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Hassan A, Hamid FS, Pariatamby A, Ossai IC, Ahmed A, Barasarathi J, Auta HS. Influence of bioaugmented fungi on tolerance, growth and phytoremediation ability of Prosopis juliflora Sw. DC in heavy metal-polluted landfill soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28671-28694. [PMID: 38561536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The research aimed to determine the influence of endophytic fungi on tolerance, growth and phytoremediation ability of Prosopis juliflora in heavy metal-polluted landfill soil. A consortium of 13 fungal isolates as well as Prosopis juliflora Sw. DC was used to decontaminate heavy metal-polluted landfill soil. Enhanced plant growth (biomass and root and shoot lengths) and production of carotenoids, chlorophyll and amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-leucine that are known to enhance growth were found in the treated P. juliflora. Better accumulations of heavy metals were observed in fungi-treated P. juliflora over the untreated one. An upregulated activity of peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase was recorded in fungi-treated P. juliflora. Additionally, other metabolites, such as glutathione, 3,5,7,2',5'-pentahydroxyflavone, 5,2'-dihydroxyflavone and 5,7,2',3'-tetrahydroxyflavone, and small peptides, which include Lys Gln Ile, Ser Arg Ala, Asp Arg Gly, Arg Ser Ser, His His Arg, Arg Thr Glu, Thr Arg Asp and Ser Pro Arg, were also detected. These provide defence supports to P. juliflora against toxic metals. Inoculating the plant with the fungi improved its growth, metal accumulation as well as tolerance against heavy metal toxicity. Such a combination can be used as an effective strategy for the bioremediation of metal-polluted soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwalu Hassan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Kashere, Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria.
| | - Fauziah Shahul Hamid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Agamuthu Pariatamby
- Jeffrey Sachs Center On Sustainable Development, Sunway University, Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Innocent Chukwunonso Ossai
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aziz Ahmed
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Jayanthi Barasarathi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences (FHLS), INTI International University, Pesiaran Perdana BBN, Nilai, Negeri Sambilan, Malaysia
| | - Helen Shnada Auta
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
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Pino-Bodas R, Blázquez M, de los Ríos A, Pérez-Ortega S. Myrmecia, Not Asterochloris, Is the Main Photobiont of Cladonia subturgida ( Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1160. [PMID: 38132761 PMCID: PMC10744234 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the diversity of photobionts associated with the Mediterranean lichen-forming fungus Cladonia subturgida. For this purpose, we sequenced the whole ITS rDNA region by Sanger using a metabarcoding method for ITS2. A total of 41 specimens from Greece, Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain were studied. Additionally, two specimens from Spain were used to generate four cultures. Our molecular studies showed that the genus Myrmecia is the main photobiont of C. subturgida throughout its geographic distribution. This result contrasts with previous studies, which indicated that the main photobiont for most Cladonia species is Asterochloris. The identity of Myrmecia was also confirmed by ultrastructural studies of photobionts within the lichen thalli and cultures. Photobiont cells showed a parietal chloroplast lacking a pyrenoid, which characterizes the species in this genus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate hidden diversity within this genus. The results of amplicon sequencing showed the presence of multiple ASVs in 58.3% of the specimens studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pino-Bodas
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, London TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Miguel Blázquez
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (S.P.-O.)
| | | | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (S.P.-O.)
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Moya P, Chiva S, Catalá M, Garmendia A, Casale M, Gomez J, Pazos T, Giordani P, Calatayud V, Barreno E. Lichen Biodiversity and Near-Infrared Metabolomic Fingerprint as Diagnostic and Prognostic Complementary Tools for Biomonitoring: A Case Study in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1064. [PMID: 37998870 PMCID: PMC10672448 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 1990s, a sampling network for the biomonitoring of forests using epiphytic lichen diversity was established in the eastern Iberian Peninsula. This area registered air pollution impacts by winds from the Andorra thermal power plant, as well as from photo-oxidants and nitrogen depositions from local and long-distance transport. In 1997, an assessment of the state of lichen communities was carried out by calculating the Index of Atmospheric Purity. In addition, visible symptoms of morphological injury were recorded in nine macrolichens pre-selected by the speed of symptom evolution and their wide distribution in the territory. The thermal power plant has been closed and inactive since 2020. During 2022, almost 25 years later, seven stations of this previously established biomonitoring were revaluated. To compare the results obtained in 1997 and 2022, the same methodology was used, and data from air quality stations were included. We tested if, by integrating innovative methodologies (NIRS) into biomonitoring tools, it is possible to render an integrated response. The results displayed a general decrease in biodiversity in several of the sampling plots and a generalised increase in damage symptoms in the target lichen species studied in 1997, which seem to be the consequence of a multifactorial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moya
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBiBE)—Departament de Botànica, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain; (S.C.); (T.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Salvador Chiva
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBiBE)—Departament de Botànica, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain; (S.C.); (T.P.); (E.B.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalá
- Instituto de Investigación de Cambio Global (IICG), Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Experimental Science & Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Av. Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.G.)
| | - Alfonso Garmendia
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, E-46022 València, Spain;
| | - Monica Casale
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Jose Gomez
- Instituto de Investigación de Cambio Global (IICG), Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Experimental Science & Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Av. Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.G.)
| | - Tamara Pazos
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBiBE)—Departament de Botànica, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain; (S.C.); (T.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Paolo Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, Charles R. Darwin, 14, Paterna, E-46980 València, Spain;
| | - Eva Barreno
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBiBE)—Departament de Botànica, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain; (S.C.); (T.P.); (E.B.)
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Mansoor S, Ali A, Kour N, Bornhorst J, AlHarbi K, Rinklebe J, Abd El Moneim D, Ahmad P, Chung YS. Heavy Metal Induced Oxidative Stress Mitigation and ROS Scavenging in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3003. [PMID: 37631213 PMCID: PMC10459657 DOI: 10.3390/plants12163003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Although trace elements are essential for life, environmental contamination due to metal accumulation and overuse in various sectors, such as healthcare, agriculture, industry, and cosmetics, poses significant health concerns. Exposure of plants to heavy metals leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their ability to change mitochondrial membrane permeability and restrict the action of ROS clearance enzymes in the cellular antioxidant system. The interaction of ROS with cellular membranes, heavy-metal-induced interactions directly or indirectly with different macromolecules, and signaling pathways leads to the accumulation of environmental pollutants and oxidative stress in exposed organisms. The heavy metal-ROS-cell signaling axis affects various pathological processes such as ATP depletion, excess ROS production, mitochondrial respiratory chain damage, decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial death. This review focuses on discussing the toxic effects of different heavy metals on plants, with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, its consequences, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mansoor
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
| | - Asif Ali
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Navneet Kour
- Division of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Trace Age-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Khadiga AlHarbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Diaa Abd El Moneim
- Department of Plant Production (Genetic Branch), Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish 45511, Egypt;
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Pulwama 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Yong Suk Chung
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
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Trebouxia lynnae sp. nov. (Former Trebouxia sp. TR9): Biology and Biogeography of an Epitome Lichen Symbiotic Microalga. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081196. [PMID: 36009823 PMCID: PMC9405249 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Two microalgal species, Trebouxia jamesii and Trebouxia sp. TR9, were detected as the main photobionts coexisting in the thalli of the lichen Ramalina farinacea. Trebouxia sp. TR9 emerged as a new taxon in lichen symbioses and was successfully isolated and propagated in in vitro culture and thoroughly investigated. Several years of research have confirmed the taxon Trebouxia sp. TR9 to be a model/reference organism for studying mycobiont−photobiont association patterns in lichen symbioses. Trebouxia sp. TR9 is the first symbiotic, lichen-forming microalga for which an exhaustive characterization of cellular ultrastructure, physiological traits, genetic and genomic diversity is available. The cellular ultrastructure was studied by light, electron and confocal microscopy; physiological traits were studied as responses to different abiotic stresses. The genetic diversity was previously analyzed at both the nuclear and organelle levels by using chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genome data, and a multiplicity of phylogenetic analyses were carried out to study its intraspecific diversity at a biogeographical level and its specificity association patterns with the mycobiont. Here, Trebouxia sp. TR9 is formally described by applying an integrative taxonomic approach and is presented to science as Trebouxia lynnae, in honor of Lynn Margulis, who was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution. The complete set of analyses that were carried out for its characterization is provided.
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Anderson J, Lévesque N, Caron F, Beckett P, Spiers GA. A review on the use of lichens as a biomonitoring tool for environmental radioactivity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 243:106797. [PMID: 34968948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lichens have been widely used as a biomonitoring tool to record the distribution and concentration of airborne radioactivity and pollutants such as metals. There are limitations, however: although pollutants can be preserved in lichen tissues for long periods of time, not all radioactive and inert elements behave similarly. The chemical species of elements at the source, once captured, and the mode of storage within lichens play a role in this biomonitoring tool. Lichens are a symbiotic association of an algal or cyanobacterial partner (photobiont) with a fungal host (mycobiont). Lichens grow independently of the host substrates, including rocks, soils, trees and human-made structures. Lacking a root system, lichen nutrient or contaminant uptake is mostly through direct atmospheric inputs, mainly as wet and dry deposition. As lichens grow in a large variety of environments and are resilient in harsh climates, they are adapted to capture and retain nutrients from airborne sources. The context of this review partially relates to future deployment of small modular reactors (SMRs) and mining in remote areas of Canada. SMRs have been identified as a future source of energy (electricity and heat) for remote off-grid mines, potentially replacing diesel fuel generation facilities. For licensing purposes, SMR deployment and mine development requires capabilities to monitor background contaminants (natural radioactivity and metals) before, during and after deployment, including for decommissioning and removal. Key aspects reviewed herein include: (1) how lichens have been used in the past to monitor radioactivity; (2) radiocontaminants capture and storage in lichens; (3) longevity of radiocontaminant storage in lichen tissues; and (4) limitations of lichens use for monitoring radiocontaminants and selected metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Anderson
- Mirarco Mining Innovation and Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; Harquail School of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - N Lévesque
- Mirarco Mining Innovation and Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; School of Biological, Chemical & Forensic Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - F Caron
- Mirarco Mining Innovation and Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - P Beckett
- Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - G A Spiers
- Harquail School of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
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Liu M, Wei Y, Salam M, Yuan X, Liu B, He Q, Hu X, Li H, He Y. Potassium supplement enhanced cadmium removal in a Microcystis aeruginosa photobioreactor: Evidence from actual and simulated wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127719. [PMID: 34802826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a Microcystis aeruginosa-based photobioreactor (M. aeruginosa-based PBR) was developed for the removal of cadmium (Cd2+) from diluted actual mine wastewater (DW) and Cd2+-contained simulated wastewater (SW), with a uniform Cd2+ concentration of 0.5 mg/L. For the DW and SW, both K+ -abundant (DWA & SWA) and K+-insufficient (DWB & SWB) treatments were conducted. It was found that continuous supplementation of K+ benefited Cd2+ removal. The Cd2+ removal efficiency in SWA reached 70% during the 41 days of operation, which was 20% higher than that in the SWB. The K+ addition triggered great higher Cd2+ removal efficiency (90%) in the DWA in comparison to the SWA. The Cd2+ assimilation by M. aeruginosa and Cd2+ retention on M. aeruginosa surface were the primary processes involved in the PBR system. The K+ starvation triggered a 45% and 43% loss of M. aeruginosa biomass in the DWA and the DWB, respectively. Hence, the Cd2+ removal efficiency in DWB increased significantly, and this was attributed to the increased abundance of non-living cells and enhanced bioretention of Cd2+. The results revealed that continuous K+ supplementation enhanced the Cd2+ removal efficiency in the M. aeruginosa-based PBR jointly by prompting algal cell growth, Cd2+ assimilation and biosorption, as well as Cd2+ retention on the algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Muhammad Salam
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaobing Yuan
- The second Construction Engineering Co., Ltd of the third Bureau of China Construction Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Bingsheng Liu
- The second Construction Engineering Co., Ltd of the third Bureau of China Construction Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xuebin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yixin He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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Tan J, Yi H, Zhang Z, Meng D, Li Y, Xia L, Song S, Wu L, Sáncheze RMT, Farías ME. Montmorillonite facilitated Pb(II) biomineralization by Chlorella sorokiniana FK in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127007. [PMID: 34523473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Chlorella sorokiniana FK, isolated from lead-zinc tailings, was employed for Pb(II) biomineralization with or without montmorillonite (MMT) addition in soil. Batch experiment results showed that montmorillonite facilitated Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 formation on the surface of Chlorella-MMT composite, thus increasing algal cells' tolerance to Pb(II) poisoning. Surprisingly, Pb(II) adsorbed and biomineralized by Chlorella-MMT composite was 2.69 times and 3.76 times as much as that by Chlorella alone, respectively. The montmorillonite facilitated Chlorella-induced Pb biomineralization by promoting both photosynthesis and urea hydrolysis, mainly due to more hydroxyl functional groups generated during its binding with Chlorella and its high pH buffering capacity. Moreover, the SEM-EDS analysis indicated that the biomineral particles shifted from algal cell surface to montmorillonite surface in the composite during long-term Pb-detoxification. In-situ soil Pb(II) remediation experiments with Chlorella-MMT composites further showed that Pb was immobilized as carbonate form in the short term and as residue fraction in the long term. This study made the first attempt to explore the facilitating effects of montmorillonite on metal-carbonate precipitation mediated by microalgae and to develop a green, sustainable, and effective strategy for immobilization of heavy metal in soil by combining clay minerals and microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hao Yi
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, China
| | - Zijia Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Instituto de Física de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, 78000 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yinta Li
- Department of Food Engineering, Weihai Ocean Vocational College, Haiwan South Road 1000, Weihai, Shandong 264300, China
| | - Ling Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Shaoxian Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Li Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - María E Farías
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), PROIMI Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
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Chemical Characterization of the Lichen-Symbiont Microalga Asterochloris erici and Study of Its Cytostatic Effect on the L929 Murine Fibrosarcoma Cell Line. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New resources of food, pharmaceuticals or biotechnological products are needed. The huge biodiversity of aero-terrestrial lichen-symbiont microalgae belonging to the Chlorophyta group remains unexplored despite they present interesting features such as extreme stress tolerance and growth in water shortage. Appropriateness for human consumption demands the demonstration of the absence of toxic effects. In vitro biocompatibility of crude homogenates of axenic microalga Asterochloris erici, isolated from the lichen Cladonia cristatella, was analyzed after treatment of cultured L929 fibroblasts with different concentrations of microalgal homogenates. The microalgal protein content (37%) was similar to spirulina or soybean. Antioxidant capacity (10.6 ± 0.6 µmol TE/g WW) or phenolic content (7.5 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g DW) were high compared to Chlorella. The results show that crude homogenates of A. erici do not induce cytotoxicity but seem to have some cytostatic effect inducing slight cell cycle alterations and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase at the highest concentration. Carotenoid analysis demonstrates high contents of lutein (1211 µg/g microalga DW), a xanthophyll with antioxidant and cytostatic properties in vivo and high commercial added value. These findings confirm that Asterochloris erici can be suitable for the development of alimentary or pharmaceutical applications and further in vivo animal testing. The cytostatic effects should be further investigated for antitumor agents.
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Vingiani GM, Gasulla F, Barón-Sola Á, Sobrino-Plata J, Henández LE, Casano LM. Physiological and Molecular Alterations of Phycobionts of Genus Trebouxia and Coccomyxa Exposed to Cadmium. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:334-343. [PMID: 33452613 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies on aeroterrestrial microalgae are unravelling their resistance mechanisms to different abiotic stressors, including hazardous metals, pointing to their future role as bioremediation microorganisms. In the present study, physiological and molecular alterations of four phycobionts of genus Trebouxia (T. TR1 and T. TR9) and Coccomyxa (C. subellipsoidea and C. simplex) exposed to Cd were studied. Cd accumulation and subcellular distribution, cell wall structure, production of biothiols (GSH and phytochelatins), reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, expression of key antioxidant genes and ROS-related enzymes were evaluated to determine the physiological differences among the four microalgae, with the aim to identify the most suitable microorganism for further biotechnological applications. After 7 days of Cd exposure, Coccomyxa algae showed higher capacity of Cd intake than Trebouxia species, with C. subellipsoidea being the highest Cd accumulator at both intracellular and, especially, cell wall level. Cd induced ROS formation in the four microalgae, but to a greater extent in both Coccomyxa algae. Trebouxia TR9 showed the lowest Cd-dependent oxidative stress probably due to glutathione reductase induction. All microalgae synthetized phytochelatins in response to Cd but in a species-specific and a dose-dependent manner. Results from this study agree with the notion that each microalga has evolved a distinct strategy to detoxify hazardous metals like Cd and to cope with oxidative stress associated with them. Coccomyxa subellipsoidea and Trebouxia TR9 appear as the most interesting candidates for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Maria Vingiani
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Barón-Sola
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department Biology/Research Centre for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sobrino-Plata
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department Biology/Research Centre for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis E Henández
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department Biology/Research Centre for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo M Casano
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Expósito JR, Coello AJ, Barreno E, Casano LM, Catalá M. Endogenous NO Is Involved in Dissimilar Responses to Rehydration and Pb(NO 3) 2 in Ramalina farinacea Thalli and Its Isolated Phycobionts. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:604-616. [PMID: 31492977 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lichens undergo desiccation/rehydration cycles and are permeable to heavy metals, which induce free radicals. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) regulates important cellular functions, but the research on lichen NO is still very scarce. In Ramalina farinacea thalli, NO seems to be involved in the peroxidative damage caused by air pollution, antioxidant defence and regulation of lipid peroxidation and photosynthesis. Our hypothesis is that NO also has a critical role during the rehydration and in the responses to lead of its isolated phycobionts (Trebouxia sp. TR9 and Trebouxia jamesii). Therefore, we studied the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll autofluorescence during rehydration of thalli and isolated microalgae in the presence of a NO scavenger and Pb(NO3)2. During rehydration, NO scavenging modulates free radical release and chlorophyll autofluorescence but not lipid peroxidation in both thalli and phycobionts. Pb(NO3)2 reduced free radical release (hormetic effect) both in the whole thallus and in microalgae. However, only in TR9, the ROS production, chlorophyll autofluorescence and lipid peroxidation were dependent on NO. In conclusion, Pb hormetic effect seems to depend on NO solely in TR9, while is doubtful for T. jamesii and the whole thalli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Expósito
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ESCET, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A J Coello
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ESCET, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Barreno
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - L M Casano
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Catalá
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ESCET, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Martínez-Alberola F, Barreno E, Casano LM, Gasulla F, Molins A, Moya P, González-Hourcade M, Del Campo EM. The chloroplast genome of the lichen-symbiont microalga Trebouxia sp. Tr9 (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) shows short inverted repeats with a single gene and loss of the rps4 gene, which is encoded by the nucleus. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:170-184. [PMID: 31578712 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Trebouxiophyceae is the class of Chlorophyta algae from which the highest number of chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences has been obtained. Several species in this class participate in symbioses with fungi to form lichens. However, no cpDNA has been obtained from any Trebouxia lichen-symbiont microalgae, which are present in approximately half of all lichens. Here, we report the sequence of the completely assembled cpDNA from Trebouxia sp. TR9 and a comparative study with other Trebouxio-phyceae. The organization of the chloroplast genome of Trebouxia sp. TR9 has certain features that are unusual in the Trebouxiophyceae and other green algae. The most remarkable characteristics are the presence of long intergenic spacers, a quadripartite structure with short inverted repeated sequences (IRs), and the loss of the rps4 gene. The presence of long intergenic spacers accounts for a larger cpDNA size in comparison to other closely related Trebouxiophyceae. The IRs, which were thought to be lost in the Trebouxiales, are distinct from most of cpDNAs since they lack the rRNA operon and uniquely includes the rbcL gene. The functional transfer of the rps4 gene to the nuclear genome has been confirmed by sequencing and examination of the gene architecture, which includes three spliceosomal introns as well as the verification of the presence of the corresponding transcript. This is the first documented transfer of the rps4 gene from the chloroplast to the nucleus among Viridiplantae. Additionally, a fairly well-resolved phylogenetic reconstruction, including Trebouxia sp. TR9 along with other Trebouxiophyceae, was obtained based on a set of conserved chloroplast genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martínez-Alberola
- ICBIBE, Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Eva Barreno
- ICBIBE, Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Leonardo M Casano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Molins
- ICBIBE, Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Patricia Moya
- ICBIBE, Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | | | - Eva M Del Campo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, Spain
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13
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Huang YP, Xiang JT, Wang CH, Ren D, Xu T. Lichen as a Biomonitor for Vehicular Emission of Metals: A Risk Assessment of Lichen Consumption by the Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:679-685. [PMID: 31146154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two lichen species, Usnea aciculifera and Usnea luridorufa, were used as biomonitors for the deposition of traffic-related metals in China's Shennongjia National Nature Reserve. The suitability of the two lichen species for use as biomonitors was compared. The health threat to the Sichuan snub-nosed (aka golden) monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) from consuming lichen with elevated metal concentrations due to vehicular traffic was then assessed. Lichens, with large surface areas and neither roots nor stomata, efficiently absorb both particulate and gaseous air pollutants. The resulting data was used to assess the effect of heavy metal accumulation on the lichens as well as the health risk imposed on the monkeys as lichen is a primary food source. Lichen samples were collected in the core area of the reserve at three locations of varying traffic intensity. A forth site in the reserve, with no proximate traffic, was used as the control. Results show: (1) lichen from high traffic sites has significantly higher concentrations of Fe, Cd, Pb Zn, and Cr than lichen collected from the control site; (2) vehicular traffic is the primary source of metals in lichen; (3) U. luridorufa collected at high traffic sites displayed decreased photosynthetic efficiency, an indication of stress; (4) intake of Cd and Pb from vehicle emissions in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve could adversely affect snub-nosed monkey health. This research advances the science of biomonitoring, contributes to environmental protection efforts in China's nature reserves and helps improve food safety for Sichuan snub-nosed monkey, a national treasure of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ping Huang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Hubei Agricaltural Environment Monitoring, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Xiang
- Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Hubei Agricaltural Environment Monitoring, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Chuan-Hua Wang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Dong Ren
- Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Hubei Agricaltural Environment Monitoring, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China; Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China; Engineering Research Center of Hubei Agricaltural Environment Monitoring, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443002, China.
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14
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Vingiani GM, De Luca P, Ianora A, Dobson ADW, Lauritano C. Microalgal Enzymes with Biotechnological Applications. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17080459. [PMID: 31387272 PMCID: PMC6723882 DOI: 10.3390/md17080459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are essential components of biological reactions and play important roles in the scaling and optimization of many industrial processes. Due to the growing commercial demand for new and more efficient enzymes to help further optimize these processes, many studies are now focusing their attention on more renewable and environmentally sustainable sources for the production of these enzymes. Microalgae are very promising from this perspective since they can be cultivated in photobioreactors, allowing the production of high biomass levels in a cost-efficient manner. This is reflected in the increased number of publications in this area, especially in the use of microalgae as a source of novel enzymes. In particular, various microalgal enzymes with different industrial applications (e.g., lipids and biofuel production, healthcare, and bioremediation) have been studied to date, and the modification of enzymatic sequences involved in lipid and carotenoid production has resulted in promising results. However, the entire biosynthetic pathways/systems leading to synthesis of potentially important bioactive compounds have in many cases yet to be fully characterized (e.g., for the synthesis of polyketides). Nonetheless, with recent advances in microalgal genomics and transcriptomic approaches, it is becoming easier to identify sequences encoding targeted enzymes, increasing the likelihood of the identification, heterologous expression, and characterization of these enzymes of interest. This review provides an overview of the state of the art in marine and freshwater microalgal enzymes with potential biotechnological applications and provides future perspectives for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Maria Vingiani
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 (NA) Villa Comunale, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 (NA) Villa Comunale, Italy
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 (NA) Villa Comunale, Italy
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, College Road, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 (NA) Villa Comunale, Italy.
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15
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Hell AF, Gasulla F, Gonzï Lez-Hourcade MA, Del Campo EM, Centeno DC, Casano LM. Tolerance to Cyclic Desiccation in Lichen Microalgae is Related to Habitat Preference and Involves Specific Priming of the Antioxidant System. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1880-1891. [PMID: 31127294 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a crucial challenge for lichens exposed to cyclic desiccation and rehydration (D/R). However, strategies to overcome this potential stress are still being unraveled. Therefore, the physiological performance and antioxidant mechanisms of two lichen microalgae, Trebouxia sp. (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol), were analyzed. TR9 was isolated from Ramalina farinacea, a Mediterranean fruticose epiphytic lichen adapted to xeric habitats, while Csol is the phycobiont of Solorina saccata, a foliaceous lichen that grows on humid rock crevices. The tolerance to desiccation of both species was tested by subjecting them to different drying conditions and to four consecutive daily cycles of D/R. Our results show that a relative humidity close to that of their habitats was crucial to maintain the photosynthetic rates. Concerning antioxidant enzymes, in general, manganese superoxide dismutases (MnSODs) were induced after desiccation and decreased after rehydration. In TR9, catalase (CAT)-A increased, and its activity was maintained after four cycles of D/R. Ascorbate peroxidase activity was detected only in Csol, while glutathione reductase increased only in TR9. Transcript levels of antioxidant enzymes indicate that most isoforms of MnSOD and FeSOD were induced by desiccation and repressed after rehydration. CAT2 gene expression was also upregulated and maintained at higher levels even after four cycles of D/R in accordance with enzymatic activities. To our knowledge, this is the first study to include the complete set of the main antioxidant enzymes in desiccation-tolerant microalgae. The results highlight the species-specific induction of the antioxidant system during cyclic D/R, suggesting a priming of oxidative defence metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Hell
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcal�, Alcal� de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Centre of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, S�o Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcal�, Alcal� de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva M Del Campo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcal�, Alcal� de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danilo C Centeno
- Centre of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, S�o Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Casano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcal�, Alcal� de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Adejumo SA, Tiwari S, Thul S, Sarangi BK. Evaluation of lead and chromium tolerance and accumulation level in Gomphrena celosoides: a novel metal accumulator from lead acid battery waste contaminated site in Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:1341-1355. [PMID: 31286792 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1633258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biology, tolerance, and metal (Pb and Cr) accumulating ability of Gomphrena celosoides were studied under hydroponic conditions. The seedlings were raised in Hoagland's solution containing different concentrations of Pb (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg l-1) and Cr (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400 mg l-1). Biomass and metal accumulation in different plant parts were determined at seven (7) and fourteen (14) days after stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities, protein, and proline contents were estimated in stressed and unstressed plants. Gomphrena celosoides was able to tolerate Pb and Cr concentrations up to 4000 and 100 mg l-1, respectively in hydroponic solution. Metal accumulation was concentration and duration dependent with the highest Pb (21,127.90 and 117,985.29 mg kg-1) and Cr (3130.85 and 2428.90 mg kg-1) in shoot and root, respectively found in the plants exposed to 5000 mg l-1 Pb and 400 mg l-1 Cr for 14 days. Proline, antioxidant enzyme activities, and protein contents were the highest in plant exposed to higher Pb and Cr concentrations for 7 and 14 days. Gomphrena celosoides could be considered as Pb and Cr accumulator with proline and increase in antioxidant enzyme activities being the tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifau A Adejumo
- Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sarita Tiwari
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India
| | - Sanjay Thul
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India
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17
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Dynamic evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Trebouxiophyceae, including the first completely assembled mtDNA from a lichen-symbiont microalga (Trebouxia sp. TR9). Sci Rep 2019; 9:8209. [PMID: 31160653 PMCID: PMC6547736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta) is a species-rich class of green algae with a remarkable morphological and ecological diversity. Currently, there are a few completely sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from diverse Trebouxiophyceae but none from lichen symbionts. Here, we report the mitochondrial genome sequence of Trebouxia sp. TR9 as the first complete mtDNA sequence available for a lichen-symbiont microalga. A comparative study of the mitochondrial genome of Trebouxia sp. TR9 with other chlorophytes showed important organizational changes, even between closely related taxa. The most remarkable change is the enlargement of the genome in certain Trebouxiophyceae, which is principally due to larger intergenic spacers and seems to be related to a high number of large tandem repeats. Another noticeable change is the presence of a relatively large number of group II introns interrupting a variety of tRNA genes in a single group of Trebouxiophyceae, which includes Trebouxiales and Prasiolales. In addition, a fairly well-resolved phylogeny of Trebouxiophyceae, along with other Chlorophyta lineages, was obtained based on a set of seven well-conserved mitochondrial genes.
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18
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Vančurová L, Muggia L, Peksa O, Řídká T, Škaloud P. The complexity of symbiotic interactions influences the ecological amplitude of the host: A case study in Stereocaulon (lichenized Ascomycota). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3016-3033. [PMID: 29900606 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis plays a fundamental role in nature. Lichens are among the best known, globally distributed symbiotic systems whose ecology is shaped by the requirements of all symbionts forming the holobiont. The widespread lichen-forming fungal genus Stereocaulon provides a suitable model to study the ecology of microscopic green algal symbionts (i.e., phycobionts) within the lichen symbiosis. We analysed 282 Stereocaulon specimens, collected in diverse habitats worldwide, using the algal ITS rDNA and actin gene sequences and fungal ITS rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a great diversity among the predominant phycobionts. The algal genus Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae) was recovered in most sampled thalli, but two additional genera, Vulcanochloris and Chloroidium, were also found. We used variation-partitioning analyses to investigate the effects of climatic conditions, substrate/habitat characteristic, spatial distribution and mycobionts on phycobiont distribution. Based on an analogy, we examined the effects of climate, substrate/habitat, spatial distribution and phycobionts on mycobiont distribution. According to our analyses, the distribution of phycobionts is primarily driven by mycobionts and vice versa. Specificity and selectivity of both partners, as well as their ecological requirements and the width of their niches, vary significantly among the species-level lineages. We demonstrated that species-level lineages, which accept more symbiotic partners, have wider climatic niches, overlapping with the niches of their partners. Furthermore, the survival of lichens on substrates with high concentrations of heavy metals appears to be supported by their association with toxicity-tolerant phycobionts. In general, low specificity towards phycobionts allows the host to associate with ecologically diversified algae, thereby broadening its ecological amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Vančurová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Muggia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ondřej Peksa
- The West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Řídká
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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19
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Ogunkunle CO, Varun M, Ogundele IG, Olorunmaiye KS, Paul MS. Citrus Epicarp-Derived Biochar Reduced Cd Uptake and Ameliorates Oxidative Stress in Young Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (okra) Under Low Cd Stress. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:827-833. [PMID: 29666898 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the important role of biochar (BC) in reducing metal-toxicity in plants, this study was aimed at assessing the potential of citrus epicarp-derived BC in ameliorating Cd toxicity in young Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) under low Cd toxicity. Okra was grown in soil amended with BC at four treatment levels for 49 days as follows: control (A), sole 1.4 mg Cd/kg-spiked soil (B), 1.4 mg Cd/kg-spiked soil + 1% BC (C) and 1.4 mg Cd/kg-spiked soil + 3% BC (D). The results showed a dose-dependent reduction in shoot accumulation of Cd due to the BC application. In addition, compared to control and sole Cd-amended soil, BC treatments (both at 1% and 3% w/w) decreased the oxidative stress, and enhanced activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the young okra. Generally, the application of BC to the soil was effective in ameliorating the Cd-induced oxidative stress in okra with limited shoot bioaccumulation of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement O Ogunkunle
- Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria.
| | - Mayank Varun
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282 002, India
| | - Iyanuoluwa G Ogundele
- Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde S Olorunmaiye
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Unit, Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria
| | - Manoj S Paul
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282 002, India
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20
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Chaturvedi R, Favas P, Pratas J, Varun M, Paul MS. Assessment of edibility and effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Solanum melongena L. grown under heavy metal(loid) contaminated soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:318-326. [PMID: 29091834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) aids in plant establishment at heavy metal(loid) (HM) contaminated soils, strengthening plant defense system along with promoting growth. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of AMF on eggplants grown under HM stress. Further, the potential health risks of HM exposure to the humans via dietary intake of eggplant were also estimated. Results showed that AMF application improved growth, biomass and antioxidative defense response of plants against HM stress. Significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) in parameters under study was found on increasing metal dose and on application of AMF. Among metal(loid)s maximum uptake was recorded for Pb (29.64mgkg-1 in roots; 23.08mgkg-1 in shoot) followed by As (3.84mgkg-1 in roots; 8.20mgkg-1 in shoot) and, Cd (0.96mgkg-1 in roots; 2.12mgkg-1 in shoot). Based on the accumulation of HM in edible part, Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated. HQ was found to be > 1 for Pb, which highlights the risks associated with consumption of Eggplants grown on Pb contaminated soil. However this potential, which was further enhanced by application of AMF, can be harnessed for on-site remediation of Pb contaminated soils. The content of Cd and As in the edible part was found to be within safe limits (HQ < 1) when compared to chronic reference dose stated by USEPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Chaturvedi
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra, U.P. 282 002, India.
| | - Paulo Favas
- School of Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Pratas
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto do Petróleo e Geologia (Institute of Petroleum and Geology), Rua Delta 1, Aimutin Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Mayank Varun
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra, U.P. 282 002, India
| | - Manoj S Paul
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra, U.P. 282 002, India
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Moya P, Molins A, Martínez-Alberola F, Muggia L, Barreno E. Unexpected associated microalgal diversity in the lichen Ramalina farinacea is uncovered by pyrosequencing analyses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175091. [PMID: 28410402 PMCID: PMC5392050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current literature reveals that the intrathalline coexistence of multiple microalgal taxa in lichens is more common than previously thought, and additional complexity is supported by the coexistence of bacteria and basidiomycete yeasts in lichen thalli. This replaces the old paradigm that lichen symbiosis occurs between a fungus and a single photobiont. The lichen Ramalina farinacea has proven to be a suitable model to study the multiplicity of microalgae in lichen thalli due to the constant coexistence of Trebouxia sp. TR9 and T. jamesii in long-distance populations. To date, studies involving phycobiont diversity within entire thalli are based on Sanger sequencing, but this method seems to underestimate the diversity. Here, we aim to analyze both the microalgal diversity and its community structure in a single thallus of the lichen R. farinacea by applying a 454 pyrosequencing approach coupled with a careful ad hoc-performed protocol for lichen sample processing prior to DNA extraction. To ascertain the reliability of the pyrosequencing results and the applied bioinformatics pipeline results, the thalli were divided into three sections (apical, middle and basal zones), and a mock community sample was used. The developed methodology allowed 40448 filtered algal reads to be obtained from a single lichen thallus, which encompassed 31 OTUs representative of different microalgae genera. In addition to corroborating the coexistence of the two Trebouxia sp. TR9 and T. jamesii taxa in the same thallus, this study showed a much higher microalgal diversity associated with the lichen. Along the thallus ramifications, we also detected variations in phycobiont distribution that might correlate with different microenvironmental conditions. These results highlight R. farinacea as a suitable material for studying microalgal diversity and further strengthen the concept of lichens as multispecies microecosystems. Future analyses will be relevant to ecophysiological and evolutionary studies to understand the roles of the multiple photobionts in lichen symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moya
- Dpto. Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Arántzazu Molins
- Dpto. Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez-Alberola
- Dpto. Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucia Muggia
- University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eva Barreno
- Dpto. Botánica, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Traba HM, Domínguez-Morueco N, Barreno E, Catalá M. Lichen microalgae are sensitive to environmental concentrations of atrazine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:223-228. [PMID: 28095253 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1270679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of new organisms for environmental toxicology bioassays is currently a priority, since these tools are strongly limited by the ecological relevance of taxa used to study global change. Lichens are sensitive bioindicators of air quality and their microalgae are an untapped source for new low-cost miniaturized bioassays with ecological importance. In order to increase the availability of a wider range of taxa for bioassays, the sensitivity of two symbiotic lichen microalgae, Asterochloris erici and Trebouxia sp. TR9, to atrazine was evaluated. To achieve this goal, axenic cultures of these phycobionts in suspension were exposed to a range of environmental concentrations of the herbicide atrazine, a common water pollutant. Optical density and chlorophyll autofluorescence were used as endpoints of ecotoxicity and ecophysiology on cell suspensions. Results show that lichen microalgae show high sensitivity to very low doses of atrazine, being higher in Asterochloris erici than in Trebouxia sp. TR9. We conclude that environmental concentrations of atrazine could modify population dynamics probably through a shift in reproduction strategies of these organisms. This seminal work is a breakthrough in the use of lichen microalgae in the assessment of micropollution effects on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Moreno Traba
- a Biology and Geology Department, ESCET , Rey Juan Carlos University , Móstoles (Madrid) , Spain
| | - Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- a Biology and Geology Department, ESCET , Rey Juan Carlos University , Móstoles (Madrid) , Spain
| | - Eva Barreno
- b Departamento de Botánica , Universitat de València, ICBIBE, Fac. C. Biológicas , Burjassot (Valencia) , Spain
| | - Myriam Catalá
- a Biology and Geology Department, ESCET , Rey Juan Carlos University , Móstoles (Madrid) , Spain
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23
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Munzi S, Sheppard LJ, Leith ID, Cruz C, Branquinho C, Bini L, Gagliardi A, Cai G, Parrotta L. The cost of surviving nitrogen excess: energy and protein demand in the lichen Cladonia portentosa as revealed by proteomic analysis. PLANTA 2017; 245:819-833. [PMID: 28054148 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Different nitrogen forms affect different metabolic pathways in lichens. In particular, the most relevant changes in protein expression were observed in the fungal partner, with NO 3- mostly affecting the energetic metabolism and NH 4+ affecting transport and regulation of proteins and the energetic metabolism much more than NO 3- did. Excess deposition of reactive nitrogen is a well-known agent of stress for lichens, but which symbiont is most affected and how, remains a mystery. Using proteomics can expand our understanding of stress effects on lichens. We investigated the effects of different doses and forms of reactive nitrogen, with and without supplementary phosphorus and potassium, on the proteome of the lichen Cladonia portentosa growing in a 'real-world' simulation of nitrogen deposition. Protein expression changed with the nitrogen treatments but mostly in the fungal partner, with NO3- mainly affecting the energetic metabolism and NH4+ also affecting the protein synthesis machinery. The photobiont mainly responded overexpressing proteins involved in energy production. This suggests that in response to nitrogen stress, the photobiont mainly supports the defensive mechanisms initiated by the mycobiont with an increased energy production. Such surplus energy is then used by the cell to maintain functionality in the presence of NO3-, while a futile cycle of protein production can be hypothesized to be induced by NH4+ excess. External supply of potassium and phosphorus influenced differently the responses of particular enzymes, likely reflecting the many processes in which potassium exerts a regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Munzi
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Lucy J Sheppard
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ian D Leith
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luca Bini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Assunta Gagliardi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli, 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Liu M, Qiu W, He X, Zheng L, Song X, Han X, Jiang J, Qiao G, Sang J, Liu M, Zhuo R. Functional Characterization of a Gene in Sedum alfredii Hance Resembling Rubber Elongation Factor Endowed with Functions Associated with Cadmium Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:965. [PMID: 27446189 PMCID: PMC4925709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a major toxic heavy-metal pollutant considering their bioaccumulation potential and persistence in the environment. The hyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii Hance is a Zn/Cd co-hyperaccumulator inhabiting in a region of China with soils rich in Pb/Zn. Investigations into the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms of Cd tolerance are of substantial interest. Here, library screening for genes related to cadmium tolerance identified a gene resembling the rubber elongation factor gene designated as SaREFl. The heterologous expression of SaREFl rescued the growth of a transformed Cd-sensitive strain (ycf1). Furthermore, SaREFl-expressing Arabidopsis plants were more tolerant to cadmium stress compared with wild type by measuring parameters of root length, fresh weight and physiological indexes. When under four different heavy metal treatments, we found that SaREFl responded most strongly to Cd and the root was the plant organ most sensitive to this heavy metal. Yeast two-hybrid screening of SaREFl as a bait led to the identification of five possible interacting targets in Sedum alfredii Hance. Among them, a gene annotated as prenylated Rab acceptor 1 (PRA1) domain protein was detected with a high frequency. Moreover, subcellular localization of SaREF1-GFP fusion protein revealed some patchy spots in cytosol suggesting potential association with organelles for its cellular functions. Our findings would further enrich the connotation of REF-like genes and provide theoretical assistance for the application in breeding heavy metal-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Wenming Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Xuelian He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
- Biotechnology Research Center of China Three Gorges University, YichangChina
| | - Liu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
- Biotechnology Research Center of China Three Gorges University, YichangChina
| | - Xixi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Guirong Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Jian Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
| | - Mingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Vocational Secondary Specialized School of Hedong District, LinyiChina
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangzhouChina
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25
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Centeno DC, Hell AF, Braga MR, Del Campo EM, Casano LM. Contrasting strategies used by lichen microalgae to cope with desiccation-rehydration stress revealed by metabolite profiling and cell wall analysis. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1546-60. [PMID: 26914009 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most lichens in general, and their phycobionts in particular, are desiccation tolerant, but their mechanisms of desiccation tolerance (DT) remain obscure. The physiological responses and cell wall features of two putatively contrasting lichen-forming microalgae, Trebouxia sp. TR9 (TR9), isolated from Ramalina farinacea (adapted to frequent desiccation-rehydration cycles), and Coccomyxa solorina-saccatae (Csol), obtained from Solorina saccata (growing in usually humid limestone crevices, subjected to seasonal dry periods) was characterized. Microalgal cultures were desiccated under 25%-30% RH and then rehydrated. Under these conditions, RWC and ψw decreased faster and simultaneously during dehydration in Csol, whereas TR9 maintained its ψw until 70% RWC. The metabolic profile indicated that polyols played a key role in DT of both microalgae. However, TR9 constitutively accumulated higher amounts of polyols, whereas Csol induced the polyol synthesis under desiccation-rehydration. Csol also accumulated ascorbic acid, while TR9 synthesized protective raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and increased its content of phenolics. Additionally, TR9 exhibited thicker and qualitatively different cell wall and extracellular polymeric layer compared with Csol, indicating higher water retention capability. The findings were consistent with the notion that lichen microalgae would have evolved distinct strategies to cope with desiccation-rehydration stress in correspondence with the water regime of their respective habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo C Centeno
- Centre of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, 09606-070, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, 04301-912, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline F Hell
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, 04301-912, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Braga
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, 04301-912, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eva M Del Campo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805-, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Leonardo M Casano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805-, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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26
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Leavitt SD, Kraichak E, Nelsen MP, Altermann S, Divakar PK, Alors D, Esslinger TL, Crespo A, Lumbsch T. Fungal specificity and selectivity for algae play a major role in determining lichen partnerships across diverse ecogeographic regions in the lichen‐forming family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3779-97. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Leavitt
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Science & Education The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
| | - Ekaphan Kraichak
- Science & Education The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Matthew P. Nelsen
- Geological and Environmental Sciences Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | | | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - David Alors
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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27
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Casano LM, Braga MR, Álvarez R, Del Campo EM, Barreno E. Differences in the cell walls and extracellular polymers of the two Trebouxia microalgae coexisting in the lichen Ramalina farinacea are consistent with their distinct capacity to immobilize extracellular Pb. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:195-204. [PMID: 26025533 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trebouxia TR1 and T. TR9 are the two microalgae that coexist within Ramalina farinacea thalli. In the presence of Pb, TR9 formed extracellular aggregates, while TR1 showed a lower wall lead retention capability. Herein, we studied the cell walls and extracellular polymers (EPS) of TR1 and TR9, and their possible implication in the different Pb retention capacity of these microalgae. The proportion of cell walls on the overall cell biomass was 2.6 times higher in TR9 than in TR1. Glycosyl linkage analysis indicated the presence of hot-water soluble β-galactofuranan(s) in both cell walls, distinct from that previously described in Asterochloris, with increased rhamnose content in TR9 and a higher substitution by side chains in TR1. In the EPS of both microalgae, monosaccharide composition resembled their cell walls; however, TR9 produced two times more EPS than TR1. EPS also contained proteins, displaying distinct polypeptide patterns, modulated by Pb in TR9. Uronic acid content in EPS was higher in TR9, and increased in this phycobiont after the addition of Pb. Our findings suggest that the differential extracellular Pb retention capabilities of TR1 and TR9 microalgae can be related to differences in the main features of their cell walls and EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Casano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Marcia R Braga
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, 04305-012 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Álvarez
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva M Del Campo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva Barreno
- Department of Botany-ICBIBE, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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28
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Andosch A, Höftberger M, Lütz C, Lütz-Meindl U. Subcellular Sequestration and Impact of Heavy Metals on the Ultrastructure and Physiology of the Multicellular Freshwater Alga Desmidium swartzii. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10389-410. [PMID: 25961949 PMCID: PMC4463652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to modern life with increasing traffic, industrial production and agricultural practices, high amounts of heavy metals enter ecosystems and pollute soil and water. As a result, metals can be accumulated in plants and particularly in algae inhabiting peat bogs of low pH and high air humidity. In the present study, we investigated the impact and intracellular targets of aluminum, copper, cadmium, chromium VI and zinc on the filamentous green alga Desmidium swartzii, which is an important biomass producer in acid peat bogs. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) it is shown that all metals examined are taken up into Desmidium readily, where they are sequestered in cell walls and/or intracellular compartments. They cause effects on cell ultrastructure to different degrees and additionally disturb photosynthetic activity and biomass production. Our study shows a clear correlation between toxicity of a metal and the ability of the algae to compartmentalize it intracellularly. Cadmium and chromium, which are not compartmentalized, exert the most toxic effects. In addition, this study shows that the filamentous alga Desmidium reacts more sensitively to aluminum and zinc when compared to its unicellular relative Micrasterias, indicating a severe threat to the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuela Andosch
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Margit Höftberger
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Cornelius Lütz
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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29
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Álvarez R, del Hoyo A, Díaz-Rodríguez C, Coello AJ, del Campo EM, Barreno E, Catalá M, Casano LM. Lichen rehydration in heavy metal-polluted environments: Pb modulates the oxidative response of both Ramalina farinacea thalli and its isolated microalgae. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:698-709. [PMID: 25367428 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are adapted to desiccation/rehydration and accumulate heavy metals, which induce ROS especially from the photobiont photosynthetic pigments. Although their mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance are still to be unravelled, they seem related to symbionts' reciprocal upregulation of antioxidant systems. With the aim to study the effect of Pb on oxidative status during rehydration, the kinetics of intracellular ROS, lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll autofluorescence of whole Ramalina farinacea thalli and its isolated microalgae (Trebouxia TR1 and T. TR9) was recorded. A genetic characterization of the microalgae present in the thalli used was also carried out in order to assess possible correlations among the relative abundance of each phycobiont, their individual physiological responses and that of the entire thallus. Unexpectedly, Pb decreased ROS and lipid peroxidation in thalli and its phycobionts, associated with a lower chlorophyll autofluorescence. Each phycobiont showed a particular pattern, but the oxidative response of the thallus paralleled the TR1's, agreeing with the genetic identification of this strain as the predominant phycobiont. We conclude that: (1) the lichen oxidative behaviour seems to be modulated by the predominant phycobiont and (2) Pb evokes in R. farinacea and its phycobionts strong mechanisms to neutralize its own oxidant effects along with those of rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Álvarez
- Deptartamento Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Cao DJ, Shi XD, Li H, Xie PP, Zhang HM, Deng JW, Liang YG. Effects of lead on tolerance, bioaccumulation, and antioxidative defense system of green algae, Cladophora. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 112:231-237. [PMID: 25463875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effects of various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg/L) of lead (Pb(2+)) on the growth, bioaccumulation, and antioxidative defense system of green algae, Cladophora, was investigated. Low concentrations of Pb(2+) accelerated Cladophora growth, but concentrations of 10.0 mg/L and above inhibited the growth because of the hinderance to photosynthesis. The total soluble sugar content of Cladophora was affected by Pb(2+) treatment, but the protein content showed no significant changes. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and peroxidase(POD) activity of Cladophora gradually increased whereas superoxide dismutase(SOD) decreased with Pb(2+) concentrations. Catalase (CAT) activity exhibited no significant changes following Pb(2+) treatment. Pb(2+) accumulated in Cladophora and that the lead content in Cladophora was correlated with POD growth, MDA, and Metallothionein (MT). POD and MT play a role in the survival of Cladophora in Pb-contaminated environments. This study suggests that Cladophora can be a choice organism for the phytoremediation of Pb-polluted coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-ju Cao
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-dong Shi
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-pan Xie
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-min Zhang
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-wei Deng
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-gan Liang
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Cao J, Xing G, Yuan H. Lipid production combined with biosorption and bioaccumulation of cadmium, copper, manganese and zinc by oleaginous microalgae Chlorella minutissima UTEX2341. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 175:537-44. [PMID: 25459865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Algae lipid production combined with heavy metal removal is a cost-effective and environment-friendly method for algae biofuel production and hazardous waste treatment. Chlorella minutissima UTEX 2341 had strong resistance to cadmium, copper, manganese and zinc ions under heterotrophic culture condition and could efficiently remove them through intracellular accumulation and extracellular immobilization. Meanwhile, lipid accumulation was not inhibited by heavy metals. Instead, the algae lipid content significantly increased by 21.07% and 93.90%, respectively with the addition of cadmium and copper. Furthermore, the heavy metal residue in lipid was within μg range and satisfied the commercial standard. This artificial wastewater-algae biofuel-heavy-metal integrated utilization technology offered a new alternative solution to the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinShui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - GuanLan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - HongLi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Muggia L, Pérez-Ortega S, Kopun T, Zellnig G, Grube M. Photobiont selectivity leads to ecological tolerance and evolutionary divergence in a polymorphic complex of lichenized fungi. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:463-75. [PMID: 25096324 PMCID: PMC4204673 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The integrity and evolution of lichen symbioses depend on a fine-tuned combination of algal and fungal genotypes. Geographically widespread species complexes of lichenized fungi can occur in habitats with slightly varying ecological conditions, and it remains unclear how this variation correlates with symbiont selectivity patterns in lichens. In an attempt to address this question, >300 samples were taken of the globally distributed and ecologically variable lichen-forming species complex Tephromela atra, together with closely allied species, in order to study genetic diversity and the selectivity patterns of their photobionts. METHODS Lichen thalli of T. atra and of closely related species T. grumosa, T. nashii and T. atrocaesia were collected from six continents, across 24 countries and 62 localities representing a wide range of habitats. Analyses of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were carried out both for photobionts amplified directly from the lichen thalli and from those isolated in axenic cultures. Morphological and anatomical traits were studied with light and transmission electron microscopy in the isolated algal strains. KEY RESULTS Tephromela fungal species were found to associate with 12 lineages of Trebouxia. Five new clades demonstrate the still-unrecognized genetic diversity of lichen algae. Culturable, undescribed lineages were also characterized by phenotypic traits. Strong selectivity of the mycobionts for the photobionts was observed in six monophyletic Tephromela clades. Seven Trebouxia lineages were detected in the poorly resolved lineage T. atra sensu lato, where co-occurrence of multiple photobiont lineages in single thalli was repeatedly observed. CONCLUSIONS Low selectivity apparently allows widespread lichen-forming fungi to establish successful symbioses with locally adapted photobionts in a broader range of habitats. This flexibility might correlate with both lower phylogenetic resolution and evolutionary divergence in species complexes of crustose lichen-forming fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Muggia
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/Serrano 115-dpdo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Theodora Kopun
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Zellnig
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Shahid M, Pourrut B, Dumat C, Nadeem M, Aslam M, Pinelli E. Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 232:1-44. [PMID: 24984833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the industrial revolution, anthropogenic activities have enhanced there distribution of many toxic heavy metals from the earth's crust to different environmental compartments. Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is increasing worldwide, and poses a rising threat to both the environment and to human health.Plants are exposed to heavy metals from various sources: mining and refining of ores, fertilizer and pesticide applications, battery chemicals, disposal of solid wastes(including sewage sludge), irrigation with wastewater, vehicular exhaust emissions and adjacent industrial activity.Heavy metals induce various morphological, physiological, and biochemical dysfunctions in plants, either directly or indirectly, and cause various damaging effects. The most frequently documented and earliest consequence of heavy metal toxicity in plants cells is the overproduction of ROS. Unlike redox-active metals such as iron and copper, heavy metals (e.g, Pb, Cd, Ni, AI, Mn and Zn) cannot generate ROS directly by participating in biological redox reactions such as Haber Weiss/Fenton reactions. However, these metals induce ROS generation via different indirect mechanisms, such as stimulating the activity of NADPH oxidases, displacing essential cations from specific binding sites of enzymes and inhibiting enzymatic activities from their affinity for -SH groups on the enzyme.Under normal conditions, ROS play several essential roles in regulating the expression of different genes. Reactive oxygen species control numerous processes like the cell cycle, plant growth, abiotic stress responses, systemic signalling, programmed cell death, pathogen defence and development. Enhanced generation of these species from heavy metal toxicity deteriorates the intrinsic antioxidant defense system of cells, and causes oxidative stress. Cells with oxidative stress display various chemical,biological and physiological toxic symptoms as a result of the interaction between ROS and biomolecules. Heavy-metal-induced ROS cause lipid peroxidation, membrane dismantling and damage to DNA, protein and carbohydrates. Plants have very well-organized defense systems, consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation processes. The primary defense mechanism for heavy metal detoxification is the reduced absorption of these metals into plants or their sequestration in root cells.Secondary heavy metal tolerance mechanisms include activation of antioxidant enzymes and the binding of heavy metals by phytochelatins, glutathione and amino acids. These defense systems work in combination to manage the cascades of oxidative stress and to defend plant cells from the toxic effects of ROS.In this review, we summarized the biochemiCal processes involved in the over production of ROS as an aftermath to heavy metal exposure. We also described the ROS scavenging process that is associated with the antioxidant defense machinery.Despite considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of ROS overproduction and scavenging, we still lack in-depth studies on the parameters associated with heavy metal exclusion and tolerance capacity of plants. For example, data about the role of glutathione-glutaredoxin-thioredoxin system in ROS detoxification in plant cells are scarce. Moreover, how ROS mediate glutathionylation (redox signalling)is still not completely understood. Similarly, induction of glutathione and phytochelatins under oxidative stress is very well reported, but it is still unexplained that some studied compounds are not involved in the detoxification mechanisms. Moreover,although the role of metal transporters and gene expression is well established for a few metals and plants, much more research is needed. Eventually, when results for more metals and plants are available, the mechanism of the biochemical and genetic basis of heavy metal detoxification in plants will be better understood. Moreover, by using recently developed genetic and biotechnological tools it may be possible to produce plants that have traits desirable for imparting heavy metal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
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Catalá M, Gasulla F, Pradas Del Real AE, García-Breijo F, Reig-Armiñana J, Barreno E. The organic air pollutant cumene hydroperoxide interferes with NO antioxidant role in rehydrating lichen. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 179:277-284. [PMID: 23707950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants effects on lichens have not been addressed. Rehydration is critical for lichens, a burst of free radicals involving NO occurs. Repeated dehydrations with organic pollutants could increase oxidative damage. Our aim is to learn the effects of cumene hydroperoxide (CP) during lichen rehydration using Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., its photobiont Trebouxia spp. and Asterochloris erici. Confocal imaging shows intracellular ROS and NO production within myco and phycobionts, being the chloroplast the main source of free radicals. CP increases ROS, NO and lipid peroxidation and reduces chlorophyll autofluorescence, although photosynthesis remains unaffected. Concomitant NO inhibition provokes a generalized increase of ROS and a decrease in photosynthesis. Our results suggest that CP induces a compensatory hormetic response in Ramalina farinacea that could reduce the lichen's antioxidant resources after repeated desiccation-rehydration cycles. NO is important in the protection from CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catalá
- Biología Celular, Dept Biología y Geología, ESCET, Dptal 1, 241, ESCET-Campus de Móstoles, c/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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