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Elhamouly NA, Hewedy OA, Zaitoon A, Miraples A, Elshorbagy OT, Hussien S, El-Tahan A, Peng D. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044896. [PMID: 36578344 PMCID: PMC9790997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal secondary metabolites (SM) are a diverse group of substances that exhibit a wide range of chemical properties and generally fall into one of four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the latter two. They are incredibly varied in their functions and are often related to the increased fitness of the respective fungus in its environment, often competing with other microbes or interacting with plant species. Several of these metabolites have essential roles in the biological control of plant diseases by various beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection and biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural metabolites can promote root and shoot development and/or disease resistance by activating host systemic defenses. The ability of these microorganisms to synthesize and store biologically active metabolites that are a potent source of novel natural compounds beneficial for agriculture is becoming a top priority for SM fungi research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant secondary metabolites with antifungal properties and the role of signaling molecules in induced and acquired systemic resistance activities. Additionally, fungal secondary metabolites mimic plant promotion molecules such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which modulate plant growth under biotic stress. Moreover, we will present a new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using fungal secondary metabolites to achieve sustainable food production and microbial diversity in an eco-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Atta Elhamouly
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelica Miraples
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Omnia T. Elshorbagy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Hussien
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Wang Q, Wang C, Lv S, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Yuan J, Zhang H, Kang Z, Ji W. An alternative splicing isoform of wheat TaYRG1 resistance protein activates immunity by interacting with dynamin-related proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5474-5489. [PMID: 35652375 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a commercially important crop and its production is seriously threatened by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici West (Pst). Resistance (R) genes are critical factors that facilitate plant immune responses. Here, we report a wheat R gene NB-ARC-LRR ortholog, TaYRG1, that is associated with distinct alternative splicing events in wheat infected by Pst. The native splice variant, TaYRG1.6, encodes internal-motif-deleted polypeptides with the same N- and C-termini as TaYRG1.1, resulting in gain of function. Transient expression of protein variants in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the NB and ARC domains, and TaYRG1.6 (half LRR domain), stimulate robust elicitor-independent cell death based on a signal peptide, although the activity was negatively modulated by the CC and complete LRR domains. Furthermore, molecular genetic analyses indicated that TaYRG1.6 enhanced resistance to Pst in wheat. Moreover, we provide multiple lines of evidence that TaYRG1.6 interacts with a dynamin-related protein, TaDrp1. Proteome profiling suggested that the TaYRG1.6-TaDrp1-DNM complex in the membrane trafficking systems may trigger cell death by mobilizing lipid and kinase signaling in the endocytosis pathway. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism by which TaYRG1 activates cell death and enhances disease resistance by reconfiguring protein structure through alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shikai Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Lewis RW, Okubara PA, Sullivan TS, Madden BJ, Johnson KL, Charlesworth MC, Fuerst EP. Proteome-Wide Response of Dormant Caryopses of the Weed, Avena fatua, After Colonization by a Seed-Decay Isolate of Fusarium avenaceum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1103-1117. [PMID: 35365054 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0234-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Promoting seed decay is an ecological approach to reducing weed persistence in the soil seedbank. Previous work demonstrated that Fusarium avenaceum F.a.1 decays dormant Avena fatua (wild oat) caryopses and induces several defense enzyme activities in vitro. The objectives of this study were to obtain a global perspective of proteins expressed after F.a.1-caryopsis colonization by conducting proteomic evaluations on (i) leachates, soluble extrinsic (seed-surface) proteins released upon washing caryopses in buffer and (ii) proteins extracted from whole caryopses; interactions with aluminum (Al) were also evaluated in the latter study because soil acidification and associated metal toxicity are growing problems. Of the 119 leachate proteins classified as defense/stress, 80 were induced or repressed. Defense/stress proteins were far more abundant in A. fatua (35%) than in F.a.1 (12%). Avena defense/stress proteins were also the most highly regulated category, with 30% induced and 35% repressed by F.a.1. Antifungal proteins represented 36% of Avena defense proteins and were the most highly regulated, with 36% induced and 37% repressed by F.a.1. These results implicate selective regulation of Avena defense proteins by F.a.1. Fusarium proteins were also highly abundant in the leachates, with 10% related to pathogenicity, 45% of which were associated with host cell wall degradation. In whole caryopsis extracts, fungal colonization generally resulted in induction of a similar set of Avena proteins in the presence and absence of Al. Results advance the hypothesis that seed decay pathogens elicit intricate and dynamic biochemical responses in dormant seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky W Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Patricia A Okubara
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Tarah S Sullivan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Benjamin J Madden
- Mayo Clinic Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kenneth L Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - E Patrick Fuerst
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
- Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
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Asynchronous development of Zymoseptoria tritici infection in wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 146:103504. [PMID: 33326850 PMCID: PMC7812371 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici passes 6 morphologically defined stages during infection. Surface-located spores and hyphae are found for up to 17/18 days. Entry through stomata occurs from 1 to 13 days post infection. Mesophyll apoplast colonisation continuously increases during infection. Up to 5 stages co-exist in infected leaves at a given time.
The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch of wheat. Pathogenicity begins with spore germination, followed by stomata invasion by hyphae, mesophyll colonization and fruiting body formation. It was previously found that entry into the plant via stomata occurs in a non-synchronized way over several days, while later developmental steps, such as early and late fruiting body formation, were reported to follow each other in time. This suggests synchronization of the pathogen population in planta prior to sporulation. Here, we image a fluorescent Z. tritici IPO323-derived strain during infection. We describe 6 morphologically distinct developmental stages, and determine their abundance in infected leaves, with time post inoculation. This demonstrates that 3-5 stages co-exist in infected tissues at any given time. Thus, later stages of pathogen development also occur asynchronously amongst the population of infecting cells. This merits consideration when interpreting transcriptomics or proteomics data gathered from infected plants.
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Jones TKL, Medina RF. Corn Stunt Disease: An Ideal Insect-Microbial-Plant Pathosystem for Comprehensive Studies of Vector-Borne Plant Diseases of Corn. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060747. [PMID: 32545891 PMCID: PMC7356856 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 700 plant diseases identified as vector-borne negatively impact plant health and food security globally. The pest control of vector-borne diseases in agricultural settings is in urgent need of more effective tools. Ongoing research in genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and vector behavior has begun to unravel new insights into the transmission of phytopathogens by their insect vectors. However, the intricate mechanisms involved in phytopathogen transmission for certain pathosystems warrant further investigation. In this review, we propose the corn stunt pathosystem (Zea mays-Spiroplasma kunkelii-Dalbulus maidis) as an ideal model for dissecting the molecular determinants and mechanisms underpinning the persistent transmission of a mollicute by its specialist insect vector to an economically important monocotyledonous crop. Corn stunt is the most important disease of corn in the Americas and the Caribbean, where it causes the severe stunting of corn plants and can result in up to 100% yield loss. A comprehensive study of the corn stunt disease system will pave the way for the discovery of novel molecular targets for genetic pest control targeting either the insect vector or the phytopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara-kay L. Jones
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA;
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research—Weslaco, 2415 E. Business 83, Weslaco, TX 78596-8344, USA
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-4775
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Ors M, Randoux B, Siah A, Couleaud G, Maumené C, Sahmer K, Reignault P, Halama P, Selim S. A Plant Nutrient- and Microbial Protein-Based Resistance Inducer Elicits Wheat Cultivar-Dependent Resistance Against Zymoseptoria tritici. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2033-2045. [PMID: 31294680 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0075-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The induction of plant defense mechanisms by resistance inducers is an attractive and innovative alternative to reduce the use of fungicides on wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, the responsible agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB). Under controlled conditions, we investigated the resistance induction in three wheat cultivars with different susceptible levels to STB as a response to a treatment with a sulfur, manganese sulfate, and protein-based resistance inducer (NECTAR Céréales). While no direct antigermination effect of the product was observed in planta, more than 50% reduction of both symptoms and sporulation were recorded on the three tested cultivars. However, an impact of the wheat genotype on resistance induction was highlighted, which affects host penetration, cell colonization, and the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes by the fungus. Moreover, in the most susceptible cultivar Alixan, the product upregulated POX2, PAL, PR1, and GLUC gene expression in both noninoculated and inoculated plants and CHIT2 in noninoculated plants only. In contrast, defense responses induced in Altigo, the most resistant cultivar, seem to be more specifically mediated by the phenylpropanoid pathway in noninoculated as well as inoculated plants, since PAL and CHS were most specifically upregulated in this cultivar. In Premio, the moderate resistant cultivar, NECTAR Céréales elicits mainly the octadecanoid pathway, via LOX and AOS induction in noninoculated plants. We concluded that this complex resistance-inducing product protects wheat against Z. tritici by stimulating the cultivar-dependent plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ors
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - B Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
| | - A Siah
- Institut Charles Viollette (EA 7394), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, Université de Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - G Couleaud
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - C Maumené
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - K Sahmer
- Equipe Sols et Environnement, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (EA 4515), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - P Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
| | - P Halama
- Institut Charles Viollette (EA 7394), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, Université de Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - S Selim
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet 3417, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, F-60026 Beauvais Cedex, France
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Kettles GJ, Hofinger BJ, Hu P, Bayon C, Rudd JJ, Balmer D, Courbot M, Hammond-Kosack KE, Scalliet G, Kanyuka K. sRNA Profiling Combined With Gene Function Analysis Reveals a Lack of Evidence for Cross-Kingdom RNAi in the Wheat - Zymoseptoria tritici Pathosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:892. [PMID: 31333714 PMCID: PMC6620828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-kingdom small RNA (sRNA) silencing has recently emerged as a mechanism facilitating fungal colonization and disease development. Here we characterized RNAi pathways in Zymoseptoria tritici, a major fungal pathogen of wheat, and assessed their contribution to pathogenesis. Computational analysis of fungal sRNA and host mRNA sequencing datasets was used to define the global sRNA populations in Z. tritici and predict their mRNA targets in wheat. 389 in planta-induced sRNA loci were identified. sRNAs generated from some of these loci were predicted to target wheat mRNAs including those potentially involved in pathogen defense. However, molecular approaches failed to validate targeting of selected wheat mRNAs by fungal sRNAs. Mutant strains of Z. tritici carrying deletions of genes encoding key components of RNAi such as Dicer-like (DCL) and Argonaute (AGO) proteins were generated, and virulence bioassays suggested that these are dispensable for full infection of wheat. Nonetheless, our results did suggest the existence of non-canonical DCL-independent pathway(s) for sRNA biogenesis in Z. tritici. dsRNA targeting essential fungal genes applied in vitro or generated from an RNA virus vector in planta in a procedure known as HIGS (Host-Induced Gene Silencing) was ineffective in preventing Z. tritici growth or disease. We also demonstrated that Z. tritici is incapable of dsRNA uptake. Collectively, our data suggest that RNAi approaches for gene function analyses in this fungal species and potentially also as a control measure may not be as effective as has been demonstrated for some other plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J. Kettles
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard J. Hofinger
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Pingsha Hu
- Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Carlos Bayon
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Balmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
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Wang C, Liu Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Yan J, Wang C, Li C, Yang J. The biotrophy-associated secreted protein 4 (BAS4) participates in the transition of Magnaporthe oryzae from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:795-807. [PMID: 31049006 PMCID: PMC6486625 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological and metabolic processes of host plants are manipulated and remodeled by phytopathogenic fungi during infection, revealed obvious signs of biotrophy of the hemibiotrophic pathogen. As we known that effector proteins play key roles in interaction of hemibiotrophic fungi and their host plants. BAS4 (biotrophy-associated secreted protein 4) is an EIHM (extrainvasive hyphal membrane) matrix protein that was highly expressed in infectious hyphae. In order to study whether BAS4 is involved in the transition of rice blast fungus from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase, The susceptible rice cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) that were pre-treated with prokaryotic expression product of BAS4 and then followed with inoculation of the blast strain, more serious blast disease symptom, more biomass such as sporulation and fungal relative growth, and lower expression level of pathogenicity-related genes appeared in lesion of the rice leaves than those of the PBS-pretreated-leaves followed with inoculation of the same blast strain, which demonstrating that BAS4 invitro changed rice defense system to facilitate infection of rice blast strain. And the susceptible rice cultivar (LTH) were inoculated withBAS4-overexpressed blast strain, we also found more serious blast disease symptom and more biomass also appeared in lesion of leaves inoculated with BAS4-overexpressed strain than those of leaves inoculated with the wild-type strain, and expression level of pathogenicity-related genes appeared lower in biotrophic phase and higher in necrotrophic phase of infection, indicating BAS4 maybe in vivo regulate defense system of rice to facilitate transition of biotrophic to necrotrophic phase. Our data demonstrates that BAS4 in vitro and in vivo participates in transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase of Magnaporthe oryzae.
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Key Words
- ATMT, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation
- BAS, biotrophy-associated secreted
- BIC, biotrophic interfacial complex
- Bgh, Blumeria graminis
- DAB, diaminobenzidine
- EIHM, extra-invasive hyphal membrane
- Effector
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- Hemibiotrophic fungi
- IH, invasive hyphae
- LTH, Lijiangxintuanheigu
- M.oryzae, Magnaporthe oryzae
- Magnaporthe oryzae
- ORF, open reading frame
- OsMPK12, rice mitogen-activated protein kinase 12
- OsMPK6, rice mitogen-activated protein kinase 6
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PDA, potato dextrose agar
- PR gene, pathogenicity related gene
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Rice
- YLG, Yue Liang Gu
- hpi, hours post inoculation
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China.,Quality Standard and Testing Technology Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Jinlu Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
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9
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Wen Z, Raffaello T, Zeng Z, Pavicic M, Asiegbu FO. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for monitoring effects of Heterobasidion parviporum small secreted protein induced cell death and in planta defense gene expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 126:37-49. [PMID: 30763724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen of Norway spruce (Picea abies). The H. parviporum genome encodes numerous necrotrophic small secreted proteins (SSP) which might be important for promoting and sustaining the disease development. However, their transcriptional dynamics and plant defense response during infection are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a necrotrophic SSP named HpSSP35.8 and its coding gene was highly expressed in the pre-symptomatic phase of the host (Norway spruce) infection. We explored the impact of HpSSP35.8 on non-host Nicotiana benthamiana using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system under visible spectrum RGB imaging and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. The results showed that HpSSP35.8 triggered a form of SSP-associated programmed cell death, accompanied by a decrease in the plant photosynthetic activity. Defense-related genes including WRKY12, ethylene response factor (ERF1α) and a chitinase gene PR4 were up-regulated in both HpSSP35.8-N. benthamiana interaction and H. parviporum-Norway spruce pathosystem. This study also highlighted the potential to use the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging approach to monitor both the indirect effects of SSP and also for the selection of other potential effector-like protein candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Wen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommaso Raffaello
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirko Pavicic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P. O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Mou S, Gao F, Shen L, Yang S, He W, Cheng W, Wu Y, He S. CaLRR-RLK1, a novel RD receptor-like kinase from Capsicum annuum and transcriptionally activated by CaHDZ27, act as positive regulator in Ralstonia solanacearum resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 30654746 PMCID: PMC6337819 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important diseases in pepper worldwide, however, the molecular mechanism underlying pepper resistance to bacterial wilt remains poorly understood. RESULTS Herein, a novel RD leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, CaLRR-RLK1, was functionally characterized in immunity against R. solanacearum. CaLRR-RLK1 was targeted exclusively to plasma membrane and was up-regulated by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) as well as by the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or ethephon (ETH). The silencing of CaLRR-RLK1 led to enhanced susceptibility of pepper plants to RSI, accompanied by down-regulation of immunity-related genes including CaACO1, CaHIR1, CaPR4 and CaPO2. In contrast, transient overexpression of CaLRR-RLK1 triggered hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and H2O2 accumulation in pepper leaves, manifested by darker trypan blue and DAB staining respectively. In addition, the ectopic overexpression of CaLRR-RLK1 in tobacco plants enhanced resistance R. solanacearum, accompanied with the immunity associated marker genes including NtPR2, NtPR2, NtHSR203 and NtHSR515. Furthermore, it was found that CaHDZ27, a positive regulator in pepper response to RSI in our previous study, transcriptionally activated CaLRR-RLK1 by direct targeting its promoter probably in a CAATTATTG dependent manner. CONCLUSION The study revealed that CaLRR-RLK1 confers pepper resistance to R. solanacearum as the direct targeting of CaHDZ27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Mou
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
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11
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Ghareeb H, Zhao Y, Schirawski J. Sporisorium reilianum possesses a pool of effector proteins that modulate virulence on maize. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:124-136. [PMID: 30136754 PMCID: PMC6430478 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic maize head smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum is a close relative of the tumour-inducing maize smut fungus Ustilago maydis with a distinct disease aetiology. Maize infection with S. reilianum occurs at the seedling stage, but spores first form in inflorescences after a long endophytic growth phase. To identify S. reilianum-specific virulence effectors, we defined two gene sets by genome comparison with U. maydis and with the barley smut fungus Ustilago hordei. We tested virulence function by individual and cluster deletion analysis of 66 genes and by using a sensitive assay for virulence evaluation that considers both disease incidence (number of plants with a particular symptom) and disease severity (number and strength of symptoms displayed on any individual plant). Multiple deletion strains of S. reilianum lacking genes of either of the two sets (sr10057, sr10059, sr10079, sr10703, sr11815, sr14797 and clusters uni5-1, uni6-1, A1A2, A1, A2) were affected in virulence on the maize cultivar 'Gaspe Flint', but each of the individual gene deletions had only a modest impact on virulence. This indicates that the virulence of S. reilianum is determined by a complex repertoire of different effectors which each contribute incrementally to the aggressiveness of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghareeb
- Department of Molecular Biology of Plant–Microbe InteractionsAlbrecht‐von‐Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Schwann‐Schleiden Research Center for Molecular Cell Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität GöttingenJulia‐Lermontowa‐Weg 3Göttingen37077Germany
- Department of Organismic InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl‐von‐Frisch Straße 10Marburg35043Germany
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyNational Research CentreCairo12311Egypt
- Present address:
Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen, Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht‐von‐Haller Institute of Plant SciencesJulia‐Lermontowa‐Weg 3Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Yulei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology of Plant–Microbe InteractionsAlbrecht‐von‐Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Schwann‐Schleiden Research Center for Molecular Cell Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität GöttingenJulia‐Lermontowa‐Weg 3Göttingen37077Germany
- Department of Microbial GeneticsInstitute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Department of Molecular Biology of Plant–Microbe InteractionsAlbrecht‐von‐Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Schwann‐Schleiden Research Center for Molecular Cell Biology, Georg‐August‐Universität GöttingenJulia‐Lermontowa‐Weg 3Göttingen37077Germany
- Department of Organismic InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl‐von‐Frisch Straße 10Marburg35043Germany
- Department of Microbial GeneticsInstitute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 1Aachen52074Germany
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12
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Anderson JP, Sperschneider J, Win J, Kidd B, Yoshida K, Hane J, Saunders DGO, Singh KB. Comparative secretome analysis of Rhizoctonia solani isolates with different host ranges reveals unique secretomes and cell death inducing effectors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10410. [PMID: 28874693 PMCID: PMC5585356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a fungal pathogen causing substantial damage to many of the worlds’ largest food crops including wheat, rice, maize and soybean. Despite impacting global food security, little is known about the pathogenicity mechanisms employed by R. solani. To enable prediction of effectors possessing either broad efficacy or host specificity, a combined secretome was constructed from a monocot specific isolate, a dicot specific isolate and broad host range isolate infecting both monocot and dicot hosts. Secretome analysis suggested R. solani employs largely different virulence mechanisms to well-studied pathogens, despite in many instances infecting the same host plants. Furthermore, the secretome of the broad host range AG8 isolate may be shaped by maintaining functions for saprophytic life stages while minimising opportunities for host plant recognition. Analysis of possible co-evolution with host plants and in-planta up-regulation in particular, aided identification of effectors including xylanase and inhibitor I9 domain containing proteins able to induce cell death in-planta. The inhibitor I9 domain was more abundant in the secretomes of a wide range of necrotising fungi relative to biotrophs. These findings provide novel targets for further dissection of the virulence mechanisms and potential avenues to control this under-characterised but important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Anderson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia. .,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, UK
| | - Brendan Kidd
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - James Hane
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia.,Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Diane G O Saunders
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, UK.,The John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia.,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Abstract
The interactions between fungi and plants encompass a spectrum of ecologies ranging from saprotrophy (growth on dead plant material) through pathogenesis (growth of the fungus accompanied by disease on the plant) to symbiosis (growth of the fungus with growth enhancement of the plant). We consider pathogenesis in this article and the key roles played by a range of pathogen-encoded molecules that have collectively become known as effectors.
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14
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Orton ES, Rudd JJ, Brown JKM. Early molecular signatures of responses of wheat to Zymoseptoria tritici in compatible and incompatible interactions. PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 66:450-459. [PMID: 28356604 PMCID: PMC5349288 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch, a serious foliar disease of wheat, is a necrotrophic pathogen that undergoes a long latent period. Emergence of insensitivity to fungicides, and pesticide reduction policies, mean there is a pressing need to understand septoria and control it through greater varietal resistance. Stb6 and Stb15, the most common qualitative resistance genes in modern wheat cultivars, determine specific resistance to avirulent fungal genotypes following a gene-for-gene relationship. This study investigated compatible and incompatible interactions of wheat with Z. tritici using eight combinations of cultivars and isolates, with the aim of identifying molecular responses that could be used as markers for disease resistance during the early, symptomless phase of colonization. The accumulation of TaMPK3 was estimated using western blotting, and the expression of genes implicated in gene-for-gene interactions of plants with a wide range of other pathogens was measured by qRT-PCR during the presymptomatic stages of infection. Production of TaMPK3 and expression of most of the genes responded to inoculation with Z. tritici but varied considerably between experimental replicates. However, there was no significant difference between compatible and incompatible interactions in any of the responses tested. These results demonstrate that the molecular biology of the gene-for-gene interaction between wheat and Zymoseptoria is unlike that in many other plant diseases, indicate that environmental conditions may strongly influence early responses of wheat to infection by Z. tritici, and emphasize the importance of including both compatible and incompatible interactions when investigating the biology of this complex pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Orton
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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15
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Sherif SM, Shukla MR, Murch SJ, Bernier L, Saxena PK. Simultaneous induction of jasmonic acid and disease-responsive genes signifies tolerance of American elm to Dutch elm disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21934. [PMID: 26902398 PMCID: PMC4763294 DOI: 10.1038/srep21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by three fungal species in the genus Ophiostoma, is the most devastating disease of both native European and North American elm trees. Although many tolerant cultivars have been identified and released, the tolerance mechanisms are not well understood and true resistance has not yet been achieved. Here we show that the expression of disease-responsive genes in reactions leading to tolerance or susceptibility is significantly differentiated within the first 144 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Analysis of the levels of endogenous plant defense molecules such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in tolerant and susceptible American elm saplings suggested SA and methyl-jasmonate as potential defense response elicitors, which was further confirmed by field observations. However, the tolerant phenotype can be best characterized by a concurrent induction of JA and disease-responsive genes at 96 hpi. Molecular investigations indicated that the expression of fungal genes (i.e. cerato ulmin) was also modulated by endogenous SA and JA and this response was unique among aggressive and non-aggressive fungal strains. The present study not only provides better understanding of tolerance mechanisms to DED, but also represents a first, verified template for examining simultaneous transcriptomic changes during American elm-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Sherif
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Al-Gomhuria St., PO Box 22516, Damanhour, Al-Behira, Egypt
| | - M. R. Shukla
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. J. Murch
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - L. Bernier
- Centre d’étude de la forêt (CEF) and Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - P. K. Saxena
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,
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16
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Kim KT, Jeon J, Choi J, Cheong K, Song H, Choi G, Kang S, Lee YH. Kingdom-Wide Analysis of Fungal Small Secreted Proteins (SSPs) Reveals their Potential Role in Host Association. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:186. [PMID: 26925088 PMCID: PMC4759460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal secretome consists of various functional groups of proteins, many of which participate in nutrient acquisition, self-protection, or manipulation of the environment and neighboring organisms. The least characterized component of the secretome is small secreted proteins (SSPs). Some SSPs have been reported to function as effectors, but most remain to be characterized. The composition of major secretome components, such as carbohydrate-active enzymes, proteases, lipases, and oxidoreductases, appear to reflect the lifestyle and ecological niche of individual species. We hypothesize that many SSPs participate in manipulating plants as effectors. Obligate biotrophs likely encode more and diverse effector-like SSPs to suppress host defense compared to necrotrophs, which generally use cell wall degrading enzymes and phytotoxins to kill hosts. Because different secretome prediction workflows have been used in different studies, available secretome data are difficult to integrate for comprehensive comparative studies to test this hypothesis. In this study, SSPs encoded by 136 fungal species were identified from data archived in Fungal Secretome Database (FSD) via a refined secretome workflow. Subsequently, compositions of SSPs and other secretome components were compared in light of taxa and lifestyles. Those species that are intimately associated with host cells, such as biotrophs and symbionts, usually have higher proportion of species-specific SSPs (SSSPs) than hemibiotrophs and necrotrophs, but the latter groups displayed higher proportions of secreted enzymes. Results from our study established a foundation for functional studies on SSPs and will also help understand genomic changes potentially underpinning different fungal lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Kim
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jongbum Jeon
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeongchae Cheong
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Gobong Choi
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yong-Hwan Lee
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17
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Pusztahelyi T, Holb IJ, Pócsi I. Secondary metabolites in fungus-plant interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:573. [PMID: 26300892 PMCID: PMC4527079 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and plants are rich sources of thousands of secondary metabolites. The genetically coded possibilities for secondary metabolite production, the stimuli of the production, and the special phytotoxins basically determine the microscopic fungi-host plant interactions and the pathogenic lifestyle of fungi. The review introduces plant secondary metabolites usually with antifungal effect as well as the importance of signaling molecules in induced systemic resistance and systemic acquired resistance processes. The review also concerns the mimicking of plant effector molecules like auxins, gibberellins and abscisic acid by fungal secondary metabolites that modulate plant growth or even can subvert the plant defense responses such as programmed cell death to gain nutrients for fungal growth and colonization. It also looks through the special secondary metabolite production and host selective toxins of some significant fungal pathogens and the plant response in form of phytoalexin production. New results coming from genome and transcriptional analyses in context of selected fungal pathogens and their hosts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of DebrecenDebrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre J. Holb
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Horticulture, University of DebrecenDebrecen, Hungary
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of SciencesDebrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, Hungary
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18
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Sánchez-Vallet A, McDonald MC, Solomon PS, McDonald BA. Is Zymoseptoria tritici a hemibiotroph? Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 79:29-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Lee J, Orosa B, Millyard L, Edwards M, Kanyuka K, Gatehouse A, Rudd J, Hammond-Kosack K, Pain N, Sadanandom A. Functional analysis of a Wheat Homeodomain protein, TaR1, reveals that host chromatin remodelling influences the dynamics of the switch to necrotrophic growth in the phytopathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:598-605. [PMID: 25639381 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A distinguishing feature of Septoria leaf blotch disease in wheat is the long symptomless growth of the fungus amongst host cells followed by a rapid transition to necrotrophic growth resulting in disease lesions. Global reprogramming of host transcription marks this switch to necrotrophic growth. However no information exists on the components that bring about host transcriptional reprogramming. Gene-silencing, confocal-imaging and protein-protein interaction assays where employed to identify a plant homeodomain (PHD) protein, TaR1 in wheat that plays a critical role during the transition from symptomless to necrotrophic growth of Septoria. TaR1-silenced wheat show earlier symptom development upon Septoria infection but reduced fungal sporulation indicating that TaR1 is key for prolonging the symptomless phase and facilitating Septoria asexual reproduction. TaR1 is localized to the nucleus and binds to wheat Histone 3. Trimethylation of Histone 3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) and lysine 36 (H3K36) are found on open chromatin with actively transcribed genes, whereas methylation of H3K27 and H3K9 are associated with repressed loci. TaR1 specifically recognizes dimethylated and trimethylated H3K4 peptides suggesting that it regulates transcriptional activation at open chromatin. We conclude that TaR1 is an important component for the pathogen life cycle in wheat that promotes successful colonization by Septoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lee
- Durham Centre for Crop Improvement Technology, School of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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20
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Rudd JJ, Kanyuka K, Hassani-Pak K, Derbyshire M, Andongabo A, Devonshire J, Lysenko A, Saqi M, Desai NM, Powers SJ, Hooper J, Ambroso L, Bharti A, Farmer A, Hammond-Kosack KE, Dietrich RA, Courbot M. Transcriptome and metabolite profiling of the infection cycle of Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat reveals a biphasic interaction with plant immunity involving differential pathogen chromosomal contributions and a variation on the hemibiotrophic lifestyle definition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1158-85. [PMID: 25596183 PMCID: PMC4348787 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Pathogen reproduction on wheat occurs without cell penetration, suggesting that dynamic and intimate intercellular communication occurs between fungus and plant throughout the disease cycle. We used deep RNA sequencing and metabolomics to investigate the physiology of plant and pathogen throughout an asexual reproductive cycle of Z. tritici on wheat leaves. Over 3,000 pathogen genes, more than 7,000 wheat genes, and more than 300 metabolites were differentially regulated. Intriguingly, individual fungal chromosomes contributed unequally to the overall gene expression changes. Early transcriptional down-regulation of putative host defense genes was detected in inoculated leaves. There was little evidence for fungal nutrient acquisition from the plant throughout symptomless colonization by Z. tritici, which may instead be utilizing lipid and fatty acid stores for growth. However, the fungus then subsequently manipulated specific plant carbohydrates, including fructan metabolites, during the switch to necrotrophic growth and reproduction. This switch coincided with increased expression of jasmonic acid biosynthesis genes and large-scale activation of other plant defense responses. Fungal genes encoding putative secondary metabolite clusters and secreted effector proteins were identified with distinct infection phase-specific expression patterns, although functional analysis suggested that many have overlapping/redundant functions in virulence. The pathogenic lifestyle of Z. tritici on wheat revealed through this study, involving initial defense suppression by a slow-growing extracellular and nutritionally limited pathogen followed by defense (hyper) activation during reproduction, reveals a subtle modification of the conceptual definition of hemibiotrophic plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Rudd
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Keywan Hassani-Pak
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Mark Derbyshire
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Ambrose Andongabo
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Jean Devonshire
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Artem Lysenko
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Mansoor Saqi
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Nalini M Desai
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Stephen J Powers
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Juliet Hooper
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Linda Ambroso
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Arvind Bharti
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Andrew Farmer
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Robert A Dietrich
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Mikael Courbot
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
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McDonald MC, McDonald BA, Solomon PS. Recent advances in the Zymoseptoria tritici-wheat interaction: insights from pathogenomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:102. [PMID: 25759705 PMCID: PMC4338680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We examine the contribution of next generation sequencing (NGS) to our understanding of the interaction between the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and its wheat host. Recent interspecific whole genome comparisons between Z. tritici and its close relatives provide evidence that Z. tritici has undergone strong adaptive evolution, which is attributed to specialization by Z. tritici on wheat. We also assess the contribution of recent RNA sequencing datasets toward identifying pathogen genes and mechanisms critical for disease. While these studies have yet to report a major effector gene, they illustrate that assembling reads to the reference genome is a robust method to identify fungal transcripts from in planta infections. They also highlight the strong influence that the wheat cultivar has on effector gene expression. Lastly, we suggest future directions for NGS-guided approaches to address largely unanswered questions related to cultivar and lifecycle dependent gene expression and propose that future experiments with Z. tritici be conducted on a single wheat cultivar to enable comparisons across experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. McDonald
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter S. Solomon
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Peter S. Solomon, Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia e-mail:
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22
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Slavokhotova AA, Naumann TA, Price NPJ, Rogozhin EA, Andreev YA, Vassilevski AA, Odintsova TI. Novel mode of action of plant defense peptides - hevein-like antimicrobial peptides from wheat inhibit fungal metalloproteases. FEBS J 2014; 281:4754-64. [PMID: 25154438 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The multilayered plant immune system relies on rapid recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns followed by activation of defense-related genes, resulting in the reinforcement of plant cell walls and the production of antimicrobial compounds. To suppress plant defense, fungi secrete effectors, including a recently discovered Zn-metalloproteinase from Fusarium verticillioides, named fungalysin Fv-cmp. This proteinase cleaves class IV chitinases, which are plant defense proteins that bind and degrade chitin of fungal cell walls. In this study, we investigated plant responses to such pathogen invasion, and discovered novel inhibitors of fungalysin. We produced several recombinant hevein-like antimicrobial peptides named wheat antimicrobial peptides (WAMPs) containing different amino acids (Ala, Lys, Glu, and Asn) at the nonconserved position 34. An additional Ser at the site of fungalysin proteolysis makes the peptides resistant to the protease. Moreover, an equal molar concentration of WAMP-1b or WAMP-2 to chitinase was sufficient to block the fungalysin activity, keeping the chitinase intact. Thus, WAMPs represent novel protease inhibitors that are active against fungal metalloproteases. According to in vitro antifungal assays WAMPs directly inhibited hyphal elongation, suggesting that fungalysin plays an important role in fungal development. A novel molecular mechanism of dynamic interplay between host defense molecules and fungal virulence factors is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Slavokhotova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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23
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O'Driscoll A, Kildea S, Doohan F, Spink J, Mullins E. The wheat-Septoria conflict: a new front opening up? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:602-10. [PMID: 24957882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the utopic absence of abiotic and/or biotic stressors, attaining the predicted increase (up to 70%) in wheat demand by 2050 in response to global population trends is a challenge. This objective becomes daunting, however, when one factors in the continuous constraint on global wheat production posed by Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease. This is because, despite resistant loci being identified, a deficit of commercially relevant STB-resistant wheat germplasm remains. The issue is further compounded for growers by the emergence and prevalence of fungicide-resistant/insensitive strains of the causative pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici (formerly known as Mycosphaerella graminicola/Septoria tritici). However, biotechnology-based research is providing new opportunities in this struggle. As the exome response of wheat to STB attack begins to be deciphered, genes intrinsic to resistant and susceptible phenotypes will be identified. Combined with the application of genome-editing techniques and a growing appreciation of the complexity of wheat's and the dynamism of Z. tritici's genome, the generation of resulting STB-resistant wheat varieties will counter the prevalent threat of STB disease in wheat-production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife O'Driscoll
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland; UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona Doohan
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Spink
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland.
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24
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Wang YY, Liu B, Zhang XY, Zhou QM, Zhang T, Li H, Yu YF, Zhang XL, Hao XY, Wang M, Wang L, Wei JC. Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:34. [PMID: 24438332 PMCID: PMC3897900 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichen is a classic mutualistic organism and the lichenization is one of the fungal symbioses. The lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum is living in symbiosis with the green alga Diplosphaera chodatii Bialsuknia as a lichen in the arid regions. RESULTS 454 and Illumina technologies were used to sequence the genome of E. pusillum. A total of 9,285 genes were annotated in the 37.5 Mb genome of E. pusillum. Analyses of the genes provided direct molecular evidence for certain natural characteristics, such as homothallic reproduction and drought-tolerance. Comparative genomics analysis indicated that the expansion and contraction of some protein families in the E. pusillum genome reflect the specific relationship with its photosynthetic partner (D. chodatii). Co-culture experiments using the lichen-forming fungus E. pusillum and its algal partner allowed the functional identification of genes involved in the nitrogen and carbon transfer between both symbionts, and three lectins without signal peptide domains were found to be essential for the symbiotic recognition in the lichen; interestingly, the ratio of the biomass of both lichen-forming fungus and its photosynthetic partner and their contact time were found to be important for the interaction between these two symbionts. CONCLUSIONS The present study lays a genomic analysis of the lichen-forming fungus E. pusillum for demonstrating its general biological features and the traits of the interaction between this fungus and its photosynthetic partner D. chodatii, and will provide research basis for investigating the nature of its drought resistance and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Yang F, Li W, Jørgensen HJL. Transcriptional reprogramming of wheat and the hemibiotrophic pathogen Septoria tritici during two phases of the compatible interaction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81606. [PMID: 24303057 PMCID: PMC3841193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease septoria leaf blotch of wheat, caused by fungal pathogen Septoria tritici, is of worldwide concern. The fungus exhibits a hemibiotrophic lifestyle, with a long symptomless, biotrophic phase followed by a sudden transition to necrotrophy associated with host necrosis. Little is known about the systematic interaction between fungal pathogenicity and host responses at specific growth stages and the factors triggering the transition. In order to gain some insights into global transcriptome alterations in both host and pathogen during the two phases of the compatible interaction, disease transition was monitored using pathogenesis-related gene markers and H2O2 signature prior to RNA-Seq. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the slow symptomless growth was accompanied by minor metabolic responses and slightly suppressed defences in the host, whereas necrotrophic growth was associated with enhanced host responses involving energy metabolism, transport, signalling, defence and oxidative stress as well as a decrease in photosynthesis. The fungus expresses distinct classes of stage-specific genes encoding potential effectors, probably first suppressing plant defence responses/facilitating the symptomless growth and later triggering life style transition and inducing host necrosis/facilitating the necrotrophic growth. Transport, signalling, anti-oxidative stress mechanisms and apoplastic nutrient acquisition play important roles in the entire infection process of S. tritici. Our findings uncover systematic S. tritici-induced expression profiles of wheat related to specific fungal infection strategies and provide a transcriptome resource for studying both hosts and pathogens in plant-Dothideomycete interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hans J. L. Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Bai TT, Xie WB, Zhou PP, Wu ZL, Xiao WC, Zhou L, Sun J, Ruan XL, Li HP. Transcriptome and expression profile analysis of highly resistant and susceptible banana roots challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73945. [PMID: 24086302 PMCID: PMC3781162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana wilt disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4 (Foc4), is regarded as one of the most devastating diseases worldwide. Cavendish cultivar 'Yueyoukang 1' was shown to have significantly lower disease severity and incidence compared with susceptible cultivar 'Brazilian' in greenhouse and field trials. De novo sequencing technology was previously performed to investigate defense mechanism in middle resistant 'Nongke No 1' banana, but not in highly resistant cultivar 'Yueyoukang 1'. To gain more insights into the resistance mechanism in banana against Foc4, Illumina Solexa sequencing technology was utilized to perform transcriptome sequencing of 'Yueyoukang 1' and 'Brazilian' and characterize gene expression profile changes in the both two cultivars at days 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 after infection with Foc4. The results showed that more massive transcriptional reprogramming occurs due to Foc4 treatment in 'Yueyoukang 1' than 'Brazilian', especially at the first three time points, which suggested that 'Yueyoukang 1' had much faster defense response against Foc4 infection than 'Brazilian'. Expression patterns of genes involved in 'Plant-pathogen interaction' and 'Plant hormone signal transduction' pathways were analyzed and compared between the two cultivars. Defense genes associated with CEBiP, BAK1, NB-LRR proteins, PR proteins, transcription factor and cell wall lignification were expressed stronger in 'Yueyoukang 1' than 'Brazilian', indicating that these genes play important roles in banana against Foc4 infection. However, genes related to hypersensitive reaction (HR) and senescence were up-regulated in 'Brazilian' but down-regulated in 'Yueyoukang 1', which suggested that HR and senescence may contribute to Foc4 infection. In addition, the resistance mechanism in highly resistant 'Yueyoukang 1' was found to differ from that in middle resistant 'Nongke No 1' banana. These results explain the resistance in the highly resistant cultivar and provide more insights in understanding the compatible and incompatible interactions between banana and Foc4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan-Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Chao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ruan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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27
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Simon UK, Polanschütz LM, Koffler BE, Zechmann B. High resolution imaging of temporal and spatial changes of subcellular ascorbate, glutathione and H₂O₂ distribution during Botrytis cinerea infection in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65811. [PMID: 23755284 PMCID: PMC3673919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the mechanisms behind the infection process of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, the subcellular distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was monitored over a time frame of 96 h post inoculation (hpi) in Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 leaves at the inoculation site (IS) and the area around the IS which was defined as area adjacent to the inoculation site (AIS). H₂O₂ accumulation was correlated with changes in the compartment-specific distribution of ascorbate and glutathione and chloroplast fine structure. This study revealed that the severe breakdown of the antioxidative system, indicated by a drop in ascorbate and glutathione contents at the IS at later stages of infection correlated with an accumulation of H₂O₂ in chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell walls, nuclei and the cytosol which resulted in the development of chlorosis and cell death, eventually visible as tissue necrosis. A steady increase of glutathione contents in most cell compartments within infected tissues (up to 600% in chloroplasts at 96 hpi) correlated with an accumulation of H₂O₂ in chloroplasts, mitochondria and cell walls at the AIS indicating that high glutathione levels could not prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which resulted in chlorosis. Summing up, this study reveals the intracellular sequence of events during Botrytis cinerea infection and shows that the breakdown of the antioxidative system correlated with the accumulation of H₂O₂ in the host cells. This resulted in the degeneration of the leaf indicated by severe changes in the number and ultrastructure of chloroplasts (e.g. decrease of chloroplast number, decrease of starch and thylakoid contents, increase of plastoglobuli size), chlorosis and necrosis of the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe K. Simon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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28
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Ramos B, González-Melendi P, Sánchez-Vallet A, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, López G, Molina A. Functional genomics tools to decipher the pathogenicity mechanisms of the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:44-57. [PMID: 22937870 PMCID: PMC6638842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and adapted (PcBMM) and nonadapted (Pc2127) isolates of the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina has contributed to the identification of molecular mechanisms controlling plant resistance to necrotrophs. To characterize the pathogenicity bases of the virulence of necrotrophic fungi in Arabidopsis, we developed P. cucumerina functional genomics tools using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. We generated PcBMM-GFP and Pc2127-GFP transformants constitutively expressing the green fluorescence protein (GFP), and a collection of random T-DNA insertional PcBMM transformants. Confocal microscopy analyses of the initial stages of PcBMM-GFP infection revealed that this pathogen, like other necrotrophic fungi, does not form an appressorium or penetrate into plant cells, but causes successive degradation of leaf cell layers. By comparing the colonization of Arabidopsis wild-type plants and hypersusceptible (agb1-1 and cyp79B2cyp79B3) and resistant (irx1-6) mutants by PcBMM-GFP or Pc2127-GFP, we found that the plant immune response was already mounted at 12-18 h post-inoculation, and that Arabidopsis resistance to these fungi correlated with the time course of spore germination and hyphal growth on the leaf surface. The virulence of a subset of the PcBMM T-DNA insertional transformants was determined in Arabidopsis wild-type plants and agb1-1 mutant, and several transformants were identified that showed altered virulence in these genotypes in comparison with that of untransformed PcBMM. The T-DNA flanking regions in these fungal mutants were successfully sequenced, further supporting the utility of these functional genomics tools in the molecular characterization of the pathogenicity of necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Ramos
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Morais do Amaral A, Antoniw J, Rudd JJ, Hammond-Kosack KE. Defining the predicted protein secretome of the fungal wheat leaf pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49904. [PMID: 23236356 PMCID: PMC3517617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dothideomycete fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, a devastating disease of wheat leaves that causes dramatic decreases in yield. Infection involves an initial extended period of symptomless intercellular colonisation prior to the development of visible necrotic disease lesions. Previous functional genomics and gene expression profiling studies have implicated the production of secreted virulence effector proteins as key facilitators of the initial symptomless growth phase. In order to identify additional candidate virulence effectors, we re-analysed and catalogued the predicted protein secretome of M. graminicola isolate IPO323, which is currently regarded as the reference strain for this species. We combined several bioinformatic approaches in order to increase the probability of identifying truly secreted proteins with either a predicted enzymatic function or an as yet unknown function. An initial secretome of 970 proteins was predicted, whilst further stringent selection criteria predicted 492 proteins. Of these, 321 possess some functional annotation, the composition of which may reflect the strictly intercellular growth habit of this pathogen, leaving 171 with no functional annotation. This analysis identified a protein family encoding secreted peroxidases/chloroperoxidases (PF01328) which is expanded within all members of the family Mycosphaerellaceae. Further analyses were done on the non-annotated proteins for size and cysteine content (effector protein hallmarks), and then by studying the distribution of homologues in 17 other sequenced Dothideomycete fungi within an overall total of 91 predicted proteomes from fungal, oomycete and nematode species. This detailed M. graminicola secretome analysis provides the basis for further functional and comparative genomics studies.
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Dean R, Van Kan JAL, Pretorius ZA, Hammond-Kosack KE, Di Pietro A, Spanu PD, Rudd JJ, Dickman M, Kahmann R, Ellis J, Foster GD. The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 22471698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.2011.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to survey all fungal pathologists with an association with the journal Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate which fungal pathogens they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated 495 votes from the international community, and resulted in the generation of a Top 10 fungal plant pathogen list for Molecular Plant Pathology. The Top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) Magnaporthe oryzae; (2) Botrytis cinerea; (3) Puccinia spp.; (4) Fusarium graminearum; (5) Fusarium oxysporum; (6) Blumeria graminis; (7) Mycosphaerella graminicola; (8) Colletotrichum spp.; (9) Ustilago maydis; (10) Melampsora lini, with honourable mentions for fungi just missing out on the Top 10, including Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Rhizoctonia solani. This article presents a short resumé of each fungus in the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intent of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant mycology community, as well as laying down a bench-mark. It will be interesting to see in future years how perceptions change and what fungi will comprise any future Top 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Dean
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fungal Genomics Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Dean R, Van Kan JAL, Pretorius ZA, Hammond-Kosack KE, Di Pietro A, Spanu PD, Rudd JJ, Dickman M, Kahmann R, Ellis J, Foster GD. The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:414-30. [PMID: 22471698 PMCID: PMC6638784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2085] [Impact Index Per Article: 173.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to survey all fungal pathologists with an association with the journal Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate which fungal pathogens they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated 495 votes from the international community, and resulted in the generation of a Top 10 fungal plant pathogen list for Molecular Plant Pathology. The Top 10 list includes, in rank order, (1) Magnaporthe oryzae; (2) Botrytis cinerea; (3) Puccinia spp.; (4) Fusarium graminearum; (5) Fusarium oxysporum; (6) Blumeria graminis; (7) Mycosphaerella graminicola; (8) Colletotrichum spp.; (9) Ustilago maydis; (10) Melampsora lini, with honourable mentions for fungi just missing out on the Top 10, including Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Rhizoctonia solani. This article presents a short resumé of each fungus in the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intent of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant mycology community, as well as laying down a bench-mark. It will be interesting to see in future years how perceptions change and what fungi will comprise any future Top 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Dean
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fungal Genomics Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Brown NA, Antoniw J, Hammond-Kosack KE. The predicted secretome of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum: a refined comparative analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33731. [PMID: 22493673 PMCID: PMC3320895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium graminearum forms an intimate association with the host species wheat whilst infecting the floral tissues at anthesis. During the prolonged latent period of infection, extracellular communication between live pathogen and host cells must occur, implying a role for secreted fungal proteins. The wheat cells in contact with fungal hyphae subsequently die and intracellular hyphal colonisation results in the development of visible disease symptoms. Since the original genome annotation analysis was done in 2007, which predicted the secretome using TargetP, the F. graminearum gene call has changed considerably through the combined efforts of the BROAD and MIPS institutes. As a result of the modifications to the genome and the recent findings that suggested a role for secreted proteins in virulence, the F. graminearum secretome was revisited. In the current study, a refined F. graminearum secretome was predicted by combining several bioinformatic approaches. This strategy increased the probability of identifying truly secreted proteins. A secretome of 574 proteins was predicted of which 99% was supported by transcriptional evidence. The function of the annotated and unannotated secreted proteins was explored. The potential role(s) of the annotated proteins including, putative enzymes, phytotoxins and antifungals are discussed. Characterisation of the unannotated proteins included the analysis of Pfam domains and features associated with known fungal effectors, for example, small size, cysteine-rich and containing internal amino acid repeats. A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis involving 57 fungal and oomycete genomes revealed that only a small number of the predicted F. graminearum secreted proteins can be considered to be either species or sequenced strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Brown
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Biruma M, Martin T, Fridborg I, Okori P, Dixelius C. Two loci in sorghum with NB-LRR encoding genes confer resistance to Colletotrichum sublineolum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:1005-15. [PMID: 22143275 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify plant resistance genes to the sorghum anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum sublineolum. cDNA-AFLP transcript profiling on two contrasting sorghum genotypes inoculated with C. sublineolum generated about 3,000 informative fragments. In a final set of 126 sequenced genes, 15 were identified as biotic stress related. Seven of the plant-derived genes were selected for functional analysis using a Brome mosaic virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system followed by fungal inoculation and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The candidate set comprised genes encoding resistance proteins (Cs1A, Cs2A), a lipid transfer protein (SbLTP1), a zinc finger-like transcription factor (SbZnTF1), a rice defensin-like homolog (SbDEFL1), a cell death related protein (SbCDL1), and an unknown gene harboring a casein kinase 2-like domain (SbCK2). Our results demonstrate that down-regulation of Cs1A, Cs2A, SbLTP1, SbZnF1 and SbCD1 via VIGS, significantly compromised the resistance response while milder effects were observed with SbDEFL1 and SbCK2. Expanded genome analysis revealed that Cs1A and Cs2A genes are located in two different loci on chromosome 9 closely linked with duplicated genes Cs1B and Cs2B, respectively. The nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) encoding Cs gene sequence information is presently employed in regional breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Biruma
- Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Déon M, Bourré Y, Gimenez S, Berger A, Bieysse D, de Lamotte F, Poncet J, Roussel V, Bonnot F, Oliver G, Franchel J, Seguin M, Leroy T, Roeckel-Drevet P, Pujade-Renaud V. Characterization of a cassiicolin-encoding gene from Corynespora cassiicola, pathogen of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:227-237. [PMID: 22325885 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Corynespora Leaf Fall (CLF) is a major disease of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) caused by the Ascomycota Corynespora cassiicola. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of a gene encoding cassiicolin (Cas), a glycosylated cystein-rich small secreted protein (SSP) identified as a potential CLF disease effector in rubber tree. Three isolates with contrasted levels of aggressiveness were analyzed comparatively. The cassiicolin gene was detected - and the toxin successfully purified - from the isolates with high and medium aggressiveness (CCP and CCAM3 respectively) but not from the isolate with the lowest aggressiveness (CCAM1), suggesting the existence of a different disease effector in the later. CCP and CCAM3 carried strictly identical cassiicolin genes and produced toxins of identical mass, as evidence by mass spectrometry analysis, thus suggesting conserved post-translational modifications in addition to sequence identity. The differences in aggressiveness between CCP and CCAM3 may be attributed to differences in cassiicolin transcript levels rather than qualitative variations in cassiicolin structure. Cassiicolin may play an important role in the early phase of infection since a peak of cassiicolin transcripts occurred in 1 or 2 days after inoculation (before the occurrence of the first symptoms), in both the tolerant and the susceptible cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Déon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Dias CV, Mendes JS, dos Santos AC, Pirovani CP, da Silva Gesteira A, Micheli F, Gramacho KP, Hammerstone J, Mazzafera P, de Mattos Cascardo JC. Hydrogen peroxide formation in cacao tissues infected by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:917-922. [PMID: 21641227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In plant-pathogen interaction, the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may play a dual role: its accumulation inhibits the growth of biotrophic pathogens, while it could help the infection/colonization process of plant by necrotrophic pathogens. One of the possible pathways of H₂O production involves oxalic acid (Oxa) degradation by apoplastic oxalate oxidase. Here, we analyzed the production of H₂O₂, the presence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals and the content of Oxa and ascorbic acid (Asa)--the main precursor of Oxa in plants--in susceptible and resistant cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) infected by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. We also quantified the transcript level of ascorbate peroxidase (Apx), germin-like oxalate oxidase (Glp) and dehydroascorbate reductase (Dhar) by RT-qPCR. We report that the CaOx crystal amount and the H₂O₂ levels in the two varieties present distinct temporal and genotype-dependent patterns. Susceptible variety accumulated more CaOx crystals than the resistant one, and the dissolution of these crystals occurred in the early infection steps and in the final stage of the disease in the resistant and the susceptible variety, respectively. High expression of the Glp and accumulation of Oxa were observed in the resistant variety. The content of Asa increased in the inoculated susceptible variety, but remained constant in the resistant one. The susceptible variety presented reduced Dhar expression. The role of H₂O₂ and its formation from Oxa via Apx and Glp in resistant and susceptible variety infected by M. perniciosa were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Villela Dias
- UESC, DCB, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
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Marshall R, Kombrink A, Motteram J, Loza-Reyes E, Lucas J, Hammond-Kosack KE, Thomma BP, Rudd JJ. Analysis of two in planta expressed LysM effector homologs from the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola reveals novel functional properties and varying contributions to virulence on wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:756-69. [PMID: 21467214 PMCID: PMC3177273 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.176347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Secreted effector proteins enable plant pathogenic fungi to manipulate host defenses for successful infection. Mycosphaerella graminicola causes Septoria tritici blotch disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. Leaf infection involves a long (approximately 7 d) period of symptomless intercellular colonization prior to the appearance of necrotic disease lesions. Therefore, M. graminicola is considered as a hemibiotrophic (or necrotrophic) pathogen. Here, we describe the molecular and functional characterization of M. graminicola homologs of Ecp6 (for extracellular protein 6), the Lysin (LysM) domain-containing effector from the biotrophic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf mold fungus Cladosporium fulvum, which interferes with chitin-triggered immunity in plants. Three LysM effector homologs are present in the M. graminicola genome, referred to as Mg3LysM, Mg1LysM, and MgxLysM. Mg3LysM and Mg1LysM genes were strongly transcriptionally up-regulated specifically during symptomless leaf infection. Both proteins bind chitin; however, only Mg3LysM blocked the elicitation of chitin-induced plant defenses. In contrast to C. fulvum Ecp6, both Mg1LysM and Mg3LysM also protected fungal hyphae against plant-derived hydrolytic enzymes, and both genes show significantly more nucleotide polymorphism giving rise to nonsynonymous amino acid changes. While Mg1LysM deletion mutant strains of M. graminicola were fully pathogenic toward wheat leaves, Mg3LysM mutant strains were severely impaired in leaf colonization, did not trigger lesion formation, and were unable to undergo asexual sporulation. This virulence defect correlated with more rapid and pronounced expression of wheat defense genes during the symptomless phase of leaf colonization. These data highlight different functions for MgLysM effector homologs during plant infection, including novel activities that distinguish these proteins from C. fulvum Ecp6.
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Orton ES, Deller S, Brown JKM. Mycosphaerella graminicola: from genomics to disease control. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:413-24. [PMID: 21535348 PMCID: PMC6640266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This Mycosphaerella graminicola pathogen profile covers recent advances in the knowledge of this ascomycete fungus and of the disease it causes, septoria tritici blotch of wheat. Research on this pathogen has accelerated since publication of a previous pathogen profile in this journal in 2002. Septoria tritici blotch continues to have high economic importance and widespread global impact on wheat production. TAXONOMY Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schröt. In Cohn (anamorph: Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz.). Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Loculoascomycetes (filamentous ascomycetes), Order Dothideales, Genus Mycosphaerella, Species graminicola. HOST RANGE Bread and durum wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum ssp. durum L.). Disease symptoms: Initially leaves develop a chlorotic flecking, which is followed by the development of necrotic lesions which contain brown-black pycnidia. Necrosis causes a reduction in photosynthetic capacity and therefore affects grain yield. Disease control: The disease is primarily controlled by a combination of resistant cultivars and fungicides. Rapid advances in disease control, especially in resistance breeding, are opening up new opportunities for the management of the disease. USEFUL WEBSITES http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Mycgr3/Mycgr3.home.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Orton
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Bischof M, Eichmann R, Hückelhoven R. Pathogenesis-associated transcriptional patterns in Triticeae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:9-19. [PMID: 20674077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Triticeae tribe of the plant Poaceae family contains some of the most important cereal crop plants for nutrition of humans and livestock such as wheat and barley. Despite the agronomical relevance of plant immunity, knowledge on mechanisms of disease or resistance in Triticeae is limited. It is hardly understood what actually stops a microbial invader when restricted by the plant and in how far a susceptible host plant contributes to pathogenesis. Transcriptional reprogramming of the host plant may be involved in both immunity and disease. This paper gives an overview about recent analyses of global pathogenesis-related transcriptional patterns in response of Triticeae to biotrophic or non-biotrophic fungal pathogens and their toxins. It highlights enriched biological functions in association with successful plant defence or disease as well as experiments that successfully translated gene expression data into analysis of gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bischof
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Hückelhoven R, Schweizer P. Quantitative disease resistance and fungal pathogenicity in Triticeae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1-2. [PMID: 20943286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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