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Srinivasan K, Nampoothiri M, Khandibharad S, Singh S, Nayak AG, Hariharapura RC. Proteomic diversity of Russell's viper venom: exploring PLA2 isoforms, pharmacological effects, and inhibitory approaches. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03849-5. [PMID: 39181947 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a serious health concern in tropical regions, resulting in high mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it a neglected tropical disease and is working on strategies to reduce mortality. Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) is one of the most abundant venomous snakes found across Southeast Asia. Proteomic analysis of Russell's viper venom has demonstrated variation, with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) being the most abundant toxin across geographic boundaries. PLA2, a major constituent of the low-molecular-weight fraction of snake venom, hydrolyses phospholipids at the sn-2 position, releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. They are reported to cause various pharmacological effects, including hemolysis, anticoagulation, neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, and oedema. Though administration of antivenoms (ASV) is the primary treatment for envenomation, it has many drawbacks. Besides causing hypersensitivity reactions and life-threatening anaphylaxis, treatment with ASV is further complicated due to its inability to neutralize low-molecular-weight toxins. Thus, there is a greater need to produce next-generation antivenoms that can target specific toxins in the venom. In this review, we explored the classification of Russell's viper and the variation in its proteomic profile across Southeast Asia to date. In addition, we have also summarized the mechanism of action of PLA2 and discussed various isoforms of PLA2 found across different regions with their respective pharmacological effects. Finally, the drawbacks of commercially available antivenoms and the molecules investigated for inhibiting the low-molecular-weight toxin, PLA2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shweta Khandibharad
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akshatha Ganesh Nayak
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Yee KT, Macrander J, Vasieva O, Rojnuckarin P. Exploring Toxin Genes of Myanmar Russell's Viper, Daboia siamensis, through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050309. [PMID: 37235344 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) is a medically important venomous snake in Myanmar. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) shows potential to investigate the venom complexity, giving deeper insights into snakebite pathogenesis and possible drug discoveries. mRNA from venom gland tissue was extracted and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq platform and de novo assembled by Trinity. The candidate toxin genes were identified via the Venomix pipeline. Protein sequences of identified toxin candidates were compared with the previously described venom proteins using Clustal Omega to assess the positional homology among candidates. Candidate venom transcripts were classified into 23 toxin gene families including 53 unique full-length transcripts. C-type lectins (CTLs) were the most highly expressed, followed by Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, disintegrins and Bradykinin potentiating peptide/C-type natriuretic peptide (BPP-CNP) precursors. Phospholipase A2, snake venom serine proteases, metalloproteinases, vascular endothelial growth factors, L-amino acid oxidases and cysteine-rich secretory proteins were under-represented within the transcriptomes. Several isoforms of transcripts which had not been previously reported in this species were discovered and described. Myanmar Russell's viper venom glands displayed unique sex-specific transcriptome profiles which were correlated with clinical manifestation of envenoming. Our results show that NGS is a useful tool to comprehensively examine understudied venomous snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Than Yee
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar
| | - Jason Macrander
- Department of Biology, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL 33801, USA
| | - Olga Vasieva
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- BioSynthetic Machines, Inc., Chicago, IL 60062, USA
| | - Ponlapat Rojnuckarin
- Excellence Center in Translational Hematology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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In Vitro Efficacy of Antivenom and Varespladib in Neutralising Chinese Russell's Viper ( Daboia siamensis) Venom Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15010062. [PMID: 36668882 PMCID: PMC9864994 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The venom of the Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) contains neurotoxic and myotoxic phospholipase A2 toxins which can cause irreversible damage to motor nerve terminals. Due to the time delay between envenoming and antivenom administration, antivenoms may have limited efficacy against some of these venom components. Hence, there is a need for adjunct treatments to circumvent these limitations. In this study, we examined the efficacy of Chinese D. siamensis antivenom alone, and in combination with a PLA2 inhibitor, Varespladib, in reversing the in vitro neuromuscular blockade in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. Pre-synaptic neurotoxicity and myotoxicity were not reversed by the addition of Chinese D. siamensis antivenom 30 or 60 min after venom (10 µg/mL). The prior addition of Varespladib prevented the neurotoxic and myotoxic activity of venom (10 µg/mL) and was also able to prevent further reductions in neuromuscular block and muscle twitches when added 60 min after venom. The addition of the combination of Varespladib and antivenom 60 min after venom failed to produce further improvements than Varespladib alone. This demonstrates that the window of time in which antivenom remains effective is relatively short compared to Varespladib and small-molecule inhibitors may be effective in abrogating some activities of Chinese D. siamensis venom.
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Senji Laxme RR, Khochare S, Attarde S, Kaur N, Jaikumar P, Shaikh NY, Aharoni R, Primor N, Hawlena D, Moran Y, Sunagar K. The Middle Eastern Cousin: Comparative Venomics of Daboia palaestinae and Daboia russelii. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110725. [PMID: 36355975 PMCID: PMC9696752 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the medically most important snakes in the world, the species belonging to the genus Daboia have been attributed to the highest number of human envenomings, deaths and disabilities. Given their significant clinical relevance, the venoms of Russell's vipers (D. russelii and D. siamensis) have been the primary focus of research. In contrast, the composition, activity, ecology and evolution of venom of its congener, the Palestine viper (D. palaestinae), have remained largely understudied. Therefore, to unravel the factors responsible for the enhanced medical relevance of D. russelii in comparison to D. palaestinae, we comparatively evaluated their venom proteomes, biochemical activities, and mortality and morbidity inflicting potentials. Furthermore, the synthesis and regulation of venom in snakes have also remained underinvestigated, and the relative contribution of each venom gland remains unclear. We address this knowledge gap by sequencing the tissue transcriptomes of both venom glands of D. palaestinae, and comparatively evaluating their contribution to the secreted venom concoction. Our findings highlight the disparity in the venom composition, function and toxicities of the two Daboia species. We also show that toxin production is not partitioned between the two venom glands of D. palaestinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Senji Laxme
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Suyog Khochare
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Attarde
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Priyanka Jaikumar
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Naeem Yusuf Shaikh
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Reuven Aharoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Naftali Primor
- Shulov Institute of Science, 10 Oppenheimer Street, Science Park, Rehovot 7670110, Israel
| | - Dror Hawlena
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kartik Sunagar
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (K.S.)
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Identification of Daboia siamensis venome using integrated multi-omics data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13140. [PMID: 35907887 PMCID: PMC9338987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite, classified by World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease, causes more than 100,000 deaths and 2 million injuries per year. Currently, available antivenoms do not bind with strong specificity to target toxins, which means that severe complications can still occur despite treatment. Moreover, the cost of antivenom is expensive. Knowledge of venom compositions is fundamental for producing a specific antivenom that has high effectiveness, low side effects, and ease of manufacture. With advances in mass spectrometry techniques, venom proteomes can now be analyzed in great depth at high efficiency. However, these techniques require genomic and transcriptomic data for interpreting mass spectrometry data. This study aims to establish and incorporate genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics data to study venomics of a venomous snake, Daboia siamensis. Multiple proteins that have not been reported as venom components of this snake such as hyaluronidase-1, phospholipase B, and waprin were discovered. Thus, multi-omics data are advantageous for venomics studies. These findings will be valuable not only for antivenom production but also for the development of novel therapeutics.
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In Vitro Toxicity of Chinese Russell’s Viper (Daboia siamensis) Venom and Neutralisation by Antivenoms. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070505. [PMID: 35878244 PMCID: PMC9317331 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Daboia siamensis (Russell’s viper) is a highly venomous and medically important snake in China, as well as much of Asia. There is minimal information on the pharmacological activity of the venom of the Chinese species, and currently no commercially available specific antivenom in China. This has led to the use of non-specific antivenoms to treat D. siamensis envenomation. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of D. siamensis venom was examined and the efficacy of four antivenoms was investigated, including the recently developed Chinese D. siamensis monovalent antivenom (C-DsMAV) and three commercially available antivenoms (Thai D. siamensis (Thai-DsMAV) monovalent antivenom, Deinagkistrodon acutus monovalent antivenom (DaAV), and Gloydius brevicaudus monovalent antivenom (GbAV). D. siamensis venom (10–30 µg/mL) caused the concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches in the chick biventer cervicis nerve muscle preparation, without abolishing contractile responses to exogenous agonists ACh or CCh, indicating pre-synaptic neurotoxicity. Myotoxicity was also evident at these concentrations with inhibition of direct twitches, an increase in baseline tension, and the partial inhibition of ACh, CCh, and KCl responses. The prior addition of C-DsMAV or Thai-DsMAV prevented the neurotoxic and myotoxic activity of D. siamensis venom (10 µg/mL). The addition of non-specific antivenoms (GbAV and DaAV) partially prevented the neurotoxic activity of venom (10 µg/mL) but failed to neutralize the myotoxic effects. We have shown that D. siamensis venom exhibits in vitro weak presynaptic neurotoxicity and myotoxicity, which can be prevented by the pre-addition of the Chinese and Thai Russell’s viper antivenoms. Non-specific antivenoms were poorly efficacious. There should be further development of a monospecific antivenom against D. siamensis envenomation in China.
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Gui Y, Yu C, Zhou J, Xin L, Chen Z, Fan T, Lu S, Jia J, Liu G. Development and validation of a ligand-binding assay for quantification of the F(ab') 2 antivenom of Daboia russelii siamensis in human serum and its application to a phase I clinical study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 212:114645. [PMID: 35149421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Daboia russelii siamensis accounts for most of snakebite mortalities in China, yet, specific treatment against the venom toxins is absent in clinical practice. The F(ab')2 antivenom of Daboia russelii siamensis is manufactured and approved for the clinical trial in China. To satisfy the need for clinical pharmacokinetic research, this study aimed to develop a ligand binding assay (LBA) for the quantification of F(ab')2 antivenom of Daboia russelii siamensis in human serum. A diverse combination of conditions was optimized based on the fitness of the calibration curve and selectivity. The established LBA undergoes thorough method validation according to the guidelines of regulatory authorities. In the calibration range 1.0-64 μg/mL, the correlation coefficient r2 was from 0.9970 to 1.000, indicating good fitness. Accuracy and precision were within ± 20%. Dilution linearity was observed in the ultra-high quality-control (QC) samples (500 μg/mL). In addition, the assay was free from hook effect, the endogenous interferences and exogenous interferences. The QC samples were stable under different handling and storage conditions. The validated assay was successfully applied to a phase I clinical study of the F(ab')2 antivenom of Daboia russelii siamensis in Chinese healthy volunteers. The peak concentrations exhibited dose-proportionality. In conclusion, this study provides a novel and reliable LBA method for the clinical pharmacokinetic research of F(ab')2 antivenom of Daboia russelii siamensis. It will facilitate further clinical trials in treating the snakebite of Daboia russelii siamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Gui
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/ Zhongshan, Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chengyin Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/ Zhongshan, Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaye Zhou
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/ Zhongshan, Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liang Xin
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/ Zhongshan, Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Serum Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, China
| | - Tiejiong Fan
- Shanghai Serum Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Shanghai Serum Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201707, China
| | - Jingying Jia
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/ Zhongshan, Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gangyi Liu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/ Zhongshan, Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China.
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op den Brouw B, Coimbra FCP, Casewell NR, Ali SA, Vonk FJ, Fry BG. A Genus-Wide Bioactivity Analysis of Daboia (Viperinae: Viperidae) Viper Venoms Reveals Widespread Variation in Haemotoxic Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13486. [PMID: 34948283 PMCID: PMC8706385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The snake genus Daboia (Viperidae: Viperinae; Oppel, 1811) contains five species: D. deserti, D. mauritanica, and D. palaestinae, found in Afro-Arabia, and the Russell's vipers D. russelii and D. siamensis, found in Asia. Russell's vipers are responsible for a major proportion of the medically important snakebites that occur in the regions they inhabit, and their venoms are notorious for their coagulopathic effects. While widely documented, the extent of venom variation within the Russell's vipers is poorly characterised, as is the venom activity of other species within the genus. In this study we investigated variation in the haemotoxic activity of Daboia using twelve venoms from all five species, including multiple variants of D. russelii, D. siamensis, and D. palaestinae. We tested the venoms on human plasma using thromboelastography, dose-response coagulometry analyses, and calibrated automated thrombography, and on human fibrinogen by thromboelastography and fibrinogen gels. We assessed activation of blood factors X and prothrombin by the venoms using fluorometry. Variation in venom activity was evident in all experiments. The Asian species D. russelii and D. siamensis and the African species D. mauritanica possessed procoagulant venom, while D. deserti and D. palaestinae were net-anticoagulant. Of the Russell's vipers, the venom of D. siamensis from Myanmar was most toxic and D. russelli of Sri Lanka the least. Activation of both factor X and prothrombin was evident by all venoms, though at differential levels. Fibrinogenolytic activity varied extensively throughout the genus and followed no phylogenetic trends. This venom variability underpins one of the many challenges facing treatment of Daboia snakebite envenoming. Comprehensive analyses of available antivenoms in neutralising these variable venom activities are therefore of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca op den Brouw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia;
| | - Francisco C. P. Coimbra
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia;
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Freek J. Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia;
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Lingam TMC, Tan KY, Tan CH. Capillary leak syndrome induced by the venoms of Russell's Vipers (Daboia russelii and Daboia siamensis) from eight locales and neutralization of the differential toxicity by three snake antivenoms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109186. [PMID: 34508870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation caused by the Western and Eastern Russell's Vipers (Daboia russelii and Daboia siamensis) may potentially induce capillary leak syndrome (CLS), while the use of antivenom in treating this has not been well examined. This study investigated the CLS-inducing toxicity of Russell's Viper venoms from various sources and examined the neutralization activity of regionally available antivenoms, using a newly devised mouse model. D. russelii venoms demonstrated a more consistent vascular leakage activity (76,000-86,000 CLS unit of vascular leak index, a function of the diameter and intensity of Evans Blue dye extravasation into dermis) than D. siamensis venoms (33,000-88,000 CLS unit). Both species venoms increased hematocrits markedly (53-67%), indicating hemoconcentration. Regional antivenoms (DsMAV-Thailand, DsMAV-Taiwan, VPAV-India) preincubated with the venoms effectively neutralized the CLS effect to different extents. When the antivenoms were administered intravenously post-envenomation (challenge-rescue model), the neutralization was less effective, implying that CLS has a rapid onset that preceded the neutralizing activity of antivenom, and/or the antivenom has limited biodistribution to the venom's inoculation site. In conclusion, Russell's Viper venoms of both species from various locales induced CLS in mice. Antivenoms generally had limited efficacy in neutralizing the CLS effect. Innovative treatment for venom-induced CLS is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thava Malar Changra Lingam
- Protein and Interactomics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Yi Tan
- Protein and Interactomics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Venom Research and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Chaisakul J, Khow O, Wiwatwarayos K, Rusmili MRA, Prasert W, Othman I, Abidin SAZ, Charoenpitakchai M, Hodgson WC, Chanhome L, Chaiyabutr N. A Biochemical and Pharmacological Characterization of Phospholipase A 2 and Metalloproteinase Fractions from Eastern Russell's Viper ( Daboia siamensis) Venom: Two Major Components Associated with Acute Kidney Injury. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:521. [PMID: 34437392 PMCID: PMC8402394 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) following Eastern Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) envenoming is a significant symptom in systemically envenomed victims. A number of venom components have been identified as causing the nephrotoxicity which leads to AKI. However, the precise mechanism of nephrotoxicity caused by these toxins is still unclear. In the present study, we purified two proteins from D. siamensis venom, namely RvPLA2 and RvMP. Protein identification using LCMS/MS confirmed the identity of RvPLA2 to be snake venom phospholipase A2 (SVPLA2) from Thai D. siamensis venom, whereas RvMP exhibited the presence of a factor X activator with two subunits. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies demonstrated myotoxicity and histopathological changes of kidney, heart, and spleen. RvPLA2 (3-10 µg/mL) caused inhibition of direct twitches of the chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. After administration of RvPLA2 or RvMP (300 µg/kg, i.p.) for 24 h, diffuse glomerular congestion and tubular injury with minor loss of brush border were detected in envenomed mice. RvPLA2 and RvMP (300 µg/kg; i.p.) also induced congestion and tissue inflammation of heart muscle as well as diffuse congestion of mouse spleen. This study showed the significant roles of PLA2 and SVMP in snake bite envenoming caused by Thai D. siamensis and their similarities with observed clinical manifestations in envenomed victims. This study also indicated that there is a need to reevaluate the current treatment strategies for Thai D. siamensis envenoming, given the potential for irreversible nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeyuth Chaisakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Orawan Khow
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.K.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
| | | | - Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Watcharamon Prasert
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia; (I.O.); (S.A.Z.A.)
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia; (I.O.); (S.A.Z.A.)
| | | | - Wayne C. Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Lawan Chanhome
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.K.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.K.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
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Damm M, Hempel BF, Süssmuth RD. Old World Vipers-A Review about Snake Venom Proteomics of Viperinae and Their Variations. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060427. [PMID: 34204565 PMCID: PMC8235416 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution, snake venoms have frightened but also fascinated humanity and nowadays they constitute potential resources for drug development, therapeutics and antivenoms. The continuous progress of mass spectrometry techniques and latest advances in proteomics workflows enabled toxinologists to decipher venoms by modern omics technologies, so-called ‘venomics’. A tremendous upsurge reporting on snake venom proteomes could be observed. Within this review we focus on the highly venomous and widely distributed subfamily of Viperinae (Serpentes: Viperidae). A detailed public literature database search was performed (2003–2020) and we extensively reviewed all compositional venom studies of the so-called Old-World Vipers. In total, 54 studies resulted in 89 venom proteomes. The Viperinae venoms are dominated by four major, four secondary, six minor and several rare toxin families and peptides, respectively. The multitude of different venomics approaches complicates the comparison of venom composition datasets and therefore we differentiated between non-quantitative and three groups of quantitative workflows. The resulting direct comparisons within these groups show remarkable differences on the intra- and interspecies level across genera with a focus on regional differences. In summary, the present compilation is the first comprehensive up-to-date database on Viperinae venom proteomes and differentiating between analytical methods and workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Damm
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Benjamin-Florian Hempel
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, (BCRT), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-314-24205
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Rucavado A, Escalante T, Kalogeropoulos K, Camacho E, Gutiérrez JM, Fox JW. Analysis of wound exudates reveals differences in the patterns of tissue damage and inflammation induced by the venoms of Daboia russelii and Bothrops asper in mice. Toxicon 2020; 186:94-104. [PMID: 32781076 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of envenomings by bites of the viperid snakes Bothrops asper and Daboia russelii show marked differences. Both venoms elicit the typical effects induced by viperid venoms (local tissue damage, bleeding, coagulopathies, shock). In addition, envenomings by D. russelii are characterized by a high incidence of acute kidney injury and by systemic capillary leak syndrome. The present investigation aimed to compare the local pathological and inflammatory events induced by the intramuscular injection of these venoms in a mouse model. B. asper venom induced stronger local hemorrhage, whereas D. russelii venom caused a higher extent of myonecrosis, and both venoms induced inflammation. Exudates collected from the site of tissue damage showed higher proteolytic activity in the case of samples from B. asper venom-treated mice. This activity was abrogated by antivenoms, indicating that it is the result of the action of venom proteinases. In addition, an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) over time was detected in exudates induced by both venoms. Proteome analysis of exudates revealed higher abundance of extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived protein fragments in samples collected from B. asper venom-injected mice, whereas those from D. russelii venom-injected animals had higher amounts of intracellular proteins. Analysis of the subproteome of inflammatory mediators in exudates showed various patterns of change over time. Some mediators peaked at 180 min and decreased afterwards, whereas others increased and remained elevated during the 360 min observation period. Interestingly, various mediators (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, KC, MIP-2, GM-CSF, VEGF, and LIX) increased and then decreased in the case of B. asper venom, while they remained elevated at 360 min in the case of D. russelii venom. Our findings show that these venoms induce a different pattern of local tissue damage and suggest that the venom of D. russelii induces a more sustained inflammatory reaction, an observation that may have implications for the pathophysiology of envenomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Konstantinos Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erika Camacho
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Jay W Fox
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Galli SJ, Metz M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Tsai M. Mast cells and IgE in defense against lethality of venoms: Possible "benefit" of allergy[]. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2020; 29:46-62. [PMID: 33224714 PMCID: PMC7673288 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-020-00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Physicians think of mast cells and IgE primarily in the context of allergic disorders, including fatal anaphylaxis. This 'bad side' of mast cells and IgE is so well accepted that it can be difficult to think of them in other contexts, particularly those in which they may have beneficial functions. However, there is evidence that mast cells and IgE, as well as basophils (circulating granulocytes whose functions partially overlap with those of mast cells), can contribute to host defense as components of adaptive type 2 immune responses to helminths, ticks and certain other parasites. Accordingly, allergies often are conceptualized as "misdirected" type 2 immune responses, in which IgE antibodies are produced against any of a diverse group of apparently harmless antigens, and against components of animal venoms. Indeed, certain unfortunate patients who have become sensitized to venoms develop severe IgE-associated allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis, upon subsequent venom exposure. In this review, we will describe evidence that mast cells can enhance innate resistance, and survival, to challenge with reptile or arthropod venoms during a first exposure to such venoms. We also will discuss findings indicating that, in mice surviving an initial encounter with venom, acquired type 2 immune responses, IgE antibodies, the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), and mast cells can contribute to acquired resistance to the lethal effects of both honeybee venom and Russell's viper venom. These findings support the hypothesis that mast cells and IgE can help protect the host against venoms and perhaps other noxious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology and the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
| | - Martin Metz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine 1, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology and the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
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Galli SJ, Metz M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Tsai M. Mast cells and IgE in defense against lethality of venoms: Possible "benefit" of allergy*. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-020-0746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lingam TMC, Tan KY, Tan CH. Proteomics and antivenom immunoprofiling of Russell's viper ( Daboia siamensis) venoms from Thailand and Indonesia. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190048. [PMID: 32082369 PMCID: PMC7004479 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Russell’s viper, Daboia siamensis, is a WHO Category
1 medically important venomous snake. It has a wide but disjunct distribution in
Southeast Asia. The specific antivenom, D. siamensis Monovalent
Antivenom (DsMAV-Thailand) is produced in Thailand but not available in
Indonesia, where a heterologous trivalent antivenom, Serum Anti Bisa Ular
(SABU), is used instead. This study aimed to investigate the geographical venom
variation of D. siamensis from Thailand (Ds-Thailand) and
Indonesia (Ds-Indonesia), and the immunorecognition of the venom proteins by
antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kae Yi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chaisakul J, Alsolaiss J, Charoenpitakchai M, Wiwatwarayos K, Sookprasert N, Harrison RA, Chaiyabutr N, Chanhome L, Tan CH, Casewell NR. Evaluation of the geographical utility of Eastern Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) antivenom from Thailand and an assessment of its protective effects against venom-induced nephrotoxicity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007338. [PMID: 31644526 PMCID: PMC6850557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daboia siamensis (Eastern Russell's viper) is a medically important snake species found widely distributed across Southeast Asia. Envenomings by this species can result in systemic coagulopathy, local tissue injury and/or renal failure. While administration of specific antivenom is an effective treatment for Russell's viper envenomings, the availability of, and access to, geographically-appropriate antivenom remains problematic in many rural areas. In this study, we determined the binding and neutralizing capability of antivenoms manufactured by the Thai Red Cross in Thailand against D. siamensis venoms from four geographical locales: Myanmar, Taiwan, China and Thailand. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS The D. siamensis monovalent antivenom displayed extensive recognition and binding to proteins found in D. siamensis venom, irrespective of the geographical origin of those venoms. Similar immunological characteristics were observed with the Hemato Polyvalent antivenom, which also uses D. siamensis venom as an immunogen, but binding levels were dramatically reduced when using comparator monovalent antivenoms manufactured against different snake species. A similar pattern was observed when investigating neutralization of coagulopathy, with the procoagulant action of all four geographical venom variants neutralized by both the D. siamensis monovalent and the Hemato Polyvalent antivenoms, while the comparator monovalent antivenoms were ineffective. These in vitro findings translated into therapeutic efficacy in vivo, as the D. siamensis monovalent antivenom was found to effectively protect against the lethal effects of all four geographical venom variants preclinically. Assessments of in vivo nephrotoxicity revealed that D. siamensis venom (700 μg/kg) significantly increased plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels in anaesthetised rats. The intravenous administration of D. siamensis monovalent antivenom at three times higher than the recommended scaled therapeutic dose, prior to and 1 h after the injection of venom, resulted in reduced levels of markers of nephrotoxicity and prevented renal morphological changes, although lower doses had no therapeutic effect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study highlights the potential broad geographical utility of the Thai D. siamensis monovalent antivenom for treating envenomings by the Eastern Russell's viper. However, only the early delivery of high antivenom doses appears to be capable of preventing venom-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeyuth Chaisakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Jaffer Alsolaiss
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kulachet Wiwatwarayos
- Department of Pathology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Pathology, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Sookprasert
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Robert A. Harrison
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lawan Chanhome
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
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Pla D, Sanz L, Quesada-Bernat S, Villalta M, Baal J, Chowdhury MAW, León G, Gutiérrez JM, Kuch U, Calvete JJ. Phylovenomics of Daboia russelii across the Indian subcontinent. Bioactivities and comparative in vivo neutralization and in vitro third-generation antivenomics of antivenoms against venoms from India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. J Proteomics 2019; 207:103443. [PMID: 31325606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) is, together with Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus and Echis carinatus, a member of the medically important 'Big Four' species responsible for causing a large number of morbidity and mortality cases across the Indian subcontinent. Despite the wide distribution of Russell's viper and the well-documented ubiquity of the phenomenon of geographic variability of intraspecific snake venom composition, Indian polyvalent antivenoms against the "Big Four" venoms are raised against venoms sourced mainly from Chennai in the southeastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Biochemical and venomics investigations have consistently revealed notable compositional, functional, and immunological differences among geographic variants of Russell's viper venoms across the Indian subcontinent. However, these studies, carried out by different laboratories using different protocols and involving venoms from a single geographical region, make the comparison of the different venoms difficult. To bridge this gap, we have conducted bioactivities and proteomic analyses of D. russelii venoms from the three corners of the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Tamil Nandu (India) and Sri Lanka, along with comparative in vivo neutralization and in vitro third-generation antivenomics of antivenoms used in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. These analyses let us to propose two alternative routes of radiation for Russell's viper in the Indian subcontinent. Both radiations, towards the northeast of India and Bangladesh and towards south India and Sri Lanka, have a common origin in Pakistan, and provide a phylovenomics ground for rationalizing the geographic variability in venom composition and their distinct immunoreactivity against available antivenoms. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), the Indian cobra (Naja naja), the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), and the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) constitute the 'Big Four' snake species responsible for most snakebite envenomings and deaths in the Indian subcontinent. Despite the medical relevance of Daboia russelii, and the well documented variations in the clinical manifestations of envenomings by this wide distributed species, which are doubtless functionally related to differences in venom composition of its geographic variants, antivenoms for the clinical treatment of envenomings by D. russelii across the Indian subcontinent are invariably raised using venom sourced mainly from the southeastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. We have applied a phylovenomics approach to compare the venom proteomes of Russell's vipers from the three corners of the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and South India/Sri Lanka, and have assessed the in vitro (third-generation antivenomics) and in vivo preclinical efficacy of a panel of homologous antivenoms. The identification of two dispersal routes of ancestral D. russelii into the Indian subcontinent provides the ground for rationalizing the variability in composition and immunoreactivity of the venoms of extant geographic variants of Russell's viper. Such knowledge is relevant for envisioning strategies to improve the clinical coverage of anti- D. russelii antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Pla
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarai Quesada-Bernat
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Joshua Baal
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - José M Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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Rucavado A, Escalante T, Camacho E, Gutiérrez JM, Fox JW. Systemic vascular leakage induced in mice by Russell's viper venom from Pakistan. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16088. [PMID: 30382131 PMCID: PMC6208380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomings by some populations of the Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) are characterized by a systemic capillary leak syndrome (CLS) which causes hemoconcentration, and is associated with the severity of envenoming. We adapted a model of CLS in mice by assessing hemoconcentration. The venom of D. russelii from Pakistan, but not that of another viperid, Bothrops asper, induced hemoconcentration and an increment in vascular permeability, being devoid of hemorrhagic activity at the doses tested. These findings reveal a dichotomous pattern of vasculotoxicity in viperid snake venoms. This difference might depend on variations in venom composition, especially regarding metalloproteinases (SVMPs), which are low in Pakistani D. russelii and high in B. asper. Inhibition of SVMPs and phospholipases A2 in D. russelii venom did not abrogate hemoconcentration. An hemoconcentration-inducing fraction was obtained by chromatography, which contains vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a known potent inducer of increment in vascular permeability. Exudates collected from tissue injected with venom also induced hemoconcentration, and the effect was inhibited by antivenom. However, the amount of venom in exudate required to induce the effect is low, as compared with venom dissolved in saline solution, hence suggesting that endogenous proteins present in the exudate, probably inflammatory mediators, potentiate the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Erika Camacho
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jay W Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22959, USA.
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Kalita B, Mackessy SP, Mukherjee AK. Proteomic analysis reveals geographic variation in venom composition of Russell's Viper in the Indian subcontinent: implications for clinical manifestations post-envenomation and antivenom treatment. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:837-849. [PMID: 30247947 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1528150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Russell's Viper (RV) (Daboia russelii), a category I medically important snake, is responsible for a significant level of morbidity and mortality in the Indian sub-continent. Areas covered: The current review highlights the variation in RV venom (RVV) composition from different geographical locales on the Indian sub-continent, as revealed by biochemical and proteomic analyses. A comparison of these RVV proteomes revealed significant differences in the number of toxin isoforms and relative toxin abundances, highlighting the impact of geographic location on RVV composition. Antivenom efficacy studies have shown differential neutralization of toxicity and enzymatic activity of different RVV samples from the Indian sub-continent by commercial polyvalent antivenom (PAV). The proteome analysis has provided deeper insights into the variation of RVV composition leading to differences in antivenom efficacy and severity of clinical manifestations post RV-envenomation across the Indian sub-continent. Expert commentary: Variation in RVV antigenicity due to geographical differences and poor recognition of low molecular mass (<20 kDa) RVV toxins by PAV are serious concerns for effective antivenom treatment against RV envenomation. Improvements in immunization protocols that take into account the poorly immunogenic components and geographic variation in RVV composition, can lead to better hospital management of RV bite patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- a Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur , India
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- b School of Biological Sciences , University of Northern Colorado , Greeley , CO , USA
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- a Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur , India
- b School of Biological Sciences , University of Northern Colorado , Greeley , CO , USA
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Liu CC, Lin CC, Hsiao YC, Wang PJ, Yu JS. Proteomic characterization of six Taiwanese snake venoms: Identification of species-specific proteins and development of a SISCAPA-MRM assay for cobra venom factors. J Proteomics 2018; 187:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Translational Venomics: Third-Generation Antivenomics of Anti-Siamese Russell's Viper, Daboia siamensis, Antivenom Manufactured in Taiwan CDC's Vaccine Center. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3020066. [PMID: 30274462 PMCID: PMC6073718 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom proteome of Siamese Russell’s viper from Taiwan, alongside complementary in vivo lethality neutralization assay and in vitro third-generation antivenomics assessment of the preclinical efficacy of the homologous antivenom manufactured in Taiwan CDC’s Vaccine Center, are here reported. Taiwanese Russell’s viper venom proteome comprised 25 distinct gene products, with the heterodimeric PLA2 viperotoxin-F representing the most abundant toxin (47.5% of total venom proteome). Coagulation FV-activating serine proteinase (RVV-V, 14%), the PIV-SVMP activator of FX (RVV-FX, 8.5%), and less abundant toxins from nine protein families, make up its venom proteome. Venom composition-pathology correlations of D. siamensis envenomings in Taiwan are discussed. The lethal effect of Taiwanese D. siamensis venom was 0.47 mg/g mouse. Antivenomics-guided assessment of the toxin recognition landscape of the Taiwanese Russell’s viper antivenom, in conjunction with complementary in vivo neutralization analysis, informed the antivenom’s maximal toxin immunorecognition ability (14 mg total venom proteins/vial), neutralization capacity (6.5 mg venom/vial), and relative content of lethality neutralizing antibodies (46.5% of the toxin-binding F(ab’)2 antibodies). The antivenomics analysis also revealed suboptimal aspects of the CDC-Taiwan antivenom. Strategies to improve them are suggested.
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Tan KY, Tan NH, Tan CH. Venom proteomics and antivenom neutralization for the Chinese eastern Russell's viper, Daboia siamensis from Guangxi and Taiwan. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8545. [PMID: 29867131 PMCID: PMC5986800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The eastern Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) causes primarily hemotoxic envenomation. Applying shotgun proteomic approach, the present study unveiled the protein complexity and geographical variation of eastern D. siamensis venoms originated from Guangxi and Taiwan. The snake venoms from the two geographical locales shared comparable expression of major proteins notwithstanding variability in their toxin proteoforms. More than 90% of total venom proteins belong to the toxin families of Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, phospholipase A2, C-type lectin/lectin-like protein, serine protease and metalloproteinase. Daboia siamensis Monovalent Antivenom produced in Taiwan (DsMAV-Taiwan) was immunoreactive toward the Guangxi D. siamensis venom, and effectively neutralized the venom lethality at a potency of 1.41 mg venom per ml antivenom. This was corroborated by the antivenom effective neutralization against the venom procoagulant (ED = 0.044 ± 0.002 µl, 2.03 ± 0.12 mg/ml) and hemorrhagic (ED50 = 0.871 ± 0.159 µl, 7.85 ± 3.70 mg/ml) effects. The hetero-specific Chinese pit viper antivenoms i.e. Deinagkistrodon acutus Monovalent Antivenom and Gloydius brevicaudus Monovalent Antivenom showed negligible immunoreactivity and poor neutralization against the Guangxi D. siamensis venom. The findings suggest the need for improving treatment of D. siamensis envenomation in the region through the production and the use of appropriate antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Yi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Yee KT, Tongsima S, Vasieva O, Ngamphiw C, Wilantho A, Wilkinson MC, Somparn P, Pisitkun T, Rojnuckarin P. Analysis of snake venom metalloproteinases from Myanmar Russell's viper transcriptome. Toxicon 2018; 146:31-41. [PMID: 29567103 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the key enzymes in Russell's viper (RV) venom which target all important components of haemostasis, such as clotting factors, platelets, endothelial cells and basement membrane. The structural diversity of SVMPs contributes to the broad spectrum of biological activities. The aim of the study was to investigate the SVMP transcript profile to gain better insights into the characteristic clinical manifestations of the Myanmar Russell's viper (MRV) bites that distinguish it from the RVs of other habitats. Next generation sequencing (RNA-Seq) of mRNA from MRV venom glands (2 males and 1 female) was performed on an Illumina HiSeq2000 platform and then de novo assembled using Trinity software. A total of 59 SVMP contigs were annotated through a Blastn search against the serpent nucleotide database from NCBI. Among them, disintegrins were the most abundant transcripts (75%) followed by the P-III class SVMPs (25%). The P-II SVMPs were scarce (0.002%), while no P-I SVMPs were detectable in the transcriptome. For detailed structural analysis, contigs were conceptually translated and compared with amino acid sequences from other RVs and other vipers using Clustal Omega. The RTS-disintegrin (jerdostatin homolog) was the most abundant among transcripts corresponding to 5 disintegrin isoforms. From 10 isoforms of SVMPs, RVV-X, and Vipera lebetina apoptosis-inducing protease (VLAIP) homolog, hereby termed Daboia siamensis AIP (DSAIP), were found to be highly expressed. Venom protein analysis using SDS-PAGE followed by mass spectrometry revealed that the disintegrin was scarce, while the latter two SVMPs were abundant. These two proteins can contribute to severe clinical manifestations caused by MRV envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Than Yee
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Biochemistry Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Olga Vasieva
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ingenet Limited, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Alisa Wilantho
- Genome Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PathumThani, Thailand
| | - Mark C Wilkinson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kalita B, Patra A, Mukherjee AK. Unraveling the Proteome Composition and Immuno-profiling of Western India Russell's Viper Venom for In-Depth Understanding of Its Pharmacological Properties, Clinical Manifestations, and Effective Antivenom Treatment. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:583-598. [PMID: 27936776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The proteome composition of western India (WI) Russell's viper venom (RVV) was correlated with pharmacological properties and pathological manifestations of RV envenomation. Proteins in the 5-19 and 100-110 kDa mass ranges were the most predominate (∼35.1%) and least abundant (∼3.4%) components, respectively, of WI RVV. Non-reduced SDS-PAGE indicated the occurrence of multiple subunits, non-covalent oligomers, self-aggregation, and/or interactions among the RVV proteins. A total of 55 proteins belonging to 13 distinct snake venom families were unambiguously identified by ESI-LC-MS/MS analysis. Phospholipase A2 (32.5%) and Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (12.5%) represented the most abundant enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins, respectively. However, ATPase, ADPase, and hyaluronidase, detected by enzyme assays, were not identified by proteomic analysis owing to limitations in protein database deposition. Several biochemical and pharmacological properties of WI RVV were also investigated. Neurological symptoms exhibited by some RV-bite patients in WI may be correlated to the presence of neurotoxic phospholipase A2 enzymes and Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor complex in this venom. Monovalent antivenom was found to be better than polyvalent antivenom in immuno-recognition and neutralization of the tested pharmacological properties and enzyme activities of WI RVV; nevertheless, both antivenoms demonstrated poor cross-reactivity and neutralization of pharmacological activities shown by low-molecular-mass proteins (<18 kDa) of this venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Aparup Patra
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
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Yee KT, Pitts M, Tongyoo P, Rojnuckarin P, Wilkinson MC. Snake Venom Metalloproteinases and Their Peptide Inhibitors from Myanmar Russell's Viper Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 9:E15. [PMID: 28042812 PMCID: PMC5308247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Russell's viper bites are potentially fatal from severe bleeding, renal failure and capillary leakage. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are attributed to these effects. In addition to specific antivenom therapy, endogenous inhibitors from snakes are of interest in studies of new treatment modalities for neutralization of the effect of toxins. Two major snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs): RVV-X and Daborhagin were purified from Myanmar Russell's viper venom using a new purification strategy. Using the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach to explore the Myanmar RV venom gland transcriptome, mRNAs of novel tripeptide SVMP inhibitors (SVMPIs) were discovered. Two novel endogenous tripeptides, pERW and pEKW were identified and isolated from the crude venom. Both purified SVMPs showed caseinolytic activity. Additionally, RVV-X displayed specific proteolytic activity towards gelatin and Daborhagin showed potent fibrinogenolytic activity. These activities were inhibited by metal chelators. Notably, the synthetic peptide inhibitors, pERW and pEKW, completely inhibit the gelatinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of respective SVMPs at 5 mM concentration. These complete inhibitory effects suggest that these tripeptides deserve further study for development of a therapeutic candidate for Russell's viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Than Yee
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Morgan Pitts
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Pumipat Tongyoo
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Mark C Wilkinson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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Mukherjee AK, Dutta S, Kalita B, Jha DK, Deb P, Mackessy SP. Structural and functional characterization of complex formation between two Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors from Russell's Viper venom. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:138-47. [PMID: 27523780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (KSPIs) exhibit various biological functions including anticoagulant activity. This study elucidates the occurrence and subunit stoichiometry of a putative complex formed between two KSPIs (Rusvikunin and Rusvikunin-II) purified from the native Rusvikunin complex of Pakistan Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) venom (RVV). The protein components of the Rusvikunin complex were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. The non-covalent interaction between two major components of the complex (Rusvikunin and Rusvikunin-II) at 1:2 stoichiometric ratio to form a stable complex was demonstrated by biophysical techniques such as spectrofluorometric, classical gel-filtration, equilibrium gel-filtration, circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analyses. CD measurement showed that interaction between Rusvikunin and Rusvikunin-II did not change their overall secondary structure; however, the protein complex exhibited enhanced hydrodynamic diameter and anticoagulant activity as compared to the individual components of the complex. This study may lay the foundation for understanding the basis of protein complexes in snake venoms and their role in pathophysiology of snakebite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India; School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA.
| | - Sumita Dutta
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Deepak K Jha
- Advanced Functional Material Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Pritam Deb
- Advanced Functional Material Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
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Mukherjee AK, Kalita B, Mackessy SP. A proteomic analysis of Pakistan Daboia russelii russelii venom and assessment of potency of Indian polyvalent and monovalent antivenom. J Proteomics 2016; 144:73-86. [PMID: 27265321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To address the dearth of knowledge on the biochemical composition of Pakistan Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) venom (RVV), the venom proteome has been analyzed and several biochemical and pharmacological properties of the venom were investigated. SDS-PAGE (reduced) analysis indicated that proteins/peptides in the molecular mass range of ~56.0-105.0kDa, 31.6-51.0kDa, 15.6-30.0kDa, 9.0-14.2kDa and 5.6-7.2kDa contribute approximately 9.8%, 12.1%, 13.4%, 34.1% and 30.5%, respectively of Pakistan RVV. Proteomics analysis of gel-filtration peaks of RVV resulted in identification of 75 proteins/peptides which belong to 14 distinct snake venom protein families. Phospholipases A2 (32.8%), Kunitz type serine protease inhibitors (28.4%), and snake venom metalloproteases (21.8%) comprised the majority of Pakistan RVV proteins, while 11 additional families accounted for 6.5-0.2%. Occurrence of aminotransferase, endo-β-glycosidase, and disintegrins is reported for the first time in RVV. Several of RVV proteins/peptides share significant sequence homology across Viperidae subfamilies. Pakistan RVV was well recognized by both the polyvalent (PAV) and monovalent (MAV) antivenom manufactured in India; nonetheless, immunological cross-reactivity determined by ELISA and neutralization of pro-coagulant/anticoagulant activity of RVV and its fractions by MAV surpassed that of PAV. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The study establishes the proteome profile of the Pakistan RVV, thereby indicating the presence of diverse proteins and peptides that play a significant role in the pathophysiology of RVV bite. Further, the proteomic findings will contribute to understand the variation in venom composition owing to different geographical location and identification of pharmacologically important proteins in Pakistan RVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India; School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA.
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA.
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Galli SJ. The Mast Cell-IgE Paradox: From Homeostasis to Anaphylaxis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:212-24. [PMID: 26776074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are so inextricably linked to the pathology of allergic disorders, including fatal anaphylaxis, that it can be difficult to think of them in other contexts. Surely, we do not have mast cells and IgE so that we can eat a peanut and die! It is thought that mast cells and IgE and basophils (circulating granulocytes, whose functions partially overlap with those of mast cells) can contribute to host defense as components of adaptive T helper cell type 2 immune responses to helminths, ticks, and certain other parasites. Accordingly, it was suggested that allergies are misdirected type 2 immune responses in which IgE antibodies are produced against any of a broad variety of apparently harmless antigens. However, components of animal venoms also can sensitize individuals to develop severe IgE-associated allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis, on subsequent venom exposure. Here, I describe evidence that mast cells can enhance innate host resistance to reptile or arthropod venoms during responses to an initial exposure to such venoms and that acquired type 2 immune responses, IgE antibodies, the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI, and mast cells can contribute toward acquired resistance in mice to the lethal effects of honeybee or Russell's viper venom. These findings support the hypothesis that mast cells and IgE can help protect the host against noxious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Galli SJ, Starkl P, Marichal T, Tsai M. Mast cells and IgE in defense against venoms: Possible "good side" of allergy? Allergol Int 2016; 65:3-15. [PMID: 26666482 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Physicians think of mast cells and IgE primarily in the context of allergic disorders, including fatal anaphylaxis. This 'bad side' of mast cells and IgE is so well accepted that it can be difficult to think of them in other contexts, particularly those in which they may have beneficial functions. However, there is evidence that mast cells and IgE, as well as basophils (circulating granulocytes whose functions partially overlap with those of mast cells), can contribute to host defense as components of adaptive type 2 immune responses to helminths, ticks and certain other parasites. Accordingly, allergies often are conceptualized as "misdirected" type 2 immune responses, in which IgE antibodies are produced against any of a diverse group of apparently harmless antigens, as well as against components of animal venoms. Indeed, certain unfortunate patients who have become sensitized to venoms develop severe IgE-associated allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis, upon subsequent venom exposure. In this review, we will describe evidence that mast cells can enhance innate resistance to reptile or arthropod venoms during a first exposure to such venoms. We also will discuss findings indicating that, in mice which survive an initial encounter with venom, acquired type 2 immune responses, IgE antibodies, the high affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI), and mast cells can contribute to acquired resistance to the lethal effects of both honeybee venom and Russell's viper venom. These findings support the hypothesis that mast cells and IgE can help protect the host against venoms and perhaps other noxious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology and the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine 1, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology and the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Baraldi PT, Magro AJ, Matioli FF, Marcussi S, Lemke N, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM, Correa AG, Fontes MRM. A novel synthetic quinolinone inhibitor presents proteolytic and hemorrhagic inhibitory activities against snake venom metalloproteases. Biochimie 2015; 121:179-88. [PMID: 26700145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteases play a fundamental role in snake venom envenomation inducing hemorrhagic, fibrigen(ogen)olytic and myotoxic effects in their victims. Several snake venoms, such as those from the Bothrops genus, present important local effects which are not efficiently neutralized by conventional serum therapy. Consequently, these accidents may result in permanent sequelae and disability, creating economic and social problems, especially in developing countries, leading the attention of the World Health Organization that considered ophidic envenomations a neglected tropical disease. Aiming to produce an efficient inhibitor against bothropic venoms, we synthesized different molecules classified as quinolinones - a group of low-toxic chemical compounds widely used as antibacterial and antimycobacterial drugs - and tested their inhibitory properties against hemorrhage caused by bothropic venoms. The results from this initial screening indicated the molecule 2-hydroxymethyl-6-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-quinolinone (Q8) was the most effective antihemorrhagic compound among all of the assayed synthetic quinolinones. Other in vitro and in vivo experiments showed this novel compound was able to inhibit significantly the hemorrhagic and/or proteolytic activities of bothropic crude venoms and isolated snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) even at lower concentrations. Docking and molecular dynamic simulations were also performed to get insights into the structural basis of Q8 inhibitory mechanism against proteolytic and hemorrhagic SVMPs. These structural studies demonstrated that Q8 may form a stable complex with SVMPs, impairing the access of substrates to the active sites of these toxins. Therefore, both experimental and structural data indicate that Q8 compound is an interesting candidate for antiophidic therapy, particularly for the treatment of the hemorrhagic and necrotic effects induced by bothropic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia T Baraldi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelo J Magro
- Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fábio F Matioli
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Ney Lemke
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), unidade Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), unidade Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), unidade Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Arlene G Correa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Unveiling the complexities of Daboia russelii venom, a medically important snake of India, by tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2015; 107:266-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Starkl P, Marichal T, Gaudenzio N, Reber LL, Sibilano R, Tsai M, Galli SJ. IgE antibodies, FcεRIα, and IgE-mediated local anaphylaxis can limit snake venom toxicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:246-257.e11. [PMID: 26410782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 cytokine-related immune responses associated with development of antigen-specific IgE antibodies can contribute to pathology in patients with allergic diseases and to fatal anaphylaxis. However, recent findings in mice indicate that IgE also can enhance defense against honeybee venom. OBJECTIVE We tested whether IgE antibodies, IgE-dependent effector mechanisms, and a local anaphylactic reaction to an unrelated antigen can enhance defense against Russell viper venom (RVV) and determined whether such responses can be influenced by immunization protocol or mouse strain. METHODS We compared the resistance of RVV-immunized wild-type, IgE-deficient, and Fcer1a-deficient mice after injection of a potentially lethal dose of RVV. RESULTS A single prior exposure to RVV enhanced the ability of wild-type mice, but not mice lacking IgE or functional FcεRI, to survive challenge with a potentially lethal amount of RVV. Moreover, IgE-dependent local passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in response to challenge with an antigen not naturally present in RVV significantly enhanced resistance to the venom. Finally, we observed different effects on resistance to RVV or honeybee venom in BALB/c versus C57BL/6 mice that had received a second exposure to that venom before challenge with a high dose of that venom. CONCLUSION These observations illustrate the potential benefit of IgE-dependent effector mechanisms in acquired host defense against venoms. The extent to which type 2 immune responses against venoms can decrease pathology associated with envenomation seems to be influenced by the type of venom, the frequency of venom exposure, and the genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Laurent Lionel Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Stephen Joseph Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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Tan NH, Fung SY, Tan KY, Yap MKK, Gnanathasan CA, Tan CH. Functional venomics of the Sri Lankan Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) and its toxinological correlations. J Proteomics 2015; 128:403-23. [PMID: 26342672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The venom proteome (venomics) of the Sri Lankan Daboia russelii was elucidated using 1D SDS PAGE nano-ESI-LCMS/MS shotgun proteomics. A total of 41 different venom proteins belonging to 11 different protein families were identified. The four main protein families are phospholipase A2 (PLA2, 35.0%), snaclec (SCL, 22.4%, mainly platelet aggregation inhibitors), snake venom serine proteinase (SVSP, 16.0%, mainly Factor V activating enzyme) and snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP, 6.9%, mainly heavy chain of Factor X activating enzyme). Other protein families that account for more than 1% of the venom protein include l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO, 5.2%), Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor (KSPI, 4.6%), venom nerve growth factor (VNGF. 3.5%), 5'-nucleotidase (5'NUC, 3.0%), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP, 2.0%) and phosphodiesterase (PDE, 1.3%). The venom proteome is consistent with the enzymatic and toxic activities of the venom, and it correlates with the clinical manifestations of Sri Lankan D. russelii envenomation which include hemorrhage, coagulopathy, renal failure, neuro-myotoxicity and intravascular hemolysis. The venom exhibited remarkable presypnatic neurotoxicity presumably due to the action of basic PLA2 in high abundance (35.0%). Besides, SCLs, Factor X activating enzymes (SVMPs), SVSPs, and LAAOs are potential hemotoxins (50.5%), contributing to coagulopathy and hemorrhagic syndrome in Sri Lankan D. russelii envenomation. SIGNIFICANCE The study demonstrated the proteomic profile of the Sri Lankan Russell's viper venom, unraveling its complex composition of toxins and correlations with major toxic activities. The types, numbers, and relative abundances of toxins were reported. The venom content was dominated by the neurotoxic basic phospholipases A2 (>30% of total protein abundance) and several hemotoxic or coagulopathic protein families (approximately 50% in total). The proteome correlates with the functional and toxinological characterizations of the venom, and reflects the pathophysiological effects of envenomation by the Sri Lankan Russell's viper. The venom proteomics may serve to propel the understanding on pathogenesis and treatment strategy for envenomation by this viper in Sri Lanka. The enriched database contributed by the proteomic findings will be useful for comparing venom variations among Russell's vipers from different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shin Yee Fung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Yi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Khai Khun Yap
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
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Kue CS, Tan KY, Lam ML, Lee HB. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM): an alternative predictive model in acute toxicological studies for anti-cancer drugs. Exp Anim 2015; 64:129-38. [PMID: 25736707 PMCID: PMC4427727 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a preclinical model widely used for
vascular and anti-vascular effects of therapeutic agents in vivo. In this
study, we examine the suitability of CAM as a predictive model for acute toxicology
studies of drugs by comparing it to conventional mouse and rat models for 10 FDA-approved
anticancer drugs (paclitaxel, carmustine, camptothecin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
cisplatin, aloin, mitomycin C, actinomycin-D, melphalan). Suitable formulations for
intravenous administration were determined before the average of median lethal dose
(LD50) and median survival dose (SD50) in the CAM were measured
and calculated for these drugs. The resultant ideal LD50 values were correlated
to those reported in the literature using Pearson’s correlation test for both intravenous
and intraperitoneal routes of injection in rodents. Our results showed moderate
correlations (r2=0.42 − 0.68, P<0.005–0.05) between the
ideal LD50 values obtained using the CAM model with LD50 values from
mice and rats models for both intravenous and intraperitoneal administrations, suggesting
that the chick embryo may be a suitable alternative model for acute drug toxicity
screening before embarking on full toxicological investigations in rodents in development
of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Siang Kue
- Cancer Research Initiative Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mitra J, Bhattacharyya D. Phosphodiesterase from Daboia russelli russelli venom: purification, partial characterization and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Toxicon 2014; 88:1-10. [PMID: 24932740 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) belong to a super-family of enzymes that have multiple roles in the metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and regulation of nucleotide-based intercellular signalling. A PDE from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli russelli) venom (DR-PDE) was purified by gel filtration, ion exchange and affinity chromatographies. Homogeneity of the preparation was verified by SDS-PAGE, SE-HPLC and mass spectrometry. It was free from 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease activities. Identity of the enzyme was ensured from partial sequence homology with other PDEs. DR-PDE was inactivated by polyvalent anti-venom serum and metal chelators. The enzyme was partially inhibited by the root extracts of four medicinal plants but remained unaffected by inhibitors of intracellular PDEs. DR-PDE hydrolyses ADP and thus, strongly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma. This study leads to better understanding of a component of Russell's viper venom that affects homoeostatic system of the victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Mitra
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
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Calvete JJ. Proteomic tools against the neglected pathology of snake bite envenoming. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:739-58. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Saikia D, Majumdar S, Mukherjee AK. Mechanism of in vivo anticoagulant and haemolytic activity by a neutral phospholipase A(2) purified from Daboia russelii russelii venom: correlation with clinical manifestations in Russell's Viper envenomed patients. Toxicon 2013; 76:291-300. [PMID: 24125661 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A 13.0 kDa neutral phospholipase A2 (NEUPHOLIPASE) purified from venom of Daboia russelii russelii from eastern India was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. It exerted dose-dependent PLA2, anticoagulant and indirect haemolytic activities. NEUPHOLIPASE showed preferential binding followed by hydrolysis of phosphatidylserine > phosphatidylcholine >> phosphatidylethanolamine. Circular dichroism analysis of NEUPHOLIPASE showed a high content of alpha helix (54.6%) followed by beta-turn (29.7%) in its secondary structure. Gas-chromatographic analysis of plasma from PLA2-treated mice suggested preferential hydrolysis of pro-coagulant phospholipid PS was the primary mechanism to account for in vivo anticoagulant effect of NEUPHOLIPASE. The NEUPHOLIPASE-treated mice blood showed a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in WBC as well as RBC counts with a corresponding decline in Hb content due to indirect damage to erythrocyte membranes by plasma phospholipids hydrolysis products rather than the direct haemolytic activity of PLA2 under study. NEUPHOLIPASE was non-lethal to BALB/c mice, however; it was detrimental to liver of treated-mice. Pathological symptoms observed in NEUPHOLIPASE-treated mice were correlated with the actual clinical manifestations in Russell's Viper envenomed patients from eastern India indicating some contribution of NEUPHOLIPASE in Russell's Viper venom induced toxicity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Saikia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
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Snake venomics: From the inventory of toxins to biology. Toxicon 2013; 75:44-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Marichal T, Starkl P, Reber LL, Kalesnikoff J, Oettgen HC, Tsai M, Metz M, Galli SJ. A beneficial role for immunoglobulin E in host defense against honeybee venom. Immunity 2013; 39:963-75. [PMID: 24210352 PMCID: PMC4164235 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Allergies are widely considered to be misdirected type 2 immune responses, in which immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are produced against any of a broad range of seemingly harmless antigens. However, components of insect venoms also can sensitize individuals to develop severe IgE-associated allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis, upon subsequent venom exposure. We found that mice injected with amounts of honeybee venom similar to that which could be delivered in one or two stings developed a specific type 2 immune response that increased their resistance to subsequent challenge with potentially lethal amounts of the venom. Our data indicate that IgE antibodies and the high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, were essential for such acquired resistance to honeybee venom. The evidence that IgE-dependent immune responses against venom can enhance survival in mice supports the hypothesis that IgE, which also contributes to allergic disorders, has an important function in protection of the host against noxious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
| | - Laurent L. Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
| | - Janet Kalesnikoff
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
| | - Hans C. Oettgen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
| | - Martin Metz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115; USA
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; USA
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Ali SA, Baumann K, Jackson TN, Wood K, Mason S, Undheim EA, Nouwens A, Koludarov I, Hendrikx I, Jones A, Fry BG. Proteomic comparison of Hypnale hypnale (Hump-Nosed Pit-Viper) and Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit-Viper) venoms. J Proteomics 2013; 91:338-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Differential mode of attack on membrane phospholipids by an acidic phospholipase A2 (RVVA-PLA2-I) from Daboia russelli venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:3149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Recent proteomic analyses of snake venoms show that metalloproteinases represent major components in most of the Crotalid and Viperid venoms. In this chapter we discuss the multiple activities of the SVMPs. In addition to hemorrhagic activity, members of the SVMP family also have fibrin(ogen)olytic activity, act as prothrombin activators, activate blood coagulation factor X, possess apoptotic activity, inhibit platelet aggregation, are pro-inflammatory and inactivate blood serine proteinase inhibitors. Clearly the SVMPs have multiple functions in addition to their well-known hemorrhagic activity. The realization that there are structural variations in the SVMPs and the early studies that led to their classification represents an important event in our understanding of the structural forms of the SVMPs. The SVMPs were subdivided into the P-I, P-II and P-III protein classes. The noticeable characteristic that distinguished the different classes was their size (molecular weight) differences and domain structure: Class I (P-I), the small SVMPs, have molecular masses of 20-30 kDa, contain only a pro domain and the proteinase domain; Class II (P-II), the medium size SVMPs, molecular masses of 30-60 kDa, contain the pro domain, proteinase domain and disintegrin domain; Class III (P-III), the large SVMPs, have molecular masses of 60-100 kDa, contain pro, proteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domain structure. Another significant advance in the SVMP field was the characterization of the crystal structure of the first P-I class SVMP. The structures of other P-I SVMPs soon followed and the structures of P-III SVMPs have also been determined. The active site of the metalloproteinase domain has a consensus HEXXHXXGXXHD sequence and a Met-turn. The "Met-turn" structure contains a conserved Met residue that forms a hydrophobic basement for the three zinc-binding histidines in the consensus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis S Markland
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Cancer Research Laboratory #106, 1303 N. Mission Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Rodríguez AA, Cassoli JS, Sa F, Dong ZQ, de Freitas JC, Pimenta AMC, de Lima ME, Konno K, Lee SMY, Garateix A, Zaharenko AJ. Peptide fingerprinting of the neurotoxic fractions isolated from the secretions of sea anemones Stichodactyla helianthus and Bunodosoma granulifera. New members of the APETx-like family identified by a 454 pyrosequencing approach. Peptides 2012; 34:26-38. [PMID: 22015268 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sea anemones are known to contain a wide diversity of biologically active peptides, mostly unexplored according to recent peptidomic and transcriptomic studies. In the present work, the neurotoxic fractions from the exudates of Stichodactyla helianthus and Bunodosoma granulifera were analyzed by reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry. The first peptide fingerprints of these sea anemones were assessed, revealing the largest number of peptide components (156) so far found in sea anemone species, as well as the richer peptide diversity of B. granulifera in relation to S. helianthus. The transcriptomic analysis of B. granulifera, performed by massive cDNA sequencing with 454 pyrosequencing approach allowed the discovery of five new APETx-like peptides (U-AITX-Bg1a-e - including the full sequences of their precursors for four of them), which together with type 1 sea anemone sodium channel toxins constitute a very distinguishable feature of studied sea anemone species belonging to genus Bunodosoma. The molecular modeling of these new APETx-like peptides showed a distribution of positively charged and aromatic residues in putative contact surfaces as observed in other animal toxins. On the other hand, they also showed variable electrostatic potentials, thus suggesting a docking onto their targeted channels in different spatial orientations. Moreover several crab paralyzing toxins (other than U-AITX-Bg1a-e), which induce a variety of symptoms in crabs, were isolated. Some of them presumably belong to new classes of crab-paralyzing peptide toxins, especially those with molecular masses below 2kDa, which represent the smallest peptide toxins found in sea anemones.
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Sukkapan P, Jia Y, Nuchprayoon I, Pérez JC. Phylogenetic analysis of serine proteases from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli siamensis) and Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma venom. Toxicon 2011; 58:168-78. [PMID: 21640745 PMCID: PMC3303153 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases are widely found in snake venoms. They have variety of functions including contributions to hemostasis. In this study, five serine proteases were cloned and characterized from two different cDNA libraries: factor V activator (RVV-V), alpha fibrinogenase (RVAF) and beta fibrinogenase (RVBF) from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli siamensis), and plasminogen activator (APL-PA) and protein C activator (APL-C) from Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma. The snake venom serine proteases were clustered in phylogenetic tree according to their functions. K(A)/K(S) values suggested that accelerated evolution has occurred in the mature protein coding regions in cDNAs of snake venom serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattadon Sukkapan
- Snake Bite and Venom Research Unit, Chula Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Patumwan District, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Williams DJ, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Wüster W, Ratanabanangkoon K, Paiva O, Brown NI, Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Rowley PD, O'Shea M, Jensen SD, Winkel KD, Warrell DA. Ending the drought: new strategies for improving the flow of affordable, effective antivenoms in Asia and Africa. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1735-67. [PMID: 21640209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of snake antivenoms more than a century ago should have heralded effective treatment of the scourge of snakebite envenoming in impoverished, mostly rural populations around the world. That snakebite still exists today, as a widely untreated illness that maims, kills and terrifies men, women and children in vulnerable communities, is a cruel anachronism. Antivenom can be an effective, safe and affordable treatment for snakebites, but apathy, inaction and the politicisation of public health have marginalised both the problem (making snakebite arguably the most neglected of all neglected tropical diseases) and its solution. For lack of any coordinated approach, provision of antivenoms has been pushed off the public health agenda, leading to an incongruous decline in demand for these crucial antidotes, excused and fed by new priorities, an absence of epidemiological data, and a poor regulatory framework. These factors facilitated the infiltration of poor quality products that degrade user confidence and undermine legitimate producers. The result is that tens of thousands are denied an essential life-saving medicine, allowing a toll of human suffering that is a summation of many individual catastrophes. No strategy has been developed to address this problem and to overcome the intransigence and inaction responsible for the global tragedy of snakebite. Attempts to engage with the broader public health community through the World Health Organisation (WHO), GAVI, and other agencies have failed. Consequently, the toxinology community has taken on a leadership role in a new approach, the Global Snakebite Initiative, which seeks to mobilise the resources, skills and experience of scientists and clinicians for whom venoms, toxins, antivenoms, snakes and snakebites are already fields of interest. Proteomics is one such discipline, which has embraced the potential of using venoms in bio-discovery and systems biology. The fields of venomics and antivenomics have recently evolved from this discipline, offering fresh hope for the victims of snakebites by providing an exciting insight into the complexities, nature, fundamental properties and significance of venom constituents. Such a rational approach brings with it the potential to design new immunising mixtures from which to raise potent antivenoms with wider therapeutic ranges. This addresses a major practical limitation in antivenom use recognised since the beginning of the 20th century: the restriction of therapeutic effectiveness to the specific venom immunogen used in production. Antivenomic techniques enable the interactions between venoms and antivenoms to be examined in detail, and if combined with functional assays of specific activity and followed up by clinical trials of effectiveness and safety, can be powerful tools with which to evaluate the suitability of current and new antivenoms for meeting urgent regional needs. We propose two mechanisms through which the Global Snakebite Initiative might seek to end the antivenom drought in Africa and Asia: first by establishing a multidisciplinary, multicentre, international collaboration to evaluate currently available antivenoms against the venoms of medically important snakes from specific nations in Africa and Asia using a combination of proteomic, antivenomic and WHO-endorsed preclinical assessment protocols, to provide a validated evidence base for either recommending or rejecting individual products; and secondly by bringing the power of proteomics to bear on the design of new immunising mixtures to raise Pan-African and Pan-Asian polyvalent antivenoms of improved potency and quality. These products will be subject to rigorous clinical assessment. We propose radically to change the basis upon which antivenoms are produced and supplied for the developing world. Donor funding and strategic public health alliances will be sought to make it possible not only to sustain the financial viability of antivenom production partnerships, but also to ensure that patients are relieved of the costs of antivenom so that poverty is no longer a barrier to the treatment of this important, but grossly neglected public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Williams
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3010, Australia.
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Venom on ice: first insights into Antarctic octopus venoms. Toxicon 2010; 56:897-913. [PMID: 20600223 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The venom of Antarctic octopus remains completely unstudied. Here, a preliminary investigation was conducted into the properties of posterior salivary gland (PSG) extracts from four Antarctica eledonine (Incirrata; Octopodidae) species (Adelieledone polymorpha, Megaleledone setebos, Pareledone aequipapillae, and Pareledone turqueti) collected from the coast off George V's Land, Antarctica. Specimens were assayed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), proteolytic, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), and haemolytic activities. For comparison, stomach tissue from Cirroctopus sp. (Cirrata; Cirroctopodidae) was also assayed for ALP, AChE, proteolytic and haemolytic activities. Dietary and morphological data were collected from the literature to explore the ecological importance of venom, taking an adaptive evolutionary approach. Of the incirrate species, three showed activities in all assays, while P. turqueti did not exhibit any haemolytic activity. There was evidence for cold-adaptation of ALP in all incirrates, while proteolytic activity in all except P. turqueti. Cirroctopus sp. stomach tissue extract showed ALP, AChE and some proteolytic activity. It was concluded that the AChE activity seen in the PSG extracts was possibly due to a release of household proteins, and not one of the secreted salivary toxins. Although venom undoubtedly plays an important part in prey capture and processing by Antarctica eledonines, no obvious adaptations to differences in diet or morphology were apparent from the enzymatic and haemolytic assays. However, several morphological features including enlarged PSG, small buccal mass, and small beak suggest such adaptations are present. Future studies should be conducted on several levels: Venomic, providing more detailed information on the venom compositions as well as the venom components themselves; ecological, for example application of serological or genetic methods in identifying stomach contents; and behavioural, including observations on capture of different types of prey.
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Correa-Netto C, Teixeira-Araujo R, Aguiar AS, Melgarejo AR, De-Simone SG, Soares MR, Foguel D, Zingali RB. Immunome and venome of Bothrops jararacussu: A proteomic approach to study the molecular immunology of snake toxins. Toxicon 2010; 55:1222-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Calvete JJ, Sanz L, Angulo Y, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM. Venoms, venomics, antivenomics. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1736-43. [PMID: 19303875 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Venoms comprise mixtures of peptides and proteins tailored by Natural Selection to act on vital systems of the prey or victim. Here we review our proteomic protocols for uncoiling the composition, immunological profile, and evolution of snake venoms. Our long-term goal is to gain a deep insight of all viperid venom proteomes. Knowledge of the inter- and intraspecies ontogenetic, individual, and geographic venom variability has applied importance for the design of immunization protocols aimed at producing more effective polyspecific antivenoms. A practical consequence of assessing the cross-reactivity of heterologous antivenoms is the possibility of circumventing the restricted availability of species-specific antivenoms in some regions. Further, the high degree of target specificity makes toxins valuable scaffolds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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49
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Calvete JJ. Venomics: Digging into the evolution of venomous systems and learning to twist nature to fight pathology. J Proteomics 2009; 72:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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