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Li J, Lou S, Gong J, Liang J, Zhang J, Zhou X, Li J, Wang L, Zhai M, Duan L, Lei B. Coronatine-treated seedlings increase the tolerance of cotton to low-temperature stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108832. [PMID: 38896915 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Coronatine, an analog of Jasmonic acid (JA), has been shown to enhance crop tolerance to abiotic stresses, including chilling stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of Coronatine on cotton seedlings under low temperature using transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis. Twelve cDNA libraries from cotton seedlings were constructed, and pairwise comparisons revealed a total of 48,322 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis identified the involvement of these unigenes in various metabolic pathways, including Starch and sucrose metabolism, Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, ABC transporters, and Plant hormone signal transduction. Additionally, substantial accumulations of jasmonates (JAs), abscisic acid and major cell wall metabolites were observed. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of regulatory genes, and qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression patterns of 9 selected genes. Co-expression analysis showed that the JA-responsive genes might form a network module with ABA biosynthesis genes or cell wall biosynthesis genes, suggesting the existence of a COR-JA-cellulose and COR-JA-ABA-cellulose regulatory pathway in cotton seedlings. Collectively, our findings uncover new insights into the molecular basis of coronatine--associated cold tolerance in cotton seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Ministry of Agriculture, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Shanwei Lou
- Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of PGR, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, and China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyun Gong
- Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Ministry of Agriculture, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Ministry of Agriculture, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Jungao Zhang
- Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Ministry of Agriculture, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Ministry of Agriculture, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Jie Li
- Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Agricultural, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Menghua Zhai
- College of Agricultural, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of PGR, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, and China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Bin Lei
- Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Ministry of Agriculture, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China; The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830091, China.
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Li Y, Cheng X, Lai J, Zhou Y, Lei T, Yang L, Li J, Yu X, Gao S. ISSR molecular markers and anatomical structures can assist in rapid and directional screening of cold-tolerant seedling mutants of medicinal and ornamental plant in Plumbago indica L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1149669. [PMID: 37465387 PMCID: PMC10350533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1149669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Plumbago indica L. is a perennial herb with ornamental and anticancer medicinal functions widely distributed in the tropics. It is affected by temperature and cannot bloom normally in colder subtropical regions, which seriously affects its ornamental value. To create low-temperature resistance mutants and enrich new germplasm resources, this study used tissue culture and chemical reagent (0.5 mmol/L NaN3) and low-temperature stress (0°C, full darkness for 48h) induction to target and screen for cold-resistance mutants. The results showed that the ISSR band polymorphism ratio of the 24 suspected mutant materials was 87.5%. The DNA profiles of the 9 mutants initially identified were altered. The content of plumbagin in the stems and leaves of the mutants was examined, and it was found that the accumulation in the leaves of the mutant SA24 could be as high as 3.84 times that of the control, which was 0.5991%. There were significant differences in the anatomical structures of roots, stems and leaves. The mutants mostly exhibited reduced root diameter (only 0.17-0.69 times that of CK), increased stem diameter (up to 2.19 times that of CK), enlarged mesophyll cells, increased thickness (up to 1.83 times that of CK) and high specificity, which are thought to be important for the different cold resistance obtained by the mutants. In the cold resistance experiment, four cold-tolerant mutants were successfully screened according to their morphological characteristics and physiological indexes, and the mutagenesis efficiency could be as high as 2.22% and did not affect the accumulation of plumbagin in their stems and leaves, even higher than CK. The responses of the screened mutants SA15, SA19, SA23 and SA24 to low temperature showed slower leaf wilting, higher light energy conversion efficiency, less accumulation of MDA content, increased enzymatic activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD) and more accumulation of soluble sugars and proline content. These characteristics are consistent with the response of cold-resistance plants to low temperatures. The cold- resistance mutants cultivated in soil were observed of agronomic and ornamental traits for one year, mainly manifested as delayed flowering and delayed entry into the senescence stage. This study provides a more rapid and accurate technique for identifying and screening cold-tolerant mutants, and lays the foundation for future experiments on the creation of new cold-resistant varieties.
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Soualiou S, Duan F, Li X, Zhou W. Nitrogen supply alleviates cold stress by increasing photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation in maize seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3142-3162. [PMID: 36847687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress inhibits the early growth of maize, leading to reduced productivity. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that stimulates maize growth and productivity, but the relationship between N availability and cold tolerance is poorly characterized. Therefore, we studied the acclimation of maize under combined cold stress and N treatments. Exposure to cold stress caused a decline in growth and N assimilation, but increased abscisic acid (ABA) and carbohydrate accumulation. The application of different N concentrations from the priming stage to the recovery period resulted in the following observations: (i) high N supply alleviated cold stress-dependent growth inhibition, as shown by increased biomass, chlorophyll and Rubisco content and PSII efficiency; (ii) cold stress-induced ABA accumulation was repressed under high N, presumably due to enhanced stomatal conductance; (iii) the mitigating effects of high N on cold stress could be due to the increased activities of N assimilation enzymes and improved redox homeostasis. After cold stress, the ability of maize seedlings to recover increased under high N treatment, indicating the potential role of high N in the cold stress tolerance of maize seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soualihou Soualiou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fengying Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081, China
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Hussain MA, Li S, Gao H, Feng C, Sun P, Sui X, Jing Y, Xu K, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Li H. Comparative analysis of physiological variations and genetic architecture for cold stress response in soybean germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1095335. [PMID: 36684715 PMCID: PMC9852849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1095335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is susceptible to low temperatures. Increasing lines of evidence indicate that abiotic stress-responsive genes are involved in plant low-temperature stress response. However, the involvement of photosynthesis, antioxidants and metabolites genes in low temperature response is largely unexplored in Soybean. In the current study, a genetic panel of diverse soybean varieties was analyzed for photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf injury parameters under cold stress and control conditions. This helps us to identify cold tolerant (V100) and cold sensitive (V45) varieties. The V100 variety outperformed for antioxidant enzymes activities and relative expression of photosynthesis (Glyma.08G204800.1, Glyma.12G232000.1), GmSOD (GmSOD01, GmSOD08), GmPOD (GmPOD29, GmPOD47), trehalose (GmTPS01, GmTPS13) and cold marker genes (DREB1E, DREB1D, SCOF1) than V45 under cold stress. Upon cold stress, the V100 variety showed reduced accumulation of H2O2 and MDA levels and subsequently showed lower leaf injury compared to V45. Together, our results uncovered new avenues for identifying cold tolerant soybean varieties from a large panel. Additionally, we identified the role of antioxidants, osmo-protectants and their posttranscriptional regulators miRNAs such as miR319, miR394, miR397, and miR398 in Soybean cold stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azhar Hussain
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Senquan Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongtao Gao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chen Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengyu Sun
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Sui
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Keheng Xu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Vosnjak M, Sircelj H, Vodnik D, Usenik V. Physio-Biochemical Responses of Sweet Cherry Leaf to Natural Cold Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3507. [PMID: 36559619 PMCID: PMC9782851 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trees of the sweet cherry cultivar 'Grace Star' (Prunus avium L.) were exposed to low temperatures without frost for two consecutive nights under natural conditions 36 d after flowering, to study the effects on the physiological properties and metabolic status of leaves. The response was studied by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters and by analyzing chloroplast pigments (i) immediately after exposure, (ii) 24 h and (iii) 48 h later. The first exposure at 2.4 (±0.2) °C and a minimum of 0.8 °C elicited more changes than the second exposure at 4.9 (±0.3) °C and a minimum of 2.4 °C. After the first exposure, the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm), effective quantum efficiency of PS II, net photosynthesis (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration, and intercellular CO2 concentration were significantly lower, and after the second exposure, the content of chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, β-carotene, and lutein were lower. The content of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin was higher immediately after both exposures, and that of antheraxanthin was also higher 24 h later. Recovery took longer in trees that were exposed twice. Fv/Fm recovered within 48 h, but the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pool, PN, and gs did not reach the level of controls, indicating that the stress effect lasted several days which is probably sufficient to cause fruit drop and reduce yield.
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Soualiou S, Duan F, Li X, Zhou W. CROP PRODUCTION UNDER COLD STRESS: An understanding of plant responses, acclimation processes, and management strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 190:47-61. [PMID: 36099808 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of climate change, the magnitude and frequency of temperature extremes (low and high temperatures) are increasing worldwide. Changes to the lower extremes of temperature, known as cold stress (CS), are one of the recurrent stressors in many parts of the world, severely limiting agricultural production. A series of plant reactions to CS could be generalized into morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses based on commonalities among crop plants. However, the differing originality of crops revealed varying degrees of sensitivity to cold and, therefore, exhibited large differences in these responses among the crops. This review discusses the vegetative and reproductive growth effects of CS and highlights the species-specific aspect of each growth stage whereby the reproductive growth CS appears more detrimental in rice and wheat, with marginal yield losses. To mitigate CS negative effects, crop plants have evolved cold-acclimation mechanisms (with differing capability), characterized by specific protein accumulation, membrane modification, regulation of signaling pathways, osmotic regulation, and induction of endogenous hormones. In addition, we reviewed a comprehensive account of management strategies for regulating tolerance mechanisms of crop plants under CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soualihou Soualiou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fengying Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Chilling Tolerance in Maize: Insights into Advances—Toward Physio-Biochemical Responses’ and QTL/Genes’ Identification. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162082. [PMID: 36015386 PMCID: PMC9415788 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Maize, a major staple cereal crop in global food supply, is a thermophilic and short-day C4 plant sensitive to low-temperature stress. A low temperature is among the most severe agro-meteorological hazards in maize-growing areas. This review covers the latest research and progress in the field of chilling tolerance in maize in the last 40 years. It mainly focuses on how low-temperature stress affects the maize membrane and antioxidant systems, photosynthetic physiology, osmoregulatory substances and hormone levels. In addition, the research progress in identifying cold-tolerance QTLs (quantitative trait loci) and genes to genetically improve maize chilling toleranceis comprehensively discussed. Based on previous research, this reviewprovides anoutlook on potential future research directions and offers a reference for researchers in the maize cold-tolerance-related field.
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Duran Garzon C, Lequart M, Charras Q, Fournet F, Bellenger L, Sellier-Richard H, Giauffret C, Vermerris W, Domon JM, Rayon C. The maize low-lignin brown midrib3 mutant shows pleiotropic effects on photosynthetic and cell wall metabolisms in response to chilling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 184:75-86. [PMID: 35636334 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major cereal crops in the world and is highly sensitive to low temperature. Here, changes in photosynthetic and cell wall metabolisms were investigated during a long chilling exposure in inbred line F2 and a low-lignin near-isogenic brown midrib3 mutant (F2bm3), which has a mutation in the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. Results revealed that the plant biomass was reduced, and this was more pronounced in F2bm3. Photosynthesis was altered in both lines with distinct changes in photosynthetic pigment content between F2bm3 and F2, indicating an alternative photoprotection mechanism between lines under chilling. Starch remobilization was observed in F2bm3 while concentrations of sucrose, fructose and starch increased in F2, suggesting a reduced sugar partitioning in F2. The cell wall was altered upon chilling, resulting in changes in the composition of glucuronorabinoxylan and a reduced cellulose level in F2. Chilling shifted lignin subunit composition in F2bm3 mutant to a higher proportion of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units, whereas it resulted in lignin with a higher proportion of syringyl (S) residues in F2. On average, the total cell wall ferulic acid (FA) content increased in both genotypes, with an increase in ether-linked FA in F2bm3, suggesting a greater degree of cross-linking to lignin. The reinforcement of the cell wall with lignin enriched in H-units and a higher concentration in cell-wall-bound FA observed in F2bm3 as a response to chilling, could be a strategy to protect the photosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Duran Garzon
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Michelle Lequart
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Quentin Charras
- UMR 7265 Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Françoise Fournet
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Léo Bellenger
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France; EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Hélène Sellier-Richard
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Unité Expérimentale Grandes Cultures Innovation et Environnement, Estrées-Mons, 80203, Péronne, France
| | - Catherine Giauffret
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, AgroImpact, Estrées-Mons, 80203, Péronne, France
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, UF Genetics Institute, Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Rayon
- UMR-INRAE 1158 Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039, Amiens, France.
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Bilska-Kos A, Pietrusińska A, Suski S, Niedziela A, Linkiewicz AM, Majtkowski W, Żurek G, Zebrowski J. Cell Wall Properties Determine Genotype-Specific Response to Cold in Miscanthus × giganteus Plants. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030547. [PMID: 35159356 PMCID: PMC8834381 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, including in response to environmental factors, mainly through significant biochemical and biomechanical plasticity. The involvement of the cell wall in C4 plants’ response to cold is, however, still poorly understood. Miscanthus × giganteus, a perennial grass, is generally considered cold tolerant and, in contrast to other thermophilic species such as maize or sorgo, can maintain a relatively high level of photosynthesis efficiency at low ambient temperatures. This unusual response to chilling among C4 plants makes Miscanthus an interesting study object in cold acclimation mechanism research. Using the results obtained from employing a diverse range of techniques, including analysis of plasmodesmata ultrastructure by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and biomechanical tests coupled with photosynthetic parameters measurements, we present evidence for the implication of the cell wall in genotype-specific responses to cold in this species. The observed reduction in the assimilation rate and disturbance of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in the susceptible M3 genotype under cold conditions was associated with changes in the ultrastructure of the plasmodesmata, i.e., a constriction of the cytoplasmic sleeve in the central region of the microchannel at the mesophyll–bundle sheath interface. Moreover, this cold susceptible genotype was characterized by enhanced tensile stiffness, strength of leaf wall material, and a less altered biochemical profile of the cell wall, revealed by FTIR spectroscopy, compared to cold tolerant genotypes. These changes indicate that a decline in photosynthetic activity may result from a decrease in leaf CO2 conductance due to the formation of more compact and thicker cell walls and that an enhanced tolerance to cold requires biochemical wall remodelling. Thus, the well-established trade-off between photosynthetic capacity and leaf biomechanics found across multiple species in ecological research may also be a relevant factor in Miscanthus’ tolerance to cold. In this paper, we demonstrate that M. giganteus genotypes showing a high degree of genetic similarity may respond differently to cold stress if exposed at earlier growing seasons to various temperature regimes, which has implications for the cell wall modifications patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bilska-Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-733-45-41
| | - Aleksandra Pietrusińska
- National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Szymon Suski
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Niedziela
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Anna M. Linkiewicz
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
- Genetically Modified Organisms Controlling Laboratory, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Majtkowski
- Botanical Garden, National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Jeździecka 5, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Żurek
- Department of Bioenergetics, Quality Analysis and Seed Science, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Zhao X, Kang L, Wang Q, Lin C, Liu W, Chen W, Sang T, Yan J. Water Use Efficiency and Stress Tolerance of the Potential Energy Crop Miscanthus lutarioriparius Grown on the Loess Plateau of China. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030544. [PMID: 33805780 PMCID: PMC8001145 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a potential energy crop with high biomass yield, Miscanthus lutarioriparius (M. lutarioriparius), endemic to the Long River Range in central China, needs to be investigated for its acclimation to stressful climatic and soil conditions often found on the marginal land. In this study, traits related to acclimation and yield, including survival rates, plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), tiller number (TN), water use efficiency (WUE), and photosynthetic rates (A), were examined for 41 M. lutarioriparius populations that transplanted to the arid and cold Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that the average survival rate of M. lutarioriparius populations was only 4.16% over the first winter but the overwinter rate increased to 35.03% after the second winter, suggesting that plants having survived the first winter could have acclaimed to the low temperature. The strikingly high survival rates over the second winter were found to be 95.83% and 80.85%, respectively, for HG18 and HG39 populations. These populations might be especially valuable for the selection of energy crops for such an area. Those individuals surviving for the two consecutive winters showed significantly higher WUE than those measured after the first winter. The high WUE and low stomatal conductance (gs) observed in survived individuals could have been responsible for their acclimation to this new and harsh environment. A total of 61 individuals with productive growth traits and strong resistance to cold and drought were identified for further energy crop development. This study showed that the variation of M. lutarioriparius held great potential for developing energy crops following continuous field selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.Z.); (L.K.); (Q.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.); (T.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lifang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.Z.); (L.K.); (Q.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.Z.); (L.K.); (Q.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.); (T.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.Z.); (L.K.); (Q.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.Z.); (L.K.); (Q.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.); (T.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Tao Sang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (X.Z.); (L.K.); (Q.W.); (C.L.); (W.L.); (T.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence:
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Stress Response of Miscanthus Plants and Soil Microbial Communities: A Case Study in Metals and Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soils. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation biofuel crop miscanthus is one of the most promising plants tested for phytomanagement of contaminated sites. In this preliminary pot case study, the most used hybrid Miscanthus x giganteus was cultivated in three different real contaminated soils: agricultural soil contaminated with Cd; post-military soil slightly contaminated with Zn, Pb and Cd; and soil contaminated by petroleum industry with metals and hydrocarbons. The stress response of plants and soil microbial communities was monitored to receive data that are important for successful phytomanagement application. With metals only, the plant grew well, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurement proved their good vitality. Changes in leaf anatomy (leaf thickness and sclerenchyma cells area) were additionally determined in post-military soil compared to agricultural. On the contrary, in petroleum-contaminated soil, the biomass yield was too reduced and also physiological parameters were significantly decreased. The response of microbial communities also differed. In agricultural soil, no microbial stress was determined. In post-military soil, it became reduced during the experiment, and in petroleum contamination, it increased year-on-year. It could be concluded that miscanthus is suitable for cultivation in metals contaminated soils with potential for microbial communities support, but in soil contaminated by the petroleum industry, its application did not seem meaningful.
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Acceleration of Carbon Fixation in Chilling-Sensitive Banana under Mild and Moderate Chilling Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239326. [PMID: 33297477 PMCID: PMC7730866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana is one of the most important food and fruit crops in the world and its growth is ceasing at 10–17 °C. However, the mechanisms determining the tolerance of banana to mild (>15 °C) and moderate chilling (10–15 °C) are elusive. Furthermore, the biochemical controls over the photosynthesis in tropical plant species at low temperatures above 10 °C is not well understood. The purpose of this research was to reveal the response of chilling-sensitive banana to mild (16 °C) and moderate chilling stress (10 °C) at the molecular (transcripts, proteins) and physiological levels. The results showed different transcriptome responses between mild and moderate chilling stresses, especially in pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, ABC transporters, ubiquinone, and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Interestingly, functions related to carbon fixation were assigned preferentially to upregulated genes/proteins, while photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna proteins were downregulated at 10 °C, as revealed by both digital gene expression and proteomic analysis. These results were confirmed by qPCR and immunofluorescence labeling methods. Conclusion: Banana responded to the mild chilling stress dramatically at the molecular level. To compensate for the decreased photosynthesis efficiency caused by mild and moderate chilling stresses, banana accelerated its carbon fixation, mainly through upregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases.
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Bilska-Kos A, Mytych J, Suski S, Magoń J, Ochodzki P, Zebrowski J. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SUS) and their products in the leaves of Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays at low temperature. PLANTA 2020; 252:23. [PMID: 32676847 PMCID: PMC7366575 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the expression of key sugar metabolism enzymes (SPS and SUS), sucrose content and arrangement of chloroplast starch may play a significant role in the cold response in M. giganteus and maize plants. To understand the mechanism of the chilling-response of two closely-related C4 plants, we investigated the changes in the expression of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SUS) as well as changes in their potential products: sucrose, cellulose and starch in the leaves of Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays. Low temperature (12-14 °C) increased SPS content in Miscanthus (MG) and chilling-sensitive maize line (Zm-S), but not in chilling-tolerant one (Zm-T). In Zm-S line, chilling also caused the higher intensity of labelling of SPS in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. SUS labelling was also increased by cold stress only in MG plants what was observed in the secondary wall between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, as well as in the vacuoles of companion cells. Cold led to a marked increase in total starch grain area in the chloroplasts of Zm-S line. In turn, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed a slight shift in the cellulose band position, which may indicate the formation of more compact cellulose arrangement in Zm-T maize line. In conclusion, this work presents new findings supporting diversified cold-response, not only between two C4 plant species but also within one species of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bilska-Kos
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland.
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Jennifer Mytych
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 2, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Szymon Suski
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Magoń
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland
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14
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Malinská H, Pidlisnyuk V, Nebeská D, Erol A, Medžová A, Trögl J. Physiological Response of Miscanthus x giganteus to Plant Growth Regulators in Nutritionally Poor Soil. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020194. [PMID: 32033420 PMCID: PMC7076640 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg) is a promising second-generation biofuel crop with high production of energetic biomass. Our aim was to determine the level of plant stress of Mxg grown in poor quality soils using non-invasive physiological parameters and to test whether the stress could be reduced by application of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Plant fitness was quantified by measuring of leaf fluorescence using 24 indexes to select the most suitable fluorescence indicators for quantification of this type of abiotic stress. Simultaneously, visible stress signs were observed on stems and leaves and differences in variants were revealed also by microscopy of leaf sections. Leaf fluorescence analysis, visual observation and changes of leaf anatomy revealed significant stress in all studied subjects compared to those cultivated in good quality soil. Besides commonly used Fv/Fm (potential photosynthetic efficiency) and P.I. (performance index), which showed very low sensitivity, we suggest other fluorescence parameters (like dissipation, DIo/RC) for revealing finer differences. We can conclude that measurement of leaf fluorescence is a suitable method for revealing stress affecting Mxg in poor soils. However, none of investigated parameters proved significant positive effect of PGRs on stress reduction. Therefore, direct improvement of soil quality by fertilization should be considered for stress reduction and improving the biomass quality in this type of soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Malinská
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Pidlisnyuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (D.N.); (J.T.)
| | - Diana Nebeská
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (D.N.); (J.T.)
| | - Anna Erol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (A.E.)
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-089, Poland
| | - Andrea Medžová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Josef Trögl
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (D.N.); (J.T.)
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15
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Duran Garzon C, Lequart M, Rautengarten C, Bassard S, Sellier-Richard H, Baldet P, Heazlewood JL, Gibon Y, Domon JM, Giauffret C, Rayon C. Regulation of carbon metabolism in two maize sister lines contrasted for chilling tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:356-369. [PMID: 31557299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Maize can grow in cool temperate climates but is often exposed to spring chilling temperatures that can affect early seedling growth. Here, we used two sister double-haploid lines displaying a contrasted tolerance to chilling to identify major determinants of long-term chilling tolerance. The chilling-sensitive (CS) and the chilling-tolerant (CT) lines were grown at 14 °C day/10 °C night for 60 d. CS plants displayed a strong reduction in growth and aerial biomass compared with CT plants. Photosynthetic efficiency was affected with an increase in energy dissipation in both lines. Chilling tolerance in CT plants was associated with higher chlorophyll content, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and higher sucrose to starch ratio. Few changes in cell wall composition were observed in both genotypes. There was no obvious correlation between nucleotide sugar content and cell wall polysaccharide composition. Our findings suggest that the central starch-sucrose metabolism is one major determinant of the response to low temperature, and its modulation accounts for the ability of CT plants to cope with low temperature. This modulation seemed to be linked to a strong alteration in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars that, at a high level, could reflect the remobilization of carbon in response to chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Duran Garzon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Michelle Lequart
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Solène Bassard
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Hélène Sellier-Richard
- Unité Expérimentale Grandes Cultures Innovation et Environnement, INRA-Estrées-Mons, Péronne, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux Métabolome, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux Métabolome, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Parrotta L, Faleri C, Guerriero G, Cai G. Cold stress affects cell wall deposition and growth pattern in tobacco pollen tubes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:329-342. [PMID: 31128704 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cold is an abiotic stress seriously threatening crop productivity by decreasing biomass production. The pollen tube is a target of cold stress, but also a useful model to address questions on cell wall biosynthesis. We here provide (immuno)cytological data relative to the impact of cold on the pollen tube cell wall. We clearly show that the growth pattern is severely affected by the stress, since the typical pulsed-growth mechanism accompanied by the periodic deposition of pectin rings is absent/severely reduced. Additionally, pectins and cellulose accumulate in bulges provoked by the stress, while callose, which colocalizes with pectins in the periodic rings formed during pulsed growth, accumulates randomly in the stressed samples. The altered distribution of the cell wall components is accompanied by differences in the localization of glucan synthases: cellulose synthase shows a more diffuse localization, while callose synthase shows a more frequent cytoplasmic accumulation, thereby denoting a failure in plasma membrane insertion. The cell wall observations are complemented by the analysis of intracellular Ca2+, pH and reactive oxygen species (ROS): while in the case of pH no major differences are observed, a less focused Ca2+ and ROS gradients are present in the stressed samples. The standard oscillatory growth of pollen tubes is recovered by transient changes of turgor pressure induced by hypoosmotic media. Overall our data contribute to the understanding of the impact that cold stress has on the normal development of the pollen tube and unveil the cell wall-related aberrant features accompanying the observed alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Via Irnerio 42, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, via P.A. Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, via P.A. Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
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