Boex-Fontvieille ERA, Gout E, Lamothe M, Barbour MM, Bligny R. Short-term effects of CO(2) and O(2) on citrate metabolism in illuminated leaves. Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:2208-2220. [PMID: 22646810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although there is now a considerable literature on the inhibition of leaf respiration (CO(2) evolution) by light, little is known about the effect of other environmental conditions on day respiratory metabolism. In particular, CO(2) and O(2) mole fractions are assumed to cause changes in the tricarboxylic acid pathway (TCAP) but the amplitude and even the direction of such changes are still a matter of debate. Here, we took advantage of isotopic techniques, new simple equations and instant freeze sampling to follow respiratory metabolism in illuminated cocklebur leaves (Xanthium strumarium L.) under different CO(2) /O(2) conditions. Gas exchange coupled to online isotopic analysis showed that CO(2) evolved by leaves in the light came from 'old' carbon skeletons and there was a slight decrease in (13) C natural abundance when [CO(2) ] increased. This suggested the involvement of enzymatic steps fractionating more strongly against (13) C and thus increasingly limiting for the metabolic respiratory flux as [CO(2) ] increased. Isotopic labelling with (13) C(2) -2,4-citrate lead to (13) C-enriched Glu and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG), clearly demonstrating poor metabolism of citrate by the TCAP. There was a clear relationship between the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenation-to-carboxylation ratio (v(o) /v(c) ) and the (13) C commitment to 2OG, demonstrating that 2OG and Glu synthesis via the TCAP is positively influenced by photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR8618, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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11
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Tcherkez G, Gu Rard F, Gilard FO, Lamothe MN, Mauve C, Gout E, Bligny R. Metabolomic characterisation of the functional division of nitrogen metabolism in variegated leaves. Funct Plant Biol 2012; 39:959-967. [PMID: 32480845 DOI: 10.1071/fp12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many horticultural and natural plant species have variegated leaves, that is, patchy leaves with green and non-green or white areas. Specific studies on the metabolism of variegated leaves are scarce and although white (non-green) areas have been assumed to play the role of a 'nitrogen store', there is no specific studies showing the analysis of nitrogenous metabolites and the dynamics of nitrogen assimilation. Here, we examined the metabolism of variegated leaves of Pelargonium×hortorum. We show that white areas have a larger N:C ratio, more amino acids, with a clear accumulation of arginine. Metabolomic analyses revealed clear differences in the chemical composition, suggesting contrasted metabolic commitments such as an enhancement of alkaloid biosynthesis in white areas. Using isotopic labelling followed by nuclear magnetic resonance or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we further showed that in addition to glutamine, tyrosine and tryptophan, N metabolism forms ornithine in green area and huge amounts of arginine in white areas. Fine isotopic measurements with isotope ratio mass spectrometry indicated that white and green areas exchange nitrogenous molecules but nitrogen export from green areas is quantitatively much more important. The biological significance of the metabolic exchange between leaf areas is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR8618, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Florence Gu Rard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87, Batiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Fran Oise Gilard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87, Batiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Marl Ne Lamothe
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87, Batiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87, Batiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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12
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Boisson AM, Gout E, Bligny R, Rivasseau C. A simple and efficient method for the long-term preservation of plant cell suspension cultures. Plant Methods 2012; 8:4. [PMID: 22289515 PMCID: PMC3284881 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The repeated weekly subculture of plant cell suspension is labour intensive and increases the risk of variation from parental cells lines. Most of the procedures to preserve cultures are based on controlled freezing/thawing and storage in liquid nitrogen. However, cells viability after unfreezing is uncertain. The long-term storage and regeneration of plant cell cultures remains a priority. RESULTS Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and Arabidopsis cell were preserved over six months as suspensions cultures in a phosphate-free nutrient medium at 5°C. The cell recovery monitored via gas exchange measurements and metabolic profiling using in vitro and in vivo 13C- and 31P-NMR took a couple of hours, and cell growth restarted without appreciable delay. No measurable cell death was observed. CONCLUSION We provide a simple method to preserve physiologically homogenous plant cell cultures without subculture over several months. The protocol based on the blockage of cell growth and low culture temperature is robust for heterotrophic and semi-autotrophic cells and should be adjustable to cell lines other than those utilised in this study. It requires no specialized equipment and is suitable for routine laboratory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Boisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS, UJF, INRA, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS, UJF, INRA, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS, UJF, INRA, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Rivasseau
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS, UJF, INRA, CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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13
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Laureau C, Bligny R, Streb P. The significance of glutathione for photoprotection at contrasting temperatures in the alpine plant species Soldanella alpina and Ranunculus glacialis. Physiol Plant 2011; 143:246-60. [PMID: 21848651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The significance of total glutathione content was investigated in two alpine plant species with highly differing antioxidative scavenging capacity. Leaves of Soldanella alpina and Ranunculus glacialis incubated for 48 h in the presence of buthionine-sulfoximine had 50% lower glutathione contents when compared with leaves incubated in water. The low leaf glutathione content was not compensated for by activation of other components involved in antioxidative protection or electron consumption. However, leaves with normal but not with low glutathione content increased their ascorbate content during high light (HL) treatment (S. alpina) or catalase activity at low temperature (LT) (R. glacialis), suggesting that the mere decline of the leaf glutathione content does not act as a signal to ameliorate antioxidative protection by alternative mechanisms. CO(2)-saturated oxygen evolution was not affected in glutathione-depleted leaves at various temperatures, except at 35°C, thereby increasing the high temperature (HT) sensitivity of both alpine species. Leaves with low and normal glutathione content were similarly resistant to photoinhibition and photodamage during HL treatment at ambient temperature in the presence and absence of paraquat or at LT. However, HL- and HT-induced photoinhibition increased in leaves with low compared to leaves with normal glutathione content, mainly because the recovery after heat inactivation was retarded in glutathione-depleted leaves. Differences in the response of photosystem II (PSII) activity and CO(2)-saturated photosynthesis suggest that PSII is not the primary target during HL inactivation at HT. The results are discussed with respect to the role of antioxidative protection as a safety valve for temperature extremes to which plants are not acclimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Laureau
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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14
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Effantin G, Rivasseau C, Gromova M, Bligny R, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N. Massive production of butanediol during plant infection by phytopathogenic bacteria of the genera Dickeya and Pectobacterium. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:988-97. [PMID: 22032684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria of the genera Dickeya and Pectobacterium are broad-host-range necrotrophs which cause soft-rot diseases in important crops. A metabolomic analysis, based on (13)C-NMR spectroscopy, was used to characterize the plant-bacteria interaction. Metabolic profiles revealed a decline in plant sugars and amino acids during infection and the concomitant appearance of a compound identified as 2,3-butanediol. Butanediol is the major metabolite found in macerated tissues of various host plants. It is accumulated during the symptomatic phase of the disease. Different species of Dickeya or Pectobacterium secrete high levels of butanediol during plant infection. Butanediol has been described as a signalling molecule involved in plant/bacterium interactions and, notably, able to induce plant systemic resistance. The bud genes, involved in butanediol production, are conserved in the phytopathogenic enterobacteria of the genera Dickeya, Pectobacterium, Erwinia, Pantoea and Brenneria. Inactivation of the bud genes of Dickeya dadantii revealed that the virulence of budA, budB and budR mutants was clearly reduced. The genes budA, budB and budC are highly expressed during plant infection. These data highlight the importance of butanediol metabolism in limiting acidification of the plant tissue during the development of the soft-rot disease caused by pectinolytic enterobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Effantin
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, CNRS UMR5240, Domaine Scientifique de la Doua, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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15
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Tcherkez G, Mahé A, Boex-Fontvieille E, Gout E, Guérard F, Bligny R. Experimental evidence of phosphoenolpyruvate resynthesis from pyruvate in illuminated leaves. Plant Physiol 2011; 157:86-95. [PMID: 21730197 PMCID: PMC3165900 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.180711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Day respiration is the cornerstone of nitrogen assimilation since it provides carbon skeletons to primary metabolism for glutamate (Glu) and glutamine synthesis. However, recent studies have suggested that the tricarboxylic acid pathway is rate limiting and mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenation is partly inhibited in the light. Pyruvate may serve as a carbon source for amino acid (e.g. alanine) or fatty acid synthesis, but pyruvate metabolism is not well documented, and neither is the possible resynthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Here, we examined the capacity of pyruvate to convert back to PEP using (13)C and (2)H labeling in illuminated cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) leaves. We show that the intramolecular labeling pattern in Glu, 2-oxoglutarate, and malate after (13)C-3-pyruvate feeding was consistent with (13)C redistribution from PEP via the PEP-carboxylase reaction. Furthermore, the deuterium loss in Glu after (2)H(3)-(13)C-3-pyruvate feeding suggests that conversion to PEP and back to pyruvate washed out (2)H atoms to the solvent. Our results demonstrate that in cocklebur leaves, PEP resynthesis occurred as a flux from pyruvate, approximately 0.5‰ of the net CO(2) assimilation rate. This is likely to involve pyruvate inorganic phosphate dikinase and the fundamental importance of this flux for PEP and inorganic phosphate homeostasis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618, France.
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16
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Gamm M, Héloir MC, Bligny R, Vaillant-Gaveau N, Trouvelot S, Alcaraz G, Frettinger P, Clément C, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, Adrian M. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in Plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:1061-73. [PMID: 21649510 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-11-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Plasmopara viticola is responsible for downy mildew, a severe grapevine disease. In infected grapevine leaves, we have observed an abnormal starch accumulation at the end of the dark period, suggesting modifications in starch metabolism. Therefore, several complementary approaches, including transcriptomic analyses, measurements of enzyme activities, and sugar quantification, were performed in order to investigate and to understand the effects of P. viticola infection on leaf starch and-to a larger extent-carbohydrate metabolism. Our results indicate that starch accumulation is associated with an increase in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity and modifications in the starch degradation pathway, especially an increased α-amylase activity. Together with these alterations in starch metabolism, we have observed an accumulation of hexoses, an increase in invertase activity, and a reduction of photosynthesis, indicating a source-to-sink transition in infected leaf tissue. Additionally, we have measured an accumulation of the disaccharide trehalose correlated to an increased trehalase gene expression and enzyme activity. Altogether, these results highlight a dramatic alteration of carbohydrate metabolism correlated with later stages of P. viticola development in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gamm
- Universite de Bourgogne Plante Microbe Environnement, Dijon Cedex, France
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17
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Mongélard G, Seemann M, Boisson AM, Rohmer M, Bligny R, Rivasseau C. Measurement of carbon flux through the MEP pathway for isoprenoid synthesis by (31)P-NMR spectroscopy after specific inhibition of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate reductase. Effect of light and temperature. Plant Cell Environ 2011; 34:1241-7. [PMID: 21443577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and the mevalonate pathways are the unique synthesis routes for the precursors of all isoprenoids. An original mean to measure the carbon flux through the MEP pathway in plants is proposed by using cadmium as a total short-term inhibitor of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP) reductase (GcpE) and measuring the accumulation rate of its substrate MEcDP by (31) P-NMR spectroscopy. The MEP pathway metabolic flux was determined in spinach (Spinacia oleracea), pea (Pisum sativum), Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) and boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) leaves. In spinach, flux values were compared with the synthesis rate of major isoprenoids. The flux increases with light intensity (fourfold in the 200-1200 µmol m(-2) s(-1) PPFR range) and temperature (sevenfold in the 25-37 °C range). The relationship with the light and the temperature dependency of isoprenoid production downstream of the MEP pathway is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Mongélard
- CEA, IRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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18
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Stefanovic A, Arpat AB, Bligny R, Gout E, Vidoudez C, Bensimon M, Poirier Y. Over-expression of PHO1 in Arabidopsis leaves reveals its role in mediating phosphate efflux. Plant J 2011; 66:689-99. [PMID: 21309867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in multi-cellular eukaryotes depends not only on Pi influx into cells, but also on Pi efflux. Examples in plants for which Pi efflux is crucial are transfer of Pi into the xylem of roots and release of Pi at the peri-arbuscular interface of mycorrhizal roots. Despite its importance, no protein has been identified that specifically mediates phosphate efflux either in animals or plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana PHO1 gene is expressed in roots, and was previously shown to be involved in long-distance transfer of Pi from the root to the shoot. Here we show that PHO1 over-expression in the shoot of A. thaliana led to a two- to threefold increase in shoot Pi content and a severe reduction in shoot growth. (31) P-NMR in vivo showed a normal initial distribution of intracellular Pi between the cytoplasm and the vacuole in leaves over-expressing PHO1, followed by a large efflux of Pi into the infiltration medium, leading to a rapid reduction of the vacuolar Pi pool. Furthermore, the Pi concentration in leaf xylem exudates from intact plants was more than 100-fold higher in PHO1 over-expressing plants compared to wild-type. Together, these results show that PHO1 over-expression in leaves leads to a dramatic efflux of Pi out of cells and into the xylem vessel, revealing a crucial role for PHO1 in Pi efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, Biophore, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rouached H, Stefanovic A, Secco D, Bulak Arpat A, Gout E, Bligny R, Poirier Y. Uncoupling phosphate deficiency from its major effects on growth and transcriptome via PHO1 expression in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2011; 65:557-70. [PMID: 21288266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is one of the most limiting nutrients for plant growth in both natural and agricultural contexts. Pi-deficiency leads to a strong decrease in shoot growth, and triggers extensive changes at the developmental, biochemical and gene expression levels that are presumably aimed at improving the acquisition of this nutrient and sustaining growth. The Arabidopsis thaliana PHO1 gene has previously been shown to participate in the transport of Pi from roots to shoots, and the null pho1 mutant has all the hallmarks associated with shoot Pi deficiency. We show here that A. thaliana plants with a reduced expression of PHO1 in roots have shoot growth similar to Pi-sufficient plants, despite leaves being strongly Pi deficient. Furthermore, the gene expression profile normally triggered by Pi deficiency is suppressed in plants with low PHO1 expression. At comparable levels of shoot Pi supply, the wild type reduces shoot growth but maintains adequate shoot vacuolar Pi content, whereas the PHO1 underexpressor maintains maximal growth with strongly depleted Pi reserves. Expression of the Oryza sativa (rice) PHO1 ortholog in the pho1 null mutant also leads to plants that maintain normal growth and suppression of the Pi-deficiency response, despite the low shoot Pi. These data show that it is possible to unlink low shoot Pi content with the responses normally associated with Pi deficiency through the modulation of PHO1 expression or activity. These data also show that reduced shoot growth is not a direct consequence of Pi deficiency, but is more likely to be a result of extensive gene expression reprogramming triggered by Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Rouached
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Gout E, Bligny R, Douce R, Boisson AM, Rivasseau C. Early response of plant cell to carbon deprivation: in vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy shows a quasi-instantaneous disruption on cytosolic sugars, phosphorylated intermediates of energy metabolism, phosphate partitioning, and intracellular pHs. New Phytol 2011; 189:135-47. [PMID: 20819175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
• In plant cells, sugar starvation triggers a cascade of effects at the scale of 1-2 days. However, very early metabolic response has not yet been investigated. • Soluble phosphorus (P) compounds and intracellular pHs were analysed each 2.5 min intervals in heterotrophic sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells using in vivo phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P-NMR). • Upon external-sugar withdrawal, the glucose 6-P concentration dropped in the cytosol, but not in plastids. The released inorganic phosphate (Pi) accumulated transiently in the cytosol before influx into the vacuole; nucleotide triphosphate concentration doubled, intracellular pH increased and cell respiration decreased. It was deduced that the cytosolic free-sugar concentration was low, corresponding to only 0.5 mM sucrose in sugar-supplied cells. • The release of sugar from the vacuole and from plastids is insufficient to fully sustain the cell metabolism during starvation, particularly in the very short term. Similarly to Pi-starvation, the cell's first response to sugar starvation occurs in the cytosol and is of a metabolic nature. Unlike the cytoplasm, cytosolic homeostasis is not maintained during starvation. The important metabolic changes following cytosolic sugar exhaustion deliver early endogenous signals that may contribute to trigger rescue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gout
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS, UJF, INRA, CEA, Grenoble, France
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21
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Vauclare P, Bligny R, Gout E, De Meuron V, Widmer F. Metabolic and structural rearrangement during dark-induced autophagy in soybean (Glycine max L.) nodules: an electron microscopy and 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study. Planta 2010; 231:1495-504. [PMID: 20358222 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dark-induced stress on the evolution of the soluble metabolites present in senescent soybean (Glycine max L.) nodules were analysed in vitro using (13)C- and (31)P-NMR spectroscopy. Sucrose and trehalose were the predominant soluble storage carbons. During dark-induced stress, a decline in sugars and some key glycolytic metabolites was observed. Whereas 84% of the sucrose disappeared, only one-half of the trehalose was utilised. This decline coincides with the depletion of Gln, Asn, Ala and with an accumulation of ureides, which reflect a huge reduction of the N(2) fixation. Concomitantly, phosphodiesters and compounds like P-choline, a good marker of membrane phospholipids hydrolysis and cell autophagy, accumulated in the nodules. An autophagic process was confirmed by the decrease in cell fatty acid content. In addition, a slight increase in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) was observed, probably as a response to peroxidation reactions. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that, despite membranes dismantling, most of the bacteroids seem to be structurally intact. Taken together, our results show that the carbohydrate starvation induced in soybean by dark stress triggers a profound metabolic and structural rearrangement in the infected cells of soybean nodule which is representative of symbiotic cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vauclare
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Physiology, Biology Building UNIL, Room 5449, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Chorao C, Traïkia M, Besse-Hoggan P, Sancelme M, Bligny R, Gout E, Mailhot G, Delort AM. In vivo31P and13C NMR investigations ofRhodococcus rhodochrousmetabolism and behaviour during biotransformation processes. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1733-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pádua M, Cavaco AM, Aubert S, Bligny R, Casimiro A. Effects of copper on the photosynthesis of intact chloroplasts: interaction with manganese. Physiol Plant 2010; 138:301-11. [PMID: 20051028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly purified, intact chloroplasts were prepared from pea (Pisum sativum L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) following an identical procedure, and were used to investigate the cupric cation inhibition on the photosynthetic activity. In both species, copper inhibition showed a similar inhibitor concentration that decreases the enzyme activity by 50% (IC(50) approximately 1.8 microM) and did not depend on the internal or external phosphate (Pi) concentration, indicating that copper did not interact with the Pi translocator. Fluorescence analysis suggested that the presence of copper did not facilitate photoinhibition, because there were no changes in maximal fluorescence (F(m)) nor in basal fluorescence (F(o)) of copper-treated samples. The electron transport through the photosystem II (PSII) was also not affected (operating efficiency of PSII-F'v/F'm similar in all conditions). Yet, under Cu(2+) stress, the proportion of open PSII reaction centers was dramatically decreased, and the first quinone acceptor (Q(A)) reoxidation was fully inhibited, as demonstrated by the constant photochemical quenching (q(P)) along experiment time. The quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Phi(PSII)) was also clearly affected by copper, and therefore reduced the photochemistry efficiency. Manganese, when added simultaneously with copper, delayed the inhibition, as measured by oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence, but neither reversed the copper effect when added to copper-inhibited plastids, nor prevented the inhibition of the Hill activity of isolated copper-treated thylakoids. Our results suggest that manganese competed with copper to penetrate the chloroplast envelope. This competition seems to be specific because other divalent cations e.g. magnesium and calcium, did not interfere with the copper action in intact chloroplasts. All results do suggest that, under these conditions, the stroma proteins, such as the Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes or others are the most probable first target for the Cu(2+) action, resulting in the total inhibition of chloroplast photosynthesis and in the consequent unbalanced rate of production and consumption of the reducing power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Pádua
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lt 4.69.01 Parque das Nações 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal.
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24
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Gauthier PPG, Bligny R, Gout E, Mahé A, Nogués S, Hodges M, Tcherkez GGB. In folio isotopic tracing demonstrates that nitrogen assimilation into glutamate is mostly independent from current CO2 assimilation in illuminated leaves of Brassica napus. New Phytol 2010; 185:988-99. [PMID: 20070539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
*Nitrogen assimilation in leaves requires primary NH(2) acceptors that, in turn, originate from primary carbon metabolism. Respiratory metabolism is believed to provide such acceptors (such as 2-oxoglutarate), so that day respiration is commonly seen as a cornerstone for nitrogen assimilation into glutamate in illuminated leaves. However, both glycolysis and day respiratory CO(2) evolution are known to be inhibited by light, thereby compromising the input of recent photosynthetic carbon for glutamate production. *In this study, we carried out isotopic labelling experiments with (13)CO(2) and (15)N-ammonium nitrate on detached leaves of rapeseed (Brassica napus), and performed (13)C- and (15)N-nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. *Our results indicated that the production of (13)C-glutamate and (13)C-glutamine under a (13)CO(2) atmosphere was very weak, whereas (13)C-glutamate and (13)C-glutamine appeared in both the subsequent dark period and the next light period under a (12)CO(2) atmosphere. Consistently, the analysis of heteronuclear ((13)C-(15)N) interactions within molecules indicated that most (15)N-glutamate and (15)N-glutamine molecules were not (13)C labelled after (13)C/(15)N double labelling. That is, recent carbon atoms (i.e. (13)C) were hardly incorporated into glutamate, but new glutamate molecules were synthesized, as evidenced by (15)N incorporation. *We conclude that the remobilization of night-stored molecules plays a significant role in providing 2-oxoglutarate for glutamate synthesis in illuminated rapeseed leaves, and therefore the natural day : night cycle seems critical for nitrogen assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P G Gauthier
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France.
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25
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Pratt J, Boisson AM, Gout E, Bligny R, Douce R, Aubert S. Phosphate (Pi) starvation effect on the cytosolic Pi concentration and Pi exchanges across the tonoplast in plant cells: an in vivo 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance study using methylphosphonate as a Pi analog. Plant Physiol 2009; 151:1646-57. [PMID: 19755536 PMCID: PMC2773096 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.144626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In vivo (31)P-NMR analyses showed that the phosphate (Pi) concentration in the cytosol of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cells was much lower than the cytoplasmic Pi concentrations usually considered (60-80 mum instead of >1 mm) and that it dropped very rapidly following the onset of Pi starvation. The Pi efflux from the vacuole was insufficient to compensate for the absence of external Pi supply, suggesting that the drop of cytosolic Pi might be the first endogenous signal triggering the Pi starvation rescue metabolism. Successive short sequences of Pi supply and deprivation showed that added Pi transiently accumulated in the cytosol, then in the stroma and matrix of organelles bounded by two membranes (plastids and mitochondria, respectively), and subsequently in the vacuole. The Pi analog methylphosphonate (MeP) was used to analyze Pi exchanges across the tonoplast. MeP incorporated into cells via the Pi carrier of the plasma membrane; it accumulated massively in the cytosol and prevented Pi efflux from the vacuole. This blocking of vacuolar Pi efflux was confirmed by in vitro assays with purified vacuoles. Subsequent incorporation of Pi into the cells triggered a massive transfer of MeP from the cytosol to the vacuole. Mechanisms for Pi exchanges across the tonoplast are discussed in the light of the low cytosolic Pi level, the cell response to Pi starvation, and the Pi/MeP interactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.P., A.-M.B., E.G., R.B., R.D.); and Station Alpine Joseph Fourier, Unité Mixte de Service 2925, Université Joseph Fourier, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France (S.A.)
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Tcherkez G, Mahé A, Gauthier P, Mauve C, Gout E, Bligny R, Cornic G, Hodges M. In folio respiratory fluxomics revealed by 13C isotopic labeling and H/D isotope effects highlight the noncyclic nature of the tricarboxylic acid "cycle" in illuminated leaves. Plant Physiol 2009; 151:620-30. [PMID: 19675152 PMCID: PMC2754646 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.142976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
While the possible importance of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle reactions for leaf photosynthesis operation has been recognized, many uncertainties remain on whether TCA cycle biochemistry is similar in the light compared with the dark. It is widely accepted that leaf day respiration and the metabolic commitment to TCA decarboxylation are down-regulated in illuminated leaves. However, the metabolic basis (i.e. the limiting steps involved in such a down-regulation) is not well known. Here, we investigated the in vivo metabolic fluxes of individual reactions of the TCA cycle by developing two isotopic methods, (13)C tracing and fluxomics and the use of H/D isotope effects, with Xanthium strumarium leaves. We provide evidence that the TCA "cycle" does not work in the forward direction like a proper cycle but, rather, operates in both the reverse and forward directions to produce fumarate and glutamate, respectively. Such a functional division of the cycle plausibly reflects the compromise between two contrasted forces: (1) the feedback inhibition by NADH and ATP on TCA enzymes in the light, and (2) the need to provide pH-buffering organic acids and carbon skeletons for nitrate absorption and assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome IFR87, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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27
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Bathellier C, Tcherkez G, Mauve C, Bligny R, Gout E, Ghashghaie J. On the resilience of nitrogen assimilation by intact roots under starvation, as revealed by isotopic and metabolomic techniques. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:2847-2856. [PMID: 19670342 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The response of root metabolism to variations in carbon source availability is critical for whole-plant nitrogen (N) assimilation and growth. However, the effect of changes in the carbohydrate input to intact roots is currently not well understood and, for example, both smaller and larger values of root:shoot ratios or root N uptake have been observed so far under elevated CO(2). In addition, previous studies on sugar starvation mainly focused on senescent or excised organs while an increasing body of data suggests that intact roots may behave differently with, for example, little protein remobilization. Here, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen primary metabolism in intact roots of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants maintained under continuous darkness for 4 days. We combined natural isotopic (15)N/(14)N measurements, metabolomic and (13)C-labeling data and show that intact roots continued nitrate assimilation to glutamate for at least 3 days while the respiration rate decreased. The activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle diminished so that glutamate synthesis was sustained by the anaplerotic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase fixation. Presumably, the pentose phosphate pathway contributed to provide reducing power for nitrate reduction. All the biosynthetic metabolic fluxes were nevertheless down-regulated and, consequently, the concentration of all amino acids decreased. This is the case of asparagine, strongly suggesting that, as opposed to excised root tips, protein remobilization in intact roots remained very low for 3 days in spite of the restriction of respiratory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bathellier
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay cedex, France.
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28
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Dulermo T, Bligny R, Gout E, Cotton P. Amino acid changes during sunflower infection by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. Plant Signal Behav 2009; 4:859-61. [PMID: 19847103 PMCID: PMC2802803 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.9.9397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic changes that occur in host tissues during a necrotrophic plant/fungal interaction have been poorly investigated. Whereas carbon metabolism reprogramming and photosynthesis disturbances have been studied, data on plant amino acids stores during infection are scarce. Here we report an analysis of sunflower cotyledon amino acid content during infection with the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, by using (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. A rapid disappearance of plant amino acids was observed, most probably due to fungal assimilation. In order to explore amino acid changes due to host reaction, we investigated the amino acid content in healthy and invaded region of infected leaves. During the course of infection, glutamate store was affected at distance in the non invaded region. Glutamate depletion was correlated to an enhanced sunflower glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) transcription level in the area invaded by pathogen. Our data suggest that glutamate could be transferred to the invaded region to supply nitrogen. Such a strategy could delay cell death, and consequently disturb fungal progression in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Dulermo
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Rivasseau C, Seemann M, Boisson AM, Streb P, Gout E, Douce R, Rohmer M, Bligny R. Accumulation of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate in illuminated plant leaves at supraoptimal temperatures reveals a bottleneck of the prokaryotic methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:82-92. [PMID: 19021881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P-NMR) revealed that the leaves of different herbs and trees accumulate 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP), an intermediate of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, during bright and hot days. In spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves, its accumulation closely depended on irradiance and temperature. MEcDP was the only (31)P-NMR-detected MEP pathway intermediate. It remained in chloroplasts and was a sink for phosphate. The accumulation of MEcDP suggested that its conversion rate into 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate, catalysed by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (GcpE), was limiting under oxidative stress. Indeed, O(2) and ROS produced by photosynthesis damage this O(2)-hypersensitive [4Fe-4S]-protein. Nevertheless, as isoprenoid synthesis was not inhibited, damages were supposed to be continuously repaired. On the contrary, in the presence of cadmium that reinforced MEcDP accumulation, the MEP pathway was blocked. In vitro studies showed that Cd(2+) does not react directly with fully assembled GcpE, but interferes with its reconstitution from recombinant GcpE apoprotein and prosthetic group. Our results suggest that MEcDP accumulation in leaves may originate from both GcpE sensitivity to oxidative environment and limitations of its repair. We propose a model wherein GcpE turnover represents a bottleneck of the MEP pathway in plant leaves simultaneously exposed to high irradiance and hot temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Rivasseau
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche, institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, Grenoble, France
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30
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Bathellier C, Tcherkez G, Bligny R, Gout E, Cornic G, Ghashghaie J. Metabolic origin of the delta13C of respired CO2 in roots of Phaseolus vulgaris. New Phytol 2009; 181:387-399. [PMID: 19021866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root respiration is a major contributor to soil CO2 efflux, and thus an important component of ecosystem respiration. But its metabolic origin, in relation to the carbon isotope composition (delta13C), remains poorly understood. Here, 13C analysis was conducted on CO2 and metabolites under typical conditions or under continuous darkness in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots. 13C contents were measured either under natural abundance or following pulse-chase labeling with 13C-enriched glucose or pyruvate, using isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. In contrast to leaves, no relationship was found between the respiratory quotient and the delta13C of respired CO2, which stayed constant at a low value (c. -27.5 per thousand) under continuous darkness. With labeling experiments, it is shown that such a pattern is explained by the 13C-depleting effect of the pentose phosphate pathway; and the involvement of the Krebs cycle fueled by either the glycolytic input or the lipid/protein recycling. The anaplerotic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) activity sustained glutamic acid (Glu) synthesis, with no net effect on respired CO2. These results indicate that the root delta13C signal does not depend on the availability of root respiratory substrates and it is thus plausible that, unless the 13C photosynthetic fractionation varies at the leaf level, the root delta13C signal hardly changes under a range of natural environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bathellier
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale CEA-Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale CEA-Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale CEA-Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Elizabeth Gout
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale CEA-Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale CEA-Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jaleh Ghashghaie
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay Cedex, France;Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale CEA-Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Dulermo T, Rascle C, Chinnici G, Gout E, Bligny R, Cotton P. Dynamic carbon transfer during pathogenesis of sunflower by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea: from plant hexoses to mannitol. New Phytol 2009; 183:1149-1162. [PMID: 19500266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The main steps for carbon acquisition and conversion by Botrytis cinerea during pathogenesis of sunflower cotyledon were investigated here. A sequential view of soluble carbon metabolites detected by NMR spectroscopy during infection is presented. Disappearance of plant hexoses and their conversion to fungal metabolites were investigated by expression analysis of an extended gene family of hexose transporters (Bchxts) and of the mannitol pathway, using quantitative PCR. In order to analyse the main fungal metabolic routes used by B. cinerea in real time, we performed, for the first time, in vivo NMR analyses during plant infection. During infection, B. cinerea converts plant hexoses into mannitol. Expression analysis of the sugar porter gene family suggested predominance for transcription induced upon low glucose conditions and regulated according to the developmental phase. Allocation of plant hexoses by the pathogen revealed a conversion to mannitol, trehalose and glycogen for glucose and a preponderant transformation of fructose to mannitol by a more efficient metabolic pathway. Uptake of plant hexoses by B. cinerea is based on a multigenic flexible hexose uptake system. Their conversion into mannitol, enabled by two simultaneously expressed pathways, generates a dynamic intracellular carbon pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Dulermo
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Gaetan Chinnici
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- UMR 5168 Réponse & Dynamique Cellulaires, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Joseph Fourier-CEA-CNRS-INRA, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- UMR 5168 Réponse & Dynamique Cellulaires, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Joseph Fourier-CEA-CNRS-INRA, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Pascale Cotton
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
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Streb P, Aubert S, Gout E, Feierabend J, Bligny R. Cross tolerance to heavy-metal and cold-induced photoinhibiton in leaves of Pisum sativum acclimated to low temperature. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2008; 14:185-93. [PMID: 23572886 PMCID: PMC3550610 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-008-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Under high light intensity, low temperatures as well as heavy metals induce photoinhibition of PSII and oxidative stress in leaves. Since cold acclimation of leaves ameliorates their capacity of antioxidative defence, cross tolerance between cold-induced and heavy metal-induced photoinhibition was investigated in pea leaves grown at either 22 °C or 6 °C. The experimental conditions were chosen to induce a uniform level of short-term photoinhibition at low temperature or in the presence of CuSO4 or CdCl2 in leaves grown at 22 °C. Under all conditions photoinhibition of PSII was lower in cold-acclimated (6°C-grown) than in non-acclimated (22°C-grown) pea leaves. In darkness PSII was not affected by all treatments. Other parameters like catalase activity, chlorophyll content and metabolite contents were most sensitive to CuSO4, but less affected by CdCl2 and low temperature treatments. Strong oxidation of ascorbate and concomitant loss of catalase activity showed the enhanced oxidative stress in CuSO4-treated leaves. Generally, all measured parameters were less affected in cold-acclimated leaves than in non-acclimated leaves under all experimental conditions. Cold-acclimated pea leaves contained higher levels of ascorbate and particularly of glutathione and a higher capacity to keep the primary electron acceptor of PSII more oxidised. Incubation with heavy metals caused a nearly complete loss of reduced glutathione. It is suggested that reduced glutathione served as a source for phytochelatin synthesis. The extraordinarily high glutathione content in cold-acclimated pea leaves might therefore increase their ability to chelate heavy metals and thus to protect leaves from heavy-metal induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Streb
- />Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 362, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Serge Aubert
- />Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA) UMR 5553 CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- />Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale... Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR5575, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53X, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jürgen Feierabend
- />Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität, D-60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard Bligny
- />Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale... Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR5575, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53X, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Tcherkez G, Bligny R, Gout E, Mahé A, Hodges M, Cornic G. Respiratory metabolism of illuminated leaves depends on CO2 and O2 conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:797-802. [PMID: 18184808 PMCID: PMC2206616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708947105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Day respiration is the process by which nonphotorespiratory CO2 is produced by illuminated leaves. The biological function of day respiratory metabolism is a major conundrum of plant photosynthesis research: because the rate of CO2 evolution is partly inhibited in the light, it is viewed as either detrimental to plant carbon balance or necessary for photosynthesis operation (e.g., in providing cytoplasmic ATP for sucrose synthesis). Systematic variations in the rate of day respiration under contrasting environmental conditions have been used to elucidate the metabolic rationale of respiration in the light. Using isotopic techniques, we show that both glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle activities are inversely related to the ambient CO2/O2 ratio: day respiratory metabolism is enhanced under high photorespiratory (low CO2) conditions. Such a relationship also correlates with the dihydroxyacetone phosphate/Glc-6-P ratio, suggesting that photosynthetic products exert a control on day respiration. Thus, day respiration is normally inhibited by phosphoryl (ATP/ADP) and reductive (NADH/NAD) poise but is up-regulated by photorespiration. Such an effect may be related to the need for NH2 transfers during the recovery of photorespiratory cycle intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 87, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Aubert S, Juge C, Boisson AM, Gout E, Bligny R. Metabolic processes sustaining the reviviscence of lichen Xanthoria elegans (Link) in high mountain environments. Planta 2007; 226:1287-97. [PMID: 17574473 PMCID: PMC2386907 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To survive in high mountain environments lichens must adapt themselves to alternating periods of desiccation and hydration. Respiration and photosynthesis of the foliaceous lichen, Xanthoria elegans, in the dehydrated state were below the threshold of CO2-detection by infrared gas analysis. Following hydration, respiration totally recovered within seconds and photosynthesis within minutes. In order to identify metabolic processes that may contribute to the quick and efficient reactivation of lichen physiological processes, we analysed the metabolite profile of lichen thalli step by step during hydration/dehydration cycles, using 31P- and 13C-NMR. It appeared that the recovery of respiration was prepared during dehydration by the accumulation of a reserve of gluconate 6-P (glcn-6-P) and by the preservation of nucleotide pools, whereas glycolytic and photosynthetic intermediates like glucose 6-P and ribulose 1,5-diphosphate were absent. The large pools of polyols present in both X. elegans photo- and mycobiont are likely to contribute to the protection of cell constituents like nucleotides, proteins, and membrane lipids, and to preserve the integrity of intracellular structures during desiccation. Our data indicate that glcn-6-P accumulated due to activation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, in response to a need for reducing power (NADPH) during the dehydration-triggered down-regulation of cell metabolism. On the contrary, glcn-6-P was metabolised immediately after hydration, supplying respiration with substrates during the replenishment of pools of glycolytic and photosynthetic intermediates. Finally, the high net photosynthetic activity of wet X. elegans thalli at low temperature may help this alpine lichen to take advantage of brief hydration opportunities such as ice melting, thus favouring its growth in harsh high mountain climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Aubert
- Station Alpine Joseph Fourier, UMS 2925 UJF CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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Jobic C, Boisson AM, Gout E, Rascle C, Fèvre M, Cotton P, Bligny R. Metabolic processes and carbon nutrient exchanges between host and pathogen sustain the disease development during sunflower infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Planta 2007; 226:251-65. [PMID: 17219185 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and one of its hosts, Helianthus annuus L., were analyzed during fungal colonization of plant tissues. Metabolomic analysis, based on (13)C- and (31)P-NMR spectroscopy, was used to draw up the profiles of soluble metabolites of the two partners before interaction, and to trace the fate of metabolites specific of each partner during colonization. In sunflower cotyledons, the main soluble carbohydrates were glucose, fructose, sucrose and glutamate. In S. sclerotiorum extracts, glucose, trehalose and mannitol were the predominant soluble carbon stores. During infection, a decline in sugars and amino acids was observed in the plant and fungus total content. Sucrose and fructose, initially present almost exclusively in plant, were reduced by 85%. We used a biochemical approach to correlate the disappearance of sucrose with the expression and the activity of fungal invertase. The expression of two hexose transporters, Sshxt1 and Sshxt2, was enhanced during infection. A database search for hexose transporters homologues in the S. sclerotiorum genome revealed a multigenic sugar transport system. Furthermore, the composition of the pool of reserve sugars and polyols during infection was investigated. Whereas mannitol was produced in vitro and accumulated in planta, glycerol was exclusively produced in infected tissues and increased during colonization. The hypothesis that the induction of glycerol synthesis in S. sclerotiorum exerts a positive effect on osmotic protection of fungal cells and favors fungal growth in plant tissues is discussed. Taken together, our data revealed the importance of carbon-nutrient exchanges during the necrotrophic pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Jobic
- Laboratoire de Pathogénie des Champignons Nécrotrophes, CNRS, UMR5122, Unité Microbiologie et Génétique, Université Lyon 1, Bat Lwoff, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
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Rébeillé F, Jabrin S, Bligny R, Loizeau K, Gambonnet B, Van Wilder V, Douce R, Ravanel S. Methionine catabolism in Arabidopsis cells is initiated by a gamma-cleavage process and leads to S-methylcysteine and isoleucine syntheses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15687-92. [PMID: 17030798 PMCID: PMC1622882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606195103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in elucidating the regulation of methionine (Met) synthesis, little is known about the catabolism of this amino acid in plants. In this article, we present several lines of evidence indicating that the cleavage of Met catalyzed by Met gamma-lyase is the first step in this process. First, we cloned an Arabidopsis cDNA coding a functional Met gamma-lyase (AtMGL), a cytosolic enzyme catalyzing the conversion of Met into methanethiol, alpha-ketobutyrate, and ammonia. AtMGL is present in all of the Arabidopsis organs and tissues analyzed, except in quiescent dry mature seeds, thus suggesting that AtMGL is involved in the regulation of Met homeostasis in various situations. Also, we demonstrated that the expression of AtMGL was induced in Arabidopsis cells in response to high Met levels, probably to bypass the elevated Km of the enzyme for Met. Second, [13C]-NMR profiling of Arabidopsis cells fed with [13C]Met allowed us to identify labeled S-adenosylmethionine, S-methylmethionine, S-methylcysteine (SMC), and isoleucine (Ile). The unexpected production of SMC and Ile was directly associated to the function of Met gamma-lyase. Indeed, we showed that part of the methanethiol produced during Met cleavage could react with an activated form of serine to produce SMC. The second product of Met cleavage, alpha-ketobutyrate, entered the pathway of Ile synthesis in plastids. Together, these data indicate that Met catabolism in Arabidopsis cells is initiated by a gamma-cleavage process and can result in the formation of the essential amino acid Ile and a potential storage form for sulfide or methyl groups, SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Samuel Jabrin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Karen Loizeau
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Bernadette Gambonnet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Valérie Van Wilder
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Roland Douce
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Rivasseau C, Boisson AM, Mongélard G, Couram G, Bastien O, Bligny R. Rapid analysis of organic acids in plant extracts by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:283-90. [PMID: 16860328 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast, reliable capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with indirect UV detection was optimized and validated to determine the main organic acids contained in plants. Citric, malic, succinic, oxalic, formic, fumaric, acetic acids, and phosphate were quantified. A rapid separation while keeping a good resolution was obtained by optimizing capillary length, separation voltage, electrolyte composition, and pH. Analyses were performed in a 30 cm uncoated fused-silica capillary (length to the detector window) in the co-electroosmotic mode with reversed electroosmotic flow and anodic detection using a -30 kV separation voltage. The pH 9.0 electrolyte contained 3 x 10(-4)mol/L tetradecyltrimethylammonium and 10(-2)mol/L trimellitate. Separation with baseline return was achieved in 100 s. Linearity, detection limits, repeatability, reproducibility, and recoveries were evaluated. Mean precision values of 0.2 and 3.4% for migration times and time-corrected peak areas, respectively, enabled accurate identification and quantification whether in standard solutions or in samples. Such performances were perfectly adapted to high-throughput routine determinations of organic acids in research or industry. Organic acids were assayed in different plant tissues and cells, including sycamore, arabidopsis, buttercup, and pea. Citrate and malate were the most abundant in all plants tested with concentrations reaching 18.9 and 22.3 micromol/g fresh matter, respectively. Cadmium effect on pea leaves metabolism was also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Rivasseau
- CEA, DSV, DRDC, Laboratory of Plant Cellular Physiology, UMR 5168 CEA/CNRS/INRA/UJF, Grenoble, France.
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Nogués S, Tcherkez G, Streb P, Pardo A, Baptist F, Bligny R, Ghashghaie J, Cornic G. Respiratory carbon metabolism in the high mountain plant species Ranunculus glacialis. J Exp Bot 2006; 57:3837-45. [PMID: 17030537 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about the primary carbon metabolism of the high mountain plant Ranunculus glacialis. It is a species with C3 photosynthesis, but with exceptionally high malate content in its leaves, the biological significance of which remains unclear. 13C/12C-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) labelling were used to study the carbon metabolism of R. glacialis, paying special attention to respiration. Although leaf dark respiration was high, the temperature response had a Q10 of 2, and the respiratory quotient (CO2 produced divided by O2 consumed) was nearly 1, indicating that the respiratory pool is comprised of carbohydrates. Malate, which may be a large carbon substrate, was not respired. However, when CO2 fixed by photosynthesis was labelled, little labelling of the CO2 subsequently respired in the dark was detected, indicating that: (i) most of the carbon recently assimilated during photosynthesis is not respired in the dark; and (ii) the carbon used for respiration originates from (unlabelled) reserves. This is the first demonstration of such a low metabolic coupling of assimilated and respired carbon in leaves. The biological significance of the uncoupling between assimilation and respiration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Nogués
- Station Alpine Joseph Fourier, UMS UJF CNRS 2925-Col du Lautaret, 05480 Villar d'Arène, France.
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Misson J, Raghothama KG, Jain A, Jouhet J, Block MA, Bligny R, Ortet P, Creff A, Somerville S, Rolland N, Doumas P, Nacry P, Herrerra-Estrella L, Nussaume L, Thibaud MC. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis using Arabidopsis thaliana Affymetrix gene chips determined plant responses to phosphate deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11934-9. [PMID: 16085708 PMCID: PMC1188001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505266102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus, one of the essential elements for plants, is often a limiting nutrient because of its low availability and mobility in soils. Significant changes in plant morphology and biochemical processes are associated with phosphate (Pi) deficiency. However, the molecular bases of these responses to Pi deficiency are not thoroughly elucidated. Therefore, a comprehensive survey of global gene expression in response to Pi deprivation was done by using Arabidopsis thaliana whole genome Affymetrix gene chip (ATH1) to quantify the spatio-temporal variations in transcript abundance of 22,810 genes. The analysis revealed a coordinated induction and suppression of 612 and 254 Pi-responsive genes, respectively. The functional classification of some of these genes indicated their involvement in various metabolic pathways, ion transport, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and other processes related to growth and development. This study is a detailed analysis of Pi starvation-induced changes in gene expression of the entire genome of Arabidopsis correlated with biochemical processes. The results not only enhance our knowledge about molecular processes associated with Pi deficiency, but also facilitate the identification of key molecular determinants for improving Pi use by crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Misson
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unite Mixte de Recherche 6191, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Abstract
Day respiration of illuminated C(3) leaves is not well understood and particularly, the metabolic origin of the day respiratory CO(2) production is poorly known. This issue was addressed in leaves of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) using (12)C/(13)C stable isotope techniques on illuminated leaves fed with (13)C-enriched glucose or pyruvate. The (13)CO(2) production in light was measured using the deviation of the photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination induced by the decarboxylation of the (13)C-enriched compounds. Using different positional (13)C-enrichments, it is shown that the Krebs cycle is reduced by 95% in the light and that the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is much less reduced, by 27% or less. Glucose molecules are scarcely metabolized to liberate CO(2) in the light, simply suggesting that they can rarely enter glycolysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis confirmed this view; when leaves are fed with (13)C-glucose, leaf sucrose and glucose represent nearly 90% of the leaf (13)C content, demonstrating that glucose is mainly directed to sucrose synthesis. Taken together, these data indicate that several metabolic down-regulations (glycolysis, Krebs cycle) accompany the light/dark transition and emphasize the decrease of the Krebs cycle decarboxylations as a metabolic basis of the light-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8079, Bât. 362, Centre scientifique d'Orsay, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Baldan B, Bligny R, Joyard J, Block MA. Phosphate deprivation induces transfer of DGDG galactolipid from chloroplast to mitochondria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 167:863-74. [PMID: 15569715 PMCID: PMC2172463 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200407022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In many soils plants have to grow in a shortage of phosphate, leading to development of phosphate-saving mechanisms. At the cellular level, these mechanisms include conversion of phospholipids into glycolipids, mainly digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). The lipid changes are not restricted to plastid membranes where DGDG is synthesized and resides under normal conditions. In plant cells deprived of phosphate, mitochondria contain a high concentration of DGDG, whereas mitochondria have no glycolipids in control cells. Mitochondria do not synthesize this pool of DGDG, which structure is shown to be characteristic of a DGD type enzyme present in plastid envelope. The transfer of DGDG between plastid and mitochondria is investigated and detected between mitochondria-closely associated envelope vesicles and mitochondria. This transfer does not apparently involve the endomembrane system and would rather be dependent upon contacts between plastids and mitochondria. Contacts sites are favored at early stages of phosphate deprivation when DGDG cell content is just starting to respond to phosphate deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5168 (CNRS/CEA/Université Jseph Fourier/INRA), DRDC-PCV, CEA-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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Aubert S, Choler P, Pratt J, Douzet R, Gout E, Bligny R. Methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside in higher plants: accumulation and intracellular localization in Geum montanum L. leaves and in model systems studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. J Exp Bot 2004; 55:2179-2189. [PMID: 15361539 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erh235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using (13)C-NMR, methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MeG) was characterized as a major compound in the leaves of the alpine herb Geum montanum L. MeG continuously accumulated during the life span of G. montanum leaves, and accounted for up to 20% of the soluble carbohydrates in aged overwintering leaves, without being reallocated during senescence. Incubating intact plant tissues, culture cells, and purified organelles with (13)C-labelled substrates showed that MeG was synthesized in the cytosol of cells, directly from glucose and methanol molecules. There was no contribution of the C-1 pathway. MeG was subsequently stored in the vacuole without being re-exported to the cytoplasm. All the dicots tested contained the enzymatic machinery permitting MeG synthesis from methanol and glucose, but the plants accumulating this compound at concentrations higher than 1 micromol g(-1) wet wt were mainly members of the Rosaceae family belonging to the Rosoideae subfamily. It is suggested that the synthesis of MeG may contribute to reduce the accumulation in the cytoplasm of methanol and its derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aubert
- Station Alpine du Lautaret, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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Van Der Rest B, Rolland N, Boisson AM, Ferro M, Bligny R, Douce R. Identification and characterization of plant glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase. Biochem J 2004; 379:601-7. [PMID: 14750903 PMCID: PMC1224124 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GPX-PDE (glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase; EC 3.1.4.46) is a relatively poorly characterized enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of various glycerophosphodiesters (glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoglycerol, glycerophosphoserine and bis-glycerophosphoglycerol), releasing sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and the corresponding alcohol. In a previous study, we demonstrated the existence of a novel GPX-PDE in the cell walls and vacuoles of plant cells. Since no GPX-PDE had been identified in any plant organism, the purification of GPX-PDE from carrot cell walls was attempted. After extraction of cell wall proteins from carrot cell suspension cultures with CaCl2, GPX-PDE was purified up to 2700-fold using, successively, ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and concanavalin A-Sepharose. Internal sequence analysis of a 55 kDa protein identified in the extract following 2700-fold purification revealed strong similarity to the primary sequence of GLPQ, a bacterial GPX-PDE. To confirm the identity of plant GPX-PDE, an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA similar to that encoding the bacterial GPX-PDE was cloned and overexpressed in a bacterial expression system, and was used to raise antibodies against the putative Arabidopsis thaliana GPX-PDE. Immunochemical assays performed on carrot cell wall proteins extracted by CaCl2 treatment showed a strong correlation between GPX-PDE activity and detection of the 55 kDa protein, validating the identity of the plant GPX-PDE. Finally, various properties of the purified enzyme were investigated. GPX-PDE is a multimeric enzyme, specific for glycerophosphodiesters, exhibiting a K(m) of 36 microM for glycerophosphocholine and active within a wide pH range (from 4 to 10). Since these properties are similar to those of GLPQ, the bacterial GPX-PDE, the similarities between plant and bacterial enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Van Der Rest
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, CNRS, INRA Université Joseph Fourier, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Tournaire-Roux C, Sutka M, Javot H, Gout E, Gerbeau P, Luu DT, Bligny R, Maurel C. Cytosolic pH regulates root water transport during anoxic stress through gating of aquaporins. Nature 2003; 425:393-7. [PMID: 14508488 DOI: 10.1038/nature01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flooding of soils results in acute oxygen deprivation (anoxia) of plant roots during winter in temperate latitudes, or after irrigation, and is a major problem for agriculture. One early response of plants to anoxia and other environmental stresses is downregulation of water uptake due to inhibition of the water permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of roots (Lp(r)). Root water uptake is mediated largely by water channel proteins (aquaporins) of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) subgroup. These aquaporins may mediate stress-induced inhibition of Lp(r) but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here we delineate the whole-root and cell bases for inhibition of water uptake by anoxia and link them to cytosol acidosis. We also uncover a molecular mechanism for aquaporin gating by cytosolic pH. Because it is conserved in all PIPs, this mechanism provides a basis for explaining the inhibition of Lp(r) by anoxia and possibly other stresses. More generally, our work opens new routes to explore pH-dependent cell signalling processes leading to regulation of water transport in plant tissues or in animal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Tournaire-Roux
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2 et Ecole Nationale d'Agronomie, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
In plants, phosphate deprivation is normally known to decrease the phospholipid content consistent with a mobilization of the phosphate reserve, and conversely to increase non-phosphorous membrane lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglycerol. We report here that unexpectedly, at an early stage of phosphate starvation, phosphatidylcholine (PC) increases transiently. We also show that a significant pool of diacylglycerol (DAG) with the same fatty acid composition as that of PC is present and moreover increases in response to phosphate deprivation. The evolution of the molecular profile of the newly synthesized galactolipids is compatible with a utilization of DAG accumulating from PC hydrolysis, achieved after selection of their acyl molecular species by the galactolipid synthesizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5019 (CNRS/CEA/Université Joseph Fourier), DRDC/PCV, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, France
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46
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Abstract
In plants, phosphate deprivation is normally known to decrease the phospholipid content consistent with a mobilization of the phosphate reserve, and conversely to increase non-phosphorous membrane lipids such as digalactosyldiacylglycerol. We report here that unexpectedly, at an early stage of phosphate starvation, phosphatidylcholine (PC) increases transiently. We also show that a significant pool of diacylglycerol (DAG) with the same fatty acid composition as that of PC is present and moreover increases in response to phosphate deprivation. The evolution of the molecular profile of the newly synthesized galactolipids is compatible with a utilization of DAG accumulating from PC hydrolysis, achieved after selection of their acyl molecular species by the galactolipid synthesizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5019 (CNRS/CEA/Université Joseph Fourier), DRDC/PCV, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, France
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47
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Streb P, Aubert S, Gout E, Bligny R. Cold- and light-induced changes of metabolite and antioxidant levels in two high mountain plant species Soldanella alpina and Ranunculus glacialis and a lowland species Pisum sativum. Physiol Plant 2003; 118:96-104. [PMID: 12702018 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of the two cold-acclimated alpine plant species Ranunculus glacialis and Soldanella alpina and, for comparison, of the non-acclimated lowland species Pisum sativum were illuminated with high light intensity at low temperature. The light- and cold-induced changes of antioxidants and of the major carbon and phosphate metabolites were analysed to examine which metabolic pathways might be limiting in non-acclimated pea leaves and whether alpine plants are able to circumvent such limitation. During illumination at low temperature pea leaves accumulated high quantities of sucrose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, mannose-6-phosphate and phosphoglycerate (PGA) whereas ATP/ADP-ratios decreased. Although the PGA content also increased in leaves of R. glacialis the other metabolites did not accumulate and ATP/ADP-ratios remained fairly constant in either alpine species. These data indicate a inorganic phosphate (Pi)-limitation in the chloroplasts of pea leaves but not in the alpine species. However, the total phosphate pool and the percentage of free Pi were highest in pea and did not change during illumination in cold. In contrast, free Pi contents declined markedly in R. glacialis leaves, suggesting that Pi is available for metabolism in this species. In S. alpina leaves contents of ascorbate and glutathione doubled in light and cold, while the contents of sugars did not increase. Obviously, S. alpina leaves can use assimilated carbon for ascorbate synthesis, rather than for the synthesis of sugars. A high capacity for ascorbate synthesis might prevent the accumulation of mannose-6-phosphate and Pi-limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Streb
- Station Alpine du Lautaret and Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5019 (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier), Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France Present address: Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Végétale, Bâtiment 362, UFR Scientifique d'Orsay Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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48
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Streb P, Aubert S, Gout E, Bligny R. Reversibility of cold- and light-stress tolerance and accompanying changes of metabolite and antioxidant levels in the two high mountain plant species Soldanella alpina and Ranunculus glacialis. J Exp Bot 2003. [PMID: 12493869 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/54.381.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two high mountain plants Soldanella alpina (L.) and Ranunculus glacialis (L.) were transferred from their natural environment to two different growth conditions (22 degrees C and 6 degrees C) at low elevation in order to investigate the possibility of de-acclimation to light and cold and the importance of antioxidants and metabolite levels. The results were compared with the lowland crop plant Pisum sativum (L.) as a control. Leaves of R. glacialis grown for 3 weeks at 22 degrees C were more sensitive to light-stress (defined as damage to photosynthesis, reduction of catalase activity (EC 1.11.1.6) and bleaching of chlorophyll) than leaves collected in high mountains or grown at 6 degrees C. Light-stress tolerance of S. alpina leaves was not markedly changed. Therefore, acclimation is reversible in R. glacialis leaves, but constitutive or long-lasting in S. alpina leaves. The different growth conditions induced significant changes in non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (qN) and the contents of antioxidants and xanthophyll cycle pigments. These changes did not correlate with light-stress tolerance, questioning their role for light- and cold-acclimation of both alpine species. However, ascorbate contents remained very high in leaves of S. alpina under all growth conditions (12-19% of total soluble carbon). In cold-acclimated leaves of R. glacialis, malate represented one of the most abundant compounds of total soluble carbon (22%). Malate contents declined significantly in de-acclimated leaves, suggesting a possible involvement of malate, or malate metabolism, in light-stress tolerance. Leaves of the lowland plant P. sativum were more sensitive to light-stress than the alpine species, and contained only low amounts of malate and ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Streb
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5019 (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier), Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Grenoble, France.
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Streb P, Aubert S, Gout E, Bligny R. Reversibility of cold- and light-stress tolerance and accompanying changes of metabolite and antioxidant levels in the two high mountain plant species Soldanella alpina and Ranunculus glacialis. J Exp Bot 2003; 54:405-18. [PMID: 12493869 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erg048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two high mountain plants Soldanella alpina (L.) and Ranunculus glacialis (L.) were transferred from their natural environment to two different growth conditions (22 degrees C and 6 degrees C) at low elevation in order to investigate the possibility of de-acclimation to light and cold and the importance of antioxidants and metabolite levels. The results were compared with the lowland crop plant Pisum sativum (L.) as a control. Leaves of R. glacialis grown for 3 weeks at 22 degrees C were more sensitive to light-stress (defined as damage to photosynthesis, reduction of catalase activity (EC 1.11.1.6) and bleaching of chlorophyll) than leaves collected in high mountains or grown at 6 degrees C. Light-stress tolerance of S. alpina leaves was not markedly changed. Therefore, acclimation is reversible in R. glacialis leaves, but constitutive or long-lasting in S. alpina leaves. The different growth conditions induced significant changes in non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (qN) and the contents of antioxidants and xanthophyll cycle pigments. These changes did not correlate with light-stress tolerance, questioning their role for light- and cold-acclimation of both alpine species. However, ascorbate contents remained very high in leaves of S. alpina under all growth conditions (12-19% of total soluble carbon). In cold-acclimated leaves of R. glacialis, malate represented one of the most abundant compounds of total soluble carbon (22%). Malate contents declined significantly in de-acclimated leaves, suggesting a possible involvement of malate, or malate metabolism, in light-stress tolerance. Leaves of the lowland plant P. sativum were more sensitive to light-stress than the alpine species, and contained only low amounts of malate and ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Streb
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5019 (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier), Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Grenoble, France.
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van der Rest B, Boisson AM, Gout E, Bligny R, Douce R. Glycerophosphocholine metabolism in higher plant cells. Evidence of a new glyceryl-phosphodiester phosphodiesterase. Plant Physiol 2002; 130:244-55. [PMID: 12226504 PMCID: PMC166557 DOI: 10.1104/pp.003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2002] [Revised: 03/06/2002] [Accepted: 05/16/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) is a diester that accumulates in different physiological processes leading to phospholipid remodeling. However, very little is known about its metabolism in higher plant cells. (31)P-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biochemical analyses performed on carrot (Daucus carota) cells fed with GroPCho revealed the existence of an extracellular GroPCho phosphodiesterase. This enzymatic activity splits GroPCho into sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and free choline. In vivo, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate is further hydrolyzed into glycerol and inorganic phosphate by acid phosphatase. We visualized the incorporation and the compartmentation of choline and observed that the major choline pool was phosphorylated and accumulated in the cytosol, whereas a minor fraction was incorporated in the vacuole as free choline. Isolation of plasma membranes, culture medium, and cell wall proteins enabled us to localize this phosphodiesterase activity on the cell wall. We also report the existence of an intracellular glycerophosphodiesterase. This second activity is localized in the vacuole and hydrolyzes GroPCho in a similar fashion to the cell wall phosphodiesterase. Both extra- and intracellular phosphodiesterases are widespread among different plant species and are often enhanced during phosphate deprivation. Finally, competition experiments on the extracellular phosphodiesterase suggested a specificity for glycerophosphodiesters (apparent K(m) of 50 microM), which distinguishes it from other phosphodiesterases previously described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît van der Rest
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5019, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Grenoble, France
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