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Płażek A, Kopeć P, Dziurka M, Słomka A. The yield of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) depends on the genotype but not on the Pin-to-Thrum ratio. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16022. [PMID: 37749231 PMCID: PMC10519966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Common buckwheat has a complicated flowering biology. It is characterized by a strong self-incompatibility resulting from heterostyly, i.e. the occurrence of two types of flowers: Pin and Thrum, differing in the length of pistils and stamens. Fertilization occurs only as a result of cross-pollination between these morphs. Suspicions exist that the disturbed ratio between plants producing Pin and Thrum flowers (with the latter type generating more seeds) causes low seed yield. The aim of the study was to analyze: (1) the ratio between plants with Pin and Thrum morphs, (2) flower and seed production, as well as abortion of flowers, (3) the composition of nectar collected at an early flowering stage and during full flowering. The study was performed under semi-controlled and field conditions on six Polish accessions. The results indicated that under semi-controlled conditions the Pin-to-Thrum ratio was indeed disproportionate; such a phenomenon is called anisoplethy. In the field, however, the Pin-to-Thrum ratio was well-balanced (isoplethy). The plants with both morphs aborted a similar percentage of flowers and produced a comparable number of empty seeds. The number of flowers, their abortion, and ripe seed production were independent of flower type, however, they were genotypically controlled. A strong correlation between the number of flowers produced by a plant, flower abortion and the number of empty seeds was found. The percentage of aborted flowers correlated positively with the weight of ripe seeds. Nectar composition was similar for all buckwheat genotypes, but we found some differences in the amount of individual sugars depending on the blooming stage. In the majority of accessions, the nectar produced at the early blooming stage was characterized by a greater mass and volume, and contained more individual sugars than at the full-flowering stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Płażek
- Department of Breeding, Physiology of Plants and Seed Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture of Krakow, Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Kopeć
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Dziurka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Słomka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Płażek A, Dziurka M, Słomka A, Kopeć P. The Effect of Stimulants on Nectar Composition, Flowering, and Seed Yield of Common Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12852. [PMID: 37629032 PMCID: PMC10454428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Common buckwheat is a valuable plant producing seeds containing a number of health-promoting compounds and elements. Buckwheat does not contain gluten and is characterized by an excellent composition of amino acids. This species is also a melliferous plant. Despite many advantages, the area of buckwheat cultivation is decreasing due to unstable yields. One of the reasons for low seed yield is its sensitivity to drought, high temperatures, and assimilate deficiencies. These factors have a significant impact on the nectar composition, which is important for visiting pollinators and thus for pollination. High temperature during flowering increases the degeneration of embryo sacs and embryos, which is high anyway (genetic determination) in common buckwheat. This phenomenon seems to be unbreakable by breeding methods. The authors aimed to determine whether stimulants commonly used in agriculture could increase the seed yield of this plant species. The aim of the work was to choose from eight different stimulants the most effective one that would improve the seed yield of two accessions of common buckwheat by increasing the efficiency of nectar production and reducing the number of empty seeds. The plants were sprayed at either the beginning of flowering or at full bloom. The content of sugars and amino acids was higher in the nectar produced at the beginning of flowering. The nectar of both lines included also polyamines. The level of sugars in the nectar increased mainly after spraying with the stimulants in the second phase of flowering. A positive correlation between the total amount of sugars and amino acids in the nectar and seed yield was found. All the stimulants used reduced the number of empty seeds in both accessions. Seed production in the PA15 line increased significantly under the influence of all stimulants used at the beginning of flowering, and the most effective were ASAHI SL and TYTANIT®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Płażek
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (M.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Aneta Słomka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Kopeć
- Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (M.D.); (P.K.)
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Yanan C, Ali J, Sellaoui L, Dhaouadi F, Naeem M, Franco DSP, Georgin J, Erto A, Badawi M. Explaining the adsorption mechanism of the herbicide 2,4-D and the drug ketoprofen onto wheat husks Fagopyrum esculentum treated with H 2SO 4. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137355. [PMID: 36455664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the adsorption of the herbicide 2,4-D and the drug ketoprofen on wheat husks Fagopyrum esculentum treated with H2SO4 is experimentally and analytically analyzed. The adsorbent is fully characterized through some techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. Adsorption tests are carried out to optimize the performances in terms of adsorbent dosage and solution pH. Subsequently, the impact of temperature is determined through the realization of adsorption isotherms. A multilayer model is employed to microscopically interpret the adsorption mechanism of both the investigated compounds. The modelling analysis shows that the number of molecules bound per adsorption site varied from 0.68 to 2.77 and from 2.23 to 3.59 for ketoprofen and herbicide 2,4-D, respectively. These estimated values testify that an aggregation process occurs during adsorption. The global number of formed layers of each adsorbate is also determined, showing a significant reduction from 5.73 to 2.61 for ketoprofen and from 1.79 to 1.5 for herbicide 2,4-D with the temperature. For a complete understanding of the adsorption mechanism, the saturation adsorption capacity and adsorption energy were calculated and interpreted. Overall, it may be inferred that physical interactions govern how these contaminants adsorb on the tested adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yanan
- School of Environment and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Technology and Business University, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jawad Ali
- School of Environment and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Technology and Business University, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Lotfi Sellaoui
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Université de Lorraine, UMR 7019-CNRS, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54 506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy-Cedex, France.
| | - Fatma Dhaouadi
- Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics, LR18ES18, Monastir University, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul WKUM, Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Dison S P Franco
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Alessandro Erto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, P. leTecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michael Badawi
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Université de Lorraine, UMR 7019-CNRS, BP239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54 506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy-Cedex, France.
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Aubert L, Quinet M. Comparison of Heat and Drought Stress Responses among Twelve Tartary Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum) Varieties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1517. [PMID: 35684290 PMCID: PMC9183088 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of orphan crops could mitigate the effects of climate change and improve the quality of food security. We compared the effects of drought, high temperature, and their combination in 12 varieties of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Plants were grown at 21/19 °C or 28/26 °C under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Plants were more discriminated according to environmental conditions than variety, with the exception of Islek that was smaller and produced fewer leaves, inflorescences, and seeds than the other varieties. The combination of high temperature and water stress had a stronger negative impact than each stress applied separately. The temperature increase stimulated leaf and flower production while water stress decreased plant height. Leaf area decreased with both temperature and water stress. High temperature hastened the seed initiation but negatively affected seed development such that almost all seeds aborted at 28 °C. At 21 °C, water stress significantly decreased the seed production per plant. At the physiological level, water stress increased the chlorophyll content and temperature increased the transpiration rate under well-watered conditions. High temperature also increased the polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations, mainly in the inflorescences. Altogether, our results showed that water stress and temperature increase in particular negatively affected seed production in F. tataricum.
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Franco DSP, Georgin J, Netto MS, Foletto EL, Allasia D, Oliveira MLS, Pinto D, Dotto GL. Effective removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug from wastewater by adsorption process using acid-treated Fagopyrum esculentum husk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31085-31098. [PMID: 35000165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, buckwheat husks (Fagopyrum esculentum) were modified by acid treatment and posteriorly employed to remove the ketoprofen in batch adsorption. The characterization results indicated that a more irregular surface with new empty spaces was generated after acid treatment. The adsorptive process was favored at acidic pH = 3. The dosage of 0.85 g L-1 was fixed for the kinetic and isothermal tests, obtaining good removal and capacity indications. The kinetic studies were better represented by pseudo-second-order, obtaining an experimental capacity of 74.3 mg g-1 for 200 mg L-1 of ketoprofen. An increase in temperature negatively affected the adsorption isotherm curves, resulting in a maximum capacity of 194.1 mg g-1. Thermodynamic results confirmed the exothermic nature of the process with physical forces acting. The adsorbent presented high efficiency in treating a synthetic effluent containing different drugs and salts, 71.2%. Therefore, adsorbent development from buckwheat husks treated with a strong acid is an excellent alternative, given the good removal results and the low cost for its preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dison S P Franco
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jordana Georgin
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Matias Schadeck Netto
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Edson L Foletto
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Allasia
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Aubert L, Konrádová D, Barris S, Quinet M. Different drought resistance mechanisms between two buckwheat species Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:577-586. [PMID: 33090466 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is one of the main factors affecting crop production and the occurrence of drought periods is expected to increase in the context of ongoing climate change. We investigated the impact of water stress on two pseudocereal species, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions under two water regimes: control (40-50% soil humidity) and water stress (<20% soil humidity). Although closely related, both species differed by their resistance to water stress. The vegetative growth was affected in F. esculentum but not in F. tataricum as water stress decreased leaf production, leaf fresh, and dry weight, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate in the former but not in the latter. However, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were not affected by water stress, whatever the species, and the chlorophyll content increased in water-stressed plants in both species. Oxidative stress was observed in both species in response to water stress, and antioxidant content was increased in F. tataricum. The reproductive phase was affected by water stress in both species: the number of inflorescences and pollen production decreased, mainly in F. esculentum. Seed set was maintained in F. tataricum while this parameter was not investigated in F. esculentum due to its self-incompatibility. Our results suggested that F. tataricum was more resistant to water stress than F. esculentum and that F. esculentum had characteristics of drought avoidance, while F. tataricum exhibited traits of drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Aubert
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daniela Konrádová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Selma Barris
- Equipe de Physiologie Végétale, LBPO, FSB, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
- Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Alger 1 Benyoucef Benkhedda, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Warm Temperatures Reduce Flower Attractiveness and Bumblebee Foraging. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060493. [PMID: 34070688 PMCID: PMC8226554 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the context of climate warming, modifications in plant pollination and reproductive success constitute a crucial issue. Modifications of both floral signals (display, size of flowers) and rewards (nectar and pollen) due to increased air temperatures may affect plant–pollinator interactions. However, relationships between modifications in floral traits and rewards caused by increased air temperatures and the associated effects on pollinator visitation rate and foraging behavior have not been thoroughly investigated. To explore the effects of temperature increase on plant–pollinator interactions, we chose the highly attractive bee-pollinated Borago officinalis and one of its pollinators, Bombus terrestris. We measured visual floral signals and rewards for plants cultivated at 21 °C or 26 °C and we investigated bumblebee behavior by tracking insect visits on plants in an indoor flight arena. Our results show that exposure to higher temperature during the flowering stages of B. officinalis negatively affects visual floral traits (e.g., by reducing the number of flowers) as well as floral rewards, affecting bumblebee visitation and foraging behavior. Bumblebees visited flowers from plants grown at 26 °C four times less frequently than they visited those from plants grown at 21 °C. Thus, the global increases in temperature caused by climate change could reduce plant pollination rates and reproductive success by reducing flower visitation. Abstract (1) Background: Plants attract pollinators using several visual signals, mainly involving the display, size, shape, and color of flowers. Each signal is relevant for pollinators foraging for floral rewards, pollen, and nectar. Changes in floral signals and rewards can be induced by an increase in temperature, drought, or other abiotic stresses and are expected to increase as global temperatures rise. In this study, we explored how pollinators respond to modified floral signals and rewards following an increase in temperature; (2) Methods: We tested the effects of warmer temperatures on bee-pollinated starflower (Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae) and determined the behavior of one of its main pollinators, the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). We measured visual floral traits (display and size) and rewards (nectar and pollen) for plants cultivated at 21 °C or 26 °C. We investigated bumblebee behavior by tracking insect visits in a binary choice experiment in an indoor flight arena; (3) Results: Plants cultivated at 26 °C exhibited a smaller floral area (i.e., corolla sizes summed for all flowers per plant, 34.4 ± 2.3 cm2 versus 71.2 ± 2.7 cm2) and a greater flower height (i.e., height of the last inflorescence on the stem, 87 ± 1 cm versus 75 ± 1 cm) compared to plants grown at 21 °C. Nectar production per flower was lower in plants grown at 26 °C than in plants grown at 21 °C (2.67 ± 0.37 µL versus 4.15 ± 0.22 µL), and bumblebees visited flowers from plants grown at 26 °C four times less frequently than they visited those from plants grown at 21 °C; (4) Conclusions: These results show that warmer temperatures affect floral signals and reduce overall floral resources accessible to pollinators. Thus, the global increases in temperature caused by climate change could reduce plant pollination rates and reproductive success by reducing flower visitation.
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Aubert L, Decamps C, Jacquemin G, Quinet M. Comparison of Plant Morphology, Yield and Nutritional Quality of Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum Grown under Field Conditions in Belgium. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020258. [PMID: 33525666 PMCID: PMC7910852 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat is a pseudocereal with high nutritional and nutraceutical properties. Although common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is the main cultivated species, Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is gaining interest. In this paper, we compared plant growth, yield-related parameters and seed nutritional qualities of two varieties of F. esculentum and F. tataricum under field conditions in Belgium. Fagopyrum esculentum flowered earlier, produced less nodes, less branches, less inflorescences, but more flowers per inflorescence than F. tataricum. The yield was higher in F. tataricum, while the thousand-grain weight was higher in F. esculentum. Yield ranged between 2037 kg/ha and 3667 kg/ha depending on the species and year. Regarding nutritional qualities, seeds of F. esculentum contained more proteins (15.4% vs. 12.8%) than seeds of F. tataricum although their amino acid profile was similar. Seeds of F. esculentum contained also more Mg (1.36 vs. 1.15 mg/g dry weight (DW)) and less Fe (22.9 vs. 32.6 µg/g DW) and Zn (19.6 vs. 24.5 µg/g DW) than F. tataricum. The main difference between seed nutritional quality was the concentration of flavonoids that was 60 times higher in F. tataricum than in F. esculentum. Both species grow well under Belgian conditions and showed good seed quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Aubert
- Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (L.A.); (C.D.)
| | - Christian Decamps
- Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (L.A.); (C.D.)
| | - Guillaume Jacquemin
- Unité Productions Végétales, Département Productions Agricoles, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (L.A.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-10-47-34-43
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