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Wang CR, McFarlane LO, Pukala TL. Exploring snake venoms beyond the primary sequence: From proteoforms to protein-protein interactions. Toxicon 2024; 247:107841. [PMID: 38950738 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation has been a long-standing global issue that is difficult to treat, largely owing to the flawed nature of current immunoglobulin-based antivenom therapy and the complexity of snake venoms as sophisticated mixtures of bioactive proteins and peptides. Comprehensive characterisation of venom compositions is essential to better understanding snake venom toxicity and inform effective and rationally designed antivenoms. Additionally, a greater understanding of snake venom composition will likely unearth novel biologically active proteins and peptides that have promising therapeutic or biotechnological applications. While a bottom-up proteomic workflow has been the main approach for cataloguing snake venom compositions at the toxin family level, it is unable to capture snake venom heterogeneity in the form of protein isoforms and higher-order protein interactions that are important in driving venom toxicity but remain underexplored. This review aims to highlight the importance of understanding snake venom heterogeneity beyond the primary sequence, in the form of post-translational modifications that give rise to different proteoforms and the myriad of higher-order protein complexes in snake venoms. We focus on current top-down proteomic workflows to identify snake venom proteoforms and further discuss alternative or novel separation, instrumentation, and data processing strategies that may improve proteoform identification. The current higher-order structural characterisation techniques implemented for snake venom proteins are also discussed; we emphasise the need for complementary and higher resolution structural bioanalytical techniques such as mass spectrometry-based approaches, X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy, to elucidate poorly characterised tertiary and quaternary protein structures. We envisage that the expansion of the snake venom characterisation "toolbox" with top-down proteomics and high-resolution protein structure determination techniques will be pivotal in advancing structural understanding of snake venoms towards the development of improved therapeutic and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruth Wang
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Lewis O McFarlane
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Tara L Pukala
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
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2
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Mozhaeva VA, Starkov VG, Kudryavtsev DS, Prokhorov KA, Garnov SV, Utkin YN. Analysis of intra-specific variations in the venom of individual snakes based on Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124239. [PMID: 38579426 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The knowledge of variations in the composition of venoms from different snakes is important from both theoretical and practical points of view, in particular, at developing and selecting an antivenom. Many studies on this topic are conducted with pooled venoms, while the existence and significance of variations in the composition of venoms between individual snakes of the same species are emphasized by many authors. It is important to study both inter- and intra-specific, including intra-population, venom variations, because intra-specific variations in the venom composition may affect the effectiveness of antivenoms as strongly as inter-specific. In this work, based on venom Raman spectroscopy with principal component analysis, we assessed the variations in venoms of individual snakes of the Vipera nikolskii species from two populations and compared these intra-specific variations with inter-specific variations (with regard to the other related species). We demonstrated intra-specific (inter- and intra-population) differences in venom compositions which are smaller than inter-specific variations. We also assessed the compositions of V. nikolskii venoms from two populations to explain inter-population differences. The method used is rapid and requires virtually no preparation of samples, used in extremely small quantities, allowing the venoms of individual snakes to be analyzed. In addition, the method is informative and capable of detecting fairly subtle differences in the composition of venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Mozhaeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
| | - Vladislav G Starkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Denis S Kudryavtsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia
| | - Kirill A Prokhorov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Sergey V Garnov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Yuri N Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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Zdenek CN, Chowdhury A, Haw GYH, Violette A, Fourmy R, Christ T, Vonk FJ, Fry BG. Taxon-selective venom variation in adult and neonate Daboia russelii (Russell's Viper), and antivenom efficacy. Toxicon 2022; 205:11-19. [PMID: 34752826 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Major variations in venom composition can occur between juvenile and adult venomous snakes. However, due to logistical constraints, antivenoms are produced using adult venoms in immunising mixtures, possibly resulting in limited neutralisation of juvenile snake venoms. Daboia russelii is one of the leading causes of snakebite death across South Asia. Its venom is potently procoagulant, causing stroke in prey animals but causing in humans consumptive coagulopathy-a net anticoagulant state-and sometimes death resulting from hemorrhage. In this in vitro study, we compared the venom activity of-and antivenom efficacy against-six 2-week-old D. russelii relative to that of their parents. Using a coagulation analyser, we quantified the relative coagulotoxicity of these venoms in human, avian, and amphibian plasma. The overall potency on human plasma was similar across all adult and neonate venoms, and SII (Serum Institute of India) antivenom was equipotent in neutralising these coagulotoxic effects. In addition, all venoms were also similar in their action upon avian plasma. In contrast, the neonate venoms were more potent on amphibian plasma, suggesting amphibians make up a larger proportion of neonate diet than adult diet. A similar venom potency in human and avian plasmas but varying selectivity for amphibian plasma suggests ontogenetic differences in toxin isoforms within the factor X or factor V activating classes, thereby providing a testable hypothesis for future transcriptomics work. By providing insights into the functional venom differences between adult and neonate D. russelii venoms, we hope to inform clinical treatment of patients envenomated by this deadly species and to shed new light on the natural history of these extremely medically important snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Abhinandan Chowdhury
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Grace Y H Haw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Aude Violette
- Alphabiotoxine Laboratory Sprl, Barberie 15, 7911, Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium
| | - Rudy Fourmy
- Alphabiotoxine Laboratory Sprl, Barberie 15, 7911, Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium
| | | | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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5
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Rasoulinasab F, Rasoulinasab M, Shahbazzadeh D, Asadi A, Kaboli M. Comparison of venom from wild and long-term captive Gloydius caucasicus and the neutralization capacity of antivenom produced in rabbits immunized with captive venom. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05717. [PMID: 33364492 PMCID: PMC7750379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gloydius caucasicus (NIKOLSKY, 1916) is a member of the Viperidae family in Iran. Comprehensive understanding of the toxigenic characteristics of snake venom is important for clinical monitoring of snakebite patients and effective therapy. We compared the toxic activities of venoms and the neutralization capacity of antivenoms produced with venoms from wild adult (WA) with long-term captive adult (LCA) of G. caucasicus in order to obtain more effective antivenom from LCA in therapy, and subsequently protect G. caucasicus from overharvesting for its venom, which poses a real threat of extinction for the species. Our results showed that LD50 of WA and LCA were 16.8 μg/dose and 17.7 μg/dose, respectively. Lower hemorrhagic and necrotic (p ≥ 0.05), and higher coagulative and edematogenic activities (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in WA compared with LCA venom. Also, captive-born neonates exhibited weaker toxic activities compared with captive adult snakes, which could be an age-related difference. Study data illustrated that effective capacity of LCA antivenom to neutralize the toxic activities of WA viper venom. According to the results, about 0.4-4 μl of LCA antivenom is required to neutralize the toxic activities of 1 μg of WA venom, indicating its efficacy in treatment of snakebites in humans. On this basis, it is recommended that capture of wild snakes for their venom be discontinued to reduce their future extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rasoulinasab
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rasoulinasab
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Asadi
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, University of Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, PSL-EPHE (Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés), CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Kaboli
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
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Walker AA, Robinson SD, Hamilton BF, Undheim EAB, King GF. Deadly Proteomes: A Practical Guide to Proteotranscriptomics of Animal Venoms. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900324. [PMID: 32820606 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal venoms are renowned for their toxicity, biochemical complexity, and as a source of compounds with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Polypeptides underlie much of the pharmacology of animal venoms, and elucidating these arsenals of polypeptide toxins-known as the venom proteome or venome-is an important step in venom research. Proteomics is used for the identification of venom toxins, determination of their primary structure including post-translational modifications, as well as investigations into the physiology underlying their production and delivery. Advances in proteomics and adjacent technologies has led to a recent upsurge in publications reporting venom proteomes. Improved mass spectrometers, better proteomic workflows, and the integration of next-generation sequencing of venom-gland transcriptomes and venomous animal genomes allow quicker and more accurate profiling of venom proteomes with greatly reduced starting material. Technologies such as imaging mass spectrometry are revealing additional insights into the mechanism, location, and kinetics of venom toxin production. However, these numerous new developments may be overwhelming for researchers designing venom proteome studies. Here, the field of venom proteomics is reviewed and some practical solutions for simplifying mass spectrometry workflows to study animal venoms are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel D Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett F Hamilton
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, NTNU, Trondheim, 7491, Norway.,Department of Bioscience, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Debono J, Bos MHA, Do MS, Fry BG. Clinical implications of coagulotoxic variations in Mamushi (Viperidae: Gloydius) snake venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108567. [PMID: 31306806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Snake bite is currently one of the most neglected tropical diseases affecting much of the developing world. Asian pit vipers are responsible for a considerable amount of envenomations annually and bites can cause a multitude of clinical complications resulting from coagulopathic and neuropathic effects. While intense research has been undertaken for some species of Asian pit viper, functional coagulopathic effects have been neglected for others. We investigated their effects upon the human clotting cascade using venoms of four species of Gloydius and Ovophis okinavensis, a species closely to Gloydius. All species of included within this investigation displayed varying fibrinogenolytic effects, resulting in a net anticoagulant outcome. Gloydius saxatilis and Gloydius ussuriensis displayed the most variable effects from differing localities, sampled from Russia and Korea. As this Gloydius investigation includes some geographical variation, notable results indicate key variations of these species that point to possible limitations in antivenom cross-reactivities, which may have implications for the clinical care of victims envenomed by these snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mettine H A Bos
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Min Seock Do
- Animal Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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8
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Wiezel GA, Shibao PYT, Cologna CT, Morandi Filho R, Ueira-Vieira C, De Pauw E, Quinton L, Arantes EC. In-Depth Venome of the Brazilian Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus: An Integrative Approach Combining Its Venom Gland Transcriptome and Venom Proteome. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3941-3958. [PMID: 30270628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures mainly composed of proteins and small peptides. Crotoxin is one of the most studied components from Crotalus venoms, but many other components are less known due to their low abundance. The venome of Crotalus durissus terrificus, the most lethal Brazilian snake, was investigated by combining its venom gland transcriptome and proteome to create a holistic database of venom compounds unraveling novel toxins. We constructed a cDNA library from C. d. terrificus venom gland using the Illumina platform and investigated its venom proteome through high resolution liquid chromotography-tandem mass spectrometry. After integrating data from both data sets, more than 30 venom components classes were identified by the transcriptomic analysis and 15 of them were detected in the venom proteome. However, few of them (PLA2, SVMP, SVSP, and VEGF) were relatively abundant. Furthermore, only seven expressed transcripts contributed to ∼82% and ∼73% of the abundance in the transcriptome and proteome, respectively. Additionally, novel venom proteins are reported, and we highlight the importance of using different databases to perform the data integration and discuss the structure of the venom components-related transcripts identified. Concluding, this research paves the way for novel investigations and discovery of future pharmacological agents or targets in the antivenom therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Av. do Café, s/n , 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Priscila Y T Shibao
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Av. do Café, s/n , 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Camila T Cologna
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Av. do Café, s/n , 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Romualdo Morandi Filho
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology Institute , Federal University of Uberlândia , Rua Acre, s/n , 38400-902 Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology Institute , Federal University of Uberlândia , Rua Acre, s/n , 38400-902 Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, Department of Chemistry , University of Liège , Bat. B6c , 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, MolSys Research Unit, Department of Chemistry , University of Liège , Bat. B6c , 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Av. do Café, s/n , 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Calvete JJ. Snake venomics – from low-resolution toxin-pattern recognition to toxin-resolved venom proteomes with absolute quantification. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:555-568. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1500904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Calvete
- Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Krishnan NM, Panda B. Comparative analyses of putative toxin gene homologs from an Old World viper, Daboia russelii. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4104. [PMID: 29230357 PMCID: PMC5721910 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of snake genome sequences has opened up exciting areas of research on comparative genomics and gene diversity. One of the challenges in studying snake genomes is the acquisition of biological material from live animals, especially from the venomous ones, making the process cumbersome and time-consuming. Here, we report comparative sequence analyses of putative toxin gene homologs from Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) using whole-genome sequencing data obtained from shed skin. When compared with the major venom proteins in Russell’s viper studied previously, we found 45–100% sequence similarity between the venom proteins and their putative homologs in the skin. Additionally, comparative analyses of 20 putative toxin gene family homologs provided evidence of unique sequence motifs in nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), Kunitz/Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz BPTI), cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, andpathogenesis-related1 proteins (CAP) and cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP). In those derived proteins, we identified V11 and T35 in the NGF domain; F23 and A29 in the PDGF domain; N69, K2 and A5 in the CAP domain; and Q17 in the CRISP domain to be responsible for differences in the largest pockets across the protein domain structures in crotalines, viperines and elapids from the in silico structure-based analysis. Similarly, residues F10, Y11 and E20 appear to play an important role in the protein structures across the kunitz protein domain of viperids and elapids. Our study highlights the usefulness of shed skin in obtaining good quality high-molecular weight DNA for comparative genomic studies, and provides evidence towards the unique features and evolution of putative venom gene homologs in vipers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja M Krishnan
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - Binay Panda
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
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11
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New findings from the first transcriptome of the Bothrops moojeni snake venom gland. Toxicon 2017; 140:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Calvete JJ, Petras D, Calderón-Celis F, Lomonte B, Encinar JR, Sanz-Medel A. Protein-species quantitative venomics: looking through a crystal ball. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:27. [PMID: 28465678 PMCID: PMC5408492 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we discuss recent significant developments in the field of venom research, specifically the emergence of top-down proteomic applications that allow achieving compositional resolution at the level of the protein species present in the venom, and the absolute quantification of the venom proteins (the term “protein species” is used here to refer to all the different molecular forms in which a protein can be found. Please consult the special issue of Jornal of Proteomics “Towards deciphering proteomes via the proteoform, protein speciation, moonlighting and protein code concepts” published in 2016, vol. 134, pages 1-202). Challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve a compact and automated platform with which to routinely carry out comprehensive quantitative analysis of all toxins present in a venom. This short essay reflects the authors’ view of the immediate future in this direction for the proteomic analysis of venoms, particularly of snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Calvete
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Petras
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Ruiz Encinar
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Sanz-Medel
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Xu N, Zhao HY, Yin Y, Shen SS, Shan LL, Chen CX, Zhang YX, Gao JF, Ji X. Combined venomics, antivenomics and venom gland transcriptome analysis of the monocoled cobra ( Naja kaouthia ) from China. J Proteomics 2017; 159:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Boldrini-França J, Cologna CT, Pucca MB, Bordon KDCF, Amorim FG, Anjolette FAP, Cordeiro FA, Wiezel GA, Cerni FA, Pinheiro-Junior EL, Shibao PYT, Ferreira IG, de Oliveira IS, Cardoso IA, Arantes EC. Minor snake venom proteins: Structure, function and potential applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:824-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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An in-depth snake venom proteopeptidome characterization: Benchmarking Bothrops jararaca. J Proteomics 2017; 151:214-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Shan LL, Gao JF, Zhang YX, Shen SS, He Y, Wang J, Ma XM, Ji X. Proteomic characterization and comparison of venoms from two elapid snakes (Bungarus multicinctus and Naja atra) from China. J Proteomics 2016; 138:83-94. [PMID: 26924299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bungarus multicinctus (many-banded krait) and Naja atra (Chinese cobra) are widely distributed and medically important venomous snakes in China; however, their venom proteomic profiles have not been fully compared. Here, we fractionated crude venoms and analyzed them using a combination of proteomic techniques. Three-finger toxins (3-FTx) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were most abundant in both species, respectively accounting for 32.6% and 66.4% of total B. multicinctus venom, and 84.3% and 12.2% of total N. atra venom. Venoms from these two species contained one common protein family and six less abundant species-specific protein families. The proteomic profiles of B. multicinctus and N. atra venoms and analysis of toxicological activity in mice suggested that 3-FTx and PLA2 are the major contributors to clinical symptoms caused by envenomation. The venoms differed in enzymatic activity, likely the result of inter-specific variation in the amount of related venom components. Antivenomics assessment revealed that a small number of venom components (3-FTxs and PLA2s in B. multicinctus, and 3-FTxs in N. atra) could not be immunocaptured completely, suggesting that we should pay attention to enhancing the immune response of these components in designing commercial antivenoms for B. multicinctus and N. atra. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The proteomic profiles of venoms from two medically important snake species - B. multicinctus and N. atra - have been explored. Quantitative and qualitative differences are evident in both venoms when proteomic profiles and transcriptomic results are compared; this is a reminder that combined approaches are needed to explore the precise composition of snake venom. Two protein families (3-FTx and PLA2) of high abundance in these snake venoms are major players in the biochemical and pharmacological effects of envenomation. Elucidation of the proteomic profiles of these snake venoms is helpful in understanding composition-function relationships and will facilitate the clinical application of antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Zhang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Shen
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying He
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ma
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Transcriptome and proteome of the highly neurotoxic venom of Gloydius intermedius. Toxicon 2015; 107:175-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Sunagar K, Morgenstern D, Reitzel AM, Moran Y. Ecological venomics: How genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics can shed new light on the ecology and evolution of venom. J Proteomics 2015; 135:62-72. [PMID: 26385003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Animal venom is a complex cocktail of bioactive chemicals that traditionally drew interest mostly from biochemists and pharmacologists. However, in recent years the evolutionary and ecological importance of venom is realized as this trait has direct and strong influence on interactions between species. Moreover, venom content can be modulated by environmental factors. Like many other fields of biology, venom research has been revolutionized in recent years by the introduction of systems biology approaches, i.e., genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. The employment of these methods in venom research is known as 'venomics'. In this review we describe the history and recent advancements of venomics and discuss how they are employed in studying venom in general and in particular in the context of evolutionary ecology. We also discuss the pitfalls and challenges of venomics and what the future may hold for this emerging scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Sunagar
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David Morgenstern
- Proteomics Resource Center, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, USA.
| | - Adam M Reitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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19
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Wray KP, Margres MJ, Seavy M, Rokyta DR. Early significant ontogenetic changes in snake venoms. Toxicon 2015; 96:74-81. [PMID: 25600640 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom plays a critical role in food acquisition, digestion, and defense. Venoms are known to change throughout the life of some snake species, but nothing is known about the venom composition of hatchling/neonate snakes prior to and just after their first shedding cycle, despite this being a critical time in the life of the snake. Using a cohort of Crotalus horridus and two cohorts of Crotalus adamanteus, we showed for the first time that snakes undergo significant changes in venom composition after the postnatal shedding event. The number of changes among cohorts ranged widely and there was wide variation in the direction of protein regulation, which appeared to be on a locus-specific level rather than protein-family level. These significant venom composition changes that take place in the first few weeks of life most likely play critical roles in venom economy and resource conservation and may partially explain the rare, post-birth maternal care found in some venomous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Wray
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA.
| | - Mark J Margres
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Margaret Seavy
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Darin R Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
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20
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Yamashiro ET, Oliveira AK, Kitano ES, Menezes MC, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IL, Paes Leme AF, Serrano SM. Proteoforms of the platelet-aggregating enzyme PA-BJ, a serine proteinase from Bothrops jararaca venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2068-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Wang YM, Huang KF, Tsai IH. Snake venom glutaminyl cyclases: Purification, cloning, kinetic study, recombinant expression, and comparison with the human enzyme. Toxicon 2014; 86:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Gao JF, Wang J, He Y, Qu YF, Lin LH, Ma XM, Ji X. Proteomic and biochemical analyses of short-tailed pit viper (Gloydius brevicaudus) venom: age-related variation and composition-activity correlation. J Proteomics 2014; 105:307-22. [PMID: 24487038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We conducted an in-depth analysis of the proteomic and biochemical profiles of the venom of neonate and adult short-tailed pit vipers (Gloydius brevicaudus). Identified proteins were assigned to a few main toxin families. Disintegrin, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), serine proteinase, cysteine-rich secretory protein, C-type lectin-like protein, l-amino acid oxidase and snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) were detected in both venoms, while 5'-nucleotidase was detected only in the adult venom. SVMP was the predominant protein family in both venoms (neonate: 65.7%; adult: 64.4%), followed by PLA2 (neonate: 13.4%; adult: 25.0%). Antivenomic analysis revealed that commercial G. brevicaudus antivenom almost neutralized the chromatographic peaks with medium and high molecular masses in both venoms, but did not completely recognize peaks with low molecular mass. Toxicological and enzymatic activities show remarkable age-related variation in G. brevicaudus venom, probably resulting from variation in venom composition. Our data demonstrate age-related variation across venomics, antivenomics and biochemical profiles of G. brevicaudus venom, and have implications for the management of G. brevicaudus bites, including improving antivenom preparation by combining both venoms. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study investigates the composition and biochemical activity of neonate and adult Gloydius brevicaudus venoms. We found remarkable age-related variation in venom biological activity, likely the result of variation in venom composition. Antivenomics analysis was used to explore difference in neonate and adult G. brevicaudus venoms. Our findings have implications for the diagnosis and clinical management of G. brevicaudus bites, and the design of venom mixtures that will increase the efficacy of commercial antivenom. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying He
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ma
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Lomonte B, Tsai WC, Ureña-Diaz JM, Sanz L, Mora-Obando D, Sánchez EE, Fry BG, Gutiérrez JM, Gibbs HL, Sovic MG, Calvete JJ. Venomics of New World pit vipers: genus-wide comparisons of venom proteomes across Agkistrodon. J Proteomics 2013; 96:103-16. [PMID: 24211403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report a genus-wide comparison of venom proteome variation across New World pit vipers in the genus Agkistrodon. Despite the wide variety of habitats occupied by this genus and that all its taxa feed on diverse species of vertebrates and invertebrate prey, the venom proteomes of copperheads, cottonmouths, and cantils are remarkably similar, both in the type and relative abundance of their different toxin families. The venoms from all the eleven species and subspecies sampled showed relatively similar proteolytic and PLA2 activities. In contrast, quantitative differences were observed in hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities in mice. The highest myotoxic activity was observed with the venoms of A. b. bilineatus, followed by A. p. piscivorus, whereas the venoms of A. c. contortrix and A. p. leucostoma induced the lowest myotoxic activity. The venoms of Agkistrodon bilineatus subspecies showed the highest hemorrhagic activity and A. c. contortrix the lowest. Compositional and toxicological analyses agree with clinical observations of envenomations by Agkistrodon in the USA and Central America. A comparative analysis of Agkistrodon shows that venom divergence tracks phylogeny of this genus to a greater extent than in Sistrurus rattlesnakes, suggesting that the distinct natural histories of Agkistrodon and Sistrurus clades may have played a key role in molding the patterns of evolution of their venom protein genes. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE A deep understanding of the structural and functional profiles of venoms and of the principles governing the evolution of venomous systems is a goal of venomics. Isolated proteomics analyses have been conducted on venoms from many species of vipers and pit vipers. However, making sense of these large inventories of data requires the integration of this information across multiple species to identify evolutionary and ecological trends. Our genus-wide venomics study provides a comprehensive overview of the toxic arsenal across Agkistrodon and a ground for understanding the natural histories of, and clinical observations of envenomations by, species of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Wan-Chih Tsai
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Manuel Ureña-Diaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Libia Sanz
- Laboratorio de Venómica y Proteinómica Estructural, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana Mora-Obando
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elda E Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - H Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael G Sovic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica y Proteinómica Estructural, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
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24
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Ma L, Tong QL, Chen C, Pan YD, Lin LH. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the short-tailed pit viper Gloydius brevicaudus (Viperidae). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-013-9982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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