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Li S, Yan L, Venuste M, Xu F, Shi L, White PJ, Wang X, Ding G. A critical review of plant adaptation to environmental boron stress: Uptake, utilization, and interplay with other abiotic and biotic factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139474. [PMID: 37442392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an indispensable mineral nutrient for plants and is primarily taken up by roots mainly in the form of boric acid (H3BO3). Recently, research shows that B has a significant impact on plant growth and productivity due to its narrow range between deficiency and toxicity. Fertilization and other procedures to address B stress (deficiency and toxicity) in soils are generally expensive and time-consuming. Over the past 20 years, substantial studies have been conducted to investigate the mechanisms underlying B acquisition and the molecular regulation of B stress in plants. In this review, we discuss the effects of B stress on plant growth, physiology, and biochemistry, and finding on enhancing plant tolerance from the perspective of plant B uptake, transport, and utilization. We also refer to recent results demonstrating the interactions among B and other biological and abiotic factors, including nitrogen, phosphorus, aluminum, and microorganisms. Finally, emerging trends in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- College of Resources and Environment/Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lei Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Munyaneza Venuste
- College of Resources and Environment/Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fangsen Xu
- College of Resources and Environment/Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Resources and Environment/Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
| | - Philip J White
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
| | - Guangda Ding
- College of Resources and Environment/Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
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Leite MCM, de Araujo MA, da Silva de Paiva W, Camargos LS, Martins AR. Morphological responses and tolerance of a tree native to the Brazilian Cerrado Astronium fraxinifolium Schott to boron toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:6900-6910. [PMID: 34467477 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides can lead to boron contamination of the soil. Decontamination in general is expensive and results in other impacts. Phytoremediation is a sustainable alternative for soil restoration. Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae) is a tree species native to the Cerrado that is considered to be a pioneer species and a selective xerophyte, and it has been widely used in the reforestation and restoration of degraded areas. This study set out to characterize the physiology and anatomy of A. fraxinifolium under different boron concentrations and to assess the tolerance and phytoremediation potential of the species. An experiment with a completely randomized design was conducted in a greenhouse. The carbon allocation and chlorophyll content of leaves of A. fraxinifolium were determined. Boron concentration and the species' tolerance index were calculated from root and shoot samples. Levels of amino acids, proteins, total carbohydrates, starch, phenolic compounds, and anatomical analysis were also measured. A. fraxinifolium showed tolerance to boron concentrations in the substrate and accumulated a greater amount of the element in the aerial part, showing its phytoextraction ability. No significant differences were found in the physiology of A. fraxinifolium; however, some anatomical changes were observed. In the leaves, there were changes in the thickness of the abaxial surface of the epidermis and palisade and spongy parenchyma, and total leaf thickness, and in the roots, there were changes in the thickness of the phloem, diameter of vessel elements, and number of vessel elements per square millimeter. However, boron did not interfere in the development and survival of A. fraxinifolium, which points to the possibility that the species has phytoremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilaine Cristina Marques Leite
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Department of Biology and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maycon Anderson de Araujo
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Department of Biology and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wesller da Silva de Paiva
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Department of Biology and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Santos Camargos
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Department of Biology and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Redondo Martins
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Department of Biology and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yang LT, Pan JF, Hu NJ, Chen HH, Jiang HX, Lu YB, Chen LS. Citrus Physiological and Molecular Response to Boron Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:40. [PMID: 35009043 PMCID: PMC8747704 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the essentiality of boron (B) to plant growth was reported nearly one century ago, the implication of B in physiological performance, productivity and quality of agricultural products, and the morphogenesis of apical meristem in plants has widely been studied. B stresses (B deficiency and toxicity), which lead to atrophy of canopy and deterioration of Citrus fruits, have long been discovered in citrus orchards. This paper reviews the research progress of B stresses on Citrus growth, photosynthesis, light use efficiency, nutrient absorption, organic acid metabolism, sugar metabolism and relocation, and antioxidant system. Moreover, the beneficial effects of B on plant stress tolerance and further research in this area were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Jun-Feng Pan
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Neng-Jing Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Huan-Xin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yi-Bin Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
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Landi M, Margaritopoulou T, Papadakis IE, Araniti F. Boron toxicity in higher plants: an update. PLANTA 2019; 250:1011-1032. [PMID: 31236697 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, emphasis is given to the most recent updates about morpho-anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses adopted by plants to cope with B excess. Boron (B) is a unique micronutrient for plants given that the range of B concentration from its essentiality to toxicity is extremely narrow, and also because it occurs as an uncharged molecule (boric acid) which can pass lipid bilayers without any degree of controls, as occurs for other ionic nutrients. Boron frequently exceeds the plant's requirement in arid and semiarid environments due to poor drainage, and in agricultural soils close to coastal areas due to the intrusion of B-rich seawater in fresh aquifer or because of dispersion of seawater aerosol. Global releases of elemental B through weathering, volcanic and geothermal processes are also relevant in enriching B concentration in some areas. Considerable progress has been made in understanding how plants react to B toxicity and relevant efforts have been made to investigate: (I) B uptake and in planta partitioning, (II) physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes induced by B excess, with particular emphasis to the effects on the photosynthetic process, the B-triggered oxidative stress and responses of the antioxidant apparatus to B toxicity, and finally (III) mechanisms of B tolerance. Recent findings addressing the effects of B toxicity are reviewed here, intending to clarify the effect of B excess and to propose new perspectives aimed at driving future researches on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Theoni Margaritopoulou
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, St. Delta 8, 14561, Kifisia, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Papadakis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC, 89124, Reggio Calabria, RC, Italy
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MicroRNA Sequencing Revealed Citrus Adaptation to Long-Term Boron Toxicity through Modulation of Root Development by miR319 and miR171. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061422. [PMID: 30901819 PMCID: PMC6470687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity in Citrus is a common physiological disorder leading to reductions in both productivity and quality. Studies on how Citrus roots evade B toxicity may provide new insight into plant tolerance to B toxicity. Here, using Illumina sequencing, differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified in B toxicity-treated Citrus sinensis (tolerant) and C. grandis (intolerant) roots. The results showed that 37 miRNAs in C. grandis and 11 miRNAs in C. sinensis were differentially expressed when exposed to B toxicity. Among them, miR319, miR171, and miR396g-5p were confirmed via 5'-RACE and qRT-PCR to target a myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor gene, a SCARECROW-like protein gene, and a cation transporting ATPase gene, respectively. Maintenance of SCARECROW expression in B treated Citrus roots might fulfill stem cell maintenance, quiescent center, and endodermis specification, thus allowing regular root elongation under B-toxic stress. Down-regulation of MYB due to up-regulation of miR319 in B toxicity-treated C. grandis roots might decrease the number of root tips, thereby dramatically changing root system architecture. Our findings suggested that miR319 and miR171 play a pivotal role in Citrus adaptation to long-term B toxicity by targeting MYB and SCARECROW, respectively, both of which are responsible for root growth and development.
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Simón-Grao S, Nieves M, Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Cámara-Zapata JM, Alfosea-Simón M, García-Sánchez F. Response of three citrus genotypes used as rootstocks grown under boron excess conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:10-19. [PMID: 29730402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, the effects of an excess of boron (B) are conditioned by the type of rootstock. In the present work, the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of seedlings from three citrus genotypes, commonly used as rootstocks in citriculture. In particular, Citrange Carrizo (CC), Citrus macrophylla (CM) and sour orange (SO) seedlings were treated with an excess of B (10 mg L-1) in the nutrient solution in order to determine the relative tolerance and to understand the possible mechanisms that make a rootstock more tolerant than the others. To assess these responses, different parameters were measured in plants, such as vegetative growth, B concentration in leaves, stems and roots, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, the concentration of osmolytes and the activity of enzymes related to the antioxidant system. The results showed, according to the growth parameters, that the SO rootstock was the most tolerant to an excess of B; while CC was the most sensitive. This result was due to the fact that SO plants accumulated less B in leaves, as its roots have a great capacity of restricting the uptake and transport of B towards the aerial part. Moreover, SO is suggested to diminish B toxicity risk through its antioxidant system, since it presented high activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as high accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Simón-Grao
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieves
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - José M Cámara-Zapata
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Marina Alfosea-Simón
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Sánchez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain.
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Zhang J, Li Q, Qi YP, Huang WL, Yang LT, Lai NW, Ye X, Chen LS. Low pH-responsive proteins revealed by a 2-DE based MS approach and related physiological responses in Citrus leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:188. [PMID: 30208853 PMCID: PMC6134590 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare data are available on the molecular responses of higher plants to low pH. Seedlings of 'Sour pummelo' (Citrus grandis) and 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis) were treated daily with nutrient solution at a pH of 2.5, 3, or 6 (control) for nine months. Thereafter, we first used 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to investigate low pH-responsive proteins in Citrus leaves. Meanwhile, we examined low pH-effects on leaf gas exchange, carbohydrates, ascorbate, dehydroascorbate and malondialdehyde. The objectives were to understand the adaptive mechanisms of Citrus to low pH and to identify the possible candidate proteins for low pH-tolerance. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that Citrus were tolerant to low pH, with a slightly higher low pH-tolerance in the C. sinensis than in the C. grandis. Using 2-DE, we identified more pH 2.5-responsive proteins than pH 3-responsive proteins in leaves. This paper discussed mainly on the pH 2.5-responsive proteins. pH 2.5 decreased the abundances of proteins involved in ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation, Calvin cycle, carbon fixation, chlorophyll biosynthesis and electron transport, hence lowering chlorophyll level, electron transport rate and photosynthesis. The higher oxidative damage in the pH 2.5-treated C. grandis leaves might be due to a combination of factors including higher production of reactive oxygen species, more proteins decreased in abundance involved in antioxidation and detoxification, and lower ascorbate level. Protein and amino acid metabolisms were less affected in the C. sinensis leaves than those in the C. grandis leaves when exposed to pH 2.5. The abundances of proteins related to jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signal transduction were increased and decreased in the pH 2.5-treated C. sinensis and C. grandis leaves, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on low pH-responsive proteins in higher plants. Thus, our results provide some novel information on low pH-toxicity and -tolerance in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Ning-Wei Lai
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, FAFU, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, FAFU, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Öztürk SE, Göktay M, Has C, Babaoğlu M, Allmer J, Doğanlar S, Frary A. Transcriptomic analysis of boron hyperaccumulation mechanisms in Puccinellia distans. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:390-401. [PMID: 29453065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Puccinellia distans, common alkali grass, is found throughout the world and can survive in soils with boron concentrations that are lethal for other plant species. Indeed, P. distans accumulates very high levels of this element. Despite these interesting features, very little research has been performed to elucidate the boron tolerance mechanism in this species. In this study, P. distans samples were treated for three weeks with normal (0.5 mg L-1) and elevated (500 mg L-1) boron levels in hydroponic solution. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from shoot tissue were analyzed by RNA sequencing to identify genes up and down-regulated under boron stress. In this way, 3312 differentially expressed transcripts were detected, 67.7% of which were up-regulated and 32.3% of which were down-regulated in boron-treated plants. To partially confirm the RNA sequencing results, 32 randomly selected transcripts were analyzed for their expression levels in boron-treated plants. The results agreed with the expected direction of change (up or down-regulation). A total of 1652 transcripts had homologs in A. thaliana and/or O. sativa and mapped to 1107 different proteins. Functional annotation of these proteins indicated that the boron tolerance and hyperaccumulation mechanisms of P. distans involve many transcriptomic changes including: alterations in the malate pathway, changes in cell wall components that may allow sequestration of excess boron without toxic effects, and increased expression of at least one putative boron transporter and two putative aquaporins. Elucidation of the boron accumulation mechanism is important in developing approaches for bioremediation of boron contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Elvan Öztürk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Göktay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Canan Has
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Babaoğlu
- Department of Field Crops, Selcuk University, Selçuklu, Konya, 42030, Turkey
| | - Jens Allmer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Sami Doğanlar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Anne Frary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
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Genome-wide identification of barley MCs (metacaspases) and their possible roles in boron-induced programmed cell death. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:211-225. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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You X, Yang LT, Qi YP, Guo P, Lai NW, Ye X, Li Q, Chen LS. Long-term manganese-toxicity-induced alterations of physiology and leaf protein profiles in two Citrus species differing in manganese-tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 218:249-257. [PMID: 28910703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn)-intolerant 'Sour pummelo' (Citrus grandis) and Mn-tolerant 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis) seedlings were irrigated for 17 weeks with 2 (control) or 600μM (Mn-toxicity or -excess) MnSO4. C. sinensis had higher Mn-tolerance than C. grandis, as indicated by the higher photosynthesis rates in Mn-excess C. sinensis leaves. Under Mn-toxicity, Mn levels were similar between C. sinensis and C. grandis roots, but lower in C. sinensis leaves than in C. grandis leaves. This might be responsible for C. sinensis Mn-tolerance. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, we identified more differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in Mn-excess C. grandis than in Mn-excess C. sinensis leaves, which agrees with the higher Mn levels in Mn-excess C. grandis leaves. DAPs were mainly related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, stress response, and protein and amino acid metabolism. DAPs involved in the cytoskeleton and signal transduction were found only in Mn-excess C. grandis leaves. We isolated more photosynthesis-related proteins with decreased abundances in Mn-excess C. grandis leaves than in Mn-excess C. sinensis leaves, which might account for the larger decrease in photosynthesis rates in C. grandis leaves. The abundances of proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and photorespiration were increased in Mn-excess C. grandis leaves, while only proteins involved in ROS detoxification were increased in Mn-excess C. sinensis leaves. This agrees with the increased requirement for dissipating the excess absorbed light energy, which was higher in Mn-excess C. grandis leaves than Mn-excess C. sinensis leaves because Mn-toxicity inhibited photosynthesis to a greater degree in C. grandis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang You
- Institute of Plant Nutritional and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ning-Wei Lai
- Institute of Plant Nutritional and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Plant Nutritional and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Sang W, Huang ZR, Yang LT, Guo P, Ye X, Chen LS. Effects of High Toxic Boron Concentration on Protein Profiles in Roots of Two Citrus Species Differing in Boron-Tolerance Revealed by a 2-DE Based MS Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:180. [PMID: 28261239 PMCID: PMC5313502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Citrus are sensitive to boron (B)-toxicity. In China, B-toxicity occurs in some citrus orchards. So far, limited data are available on B-toxicity-responsive proteins in higher plants. Thirteen-week-old seedlings of "Sour pummelo" (Citrus grandis) and "Xuegan" (Citrus sinensis) was fertilized every other day until dripping with nutrient solution containing 10 μM (control) or 400 μM (B-toxicity) H3BO3 for 15 weeks. The typical B-toxic symptom only occurred in 400 μM B-treated C. grandis leaves, and that B-toxicity decreased root dry weight more in C. grandis seedlings than in C. sinensis ones, demonstrating that C. sinensis was more tolerant to B-toxicity than C. grandis. Using a 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) based MS approach, we identified 27 up- and four down-accumulated, and 28 up- and 13 down-accumulated proteins in B-toxic C. sinensis and C. grandis roots, respectively. Most of these proteins were isolated only from B-toxic C. sinensis or C. grandis roots, only nine B-toxicity-responsive proteins were shared by the two citrus species. Great differences existed in B-toxicity-induced alterations of protein profiles between C. sinensis and C. grandis roots. More proteins related to detoxification were up-accumulated in B-toxic C. grandis roots than in B-toxic C. sinensis roots to meet the increased requirement for the detoxification of the more reactive oxygen species and other toxic compounds such as aldehydes in the former. For the first time, we demonstrated that the active methyl cycle was induced and repressed in B-toxic C. sinensis and C. grandis roots, respectively, and that C. sinensis roots had a better capacity to keep cell wall and cytoskeleton integrity than C. grandis roots in response to B-toxicity, which might be responsible for the higher B-tolerance of C. sinensis. In addition, proteins involved in nucleic acid metabolism, biological regulation and signal transduction might play a role in the higher B-tolerance of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Agriculture, Forestry and Water Conservancy Bureau of Xinzhou DistrictShangrao, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Huang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Song Chen
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Ruiz M, Quiñones A, Martínez-Alcántara B, Aleza P, Morillon R, Navarro L, Primo-Millo E, Martínez-Cuenca MR. Tetraploidy Enhances Boron-Excess Tolerance in Carrizo Citrange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:701. [PMID: 27252717 PMCID: PMC4879134 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tetraploidy modifies root anatomy which may lead to differentiated capacity to uptake and transport mineral elements. This work provides insights into physiological and molecular characters involved in boron (B) toxicity responses in diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) plants of Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.), a widely used citrus rootstock. With B excess, 2x plants accumulated more B in leaves than 4x plants, which accounted for their higher B uptake and root-to-shoot transport rates. Ploidy did not modify the expression of membrane transporters NIP5 and BOR1 in roots. The cellular allocation of B excess differed between ploidy levels in the soluble fraction, which was lower in 4x leaves, while cell wall-linked B was similar in 2x and 4x genotypes. This correlates with the increased damage and stunted growth recorded in the 2x plants. The 4x roots were found to have fewer root tips, shorter specific root length, longer diameter, thicker exodermis and earlier tissue maturation in root tips, where the Casparian strip was detected at a shorter distance from the root apex than in the 2x roots. The results presented herein suggest that the root anatomical characters of the 4x plants play a key role in their lower B uptake capacity and root-to-shoot transport. HIGHLIGHTS Tetraploidy enhances B excess tolerance in citrange CarrizoExpression of NIP5 and BOR1 transporters and cell wall-bounded B are similar between ploidiesB tolerance is attributed to root anatomical modifications induced by genome duplicationThe rootstock 4x citrange carrizo may prevent citrus trees from B excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Ana Quiñones
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Belén Martínez-Alcántara
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Pablo Aleza
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- UMR AGAP, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Luis Navarro
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Primo-Millo
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Mary-Rus Martínez-Cuenca
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
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Huang JH, Qi YP, Wen SX, Guo P, Chen XM, Chen LS. Illumina microRNA profiles reveal the involvement of miR397a in Citrus adaptation to long-term boron toxicity via modulating secondary cell-wall biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22900. [PMID: 26962011 PMCID: PMC4790630 DOI: 10.1038/srep22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying tolerance to B-toxicity in plants are still controversial. Our previous studies indicated that B-toxicity is mainly limited to leaves in Citrus and that alternations of cell-wall structure in vascular bundles are involved in tolerance to B-toxicity. Here, miRNAs and their expression patterns were first identified in B-treated Citrus sinensis (tolerant) and C. grandis (intolerant) leaves via high-throughput sequencing. Candidate miRNAs were then verified with molecular and anatomical approaches. The results showed that 51 miRNAs in C. grandis and 20 miRNAs in C. sinensis were differentially expressed after B-toxic treatment. MiR395a and miR397a were the most significantly up-regulated miRNAs in B-toxic C. grandis leaves, but both were down-regulated in B-toxic C. sinensis leaves. Four auxin response factor genes and two laccase (LAC) genes were confirmed through 5′-RACE to be real targets of miR160a and miR397a, respectively. Up-regulation of LAC4 resulted in secondary deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides in vessel elements of C. sinensis, whereas down-regulation of both LAC17 and LAC4, led to poorly developed vessel elements in C. grandis. Our findings demonstrated that miR397a plays a pivotal role in woody Citrus tolerance to B-toxicity by targeting LAC17 and LAC4, both of which are responsible for secondary cell-wall synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Huang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Pomological Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Shou-Xing Wen
- Pomological Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,College of Resource and Environmental Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Min Chen
- Pomological Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,College of Resource and Environmental Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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14
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Mesquita GL, Zambrosi FCB, Tanaka FAO, Boaretto RM, Quaggio JA, Ribeiro RV, Mattos D. Anatomical and Physiological Responses of Citrus Trees to Varying Boron Availability Are Dependent on Rootstock. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:224. [PMID: 26973670 PMCID: PMC4777737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In Citrus, water, nutrient transport and thereby fruit production, are influenced among other factors, by the interaction between rootstock and boron (B) nutrition. This study aimed to investigate how B affects the anatomical structure of roots and leaves as well as leaf gas exchange in sweet orange trees grafted on two contrasting rootstocks in response to B supply. Plants grafted on Swingle citrumelo or Sunki mandarin were grown in a nutrient solution of varying B concentration (deficient, adequate, and excessive). Those grafted on Swingle were more tolerant to both B deficiency and toxicity than those on Sunki, as revealed by higher shoot and root growth. In addition, plants grafted on Sunki exhibited more severe anatomical and physiological damages under B deficiency, showing thickening of xylem cell walls and impairments in whole-plant leaf-specific hydraulic conductance and leaf CO2 assimilation. Our data revealed that trees grafted on Swingle sustain better growth under low B availablitlity in the root medium and still respond positively to increased B levels by combining higher B absorption and root growth as well as better organization of xylem vessels. Taken together, those traits improved water and B transport to the plant canopy. Under B toxicity, Swingle rootstock would also favor plant growth by reducing anatomical and ultrastructural damage to leaf tissue and improving water transport compared with plants grafted on Sunki. From a practical point of view, our results highlight that B management in citrus orchards shall take into account rootstock varieties, of which the Swingle rootstock was characterized by its performance on regulating anatomical and ultrastructural damages, improving water transport and limiting negative impacts of B stress conditions on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geisa L. Mesquita
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto AgronômicoCordeirópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco A. O. Tanaka
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloPiracicaba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Boaretto
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto AgronômicoCordeirópolis, Brazil
| | - José A. Quaggio
- Centro de Solos e Recursos Ambientais, Instituto AgronômicoCampinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | - Dirceu Mattos
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto AgronômicoCordeirópolis, Brazil
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15
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Guo P, Qi YP, Yang LT, Ye X, Huang JH, Chen LS. Long-Term Boron-Excess-Induced Alterations of Gene Profiles in Roots of Two Citrus Species Differing in Boron-Tolerance Revealed by cDNA-AFLP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:898. [PMID: 27446128 PMCID: PMC4919357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity is observed in some citrus orchards in China. However, limited data are available on the molecular mechanisms of citrus B-toxicity and B-tolerance. Using cDNA-AFLP, we identified 20 up- and 52 down-regulated genes, and 44 up- and 66 down-regulated genes from excess B-treated Citrus sinensis and Citrus grandis roots, respectively, thereby demonstrating that gene expression profiles were more affected in the latter. In addition, phosphorus and total soluble protein concentrations were lowered only in excess B-treated C. grandis roots. Apparently, C. sinensis had higher B-tolerance than C. grandis. Our results suggested that the following several aspects were responsible for the difference in the B-tolerance between the two citrus species including: (a) B-excess induced Root Hair Defective 3 expression in C. sinensis roots, and repressed villin4 expression in C. grandis roots; accordingly, root growth was less inhibited by B-excess in the former; (b) antioxidant systems were impaired in excess B-treated C. grandis roots, hence accelerating root senescence; (c) genes related to Ca(2+) signals were inhibited (induced) by B-excess in C. grandis (C. sinensis) roots. B-excess-responsive genes related to energy (i.e., alternative oxidase and cytochrome P450), lipid (i.e., Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 9 and citrus dioxygenase), and nucleic acid (i.e., HDA19, histone 4, and ribonucleotide reductase RNR1 like protein) metabolisms also possibly accounted for the difference in the B-tolerance between the two citrus species. These data increased our understanding of the mechanisms on citrus B-toxicity and B-tolerance at transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical SciencesFuzhou, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hao Huang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Pomological Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhou, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Song Chen
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16
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Sang W, Huang ZR, Qi YP, Yang LT, Guo P, Chen LS. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis data in support of leaf comparative proteomics of two citrus species differing in boron-tolerance. Data Brief 2015. [PMID: 26217760 PMCID: PMC4510397 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide the data from a comparative proteomics approach used to investigate the response of boron (B)-tolerant 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis) and B-intolerant 'Sour pummelo' (Citrus grandis) leaves to B-toxicity. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technique, we identified 50 and 45 protein species with a fold change of more than 1.5 and a P-value of less than 0.05 from B-toxic C. sinensis and C. grandis leaves. These B-toxicity-responsive protein species were mainly involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, antioxidation and detoxification, stress responses, coenzyme biosynthesis, protein and amino acid metabolism, signal transduction, cell transport, cytoskeleton, nucleotide metabolism, and cell cycle and DNA processing. A detailed analysis of this data may be obtained from Sang et al. (J. Proteomics 114 (2015))[1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sang
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China ; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China ; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China ; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China ; The Higher Educational Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China ; Fujian Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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