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Rodríguez-Durán A, Ullah S, da Silva EMS, Gris AH, Driemeier D, Ali A, Parizi LF, da Silva Vaz Junior I. Immunologic characterization of the Bm05br protein using the Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826) species as a tick model. Vet Parasitol 2024; 330:110224. [PMID: 38861910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of tick proteins allow us to discover new physiological targets useful for the development of tick control methods. Bm05br (Brazil Rhipicephalus microplus protein 05) is a protein with unknown function identified in the saliva of R. microplus. Rs05br (Brazil Rhipicephalus sanguineus protein 05), a protein with 99 % similarity to Bm05br, was identified in Rhipicephalus linnaei egg, larval, and nymphal stages, as well as in adult saliva. To improve the knowledge about both proteins, immunological characterization was performed, including antigenicity analysis, vaccination trials, and artificial feeding. The sequence and antigenicity analysis of Bm05br and Rs05br proteins showed that R. linnaei could serve as a tick model for cross-protection studies. The recombinant Bm05br protein was immunogenic. Anti-Bm05br antibodies recognized the homologous protein Rs05br in different stages, organs, and in the saliva of R. linnaei. Although rBm05br did not induce a protective response against infestation in R. linnaei in this study, further experiments could be developed taking into account new formulations and animal models for vaccination. These results also serve as a reference for future research on the function of these proteins in R. microplus and R. linnaei physiology, as well as other species of the genus Rhipicephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlex Rodríguez-Durán
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil; Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, DC 110911, Colombia
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Emanoelly Machado Sousa da Silva
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Hentz Gris
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000,, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-853, Brazil.
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Wang L, Liu Y, Pang R, Guo Y, Ren Y, Wu Y, Cao Z. The Tick Saliva Peptide HIDfsin2 TLR4-Dependently Inhibits the Tick-Borne Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Mouse Macrophages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:449. [PMID: 38786177 PMCID: PMC11117380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ticks transmit a variety of pathogens to their hosts by feeding on blood. The interactions and struggle between tick pathogens and hosts have evolved bilaterally. The components of tick saliva can directly or indirectly trigger host biological responses in a manner that promotes pathogen transmission; however, host cells continuously develop strategies to combat pathogen infection and transmission. Moreover, it is still unknown how host cells develop their defense strategies against tick-borne viruses during tick sucking. Here, we found that the tick saliva peptide HIDfsin2 enhanced the antiviral innate immunity of mouse macrophages by activating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, thereby restricting tick-borne severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) replication. HIDfsin2 was identified to interact with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ligand of TLR4, and then depolymerize LPS micelles into smaller particles, effectively enhancing the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathways, which are downstream of TLR4. Expectedly, TLR4 knockout completely eliminated the promotion effect of HIDfsin2 on NF-κB and type I interferon activation. Moreover, HIDfsin2 enhanced SFTSV replication in TLR4-knockout mouse macrophages, which is consistent with our recent report that HIDfsin2 hijacked p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to promote the replication of tick-borne SFTSV in A549 and Huh7 cells (human cell lines) with low expression of TLR4. Together, these results provide new insights into the innate immune mechanism of host cells following tick bites. Our study also shows a rare molecular event relating to the mutual antagonism between tick-borne SFTSV and host cells mediated by the tick saliva peptide HIDfsin2 at the tick-host-virus interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (R.P.); (Y.G.); (Y.R.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yishuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (R.P.); (Y.G.); (Y.R.); (Y.W.)
| | - Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (R.P.); (Y.G.); (Y.R.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yiyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (R.P.); (Y.G.); (Y.R.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (R.P.); (Y.G.); (Y.R.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (R.P.); (Y.G.); (Y.R.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhijian Cao
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (Y.L.); (R.P.); (Y.G.); (Y.R.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Wang Y, Hils M, Fischer A, Wölbing F, Biedermann T, Schnieke A, Fischer K. Gene-edited pigs: a translational model for human food allergy against alpha-Gal and anaphylaxis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358178. [PMID: 38469303 PMCID: PMC10925645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy is rising and is estimated to approach 10%. Red meat allergy is the first known food allergy elicited by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies recognizing a carbohydrate. Due to the loss of function of the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene in humans, the disaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) cannot be synthesized and therefore became immunogenic. IgE sensitization is elicited through the skin by repetitive tick bites transmitting α-Gal. The underlying mechanisms regarding innate and adaptive immune cell activation, including the B-cell isotype switch to IgE, are poorly understood, requiring further research and physiologically relevant animal models. Here, we describe a new animal model of red meat allergy using percutaneous α-Gal sensitization of gene-edited GGTA1-deficient pigs. Total and α-Gal-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgE levels were tracked. Further key factors associated with allergic skin inflammation, type 2 immunity, and allergy development were measured in PBMCs and skin samples. Significant increases in α-Gal-specific IgG1 and IgE levels indicated successful sensitization to the allergen α-Gal. Intracutaneous sensitizations with α-Gal recruited lymphocytes to the skin, including elevated numbers of T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Finally, α-Gal-sensitized pigs not only recognized α-Gal as non-self-antigen following α-Gal exposure through the skin but also developed anaphylaxis upon antigen challenge. Based on the similarities between the porcine and human skin, this new large animal model for α-Gal allergy should help to unveil the consecutive steps of cutaneous sensitization and aid the development of prophylactic and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Wölbing
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Wu H, Jmel MA, Chai J, Tian M, Xu X, Hui Y, Nandakumar KS, Kotsyfakis M. Tick cysteine protease inhibitors suppress immune responses in mannan-induced psoriasis-like inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344878. [PMID: 38444844 PMCID: PMC10912570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors regulate various biological processes and prevent host tissue/organ damage. Specific inhibition/regulation of proteases is clinically valuable for treating several diseases. Psoriasis affects the skin in the limbs and scalp of the body, and the contribution of cysteine and serine proteases to the development of skin inflammation is well documented. Cysteine protease inhibitors from ticks have high specificity, selectivity, and affinity to their target proteases and are efficient immunomodulators. However, their potential therapeutic effect on psoriasis pathogenesis remains to be determined. Therefore, we tested four tick cystatins (Sialostatin L, Sialostatin L2, Iristatin, and Mialostatin) in the recently developed, innate immunity-dependent mannan-induced psoriasis model. We explored the effects of protease inhibitors on clinical symptoms and histological features. In addition, the number and percentage of immune cells (dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and γδT cells) by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry and, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-17 family) by qPCR were analyzed using skin, spleen, and lymph node samples. Tick protease inhibitors have significantly decreased psoriasis symptoms and disease manifestations but had differential effects on inflammatory responses and immune cell populations, suggesting different modes of action of these inhibitors on psoriasis-like inflammation. Thus, our study demonstrates, for the first time, the usefulness of tick-derived protease inhibitors for treating skin inflammation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated City Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, The Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute United Medical Inflammation Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Amine Jmel
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jinwei Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maolin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Hui
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Karolinska Institute United Medical Inflammation Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Bullard RL, Cheslock M, Goud Gadila SK, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB, Saied AA, Embers ME. A comparison of Bartonella henselae infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297280. [PMID: 38346057 PMCID: PMC10861063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bartonellosis refers to disease caused by the Bartonella genus of bacteria. The breadth of disease manifestations associated with Bartonella is currently expanding and includes regional lymphadenopathy, rheumatic, ocular, and neurological disorders. The dearth of knowledge regarding diagnosis, treatment and pathogenesis of this disease can be partially attributed to the lack of a reliable small animal model for the disease. For this study, Bartonella henselae, the most common species associated with human disease, was injected into Swiss Webster (SW) mice. When the outcome indicated that productive infection did not occur, SCID/Beige (immune compromised) mice were inoculated. While SW mice may potentially harbor an acute infection, less than 10 days in length, the SCID/Beige model provided a sustained infection lasting up to 30-days. These data indicate that SCID/Beige mice can provide a model to study Bartonella infection, therapeutics, and vector dynamics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Bullard
- Division of Immunology, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Cheslock
- Division of Immunology, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Ricardo G. Maggi
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ahmad A. Saied
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Monica E. Embers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
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Butler LR, Singh N, Marnin L, Valencia LM, O'Neal AJ, Paz FEC, Shaw DK, Chavez ASO, Pedra JHF. The role of Rab27 in tick extracellular vesicle biogenesis and pathogen infection. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:57. [PMID: 38336752 PMCID: PMC10854084 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, transmits most vector-borne diseases in the US. It vectors seven pathogens of public health relevance, including the emerging human pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Nevertheless, it remains critically understudied compared to other arthropod vectors. Ixodes scapularis releases a variety of molecules that assist in the modulation of host responses. Recently, it was found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry several of these molecules and may impact microbial transmission to the mammalian host. EV biogenesis has been studied in mammalian systems and is relatively well understood, but the molecular players important for the formation and secretion of EVs in arthropods of public health relevance remain elusive. RabGTPases are among the major molecular players in mammalian EV biogenesis. They influence membrane identity and vesicle budding, uncoating, and motility. METHODS Using BLAST, an in silico pathway for EV biogenesis in ticks was re-constructed. We identified Rab27 for further study. EVs were collected from ISE6 tick cells after knocking down rab27 to examine its role in tick EV biogenesis. Ixodes scapularis nymphs were injected with small interfering RNAs to knock down rab27 and then fed on naïve and A. phagocytophilum-infected mice to explore the importance of rab27 in tick feeding and bacterial acquisition. RESULTS Our BLAST analysis identified several of the proteins involved in EV biogenesis in ticks, including Rab27. We show that silencing rab27 in I. scapularis impacts tick fitness. Additionally, ticks acquire less A. phagocytophilum after rab27 silencing. Experiments in the tick ISE6 cell line show that silencing of rab27 causes a distinct range profile of tick EVs, indicating that Rab27 is needed to regulate EV biogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Rab27 is needed for successful tick feeding and may be important for acquiring A. phagocytophilum during a blood meal. Additionally, silencing rab27 in tick cells results in a shift of extracellular vesicle size. Overall, we have observed that Rab27 plays a key role in tick EV biogenesis and the tripartite interactions among the vector, the mammalian host, and a microbe it encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rainer Butler
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Singh
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liron Marnin
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Anya J O'Neal
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dana K Shaw
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Joao H F Pedra
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Sharma SR, Choudhary SK, Vorobiov J, Commins SP, Karim S. Tick bite-induced alpha-gal syndrome and immunologic responses in an alpha-gal deficient murine model. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1336883. [PMID: 38390396 PMCID: PMC10882631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1336883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a delayed allergic reaction due to specific IgE antibodies targeting galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), a carbohydrate found in red meat. This condition has gained significant attention globally due to its increasing prevalence, with more than 450,000 cases estimated just in the United States alone. Previous research has established a connection between AGS and tick bites, which sensitize individuals to α-gal antigens and elevate the levels of specific IgE. However, the precise mechanism by which tick bites influence the host's immune system and contribute to the development of AGS remains poorly understood. This study investigates various factors related to ticks and the host associated with the development of AGS following a tick bite, using mice with a targeted disruption of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (AGKO) as a model organism. Methods Lone-star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and gulf-coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum) nymphs were used to sensitize AGKO mice, followed by pork meat challenge. Tick bite site biopsies from sensitized and non-sensitized mice were subjected to mRNA gene expression analysis to assess the host immune response. Antibody responses in sensitized mice were also determined. Results Our results showed a significant increase in the total IgE, IgG1, and α-gal IgG1 antibodies titers in the lone-star tick-sensitized AGKO mice compared to the gulf-coast tick-sensitized mice. Pork challenge in Am. americanum -sensitized mice led to a decline in body temperature after the meat challenge. Gene expression analysis revealed that Am. americanum bites direct mouse immunity toward Th2 and facilitate host sensitization to the α-gal antigen. Conclusion This study supports the hypothesis that specific tick species may increase the risk of developing α-gal-specific IgE and hypersensitivity reactions or AGS, thereby providing opportunities for future research on the mechanistic role of tick and host-related factors in AGS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Raj Sharma
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Shailesh K. Choudhary
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Julia Vorobiov
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Scott P. Commins
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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Ackermann-Gäumann R, Lang P, Zens KD. Defining the "Correlate(s) of Protection" to tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and infection - key points and outstanding questions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352720. [PMID: 38318179 PMCID: PMC10840404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) is a severe disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The generation of protective immunity after TBEV infection or TBE vaccination relies on the integrated responses of many distinct cell types at distinct physical locations. While long-lasting memory immune responses, in particular, form the basis for the correlates of protection against many diseases, these correlates of protection have not yet been clearly defined for TBE. This review addresses the immune control of TBEV infection and responses to TBE vaccination. Potential correlates of protection and the durability of protection against disease are discussed, along with outstanding questions in the field and possible areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann
- Microbiologie, ADMED Analyses et Diagnostics Médicaux, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
- Swiss National Reference Center for Tick-transmitted Diseases, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Phung Lang
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyra D. Zens
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Beránková Z, Khanna R, Spěváková M, Langhansová H, Kopecký J, Lieskovská J. Cellular stress is triggered by tick-borne encephalitis virus and limits the virus replication in PMJ2-R mouse macrophage cell line. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102269. [PMID: 37813002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection may represent a stress condition to the host cell. Cells react to it by triggering the defence programme to restore homeostasis and these events may in turn impact the viral replication. The knowledge about tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection-associated stress is limited. Here we investigated the interplay between TBEV infection and stress pathways in PMJ2-R mouse macrophage cell line, as macrophages are the target cells in early phases of TBEV infection. First, to determine how stress influences TBEV replication, the effect of stress inducers H2O2 and tunicamycin (TM) was tested. Viral multiplication was decreased in the presence of both stress inducers suggesting that the stress and cellular stress responses restrict the virus replication. Second, we investigated the induction of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon TBEV infection. The level of oxidative stress was interrogated by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS were intermittently increased in infected cells at 12 hpi and at 72 hpi. As mitochondrial dysfunction may result in increased ROS level, we evaluated the mitochondrial homeostasis by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and found that TBEV infection induced the hyperpolarization of MMP. Moreover, a transient increase of gene expression of stress-induced antioxidative enzymes, like p62, Gclm and Hmox1, was detected. Next, we evaluated the ER stress upon TBEV infection by analysing unfolded protein responses (UPR). We found that infection induced gene expression of two general sensors BiP and CHOP and activated the IRE1 pathway of UPR. Finally, since the natural transmission route of TBEV from its tick vector to the host is mediated via tick saliva, the impact of tick saliva from Ixodes ricinus on stress pathways in TBEV-infected cells was tested. We observed only marginal potentiation of UPR pathway. In conclusion, we found that TBEV infection of PMJ2-R cells elicits the changes in redox balance and triggers cellular stress defences, including antioxidant responses and the IRE1 pathway of UPR. Importantly, our results revealed the negative effect of stress-evoked events on TBEV replication and only marginal impact of tick saliva on stress cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Beránková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ritesh Khanna
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Spěváková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Lieskovská
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Strnad M, Rudenko N, Rego RO. Pathogenicity and virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi. Virulence 2023; 14:2265015. [PMID: 37814488 PMCID: PMC10566445 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi often triggers pathophysiologic perturbations that are further augmented by the inflammatory responses of the host, resulting in the severe clinical conditions of Lyme disease. While our apprehension of the spatial and temporal integration of the virulence determinants during the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi is constantly being improved, there is still much to be discovered. Many of the novel virulence strategies discussed in this review are undetermined. Lyme disease spirochaetes must surmount numerous molecular and mechanical obstacles in order to establish a disseminated infection in a vertebrate host. These barriers include borrelial relocation from the midgut of the feeding tick to its body cavity and further to the salivary glands, deposition to the skin, haematogenous dissemination, extravasation from blood circulation system, evasion of the host immune responses, localization to protective niches, and establishment of local as well as distal infection in multiple tissues and organs. Here, the various well-defined but also possible novel strategies and virulence mechanisms used by B. burgdorferi to evade obstacles laid out by the tick vector and usually the mammalian host during colonization and infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strnad
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Rudenko
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan O.M. Rego
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, Czech Republic
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11
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Vaz-Rodrigues R, Mazuecos L, Villar M, Contreras M, Artigas-Jerónimo S, González-García A, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. Multi-omics analysis of zebrafish response to tick saliva reveals biological processes associated with alpha-Gal syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115829. [PMID: 37922649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS) is a tick-borne allergy. A multi-omics approach was used to determine the effect of tick saliva and mammalian meat consumption on zebrafish gut transcriptome and proteome. Bioinformatics analysis using R software was focused on significant biological and metabolic pathway changes associated with AGS. Ortholog mapping identified highly concordant human ortholog genes for the detection of disease-enriched pathways. Tick saliva treatment increased zebrafish mortality, incidence of hemorrhagic type allergic reactions and changes in behavior and feeding patterns. Transcriptomics analysis showed downregulation of biological and metabolic pathways correlated with anti-alpha-Gal IgE and allergic reactions to tick saliva affecting blood circulation, cardiac and vascular smooth muscle contraction, behavior and sensory perception. Disease enrichment analysis revealed downregulated orthologous genes associated with human disorders affecting nervous, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems. Proteomics analysis revealed suppression of pathways associated with immune system production of reactive oxygen species and cardiac muscle contraction. Underrepresented proteins were mainly linked to nervous and metabolic human disorders. Multi-omics data revealed inhibition of pathways associated with adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, and heart and muscle contraction. Results identify tick saliva-related biological pathways supporting multisystemic organ involvement and linking α-Gal sensitization with other illnesses for the identification of potential disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vaz-Rodrigues
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lorena Mazuecos
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Almudena González-García
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Centre for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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12
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Karim S, Leyva-Castillo JM, Narasimhan S. Tick salivary glycans - a sugar-coated tick bite. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:1100-1113. [PMID: 37838514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous arthropods that transmit disease-causing pathogens worldwide. Tick saliva deposited into the tick-bite site is composed of an array of immunomodulatory proteins that ensure successful feeding and pathogen transmission. These salivary proteins are often glycosylated, and glycosylation is potentially critical for the function of these proteins. Some salivary glycans are linked to the phenomenon of red meat allergy - an allergic response to red meat consumption in humans exposed to certain tick species. Tick salivary glycans are also invoked in the phenomenon of acquired tick resistance wherein non-natural host species exposed to tick bites develop an immune response that thwarts subsequent tick feeding. This review dwells on our current knowledge of these two phenomena, thematically linked by salivary glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Karim
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Leyva-Castillo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sukanya Narasimhan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven-06520, CT, USA.
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13
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Boulanger N, Insonere JLM, Van Blerk S, Barthel C, Serres C, Rais O, Roulet A, Servant F, Duron O, Lelouvier B. Cross-alteration of murine skin and tick microbiome concomitant with pathogen transmission after Ixodes ricinus bite. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:250. [PMID: 37952001 PMCID: PMC10638774 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are major vectors of diseases affecting humans such as Lyme disease or domestic animals such as anaplasmosis. Cross-alteration of the vertebrate host skin microbiome and the tick microbiome may be essential during the process of tick feeding and for the mechanism of pathogen transmission. However, it has been poorly investigated. METHODS We used mice bitten by field-collected ticks (nymphs and adult ticks) in different experimental conditions to investigate, by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, the impact of blood feeding on both the mouse skin microbiome and the tick microbiome. We also investigated by PCR and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, the diversity of microorganisms transmitted to the host during the process of tick bite at the skin interface and the dissemination of the pathogen in host tissues (blood, heart, and spleen). RESULTS Most of the commensal bacteria present in the skin of control mice were replaced during the blood-feeding process by bacteria originating from the ticks. The microbiome of the ticks was also impacted by the blood feeding. Several pathogens including tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia/Borreliella, Anaplasma, Neoehrlichia, Rickettsia) and opportunistic bacteria (Williamsia) were transmitted to the skin microbiome and some of them disseminated to the blood or spleen of the mice. In the different experiments of this study, skin microbiome alteration and Borrelia/Borreliella transmission were different depending on the tick stages (nymphs or adult female ticks). CONCLUSIONS Host skin microbiome at the bite site was deeply impacted by the tick bite, to an extent which suggests a role in the tick feeding, in the pathogen transmission, and a potentially important impact on the skin physiopathology. The diversified taxonomic profiles of the tick microbiome were also modified by the blood feeding. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boulanger
- UR7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borrelia, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | - Cathy Barthel
- UR7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borrelia, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Serres
- Vaiomer, 516 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège, France
| | - Olivier Rais
- Laboratoire d'écologie et d'épidémiologie parasitaires Institut de Biologie, University of Neuchatel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Roulet
- Vaiomer, 516 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670, Labège, France
| | | | - Olivier Duron
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier (UM), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
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14
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Rainer Butler L, Singh N, Marnin L, Valencia LM, O’Neal AJ, Cabrera Paz FE, Shaw DK, Oliva Chavez AS, Pedra JH. Rab27 in tick extracellular vesicle biogenesis and infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565357. [PMID: 37961338 PMCID: PMC10635084 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, transmits most vector-borne diseases in the United States. It vectors seven pathogens of public health relevance, including the emerging human pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Nevertheless, it remains critically understudied when compared to other arthropod vectors. I. scapularis releases a variety of molecules that assist in the modulation of host responses. Recently, it was found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry several of these molecules and may impact microbial transmission to the mammalian host. EV biogenesis has been studied in mammalian systems and is relatively well understood, but the molecular players important for the formation and secretion of EVs in arthropods of public health relevance remain elusive. RabGTPases are among the major molecular players in mammalian EV biogenesis. They influence membrane identity and vesicle budding, uncoating, and motility. Methods Using BLAST, an in-silico pathway for EV biogenesis in ticks was re-constructed. We identified Rab27 for further study. EVs were collected from ISE6 tick cells after knocking down rab27 to examine its role in tick EV biogenesis. I. scapularis nymphs were injected with small interfering RNAs to knock down rab27 then fed on naïve and A. phagocytophilum infected mice to explore the importance of rab27 in tick feeding and bacterial acquisition. Results Our BLAST analysis identified several of the proteins involved in EV biogenesis in ticks, including Rab27. We show that silencing rab27 in I. scapularis impacts tick fitness. Additionally, ticks acquire less A. phagocytophilum after rab27 silencing. Experiments in the tick ISE6 cell line show that silencing of rab27 causes a distinct range profile of tick EVs, indicating that Rab27 is needed to regulate EV biogenesis. Conclusions Rab27 is needed for successful tick feeding and may be important for acquiring A. phagocytophilum during a blood meal. Additionally, silencing rab27 in tick cells results in a shift of extracellular vesicle size. Overall, we have observed that Rab27 plays a key role in tick EV biogenesis and the tripartite interactions among the vector, the mammalian host, and a microbe it encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisha Singh
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liron Marnin
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Anya J. O’Neal
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Dana K. Shaw
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joao H.F. Pedra
- The University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Butler LR, Gonzalez J, Pedra JHF, Oliva Chavez AS. Tick extracellular vesicles in host skin immunity and pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:873-885. [PMID: 37591719 PMCID: PMC10528898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Ticks can transmit a variety of human pathogens, including intracellular and extracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites. Historically, their saliva has been of immense interest due to its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anesthetic properties. Only recently, it was discovered that tick saliva contains extracellular vesicles (EVs). Briefly, it has been observed that proteins associated with EVs are important for multiple tick-borne intracellular microbial lifestyles. The impact of tick EVs on viral and intracellular bacterial pathogen transmission from the tick to the mammalian host has been shown experimentally. Additionally, tick EVs interact with the mammalian skin immune system at the bite site. The interplay between tick EVs, the transmission of pathogens, and the host skin immune system affords opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rainer Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Gonzalez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Bishop LJ, Stutzer C, Maritz-Olivier C. More than Three Decades of Bm86: What We Know and Where to Go. Pathogens 2023; 12:1071. [PMID: 37764879 PMCID: PMC10537462 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick and tick-borne disease control have been a serious research focus for many decades. In a global climate of increasing acaricide resistance, host immunity against tick infestation has become a much-needed complementary strategy to common chemical control. From the earliest acquired resistance studies in small animal models to proof of concept in large production animals, it was the isolation, characterization, and final recombinant protein production of the midgut antigen Bm86 from the Australian cattle tick strain of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (later reinstated as R. (B.) australis) that established tick subunit vaccines as a viable alternative in tick and tick-borne disease control. In the past 37 years, this antigen has spawned numerous tick subunit vaccines (either Bm86-based or novel), and though we are still describing its molecular structure and function, this antigen remains the gold standard for all tick vaccines. In this paper, advances in tick vaccine development over the past three decades are discussed alongside the development of biotechnology, where existing gaps and future directives in the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; (L.J.B.); (C.S.)
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17
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Cerri F, Araujo MDS, Aguirre ADAR, Evaristo GPC, Evaristo JAM, Nogueira FCS, de Medeiros JF, Dias QM. Crude saliva of Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae) reduces locomotor activity and increases the hemocyte number in the females of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol 2023:108570. [PMID: 37330106 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti are vector insects of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. All available vector control methods have limited efficacy, highlighting the urgent need to find alternative ones. Evidence shows that arachnids like ticks are sources of biologically active compounds. Moreover, chemical modulation of the locomotor and immune systems of vector insects can be used to control arbovirus transmission. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of crude saliva of female Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (s.s.) ticks in reducing locomotor activity and inducing an immune response in Ae. aegypti females. Additionally, the study evaluated the protein constitution of tick saliva. For this purpose, the crude saliva obtained from several semi-engorged A. cajennense females was used. A volume of 0.2 nL of crude tick saliva was administered to mosquitoes by direct intrathoracic microinjection. The effect of the tick's saliva on the locomotor activity of the mosquito was observed using Flybox, a video-automated monitoring system, and the hemolymph hemocyte levels were quantified by reading slides under a light microscope. The protein concentration of the crude tick saliva was 1.27 μg/μL, and its electrophoretic profile indicates the presence of proteins with a molecular weight ranging between ∼17 and 95 kDa. Microplusins, ixodegrins, cystatin, actins, beta-actin, calponin, albumin, alpha-globulins, and hemoglobin were the main proteins identified by proteomics in the saliva of A. cajennense. The microinjected saliva had low toxicity for Ae. aegypti females and significantly reduced their locomotor activity, especially in the transition between the light and dark phases. The crude tick saliva did not change the period and rhythmicity of the circadian cycle. The tick saliva significantly increased the number of hemocytes two days after injection and reduced it after five days. These results suggest that further evaluation of the biological properties of tick saliva proteins against Ae. aegypti would be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Cerri
- Laboratório de Neuro e Imunofarmacologia (NIMFAR) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Rondônia) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, (PGBIOEXP), Brazil
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Laboratório de Entomologia/Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Rondônia) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - André de Abreu Rangel Aguirre
- Laboratório de Entomologia/Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Rondônia) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Joseph Albert Medeiros Evaristo
- Laboratório de Proteômica, LADETEC, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio César Sousa Nogueira
- Laboratório de Proteômica, LADETEC, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes de Medeiros
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, (PGBIOEXP), Brazil; Laboratório de Entomologia/Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Rondônia) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Quintino Moura Dias
- Laboratório de Neuro e Imunofarmacologia (NIMFAR) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ Rondônia) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT - NIM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, (PGBIOEXP), Brazil.
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18
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Nogueira BCF, Orozco AMO, Argumedo AK, de Oliveira Faustino A, de Oliveira LL, da Fonseca LA, Campos AK. Circulating oxidative stress and acute phase protein levels in horses infested with ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10493-023-00798-z. [PMID: 37285109 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ticks have saliva rich in immunoregulatory molecules that interfere with the host's physiology in order to feed. This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of acute phase proteins and circulating oxidative stress in response to infestation by Amblyomma sculptum and Dermacentor nitens in two breed horses, Mangalarga Marchador and Breton Postier, to define resistance or susceptibility to ticks. Among the oxidative stress markers, we observed lower malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in horses with tick infestation, consequently not altering the antioxidant enzymes. Breton Postier with tick infestation showed a reduction in the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), which may be due to lower feeding of the host due to the stress caused by the infestation or even to sequestration of components induced by the tick during blood feeding. The alpha-1-antitrypsin, an acute phase protein, showed an increase in Mangalarga Marchador with tick infestation; curiously it is related to a protective action against tissue damage, pathogens and parasites. We could assume that Mangalarga Marchador showed a better response to ticks when compared to Breton Postier. However, it is still early to define the resistance or susceptibility to ticks, as we did not observe significant changes in most of the analyzed variables. Further studies are needed to understand the compounds and mechanisms of action of the tick saliva in the acute phase proteins and the possible relationships of oxidative stress in the host and the tick during blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Karina Argumedo
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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19
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Nogueira BCF, da Silva Soares E, Mauricio Ortega Orozco A, Abreu da Fonseca L, Kanadani Campos A. Evidence that ectoparasites influence the hematological parameters of the host: a systematic review. Anim Health Res Rev 2023; 24:28-39. [PMID: 37527971 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252323000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Ectoparasites are important to the one health concept because their parasitism can result in the transmission of pathogens, allergic reactions, the release of toxins, morbidity, and even death of the host. Ectoparasites can affect host physiology, as reflected in immune defenses and body condition as well as hematological and biochemical parameters. Thus, evidence that ectoparasites influence host hematological parameters was systematically reviewed, and the methodological quality of these studies was analyzed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed, and the studies included were limited to those that evaluated changes in hematological tests in ectoparasite-infested and non-infested animals, and bias and methodological quality were evaluated using the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guideline. Thirty-four studies were selected and information about the host, ectoparasite infestation, blood collection, and analysis was collected and compared whenever possible. In this review, the presence of ectoparasites influenced both the red series and the white series of hematological parameters. Among the main parameters analyzed, hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and lymphocytes showed reductions, probably due to ectoparasite blood-feeding, while including eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils increased in infested animals due to the host immune response. However, methodologic improvements are needed to reduce the risk of bias, enhance the reproducibility of such studies, and ensure results aligned with the mechanisms that act in the ectoparasite-host relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine da Silva Soares
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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20
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Temeyer KB, Schlechte KG, Gross AD, Lohmeyer KH. Identification, Baculoviral Expression, and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Cholinesterase of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097681. [PMID: 37175388 PMCID: PMC10178864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a novel cholinesterase (ChE, EC 3.1.1.8) from the larvae of Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus) was identified, sequenced, and expressed in Sf21 insect cell culture using the baculoviral expression vector pBlueBac4.5/V5-His. The open reading frame (1746 nucleotides) of the cDNA encoded 581 amino acids beginning with the initiation codon. Identical cDNA sequences were amplified from the total RNA of adult tick synganglion and salivary gland, strongly suggesting expression in both tick synganglion and saliva. The recombinant enzyme (rAaChE1) was highly sensitive to eserine and BW284c51, relatively insensitive to tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) and ethopropazine, and hydrolyzed butyrylthiocholine (BuTCh) 5.7 times as fast as acetylthiocholine (ATCh) at 120 µM, with calculated KM values for acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and butyrylthiocholine of 6.39 µM and 14.18 µM, respectively. The recombinant enzyme was highly sensitive to inhibition by malaoxon, paraoxon, and coroxon in either substrate. Western blots using polyclonal rabbit antibody produced by immunization with a peptide specific for rAaChE1 exhibited reactivity in salivary and synganglial extract blots, indicating the presence of AaChE1 antigenic protein. Total cholinesterase activities of synganglial or salivary gland extracts from adult ticks exhibited biochemical properties very different from the expressed rAaACh1 enzyme, evidencing the substantial presence of additional cholinesterase activities in tick synganglion and saliva. The biological function of AaChE1 remains to be elucidated, but its presence in tick saliva is suggestive of functions in hydrolysis of cholinergic substrates present in the large blood mean and potential involvement in the modulation of host immune responses to tick feeding and introduced pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Temeyer
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Arthropod Genomics Center, USDA-ARS, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Kristie G Schlechte
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Arthropod Genomics Center, USDA-ARS, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Aaron D Gross
- Molecular Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology (MC 0390), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Latham Hall (Rm 307), 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kimberly H Lohmeyer
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Arthropod Genomics Center, USDA-ARS, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
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C A Costa G, A A Silva F, M Manzato V, S Torquato RJ, G Gonzalez Y, Parizi LF, da Silva Vaz Junior I, Tanaka AS. A multiepitope chimeric antigen from Rhipicephalus microplus-secreted salivary proteins elicits anti-tick protective antibodies in rabbit. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109932. [PMID: 37060790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the Cattle Fever Tick, causes significant economic losses in livestock in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As the usual control strategy based on chemical acaricides presents different drawbacks, alternative control strategies have been considered for tick control. In recent decades, several tick proteins have been evaluated as targets for the development of anti-tick vaccines. Thus, in the present work, coding sequences from three different proteins present in tick saliva were employed together to construct a recombinant chimeric protein that was evaluated as an antigen in rabbit immunization. Then, the elicited antibodies were tested in a tick artificial feeding experiment to verify the protective effect against the parasites. In addition to Rhipicephalus microplus subtilisin inhibitor 7 (RmSI-7), a serine protease inhibitor member of the TIL (Trypsin Inhibitory Like) family, an interdomain region from the Kunitz inhibitor BmTI-A, and a new cysteine-rich AMP-like microplusin, called RmSEI (previously identified as an elastase inhibitor), were selected to compose the chimeric protein. Anti-chimeric IgG antibodies were able to affect R. microplus female egg production after artificial feeding. Moreover, antibodies elicited in infested tick-resistant and tick-susceptible cattle recognized the recombinant chimera. Additionally, the functional characterization of recombinant RmSEI was performed and revealed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, the antimicrobial protein was also recognized by antibodies elicited in sera from cattle previously exposed to R. microplus bites. Together, these data suggest that the chimeric protein composed of three salivary antigens is suitable for anti-tick vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C A Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A A Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Verônica M Manzato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J S Torquato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yamile G Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís F Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), RJ, Brazil
| | - Aparecida S Tanaka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade de Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), RJ, Brazil.
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22
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Rodrigues AC, de Castro MB, Labruna MB, Szabó MPJ. The inoculation eschar of Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis in Brazil: Importance and cautions. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102127. [PMID: 36693294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two well characterized tick-borne rickettsioses occur in Brazil. Rickettsia rickettsii caused spotted-fever, transmitted by Amblyomma sculptum and Amblyomma aureolatum, is a severe disease with a high case-fatality rate in the southeastern region of the country. Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest infections transmitted by adult Amblyomma ovale ticks cause a milder non-lethal febrile disease with an eschar (necrosis) at the tick bite site. Clinical diagnosis of rickettsiosis is challenging, particularly during the early stages of the illness when signs and symptoms are non-specific. Since eschar at the tick bite site has emerged as the main clinical feature of mild R. parkeri infections and used to differentiate it from severe R. rickettsii infection, its proper recognition, distinction from other tick bite lesions, and boundaries as a clinical tool must be highlighted. Of importance, eschars induced by Rickettsia must be differentiated from dermatoses caused by other tick-borne skin infections as well from lesions caused by the tick bite itself. We herein highlight information on eschar in rickettsial diseases in Brazil and discuss the need for further research on its clinical relevance and application in the diagnosis of spotted fever caused by R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest. In particular, we draw attention to diagnosis of other febrile diseases in the presence of concomitant tick bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castro Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720/Campus Umuarama-Bloco 2T, CEP 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Botelho de Castro
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L4 Norte, Hospital Veterinário - Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CP. 4508, Asa Norte, CEP 70910-970, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matias Pablo Juan Szabó
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720/Campus Umuarama-Bloco 2T, CEP 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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23
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Kahl O, Gray JS. The biology of Ixodes ricinus with emphasis on its ecology. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102114. [PMID: 36603231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prior to its identification as the vector of Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes in Europe in 1983, interest in Ixodes ricinus (L.) was moderate and mainly concerned the transmission of pathogens to farm animals and of tick-borne encephalitis virus to humans. The situation now is very different, and more papers have been published on I. ricinus than on any other ixodid tick species. However, this large literature is scattered and in recent years has become dominated by the molecular detection and characterization of the many pathogens that I. ricinus transmits. Several decades have now elapsed since a review addressing its basic biology and ecology appeared, and the present publication seeks to present basic aspects of its biology and ecology that are related to its role as a vector of disease agents, including its life cycle, feeding behaviour, host relations, survival off the host, and the impact of weather and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Kahl
- tick-radar GmbH, 10555 Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Perveen N, Muhammad K, Muzaffar SB, Zaheer T, Munawar N, Gajic B, Sparagano OA, Kishore U, Willingham AL. Host-pathogen interaction in arthropod vectors: Lessons from viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1061899. [PMID: 36817439 PMCID: PMC9929866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1061899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematophagous arthropods can harbor various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and nematodes. Insects possess an innate immune system comprising of both cellular and humoral components to fight against various infections. Haemocytes, the cellular components of haemolymph, are central to the insect immune system as their primary functions include phagocytosis, encapsulation, coagulation, detoxification, and storage and distribution of nutritive materials. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes are also involved in cellular defense responses. Blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, can harbour a variety of viral pathogens that can cause infectious diseases in both human and animal hosts. Therefore, it is imperative to study the virus-vector-host relationships since arthropod vectors are important constituents of the ecosystem. Regardless of the complex immune response of these arthropod vectors, the viruses usually manage to survive and are transmitted to the eventual host. A multidisciplinary approach utilizing novel and strategic interventions is required to control ectoparasite infestations and block vector-borne transmission of viral pathogens to humans and animals. In this review, we discuss the arthropod immune response to viral infections with a primary focus on the innate immune responses of ticks and mosquitoes. We aim to summarize critically the vector immune system and their infection transmission strategies to mammalian hosts to foster debate that could help in developing new therapeutic strategies to protect human and animal hosts against arthropod-borne viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Perveen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sabir Bin Muzaffar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bojan Gajic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Olivier Andre Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Fujisawa S, Murata S, Isezaki M, Win SY, Sato T, Oishi E, Taneno A, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Suppressive modulation of host immune responses by Dermanyssus gallinae infestation. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102532. [PMID: 36796246 PMCID: PMC9958498 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae, PRM) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite in chickens and is one of the most serious threats to poultry farms. Mass infestation with PRMs causes various health problems in chickens, resulting in significant productivity reduction in the poultry industry. Infestation with hematophagous ectoparasites, such as ticks, induces host inflammatory and hemostatic reactions. On the other hand, several studies have reported that hematophagous ectoparasites secrete various immunosuppressants from their saliva to suppress host immune responses to maintain blood sucking. Here, we examined the expression of cytokines in peripheral blood cells to investigate whether PRM infestation affects immunological states in chickens. In PRM-infested chickens, anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β1, and immune checkpoint molecules, CTLA-4 and PD-1, were highly expressed compared to noninfested chickens. PRM-derived soluble mite extracts (SME) upregulated the gene expression of IL-10 in peripheral blood cells and HD-11 chicken macrophages. In addition, SME suppressed the expression of interferons and inflammatory cytokines in HD-11 chicken macrophages. Moreover, SME induces the polarization of macrophages into anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Collectively, PRM infestation could affect host immune responses, especially suppress the inflammatory responses. Further studies are warranted to fully understand the influence of PRM infestation on host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Fujisawa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Isezaki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shwe Yee Win
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Vaxxinova Japan K.K., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Oishi
- Vaxxinova Japan K.K., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Affairs Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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26
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Narasimhan S, Booth CJ, Philipp MT, Fikrig E, Embers ME. Repeated Tick Infestations Impair Borrelia burgdorferi Transmission in a Non-Human Primate Model of Tick Feeding. Pathogens 2023; 12:132. [PMID: 36678479 PMCID: PMC9861725 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, is the predominant vector of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease in the USA. Natural hosts of I. scapularis such as Peromyscus leucopus are repeatedly infested by these ticks without acquiring tick resistance. However, upon repeated tick infestations, non-natural hosts such as guinea pigs, mount a robust immune response against critical tick salivary antigens and acquire tick resistance able to thwart tick feeding and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. The salivary targets of acquired tick resistance could serve as vaccine targets to prevent tick feeding and the tick transmission of human pathogens. Currently, there is no animal model able to demonstrate both tick resistance and diverse clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Non-human primates serve as robust models of human Lyme disease. By evaluating the responses to repeated tick infestation, this animal model could accelerate our ability to define the tick salivary targets of acquired resistance that may serve as vaccines to prevent the tick transmission of human pathogens. Towards this goal, we assessed the development of acquired tick resistance in non-human primates upon repeated tick infestations. We report that following repeated tick infestations, non-human primates do not develop the hallmarks of acquired tick resistance observed in guinea pigs. However, repeated tick infestations elicit immune responses able to impair the tick transmission of B. burgdorferi. A mechanistic understanding of the protective immune responses will provide insights into B. burgdorferi-tick-host interactions and additionally contribute to anti-tick vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Narasimhan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carmen J. Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mario T. Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Monica E. Embers
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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27
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Inspiring Anti-Tick Vaccine Research, Development and Deployment in Tropical Africa for the Control of Cattle Ticks: Review and Insights. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010099. [PMID: 36679944 PMCID: PMC9866923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are worldwide ectoparasites to humans and animals, and are associated with numerous health and economic effects. Threatening over 80% of the global cattle population, tick and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) particularly constrain livestock production in the East, Central and Southern Africa. This, therefore, makes their control critical to the sustainability of the animal industry in the region. Since ticks are developing resistance against acaricides, anti-tick vaccines (ATVs) have been proposed as an environmentally friendly control alternative. Whereas they have been used in Latin America and Australia to reduce tick populations, pathogenic infections and number of acaricide treatments, commercially registered ATVs have not been adopted in tropical Africa for tick control. This is majorly due to their limited protection against economically important tick species of Africa and lack of research. Recent advances in various omics technologies and reverse vaccinology have enabled the identification of many candidate anti-tick antigens (ATAs), and are likely to usher in the next generation of vaccines, for which Africa should prepare to embrace. Herein, we highlight some scientific principles and approaches that have been used to identify ATAs, outline characteristics of a desirable ATA for vaccine design and propose the need for African governments to investment in ATV research to develop vaccines relevant to local tick species (personalized vaccines). We have also discussed the prospect of incorporating anti-tick vaccines into the integrated TTBDs control strategies in the sub-Saharan Africa, citing the case of Uganda.
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28
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Efficacy and Immune Correlates of OMP-1B and VirB2-4 Vaccines for Protection of Dogs from Tick Transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. mBio 2022; 13:e0214022. [PMID: 36342170 PMCID: PMC9765013 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02140-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligatory intracellular bacterium, causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging disease transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Here, we investigated the vaccine potential of OMP-1B and VirB2-4. Among the highly expressed and immunodominant E. chaffeensis porin P28s/OMP-1s, OMP-1B is predominantly expressed by E. chaffeensis in A. americanum ticks, whereas VirB2-4 is a pilus protein of the type IV secretion system essential for E. chaffeensis infection of host cells. Immunization with recombinant OMP-1B (rOMP-1B) or recombinant VirB2-4 (rVirB2-4) protected mice from E. chaffeensis infection as effectively as Entry-triggering protein of Ehrlichia immunization. Dogs vaccinated with a nanoparticle vaccine composed of rOMP-1B or rVirB2-4 and an immunostimulating complex developed high antibody titers against the respective antigen. Upon challenge with E. chaffeensis-infected A. americanum ticks, E. chaffeensis was undetectable in the blood of rOMP-1B or rVirB2-4 immunized dogs on day 3 or 6 post-tick attachment and for the duration of the experiment, whereas dogs sham-vaccinated with the complex alone were persistently infected for the duration of the experiment. E. chaffeensis exponentially replicates in blood-feeding ticks to facilitate transmission. Previously infected ticks removed from OMP-1B-immunized dogs showed significantly lower bacterial load relative to ticks removed from sham-immunized dogs, suggesting in-tick neutralization. Peripheral blood leukocytes from rVirB2-4-vaccinated dogs secreted significantly elevated amounts of interferon-γ soon after tick attachment by ELISpot assay and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, suggesting interferon-γ-mediated Ehrlichia inhibition. Thus, Ehrlichia surface-exposed proteins OMP-1B and VirB2-4 represent new potential vaccine candidates for blocking tick-borne ehrlichial transmission. IMPORTANCE Ehrlichia are tick-borne pathogens that cause a potentially fatal illness-ehrlichiosis-in animals and humans worldwide. Currently, no vaccine is available for ehrlichiosis, and treatment options are limited. Ticks are biological vectors of Ehrlichia, i.e., Ehrlichia exponentially replicates in blood-sucking ticks before infecting animals. Ticks also inoculate immunomodulatory substances into animals. Thus, it is important to study effects of candidate vaccines on Ehrlichia infection in both animals and ticks and the immune responses of animals shortly after infected tick challenge. Here, we investigated the efficacy of vaccination with functionality-defined two surface-exposed outer membrane proteins of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, OMP-1B and VirB2-4, in a mouse infection model and then in a dog-tick transmission model. Our results begin to fill gaps in our understanding of Ehrlichia-derived protective antigens against tick-transmission and immune correlates and mechanisms that could help future development of vaccines for immunization of humans and animals to counter tick-transmitted ehrlichiosis.
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Medina JM, Abbas MN, Bensaoud C, Hackenberg M, Kotsyfakis M. Bioinformatic Analysis of Ixodes ricinus Long Non-Coding RNAs Predicts Their Binding Ability of Host miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179761. [PMID: 36077158 PMCID: PMC9456184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus ticks are distributed across Europe and are a vector of tick-borne diseases. Although I. ricinus transcriptome studies have focused exclusively on protein coding genes, the last decade witnessed a strong increase in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) research and characterization. Here, we report for the first time an exhaustive analysis of these non-coding molecules in I. ricinus based on 131 RNA-seq datasets from three different BioProjects. Using this data, we obtained a consensus set of lncRNAs and showed that lncRNA expression is stable among different studies. While the length distribution of lncRNAs from the individual data sets is biased toward short length values, implying the existence of technical artefacts, the consensus lncRNAs show a more homogeneous distribution emphasizing the importance to incorporate data from different sources to generate a solid reference set of lncRNAs. KEGG enrichment analysis of host miRNAs putatively targeting lncRNAs upregulated upon feeding showed that these miRNAs are involved in several relevant functions for the tick-host interaction. The possibility that at least some tick lncRNAs act as host miRNA sponges was further explored by identifying lncRNAs with many target regions for a given host miRNA or sets of host miRNAs that consistently target lncRNAs together. Overall, our findings suggest that lncRNAs that may act as sponges have diverse biological roles related to the tick–host interaction in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Medina
- Departamentode Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, PTS, Instituto de Biotecnología, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaima Bensaoud
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Hackenberg
- Departamentode Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, PTS, Instituto de Biotecnología, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.K.)
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30
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Swapping N-terminal regions among tick evasins reveals cooperative interactions influencing chemokine binding and selectivity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102382. [PMID: 35973511 PMCID: PMC9478924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Class A tick evasins are natural chemokine-binding proteins that block the signaling of multiple chemokines from the CC subfamily through their cognate receptors, thus suppressing leukocyte recruitment and inflammation. Development of tick evasins as chemokine-targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics requires an understanding of the factors controlling their chemokine recognition and selectivity. To investigate the role of the evasin N-terminal region for chemokine recognition, we prepared chimeric evasins by interchanging the N-terminal regions of four class A evasins, including a newly identified evasin, EVA-RPU02. We show through chemokine binding analysis of the parental and chimeric evasins that the N-terminal region is critical for chemokine binding affinity and selectivity. Notably, we found some chimeras were unable to bind certain cognate chemokine ligands of both parental evasins. Moreover, unlike any natural evasins characterized to date, some chimeras exhibited specific binding to a single chemokine. These results indicate that the evasin N terminus interacts cooperatively with the “body” of the evasin to enable optimum chemokine recognition. Furthermore, the altered chemokine selectivity of the chimeras validates the approach of engineering the N termini of evasins to yield unique chemokine recognition profiles.
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31
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Bariod L, Saïd S, Calenge C, Chabot S, Badeau V, Bourgoin G. Parasitized or non-parasitized, why? A study of factors influencing tick burden in roe deer neonates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262973. [PMID: 35849592 PMCID: PMC9292122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus, the most common species of tick in Europe, is known to transmit major pathogens to animals and humans such as Babesia spp. or Borrelia spp. Its abundance and distribution have been steadily increasing in Europe during recent decades, due to global environmental changes. Indeed, as ticks spend most of their life in the environment, their activity and life cycle are highly dependent on environmental conditions and therefore, on climate or habitat changes. Simultaneously, wild ungulates have expanded their range and increased dramatically in abundance worldwide, in particular roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), allowing tick populations to grow and spread. Currently, tick infestation on newborn wild ungulates is poorly documented. However, newborn ungulates are considered more sensitive to tick bites and pathogen transmission because of their immature immune systems. Thus, improving knowledge about the factors influencing tick infestation on newborns is essential to better understand their health risks. This study was conducted at Trois-Fontaines Forest, Champagne-Ardenne, France (1992–2018). Based on a long-term monitoring of roe deer fawns, we used a novel Bayesian model of the infestation of fawns to identify which biotic or abiotic factors were likely to modify the level of infestation by ticks of 965 fawns over time. We show that tick burden increased faster during the first days of life of the fawns and became constant when fawns were five days old and more, which could be explained by the depletion of questing ticks or the turnover of ticks feeding on fawns. Moreover, despite the known positive influence of humidity on tick activity, the tick burdens were weakly related to this parameter. Our results demonstrate that tick infestation was highly variable among years, particularly between 2000–2009. We hypothesize that this results from a modification of habitat caused by Hurricane Lothar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Bariod
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Vétérinaire, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup—Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
- CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, Birieux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Saïd
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, Birieux, France
| | - Clément Calenge
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, Le Perray en Yvelines, France
| | - Stéphane Chabot
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, Birieux, France
| | - Vincent Badeau
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Champenoux, France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Vétérinaire, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup—Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
- CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Abbas MN, Chlastáková A, Jmel MA, Iliaki-Giannakoudaki E, Chmelař J, Kotsyfakis M. Serpins in Tick Physiology and Tick-Host Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892770. [PMID: 35711658 PMCID: PMC9195624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva has been extensively studied in the context of tick-host interactions because it is involved in host homeostasis modulation and microbial pathogen transmission to the host. Accumulated knowledge about the tick saliva composition at the molecular level has revealed that serine protease inhibitors play a key role in the tick-host interaction. Serpins are one highly expressed group of protease inhibitors in tick salivary glands, their expression can be induced during tick blood-feeding, and they have many biological functions at the tick-host interface. Indeed, tick serpins have an important role in inhibiting host hemostatic processes and in the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses of their vertebrate hosts. Tick serpins have also been studied as potential candidates for therapeutic use and vaccine development. In this review, we critically summarize the current state of knowledge about the biological role of tick serpins in shaping tick-host interactions with emphasis on the mechanisms by which they modulate host immunity. Their potential use in drug and vaccine development is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Adéla Chlastáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Ticks, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Mohamed Amine Jmel
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jindřich Chmelař, ; Michail Kotsyfakis,
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jindřich Chmelař, ; Michail Kotsyfakis,
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Maqbool M, Sajid MS, Saqib M, Anjum FR, Tayyab MH, Rizwan HM, Rashid MI, Rashid I, Iqbal A, Siddique RM, Shamim A, Hassan MA, Atif FA, Razzaq A, Zeeshan M, Hussain K, Nisar RHA, Tanveer A, Younas S, Kamran K, Rahman SU. Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846884. [PMID: 35602013 PMCID: PMC9121816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks as vectors for viruses have been reported many times over the last 100 years. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong to two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) containing nine families (Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Asfarviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Phenuviridae, Nyamiviridae, and Nairoviridae). Among these TBVs, some are very pathogenic, causing huge mortality, and hence, deserve to be covered under the umbrella of one health. About 38 viral species are being transmitted by <10% of the tick species of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae. All TBVs are RNA viruses except for the African swine fever virus from the family Asfarviridae. Tick-borne viral diseases have also been classified as an emerging threat to public health and animals, especially in resource-poor communities of the developing world. Tick-host interaction plays an important role in the successful transmission of pathogens. The ticks' salivary glands are the main cellular machinery involved in the uptake, settlement, and multiplication of viruses, which are required for successful transmission into the final host. Furthermore, tick saliva also participates as an augmenting tool during the physiological process of transmission. Tick saliva is an important key element in the successful transmission of pathogens and contains different antimicrobial proteins, e.g., defensin, serine, proteases, and cement protein, which are key players in tick-virus interaction. While tick-virus interaction is a crucial factor in the propagation of tick-borne viral diseases, other factors (physiological, immunological, and gut flora) are also involved. Some immunological factors, e.g., toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, Janus-kinase (JAK-STAT) pathway, and immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway are involved in tick-virus interaction by helping in virus assembly and acting to increase transmission. Ticks also harbor some endogenous viruses as internal microbial faunas, which also play a significant role in tick-virus interaction. Studies focusing on tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission, tick feeding, and control of ticks using functional genomics all point toward solutions to this emerging threat. Information regarding tick-virus interaction is somewhat lacking; however, this information is necessary for a complete understanding of transmission TBVs and their persistence in nature. This review encompasses insight into the ecology and vectorial capacity of tick vectors, as well as our current understanding of the predisposing, enabling, precipitating, and reinforcing factors that influence TBV epidemics. The review explores the cellular, biochemical, and immunological tools which ensure and augment successful evading of the ticks' defense systems and transmission of the viruses to the final hosts at the virus-vector interface. The role of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in profiling tick-virus interaction is also discussed. This review is an initial attempt to comprehensively elaborate on the epidemiological determinants of TBVs with a focus on intra-vector physiological processes involved in the successful execution of the docking, uptake, settlement, replication, and transmission processes of arboviruses. This adds valuable data to the existing bank of knowledge for global stakeholders, policymakers, and the scientific community working to devise appropriate strategies to control ticks and TBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvish Maqbool
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Rasheed Anjum
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haleem Tayyab
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Narowal, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imaad Rashid
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rao Muhammad Siddique
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asim Shamim
- Department of Pathobiology, University of the Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, Collège of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Razzaq
- Agricultural Linkages Program, Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Akasha Tanveer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Younas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Kamran
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Ali A, Zeb I, Alouffi A, Zahid H, Almutairi MM, Ayed Alshammari F, Alrouji M, Termignoni C, Vaz IDS, Tanaka T. Host Immune Responses to Salivary Components - A Critical Facet of Tick-Host Interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:809052. [PMID: 35372098 PMCID: PMC8966233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.809052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick sialome is comprised of a rich cocktail of bioactive molecules that function as a tool to disarm host immunity, assist blood-feeding, and play a vibrant role in pathogen transmission. The adaptation of the tick's blood-feeding behavior has lead to the evolution of bioactive molecules in its saliva to assist them to overwhelm hosts' defense mechanisms. During a blood meal, a tick secretes different salivary molecules including vasodilators, platelet aggregation inhibitors, anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory proteins, and inhibitors of complement activation; the salivary repertoire changes to meet various needs such as tick attachment, feeding, and modulation or impairment of the local dynamic and vigorous host responses. For instance, the tick's salivary immunomodulatory and cement proteins facilitate the tick's attachment to the host to enhance prolonged blood-feeding and to modulate the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent advances implemented in the field of "omics" have substantially assisted our understanding of host immune modulation and immune inhibition against the molecular dynamics of tick salivary molecules in a crosstalk between the tick-host interface. A deep understanding of the tick salivary molecules, their substantial roles in multifactorial immunological cascades, variations in secretion, and host immune responses against these molecules is necessary to control these parasites. In this article, we reviewed updated knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying host responses to diverse elements in tick saliva throughout tick invasion, as well as host defense strategies. In conclusion, understanding the mechanisms involved in the complex interactions between the tick salivary components and host responses is essential to decipher the host defense mechanisms against the tick evasion strategies at tick-host interface which is promising in the development of effective anti-tick vaccines and drug therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ismail Zeb
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alrouji
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Scoles GA, Hussein HE, Olds CL, Mason KL, Davis SK. Vaccination of cattle with synthetic peptides corresponding to predicted extracellular domains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus aquaporin 2 reduced the number of ticks feeding to repletion. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:49. [PMID: 35135602 PMCID: PMC8822678 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have been ongoing efforts to identify anti-tick vaccine targets to protect cattle from infestation with cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Two commercial vaccines based on the tick gut protein Bm86 have had variable effectiveness, which has led to poor acceptance, and numerous studies have attempted to identify vaccine antigens that will provide more consistently effective protection. Transcriptomic analysis of R. microplus led to identification of three aquaporin genes annotated to code for transmembrane proteins involved in the transport of water across cell membranes. Previous work showed that vaccination with full-length recombinant aquaporin 1 (RmAQP1) reduced tick burdens on cattle. Targeted silencing of aquaporin 2 (RmAQP2) expression suggested it might also be a good anti-tick vaccination target. Methods Three synthetic peptides from the predicted extracellular domains of RmAQP2 were used to vaccinate cattle. Peptides were conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as an antigenic carrier molecule. We monitored the antibody response with ELISA and challenged vaccinated cattle with R. microplus larvae. Results There was a 25% reduction overall in the numbers of ticks feeding to repletion on the vaccinated cattle. Immune sera from vaccinated cattle recognized native tick proteins on a western blot and reacted to the three individual synthetic peptides in an ELISA. The vaccinated calf with the highest total IgG titer was not the most effective at controlling ticks; ratios of IgG isotypes 1 and 2 differed greatly among the three vaccinated cattle; the calf with the highest IgG1/IgG2 ratio had the fewest ticks. Ticks on vaccinated cattle had significantly greater replete weights compared to ticks on controls, mirroring results seen with RNA silencing of RmAQP2. However, protein data could not confirm that vaccination had any impact on the ability of the tick to concentrate its blood meal by removing water. Conclusions A reduced number of ticks feed successfully on cattle vaccinated to produce antibodies against the extracellular domains of RmAQP2. However, our predicted mechanism, that antibody binding blocks the ability of RmAQP2 to move water out of the blood meal, could not be confirmed. Further study will be required to define the mechanism of action and to determine whether these vaccine targets will be useful components of an anti-tick vaccine cocktail. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05166-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen A Scoles
- USDA-ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. .,USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Hala E Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Cassandra L Olds
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.,Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kathleen L Mason
- USDA-ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sara K Davis
- USDA-ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Román-Carrasco P, Hemmer W, Cabezas-Cruz A, Hodžić A, de la Fuente J, Swoboda I. The α-Gal Syndrome and Potential Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:783279. [PMID: 35386980 PMCID: PMC8974695 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.783279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-Gal syndrome is a complex allergic disease characterized by the development of specific IgE antibodies against the carbohydrate galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal), an oligosaccharide present in cells and tissues of non-primate mammals. Individuals with IgE antibodies to α-Gal suffer from a delayed form of anaphylaxis following red meat consumption. There are several features that make the α-Gal syndrome such a unique allergic disease and distinguish it from other food allergies: (1) symptoms causing IgE antibodies are directed against a carbohydrate moiety, (2) the unusual delay between the consumption of the food and the onset of the symptoms, and (3) the fact that primary sensitization to α-Gal occurs via tick bites. This review takes a closer look at the immune response against α-Gal, in healthy and in α-Gal allergic individuals. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between immune response against α-Gal and against the other important glycan moieties associated with allergies, namely cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs), are discussed. Then different mechanisms are discussed that could contribute to the delayed onset of symptoms after consumption of mammalian meat. Moreover, our current knowledge on the role of tick bites in the sensitization process is summarized. The tick saliva has been shown to contain proteins carrying α-Gal, but also bioactive molecules, such as prostaglandin E2, which is capable of stimulating an increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines while promoting a decrease in the production of proinflammatory mediators. Together these components might promote Th2-related immunity and trigger a class switch to IgE antibodies directed against the oligosaccharide α-Gal. The review also points to open research questions that remain to be answered and proposes future research directions, which will help to get a better understanding and lead to a better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Román-Carrasco
- Molecular Biotechnology Section, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ines Swoboda
- Molecular Biotechnology Section, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Broeckel RM, Feldmann F, McNally KL, Chiramel AI, Sturdevant GL, Leung JM, Hanley PW, Lovaglio J, Rosenke R, Scott DP, Saturday G, Bouamr F, Rasmussen AL, Robertson SJ, Best SM. A pigtailed macaque model of Kyasanur Forest disease virus and Alkhurma hemorrhagic disease virus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009678. [PMID: 34855915 PMCID: PMC8638978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and the closely related Alkhurma hemorrhagic disease virus (AHFV) are emerging flaviviruses that cause severe viral hemorrhagic fevers in humans. Increasing geographical expansion and case numbers, particularly of KFDV in southwest India, class these viruses as a public health threat. Viral pathogenesis is not well understood and additional vaccines and antivirals are needed to effectively counter the impact of these viruses. However, current animal models of KFDV pathogenesis do not accurately reproduce viral tissue tropism or clinical outcomes observed in humans. Here, we show that pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) infected with KFDV or AHFV develop viremia that peaks 2 to 4 days following inoculation. Over the course of infection, animals developed lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzymes. Infected animals exhibited hallmark signs of human disease characterized by a flushed appearance, piloerection, dehydration, loss of appetite, weakness, and hemorrhagic signs including epistaxis. Virus was commonly present in the gastrointestinal tract, consistent with human disease caused by KFDV and AHFV where gastrointestinal symptoms (hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea) are common. Importantly, RNAseq of whole blood revealed that KFDV downregulated gene expression of key clotting factors that was not observed during AHFV infection, consistent with increased severity of KFDV disease observed in this model. This work characterizes a nonhuman primate model for KFDV and AHFV that closely resembles human disease for further utilization in understanding host immunity and development of antiviral countermeasures.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytokines/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/pathology
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/virology
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/virology
- Macaca nemestrina
- Vero Cells
- Viremia
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Broeckel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kristin L. McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Abhilash I. Chiramel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Gail L. Sturdevant
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Leung
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Dana P. Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Fadila Bouamr
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angela L. Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Shelly J. Robertson
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Characterization of a single-domain von Willebrand factor type C protein (HaSVC) from the salivary gland of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum. Exp Parasitol 2021; 232:108190. [PMID: 34848245 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a widely distributed arthropod and vector for various pathogens, Hyalomma asiaticum presents great risk and potential losses in animal husbandry. Effective measures, including the use of vaccines, are necessary for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases. A concise understanding of the tick-host interaction associated molecules and pathways is required for vaccine development. In the present study, a protein containing a single-domain von Willebrand factor type C (HaSVC) was isolated from H. asiaticum and was subjected to functional identification. As a result, the full-length sequence of the HaSVC (506 bp) gene was obtained, which putatively encodes 100 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 11 kDa, excluding the 23-amino acid signal peptide. HaSVC contains 8 cysteines to form 4 disulfide bonds. The native HaSVC protein was detected in multiple tick organs. HaSVC neither attenuated the anti-coagulation process nor directly affected the blood feeding of adult ticks. However, the purified recombinant protein HaSVC (rHaSVC/GST) significantly increased the proliferation of mice spleen cells. This might suggest a regulatory function for HaSVC on inflammation, thus providing new information that may explain the "crosstalk" between ticks and hosts.
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Impact of tick salivary gland extracts on cytotoxic activity of mouse natural killer cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Kascakova B, Kotal J, Martins LA, Berankova Z, Langhansova H, Calvo E, Crossley JA, Havlickova P, Dycka F, Prudnikova T, Kuty M, Kotsyfakis M, Chmelar J, Kuta Smatanova I. Structural and biochemical characterization of the novel serpin Iripin-5 from Ixodes ricinus. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1183-1196. [PMID: 34473088 PMCID: PMC8573701 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321007920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iripin-5 is the main Ixodes ricinus salivary serpin, which acts as a modulator of host defence mechanisms by impairing neutrophil migration, suppressing nitric oxide production by macrophages and altering complement functions. Iripin-5 influences host immunity and shows high expression in the salivary glands. Here, the crystal structure of Iripin-5 in the most thermodynamically stable state of serpins is described. In the reactive-centre loop, the main substrate-recognition site of Iripin-5 is likely to be represented by Arg342, which implies the targeting of trypsin-like proteases. Furthermore, a computational structural analysis of selected Iripin-5-protease complexes together with interface analysis revealed the most probable residues of Iripin-5 involved in complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kascakova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotal
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Larissa Almeida Martins
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Berankova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Langhansova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Joel A. Crossley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Havlickova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Dycka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tatyana Prudnikova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kuty
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Chmelar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kuta Smatanova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Kotál J, Polderdijk SGI, Langhansová H, Ederová M, Martins LA, Beránková Z, Chlastáková A, Hajdušek O, Kotsyfakis M, Huntington JA, Chmelař J. Ixodes ricinus Salivary Serpin Iripin-8 Inhibits the Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation and Complement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179480. [PMID: 34502392 PMCID: PMC8431025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva is a rich source of antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory molecules that actively help the tick to finish its blood meal. Moreover, these molecules facilitate the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Here we present the functional and structural characterization of Iripin-8, a salivary serpin from the tick Ixodes ricinus, a European vector of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. Iripin-8 displayed blood-meal-induced mRNA expression that peaked in nymphs and the salivary glands of adult females. Iripin-8 inhibited multiple proteases involved in blood coagulation and blocked the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade in vitro. Moreover, Iripin-8 inhibited erythrocyte lysis by complement, and Iripin-8 knockdown by RNA interference in tick nymphs delayed the feeding time. Finally, we resolved the crystal structure of Iripin-8 at 1.89 Å resolution to reveal an unusually long and rigid reactive center loop that is conserved in several tick species. The P1 Arg residue is held in place distant from the serpin body by a conserved poly-Pro element on the P′ side. Several PEG molecules bind to Iripin-8, including one in a deep cavity, perhaps indicating the presence of a small-molecule binding site. This is the first crystal structure of a tick serpin in the native state, and Iripin-8 is a tick serpin with a conserved reactive center loop that possesses antihemostatic activity that may mediate interference with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kotál
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Stéphanie G. I. Polderdijk
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (S.G.I.P.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Ederová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Larissa A. Martins
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Beránková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Adéla Chlastáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Ondřej Hajdušek
- Laboratory of Vector Immunology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - James A. Huntington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (S.G.I.P.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760c, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (H.L.); (M.E.); (Z.B.); (A.C.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Linsuwanon P, Wongwairot S, Auysawasdi N, Monkanna T, Richards AL, Leepitakrat S, Sunyakumthorn P, Im-Erbsin R, Poole-Smith K, McCardle P. Establishment of a Rhesus Macaque Model for Scrub Typhus Transmission: Pilot Study to Evaluate the Minimal Orientia tsutsugamushi Transmission Time by Leptotrombidium chiangraiensis Chiggers. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081028. [PMID: 34451491 PMCID: PMC8402083 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an intradermal inoculation of the rhesus macaque model of scrub typhus has been characterized at our institution. The current project was to establish a rhesus macaque model of scrub typhus using the naturally infected chigger challenge method that faithfully mimics the natural route of pathogen transmission to fully understand the host-pathogen-vector interactions influencing pathogen transmission. Unlike the needle-based inoculation route, Orientia tsutsugamushi-infected chiggers introduce both pathogen and chigger saliva into the host epidermis at the bite site. However, information on the interaction or influence of chigger saliva on pathogenesis and immunity of host has been limited, consequently hindering vaccine development and transmission-blocking studies. To characterize chigger inoculated O. tsutsugamushi in rhesus macaques, we determined the minimum chigger attachment time required to efficiently transmit O. tsutsugamushi to the immunocompetent hosts and preliminary assessed clinical parameters, course of bacterial infection, and host’s immunological response to identifying potential factors influencing pathogen infection. Chigger infestation on hosts resulted in: (i) Rapid transmission of O. tsutsugamushi within 1 h and (ii) antigen-specific type I and II T-cell responses were markedly increased during the acute phase of infection, suggesting that both systems play critical roles in response to the pathogen control during the primary infection. In summary, we demonstrate that O. tsutsugamushi infection in rhesus macaques via chigger challenge recapitulates the time of disease onset and bacteremia observed in scrub typhus patients. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were positively correlated with bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Linsuwanon
- Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (N.A.); (T.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.-S.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sirima Wongwairot
- Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (N.A.); (T.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.-S.); (P.M.)
| | - Nutthanun Auysawasdi
- Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (N.A.); (T.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.-S.); (P.M.)
| | - Taweesak Monkanna
- Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (N.A.); (T.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.-S.); (P.M.)
| | - Allen L. Richards
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Surachai Leepitakrat
- Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (N.A.); (T.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.-S.); (P.M.)
| | - Piyanate Sunyakumthorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.S.); (R.I.-E.)
| | - Rawiwan Im-Erbsin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.S.); (R.I.-E.)
| | - Katie Poole-Smith
- Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (N.A.); (T.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.-S.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrick McCardle
- Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.W.); (N.A.); (T.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.-S.); (P.M.)
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Sharma SR, Karim S. Tick Saliva and the Alpha-Gal Syndrome: Finding a Needle in a Haystack. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680264. [PMID: 34354960 PMCID: PMC8331069 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are significant public health concerns. Bioactive molecules in tick saliva facilitate prolonged blood-feeding and transmission of tick-borne pathogens to the vertebrate host. Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), a newly reported food allergy, is believed to be induced by saliva proteins decorated with a sugar molecule, the oligosaccharide galactose-⍺-1,3-galactose (α-gal). This syndrome is characterized by an IgE antibody-directed hypersensitivity against α-gal. The α-gal antigen was discovered in the salivary glands and saliva of various tick species including, the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum). The underlying immune mechanisms linking tick bites with α-gal-specific IgE production are poorly understood and are crucial to identify and establish novel treatments for this disease. This article reviews the current understanding of AGS and its involvement with tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Raj Sharma
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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van Oosterwijk JG, Wikel SK. Resistance to Ticks and the Path to Anti-Tick and Transmission Blocking Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:725. [PMID: 34358142 PMCID: PMC8310300 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical and veterinary public health importance of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is increasing due to the expansion of the geographic ranges of both ticks and pathogens, increasing tick populations, growing incidence of tick-borne diseases, emerging tick transmitted pathogens, and continued challenges of achieving effective and sustained tick control. The past decades show an increasing interest in the immune-mediated control of tick infestations and pathogen transmission through the use of vaccines. Bovine tick resistance induced by repeated infestations was reported over a century ago. This review addresses the phenomena and immunological underpinning of resistance to tick infestation by livestock and laboratory animals; the scope of tick countermeasures to host immune defenses; and the impact of genomics, functional genomics, and proteomics on dissecting complex tick-host-pathogen interactions. From early studies utilizing tick tissue extracts to salivary gland derived molecules and components of physiologically important pathways in tick gut and other tissues, an increased understanding of these relationships, over time, impacted the evolution of anti-tick vaccine antigen selection. Novel antigens continue to emerge, including increased interest in the tick microbiome. Anti-tick and transmission blocking vaccines targeting pathogen reservoirs have the potential to disrupt enzootic cycles and reduce human, companion, domestic animal, and wildlife exposure to infected ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen K. Wikel
- US Biologic Inc., 20 Dudley Street, Memphis, TN 38103, USA;
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
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Kitsou C, Fikrig E, Pal U. Tick host immunity: vector immunomodulation and acquired tick resistance. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:554-574. [PMID: 34074602 PMCID: PMC10089699 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ticks have an unparalleled ability to parasitize diverse land vertebrates. Their natural persistence and vector competence are supported by the evolution of sophisticated hematophagy and remarkable host immune-evasion activities. We analyze the immunomodulatory roles of tick saliva which facilitates their acquisition of a blood meal from natural hosts and allows pathogen transmission. We also discuss the contrasting immunological events of tick-host associations in non-reservoir or incidental hosts, in which the development of acquired tick resistance can deter tick attachment. A critical appraisal of the intricate immunobiology of tick-host associations can plant new seeds of innovative research and contribute to the development of novel preventive strategies against ticks and tick-transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Kitsou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, USA.
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Tuerdi M, Hu S, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhang H, Zhou J. Engorgement of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks blocked by silencing a protein inhibitor of apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:623-636. [PMID: 34136982 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are regulators of cell death and may play a role in the salivary glands of ticks during blood-feeding. We cloned the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of the IAP gene in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides (RhIAP). The RhIAP ORF of 1887 bp encodes a predicted protein of 607 amino acids, which contains three baculovirus IAP repeat domains and a RING finger motif. A real-time PCR assay showed that RhIAP mRNA was expressed in all the tick developmental stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults) and in all tissues examined (midgut, ovary, salivary glands, fat body, and hemolymph). Western blot showed that the protein level of RhIAP in salivary glands increased during tick blood-feeding and decreased towards the end of tick engorgement. RhIAP gene silencing in vitro experiments with salivary glands demonstrated that RhIAP could be effectively knocked down within 48 h after dsRNA treatment, and as a consequence, salivary glands displayed apoptotic morphology. RhIAP gene silencing also inhibited tick blood-feeding and decreased the engorgement rate. These data suggest that RhIAP might be a suitable RNAi target for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayinuer Tuerdi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shanming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Mechanisms Underlying Host Range Variation in Flavivirus: From Empirical Knowledge to Predictive Models. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:329-340. [PMID: 34059925 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preventing and controlling epidemics caused by vector-borne viruses are particularly challenging due to their diverse pool of hosts and highly adaptive nature. Many vector-borne viruses belong to the Flavivirus genus, whose members vary greatly in host range and specificity. Members of the Flavivirus genus can be categorized to four main groups: insect-specific viruses that are maintained solely in arthropod populations, mosquito-borne viruses and tick-borne viruses that are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes or ticks via blood feeding, and those with no-known vector. The mosquito-borne group encompasses the yellow fever, dengue, and West Nile viruses, all of which are globally spread and cause severe morbidity in humans. The Flavivirus genus is genetically diverse, and its members are subject to different host-specific and vector-specific selective constraints, which do not always align. Thus, understanding the underlying genetic differences that led to the diversity in host range within this genus is an important aspect in deciphering the mechanisms that drive host compatibility and can aid in the constant arms-race against viral threats. Here, we review the phylogenetic relationships between members of the genus, their infection bottlenecks, and phenotypic and genomic differences. We further discuss methods that utilize these differences for prediction of host shifts in flaviviruses and can contribute to viral surveillance efforts.
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Tick-human interactions: from allergic klendusity to the α-Gal syndrome. Biochem J 2021; 478:1783-1794. [PMID: 33988703 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and the pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. The ability of some animal species to acquire resistance to blood-feeding by ticks after a single or repeated infestation is known as acquired tick resistance (ATR). This resistance has been associated to tick-specific IgE response, the generation of skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells, basophil recruitment, histamine release, and epidermal hyperplasia. ATR has also been associated with protection to tick-borne tularemia through allergic klendusity, a disease-escaping ability produced by the development of hypersensitivity to an allergen. In addition to pathogen transmission, tick infestation in humans is associated with the α-Gal syndrome (AGS), a type of allergy characterized by an IgE response against the carbohydrate Galα1-3Gal (α-Gal). This glycan is present in tick salivary proteins and on the surface of tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agents of Lyme disease and granulocytic anaplasmosis. Most α-Gal-sensitized individuals develop IgE specific against this glycan, but only a small fraction develop the AGS. This review summarizes our current understanding of ATR and its impact on the continuum α-Gal sensitization, allergy, and the AGS. We propose that the α-Gal-specific IgE response in humans is an evolutionary adaptation associated with ATR and allergic klendusity with the trade-off of developing AGS.
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Nogueira BCF, Campos AK, Alves RS, de Cássia Vieira Faria R, Sarandy MM, Fonseca E Silva F, Gonçalves RV. Oxidative and local histopathological response on skin wound of horses due to Amblyomma sculptum tick parasitism. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:550-560. [PMID: 33892365 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is frequently observed parasitizing horses, responsible for economic losses, damage to the host''s skin and transmission of pathogens. The oxidative stress profile and inflammatory mechanisms involved in this parasitism remain poorly studied. Thus, this study aimed to assess the histopathological changes and oxidative profile responses of horses in the attachment site of A. sculptum to find variations that indicate resistance and susceptibility between the breeds to this tick, based on the hypothesis that resistant animals have a greater inflammatory response and lesser number of attached ticks. We analyzed female horses of two breeds, Mangalarga Marchador and Breton Postier, naturally infested by Amblyomma sculptum. The ticks were counted and full-thickness excisional skin wounds of 10 mm were made on the perineal region on the attachment site of partially engorged females for histological and biochemical analyzes. The occurrence of the tick on the skin caused an increase in cellularity, inflammatory infiltrate, mast cells, pyknotic nuclei, and changes in the fibrous components of the matrix. The negative correlation observed between tick infestation and inflammatory response indicated that animals with greater inflammatory response tend to have less tick infestation. The oxidative stress markers, MDA, PCN and NO not present great variation; however, between the antioxidant enzymes levels, SOD was higher in tick attachment of Breton Postier skin, this may mean that these animals had higher oxidative enzymatic activity and consequently less tissue damage, while the GST dropped in the attachment sites compared to the control, which may indicate that animals were in a state of significant oxidative stress or raises the question of the possibility of enzymatic sequestration by ticks. No significant differences were found in the resistance of the two breeds since most of the analyzes varied due to the presence or absence of the tick attached to the skin. We draw attention to the importance of studying characteristics of the animal's antioxidant responses to the tick and the action of tick saliva on antioxidant enzymes and ROS because these characteristics are interdependent with the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Raul Santos Alves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Karim S, Kumar D, Budachetri K. Recent advances in understanding tick and rickettsiae interactions. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12830. [PMID: 33713348 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are haematophagous arthropods with unique molecular mechanisms for digesting host blood meal while acting as vectors for various pathogens of public health significance. The tick's pharmacologically active saliva plays a fundamental role in modulating the host's immune system for several days to weeks, depending on the tick species. The vector tick has also developed sophisticated molecular mechanisms to serve as a competent vector for pathogens, including the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae. Evidence is still inadequate concerning tick-rickettsiae-host interactions and saliva-assisted transmission of the pathogen to the mammalian host. Rickettsia parkeri, of the SFG rickettsia, can cause a milder version of Rocky Mountain spotted fever known as American Boutonneuse fever. The Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum) often transmits this pathogenic rickettsia in the USA. This review discusses the knowledge gap concerning tick-rickettsiae-host interactions by highlighting the SFG rickettsia and the Am maculatum model system. Filling this knowledge gap will provide a better understanding of the tick-rickettsiae-host interactions in disease causation, which will be crucial for developing effective methods for preventing tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Karim
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, School of Biological. Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, School of Biological. Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Khemraj Budachetri
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, School of Biological. Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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