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Ran MS, Weng X, Liu YJ, Zhang TM, Yu YH, Peng MM, Luo W, Hu SH, Yang X, Liu B, Zhang T, Thornicroft G, Chan CLW, Xiang MZ. Changes in treatment status of patients with severe mental illness in rural China, 1994-2015. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e31. [PMID: 31068242 PMCID: PMC6469230 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is crucial to improve the treatment status of people with severe mental illness (SMI), it is still unknown whether and how socioeconomic development influences their treatment status.AimsTo explore the change in treatment status in people with SMI from 1994 to 2015 in rural China and to examine the factors influencing treatment status in those with SMI. METHOD Two mental health surveys using identical methods and ICD-10 were conducted in 1994 and 2015 (population ≥15 years old, n = 152 776) in the same six townships of Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. RESULTS Compared with 1994, individuals with SMI in 2015 had significantly higher rates of poor family economic status, fewer family caregivers, longer duration of illness, later age at first onset and poor mental status. Participants in 2015 had significantly higher rates of never being treated, taking antipsychotic drugs and ever being admitted to hospital, and lower rates of using traditional Chinese medicine or being treated by traditional/spiritual healers. The factors strongly associated with never being treated included worse mental status (symptoms/social functioning), older age, having no family caregivers and poor family economic status. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic development influences the treatment status of people with SMI in contemporary rural China. Relative poverty, having no family caregivers and older age are important factors associated with a worse treatment status. Culture-specific, community-based interventions and targeted poverty-alleviation programmes should be developed to improve the early identification, treatment and recovery of individuals with SMI in rural China.Declaration of interestNone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- Associate Professor,Department of Social Work and Social Administration,University of Hong Kong,China
| | - Xue Weng
- Researcher,Department of Social Work and Social Administration,University of Hong Kong,China
| | - Yu-Jun Liu
- Researcher,Department of Social Work and Social Administration,University of Hong Kong,China
| | - Tian-Ming Zhang
- Researcher,Department of Social Work and Social Administration,University of Hong Kong,China
| | - Yue-Hui Yu
- Researcher,Department of Social Work and Social Administration,University of Hong Kong,China
| | - Man-Man Peng
- Researcher,Department of Social Work and Social Administration,University of Hong Kong,China
| | - Wei Luo
- Doctor,Xinjin Mental Hospital,China
| | - Shi-Hui Hu
- Doctor,Chengdu Mental Health Center,China
| | - Xin Yang
- Doctor,Guangyuan Mental Health Center,China
| | - Bo Liu
- Professor,Jingzhou Mental Health Center,China
| | - Tin Zhang
- Doctor,Santai Mental Health Center,China
| | - Graham Thornicroft
- Professor,Centre for Global Mental Health,Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience,King's College London,UK
| | - Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan
- Professor,Department of Social Work and Social Administration,University of Hong Kong,China
| | - Meng-Ze Xiang
- Professor,Department of Psychiatry,West China Hospital, Sichuan University,China
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Ran MS, Xiao Y, Chui CHK, Hu XZ, Yu YH, Peng MM, Mao WJ, Liu B, Chen Eric YH, Chan CLW. Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and outcome of people with schizophrenia in rural China: 14-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:340-345. [PMID: 29957551 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the relationship between the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and 14-year outcomes of schizophrenia in a Chinese rural area. Participants with schizophrenia (n = 510) were identified in an epidemiological investigation of 123 572 people aged 15 years and older in 1994 and followed up in 2008 in Xinjin, Chengdu, China. Longer DUP (>6 months) was common in participants (27.3%). In 1994, participants with DUP ≤ 6 months were more likely to have a significantly lower rate of suicide attempts, shorter duration of illness and higher rate of full remission compared with those with DUP > 6 months. No significant differences were found regarding the rates of survival, suicide, death due to other causes and homelessness between individuals with shorter and longer DUP in 2008. Nevertheless, longer DUP (>6 months) of participants in 2008 was significantly associated with higher mean of PANSS total negative and general mental scores, longer duration of illness and higher rate of live alone in the logistic regression model. Earlier identification, treatment and rehabilitation, and family intervention should be addressed when developing mental health policies and delivering community mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yunyu Xiao
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Cheryl H K Chui
- Sau Po Centre on Ageing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xian-Zhang Hu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453002, China
| | - Yue-Hui Yu
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Man Peng
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Jun Mao
- Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Jingzhou Mental Health Center, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, China
| | - Yu-Hai Chen Eric
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Family history of psychosis and outcome of people with schizophrenia in rural China: 14-year follow-up study. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 32:14-19. [PMID: 29197709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the differences in 14-year outcomes of persons with schizophrenia with and without family history of psychosis in a rural community in China. METHODS All participants with schizophrenia (n=510) aged 15 years and older were identified in a 1994 epidemiological investigation of 123,572 people and followed up in 2004 and 2008 in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. RESULTS Individuals with positive family history of schizophrenia had significantly younger age of first onset than those with negative family history of schizophrenia in 1994 and 2004. Compared with individuals with negative family history of schizophrenia, those with positive family history of schizophrenia had significantly higher rate of homelessness and lower rate of death due to other reasons in 10-year (2004) and 14-year follow-up (2008). There were no significantly differences of mean scores on PANSS, SDSS and GAF in 2008 between positive and negative family history groups. CONCLUSIONS The positive family history of schizophrenia is strongly related to younger age of onset, and may predict a poorer long-term outcome (e.g., higher rate of homelessness) in persons with schizophrenia in the rural community. The findings have implications for further studies on specific family-related mechanisms on clinical treatment and rehabilitation, as well as for planning and delivering of community-based mental health services.
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Binford SS, Hubbard EM, Flowers E, Miller BL, Leutwyler H. Serum BDNF Is Positively Associated With Negative Symptoms in Older Adults With Schizophrenia. Biol Res Nurs 2017; 20:63-69. [PMID: 29050493 DOI: 10.1177/1099800417735634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults with chronic schizophrenia are at greater risk for functional disability and poorer health outcomes than those without serious mental illness. These individuals comprise 1-2% of the elderly population in the United States and are projected to number approximately 15 million by 2030. The symptoms of schizophrenia can be disabling for individuals, significantly reducing quality of life. Often, the negative symptoms (NS) are the most resistant to treatment and are considered a marker of illness severity, though they are challenging to measure objectively. Biomarkers can serve as objective indicators of health status. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potential biomarker for schizophrenia and may serve as an important indicator of illness severity. METHODS A cross-sectional study with 30 older adults with chronic schizophrenia. Participants were assessed on serum levels of BDNF and psychiatric symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale). Pearson's bivariate correlations (two-tailed) and linear regression models were used. RESULTS A significant positive association ( p < .05) was found between higher serum levels of BDNF and greater severity for the NS items of passive, apathetic, social withdrawal, and emotional withdrawal. In multivariate analyses, the association remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Although the association between BDNF and NS was not in the expected direction, the data corroborate findings from previous work in patients with schizophrenia. It is possible that higher serum levels of BDNF reflect compensatory neuronal mechanisms resulting from neurodevelopmental dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha S Binford
- 1 Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,2 Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin M Hubbard
- 2 Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elena Flowers
- 3 Department of Physiological Nursing, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- 1 Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather Leutwyler
- 2 Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ran MS, Yang LH, Liu YJ, Huang D, Mao WJ, Lin FR, Li J, Chan CLW. The family economic status and outcome of people with schizophrenia in Xinjin, Chengdu, China: 14-year follow-up study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2017; 63:203-211. [PMID: 28466745 DOI: 10.1177/0020764017692840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether family economic status might influence the long-term (e.g. over 10 years) outcome of persons with schizophrenia in the community. AIM To examine the differences in outcome at 14-year follow-up of persons with schizophrenia from high versus low family economic status backgrounds in a Chinese rural area. METHOD A prospective 14-year follow-up study was conducted in six townships in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. All participants with schizophrenia ( n = 510) were identified in an epidemiological investigation of 123,572 people aged 15 years and older and followed up from 1994 to 2008. RESULTS Individuals from low family economic status (<mean) in 1994 had significantly higher rate of homelessness (9.9%) and lower rate of survival (63.8%) in 2008 than those from high family economic status (⩾mean; 3.2% and 76.6%, respectively). Individuals from low family economic status had significantly lower rates of marriage and complete remission, higher mean scores on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and lower mean score on Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) than those from high family economic status in 2008. The predictors of low family economic status of individuals in 2008 encompassed the baseline low family economic status, poor families' attitude toward the patient, younger age, older age of first onset and longer duration of illness. CONCLUSION Low family economic status is a predictive factor of poor long-term outcome of persons with schizophrenia in the rural community. Individuals' family economic status should be considered in making mental health policy and providing community-based mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- 1 Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lawrence H Yang
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jun Liu
- 1 Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Debbie Huang
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Mao
- 3 Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- 5 Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan
- 1 Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ran MS, Wong YLI, Yang SY, Ho PSY, Mao WJ, Li J, Chan CLW. Marriage and outcomes of people with schizophrenia in rural China: 14-year follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2017; 182:49-54. [PMID: 28029516 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of marriage on the long-term outcomes of schizophrenia is largely unknown. This study was to examine the impact of marriage on the 14-year outcomes and identify the correlates of marriage among persons with schizophrenia in rural community. All study participants with schizophrenia (n=510) were identified in 1994 in an epidemiological investigation of 123,572 people aged 15years and older and followed up in 2004 and 2008 in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. The Patients Follow-up Schedule (PFS) was used in 2004 and 2008. The rate of follow-up in 2008 was 95.9%. Unmarried individuals in 1994 had higher rates of homelessness and suicide, and lower rate of survival in 2004 and 2008 than those married. In 14-year follow-up, unmarried individuals were more likely to be male, to have higher level of psychiatric symptoms and lower rate of full remission of illness, and to report lower level of work functioning, as well as with fewer family members and caregiver, and lower family economic status. The predictors of being married in 2008 included being married in 1994, shorter duration of illness, being female, and lower level of education. Being married is predictive of more favorable 14-year outcomes of persons with schizophrenia in the rural community. Given that marriage can be instrumental for enhancing family-based support and caregiving, as well as improving the community tenure of persons with schizophrenia, it is important to develop programs to enhance opportunity for persons with schizophrenia to get and stay married.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Shu-Yan Yang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Petula S Y Ho
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Jun Mao
- Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangzhou HuiAi Hospital, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Cecilia Lai-Wan Chan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Schizophrenia--a predictor of suicide during the second half of life? Schizophr Res 2012; 134:111-7. [PMID: 22018943 PMCID: PMC3266451 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the suicide risk of older adults diagnosed with schizophrenia. The purpose of the study is to examine whether older adults diagnosed with schizophrenia have an elevated risk of dying by suicide, examine trends by age, and identify predictors of death by suicide. METHODS Individual-level register data on all older adults aged 50+ living in Denmark during 1990-2006 (N=2,899,411) were assessed using survival analysis. The impact of predictors was adjusted for a series of socio-demographic and health-related covariates. RESULTS In all, 248 suicides were identified among older adults diagnosed with schizophrenia. The suicide rate ratios of men and women aged 50-69years with a diagnosis of schizophrenia was 7.0 [95%CI: 5.8-8.4] and 13.7 [95%CI: 11.3-16.6], respectively, when compared to those with no diagnosis. With increasing age a lower rate ratio was found; for men and women aged 70+ it was 2.1 [95%CI: 1.1-3.9] and 3.4 [95%CI: 2.0-5.8], respectively. Adjusted analyses revealed an elevated risk of suicide for diagnoses of schizophrenia, greater number of hospitalizations, recent admission (for men), recent discharge, previous suicide attempt, recent suicide attempt, comorbidity of mood disorders, personality disorders, and substance abuse (for women). CONCLUSIONS We found an elevated mortality risk of suicide for both men and women aged 50years and over diagnosed with schizophrenia. Health care staff should be aware of elevated risk, particularly in older women diagnosed with schizophrenia, in relation to chronic disease courses, recent discharge, and suicide attempt.
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Abstract
Social dysfunction is a hallmark of schizophrenia and a major constituent of its burden of disease. There is a need for more data on social functioning of older schizophrenic patients, because their numbers are rapidly growing and most are residing within the community. This article reviews existing evidence on social functioning in community-dwelling schizophrenic patients older than 55 years, focusing on social roles, social support, and social skills. Thirty-six publications proved fit for inclusion in the review. Studies from outside the United States were underrepresented. The available data suggest that the majority of older schizophrenic patients are well behind their healthy age-peers with respect to various aspects of social functioning. At the same time, a considerable heterogeneity among patients can be found. Cognitive abilities feature as a factor of major impact on social functioning, outweighing clinical symptoms. When evaluating social functioning both objective and subjective appraisals should be taken into account, because they may highlight different aspects of social functioning. Social support, impact of gender, and specific characteristics of older-old patients figure among areas that should be given priority in future research of social functioning in late life schizophrenia.
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Ran MS, Chan CLW, Chen EYH, Mao WJ, Hu SH, Tang CP, Lin FR, Conwell Y. Differences in mortality and suicidal behaviour between treated and never-treated people with schizophrenia in rural China. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 195:126-31. [PMID: 19648542 PMCID: PMC2801819 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people with schizophrenia remain untreated in the community. Long-term mortality and suicidal behaviour among never-treated individuals with schizophrenia in the community are unknown. AIMS To explore 10-year mortality and suicidal behaviour among never-treated individuals with schizophrenia. METHOD We used data from a 10-year prospective follow-up study (1994-2004) among people with schizophrenia in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. RESULTS The mortality rate for never-treated individuals with schizophrenia was 2761 per 100 000 person-years during follow-up. There were no significant differences of rates of suicide and all-cause mortality between never-treated and treated individuals. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for never-treated people was 10.4 (95% CI 7.2-15.2) and for treated individuals 6.5 (95% CI 5.2-8.5). Compared with treated people, never-treated individuals were more likely to be older, poorer, have a longer duration of illness, marked symptoms and fewer family members. CONCLUSIONS The never-treated individuals have similar mortality to and a higher proportion of marked symptoms than treated people, which may reflect the poor outcome of the individuals without treatment. The higher rates of mortality, homelessness and never being treated among people with schizophrenia in low- and middle-income nations might challenge presumed wisdom about schizophrenia outcomes in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- Division of Social Work, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA.
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Berry K, Barrowclough C. The needs of older adults with schizophrenia Implications for psychological interventions. Clin Psychol Rev 2009; 29:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ran MS, Chan CLW, Chen EYH, Tang CP, Lin FR, Li L, Li SG, Mao WJ, Hu SH, Schwab G, Conwell Y. Mortality of geriatric and younger patients with schizophrenia in the community. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008; 38:143-51. [PMID: 18444773 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2008.38.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the differences in mortality among non-institutionalized geriatric and younger patients with schizophrenia. In this study long-term mortality and suicidal behavior of all the geriatric (age > or = 65 years), middle-age (age 41-64 years), and young (age 15-40 years) subjects with schizophrenia living in a Chinese rural community were compared. A 10 year follow-up investigation among a 1994 cohort (n = 510) of patients with schizophrenia was conducted in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. Compared with young subjects, geriatric subjects with schizophrenia were more likely to be female, have more previous physical illness, never accepted treatment, and practice religious (p < or = 0.01). There were no significant differences of suicide attempts among the three groups. Young subjects had a higher rate of suicide (1,033.8 per 100,000 person-years), and geriatric subjects had a higher rate of deaths due to other causes (accident and natural causes) (4,314.2 per 100,000 person-years). Standardized mortality ratios for both suicide and deaths due to other causes were highest in young subjects and the lowest in geriatric subjects. Patients with schizophrenia in all age groups had a marked increase in mortality and suicide. Specific intervention strategies for decreasing mortality and suicide should be developed for patients with schizophrenia in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- College of Professional Studies, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
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Ran MS, Chen EYH, Conwell Y, Chan CLW, Yip PSF, Xiang MZ, Caine ED. Mortality in people with schizophrenia in rural China: 10-year cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:237-42. [PMID: 17329744 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term mortality and the risk factors for premature death among patients with schizophrenia living in rural communities are unknown. AIMS To explore the 10-year mortality and its risk factors among patients with schizophrenia. METHOD We used data from a 10-year prospective follow-up study (1994-2004) of mortality among people with schizophrenia, and death registration data for Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. RESULTS The mortality rate was 2228 per 100,000 person-years during follow-up. Both all-cause mortality and suicide rates were significantly greater in male than in female patients. Age at illness onset (>45 years), duration of illness (> or =10 years), age greater than 50 years, physical illness, in ability to work, male gender, and never having received treatment were identified as independent predictors of increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS Higher mortality rates in male patients may contribute to the higher prevalence of schizophrenia in women compared with men in China. The findings of risk factors for mortality should be taken into account when developing interventions to improve outcomes among people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- College of Professional Studies, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA.
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