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Urueña-Méndez G, Arrondeau C, Marchessaux F, Goutaudier R, Ginovart N. Dissociable Roles of the mPFC-to-VTA Pathway in the Control of Impulsive Action and Risk-Related Decision-Making in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 27:pyae034. [PMID: 39155560 PMCID: PMC11450641 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsive action and risk-related decision-making (RDM) are associated with various psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse. Both behavioral traits have also been linked to reduced frontocortical activity and alterations in dopamine function in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, despite direct projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the VTA, the specific role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in controlling impulsive action and RDM remains unexplored. METHODS We used positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate brain metabolic activity in Roman high- (RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rats, which exhibit innate differences in impulsive action and RDM. Notably, we used a viral-based double dissociation chemogenetic strategy to isolate, for the first time to our knowledge, the role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in controlling these behaviors. We selectively activated the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in RHA rats and inhibited it in RLA rats, assessing the effects on impulsive action and RDM in the rat gambling task. RESULTS Our results showed that RHA rats displayed higher impulsive action, less optimal decision-making, and lower cortical activity than RLA rats at baseline. Chemogenetic activation of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway reduced impulsive action in RHA rats, whereas chemogenetic inhibition had the opposite effect in RLA rats. However, these manipulations did not affect RDM. Thus, by specifically targeting the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in a phenotype-dependent way, we reverted innate patterns of impulsive action but not RDM. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a dissociable role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in impulsive action and RDM, highlighting its potential as a target for investigating impulsivity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginna Urueña-Méndez
- Departments of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Arrondeau
- Departments of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Marchessaux
- Departments of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Goutaudier
- Departments of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Ginovart
- Departments of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Armenta-Resendiz M, Carter JS, Hunter Z, Taniguchi M, Reichel CM, Lavin A. Sex differences in behavior, cognitive, and physiological recovery following methamphetamine administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06638-1. [PMID: 38953940 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Intact executive functions are required for proper performance of cognitive tasks and relies on balance of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Hypofrontality is a state of decreased activity in the mPFC and is seen in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including substance use disorders. People who chronically use methamphetamine (meth) develop hypofrontality and concurrent changes in cognitive processing across several domains. Despite the fact that there are sex difference in substance use disorders, few studies have considered sex as a biological variable regarding meth-mediated hypoactivity in mPFC and concurrent cognitive deficits. Hypofrontality along with changes in cognition are emulated in rodent models following repeated meth administration. Here, we used a meth sensitization regimen to study sex differences in a Temporal Order Memory (TOM) task following short (7 days) or prolonged (28 days) periods of abstinence. GABAergic transmission, GABAA receptor (GABAAR) and GABA Transporter (GAT) mRNA expression in the mPFC were evaluated with patch-clamp recordings and RT-qPCR, respectively. Both sexes sensitized to the locomotor activating effects of meth, with the effect persisting in females. After short abstinence, males and females had impaired TOM and increased GABAergic transmission. Female rats recovered from these changes after prolonged abstinence, whereas male rats showed enduring changes. In general, meth appears to elicit an overall decrease in GABAAR expression after short abstinence; whereas GABA transporters are decreased in meth female rats after prolonged abstinence. These results show sex differences in the long-term effects of repeated meth exposure and suggest that females have neuroprotective mechanisms that alleviate some of the meth-mediated cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan S Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, MUSC, 173 Ashley Ave 403BSB, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Zachariah Hunter
- Department of Neuroscience, MUSC, 173 Ashley Ave 403BSB, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Neuroscience, MUSC, 173 Ashley Ave 403BSB, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Neuroscience, MUSC, 173 Ashley Ave 403BSB, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Antonieta Lavin
- Department of Neuroscience, MUSC, 173 Ashley Ave 403BSB, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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3
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Armenta-Resendiz M, Assali A, Tsvetkov E, Cowan CW, Lavin A. Repeated methamphetamine administration produces cognitive deficits through augmentation of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1816-1825. [PMID: 35788684 PMCID: PMC9372065 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is associated with the emergence of cognitive deficits and hypofrontality, a pathophysiological marker of many neuropsychiatric disorders that is produced by altered balance of local excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying METH-induced cognitive deficits and associated hypofrontal states. Using PV-Cre transgenic rats that went through a METH sensitization regime or saline (SAL) followed by 7-10 days of home cage abstinence combined with cognitive tests, chemogenetic experiments, and whole-cell patch recordings on the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PFC), we investigated the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying METH-induce hypofrontality. We report here that repeated METH administration in rats produces deficits in working memory and increases in inhibitory synaptic transmission onto pyramidal neurons in the PFC. The increased PFC inhibition is detected by an increase in spontaneous and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic synaptic currents (IPSCs), an increase in GABAergic presynaptic function, and a shift in the excitatory-inhibitory balance onto PFC deep-layer pyramidal neurons. We find that pharmacological blockade of D1 dopamine receptor function reduces the METH-induced augmentation of IPSCs, suggesting a critical role for D1 dopamine signaling in METH-induced hypofrontality. In addition, repeated METH administration increases the intrinsic excitability of parvalbumin-positive fast spiking interneurons (PV + FSIs), a key local interneuron population in PFC that contributes to the control of inhibitory tone. Using a cell type-specific chemogenetic approach, we show that increasing PV + FSIs activity in the PFC is necessary and sufficient to cause deficits in temporal order memory similar to those induced by METH. Conversely, reducing PV + FSIs activity in the PFC of METH-exposed rats rescues METH-induced temporal order memory deficits. Together, our findings reveal that repeated METH exposure increases PFC inhibitory tone through a D1 dopamine signaling-dependent potentiation of inhibitory synaptic transmission, and that reduction of PV + FSIs activity can rescue METH-induced cognitive deficits, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach to treating cognitive symptoms in patients suffering from METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahlem Assali
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Evgeny Tsvetkov
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Antonieta Lavin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Kim JS, Son HJ, Oh M, Lee DY, Kim HW, Oh J. 60 Years of Achievements by KSNM in Neuroimaging Research. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 56:3-16. [PMID: 35186156 PMCID: PMC8828843 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-021-00727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine neuroimaging is able to show functional and molecular biologic abnormalities in various neuropsychiatric diseases. Therefore, it has played important roles in the clinical diagnosis and in research on the normal and pathological states of the brain. More than 400 outstanding studies have been conducted by Korean researchers over the past 60 years. In the 1990s, when multiheaded single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanners were first introduced in South Korea, stroke research using brain perfusion SPECT was conducted. With the spread of positron emission tomography (PET) scanners in the 2000s, research on the clinical usefulness of PET and the evaluation of pathophysiology in various diseases such as epilepsy, brain tumors, degenerative brain diseases, and other neuropsychiatric diseases were actively conducted using [18F]FDG and various neuroreceptor tracers. In the 2010s, with the clinical application of new radiopharmaceuticals for amyloid and tau imaging, research demonstrating the clinical usefulness of PET imaging and the pathophysiology of dementia has increased rapidly. It is expected that the role of nuclear medicine will expand with the development of new radiopharmaceuticals and analysis technologies, along with the application of artificial intelligence for early and differential diagnosis, and the development of therapeutic agents for degenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Joo Son
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsu Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Benya-Aphikul H, Pongrakhananon V, Chetprayoon P, Sooksawate T, Rodsiri R. Neuronal growth and synaptogenesis are inhibited by prenatal methamphetamine exposure leading to memory impairment in adolescent and adult mice. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:99-110. [PMID: 34461196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synaptogenesis plays critical roles in learning and memory processes and is susceptible to substance abuse toxicity. The present study aimed to elucidate the long-lasting effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on synaptogenesis and learning and memory. The involvement of BDNF-TrkB signaling was also investigated. Pregnant mice (C57BL/6 JNc) were administered methamphetamine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) on gestation days 8-15. Primary hippocampal cultures were prepared from fetuses at gestational day 16.5 to study neuronal morphology and synaptogenesis. The expression of synaptic proteins, BDNF and TrkB receptor was determined in postnatal day 14 (PND14), adolescent and adult mice; memory tests were also conducted. MA exposure decreased axon length and diameter, and synaptic areas in the primary cultures. Presynaptic protein was decreased in the hippocampus of PND14 mice prenatally exposed to MA, while increases in postsynaptic protein (PSD-95) were found in MA-exposed adolescent and adult mice. BDNF expression was enhanced in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of MA-exposed PND14 mice. Memory impairment was observed in MA-exposed adolescent and adult mice compared to control mice. Prenatal MA exposure disrupted neuronal growth and synapse formation in the developing brain with only short-term interference of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, resulting in the adaptation of postsynaptic neurons. Alterations in the developing brain and synaptogenesis lead to long-lasting learning and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattaya Benya-Aphikul
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Clusters: Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Clusters: Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Paninee Chetprayoon
- Toxicology and Bio Evaluation Service Center (TBES), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Sooksawate
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rodsiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Clusters: Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Moccia L, Tofani A, Mazza M, Covino M, Martinotti G, Schifano F, Janiri L, Di Nicola M. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Impairment in Methoxetamine-Induced Psychosis: An 18F-FDG PET/CT Case Study. J Psychoactive Drugs 2019; 51:254-259. [PMID: 30741111 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2019.1578444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) have currently become a major public health concern because of relatively easy accessibility to these compounds and difficulty in identifying them with routine laboratory techniques. Here, we report the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) case study of a 23-year-old man who developed a substance-induced psychotic disorder after having intravenously injected himself with an unspecified amount of methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine derivative hallucinogen. From a clinical perspective, a blunted affective responsiveness with diminished social drive and sense of purpose, along with a profound detachment from the environment, was observed. Psychometric and neuropsychological assessments highlighted severe dissociative symptoms and lack of motivation, along with a mild impairment of verbal fluency, working memory, and attention. Patient's 18F-FDG PET/CT scans displayed a significant bilateral deficit of tracer uptake within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). DLPFC activity is critical to goal-oriented cognitive functions, including working memory and sustained attention. DLPFC is also involved in both the temporal integration across multiple sensory modes and in the volitional control of actions, leading to the possibility to construct logically coherent temporal configurations of thought, speech, and behavior. This report highlights that a single acute MXE intoxication may produce severe brain impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moccia
- a Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Tofani
- b Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Marianna Mazza
- a Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Marcello Covino
- c Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- d Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute of Psychiatry, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- e Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , UK
| | - Luigi Janiri
- a Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- a Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
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Sabrini S, Wang GY, Lin JC, Ian JK, Curley LE. Methamphetamine use and cognitive function: A systematic review of neuroimaging research. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:75-87. [PMID: 30414539 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term use of MA has been associated with cognitive dysfunction in several domains. Neuroimaging studies have also reported structural, metabolic, and functional changes in MA users. However, no systematic review has been conducted on those studies in MA users that combined neuroimaging and cognitive tasks. METHODS This article systematically reviews correlation between brain imaging measures and cognitive performance in subjects with current and previous history of MA use. Findings are categorized based on cognitive domain. RESULTS MA users performed more poorly than controls in all cognitive domains (psychomotor, working memory, attention, cognitive control, and decision- making) and a positive correlation has been repeatedly observed between performance and brain measures (regional volume/density, blood flow, glucose metabolism, FA value, NAA level, and activation) in MA users. Performance in cognitive control was consistently reported to show relationship with brain measures in the PFC and ACC, while decision- making consistently showed correlation with brain measures in the PFC, ACC, and striatum. CONCLUSIONS There is solid evidence for brain- behavior relationship in cognitive functioning in MA users, particularly in cognitive control and decision-making. More research with correlation analysis between brain-behavior and MA use parameters is strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrini Sabrini
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Grace Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, North Campus, 90 Akoranga Drive, Northcote, Auckland 0627, New Zealand.
| | - Joanne C Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - J K Ian
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Science Centre, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Louise E Curley
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Vuletic D, Dupont P, Robertson F, Warwick J, Zeevaart JR, Stein DJ. Methamphetamine dependence with and without psychotic symptoms: A multi-modal brain imaging study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:1157-1162. [PMID: 30380522 PMCID: PMC6205927 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine dependence can lead to psychotic symptoms which may be mediated by frontal, striatal, limbic, and thalamic regions. There are few neuroimaging data that allow comparison of individuals with methamphetamine dependence who do, and do not, have psychosis. Two complementary imaging techniques were employed to investigate neurocircuitry associated with methamphetamine dependence with and without psychotic symptoms. METHODS Three groups of participants were recruited: methamphetamine dependent (MAA) (N = 11), methamphetamine dependent with psychotic symptoms (MAP) (N = 14), and controls (N = 14). Resting brain glucose metabolism was measured using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebral perfusion was assessed using arterial spin labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Methamphetamine abusers (MAA and MAP groups) had decreased glucose metabolism compared to healthy controls in the left insula, left precentral gyrus, and the anterior cingulate cortex. Compared to MAA participants, MAP participants had 1) decreased glucose metabolism in the left precentral gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus and 2) increased glucose metabolism in the putamen and pallidum. MAP participants also had increased cerebral perfusion in the right putamen and right pallidum compared to MAA. CONCLUSION Findings support the involvement of frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in methamphetamine dependence. Furthermore, they indicate that glucose metabolism and cerebral perfusion in these regions are disrupted in methamphetamine dependent individuals with psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Vuletic
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Radiochemistry, the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), North West Province, South Africa; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frances Robertson
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - James Warwick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Radiochemistry, the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), North West Province, South Africa.
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Kindred JH, Honce JM, Kwak JJ, Rudroff T. Multiple Sclerosis, Cannabis Use, and Clinical Disability: A Preliminary [ 18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2018; 3:213-218. [PMID: 30324138 PMCID: PMC6186162 DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Long-term consequences of medicinal cannabis use in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) are unknown. This study investigated whether PwMS using cannabis had lower resting brain glucose uptake (GU) and worse clinical test results compared with nonusers. Methods: Sixteen PwMS, eight users, underwent clinical testing followed by [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. Results: Users had lower cognitive function test scores, but performed similarly on the other clinical evaluations. Accounting for disease duration, resting brain GU was similar between the groups. Conclusions: Lower cognitive function was not associated with resting brain GU. Cognitive dysfunction may be a contraindication or consequence of cannabis use in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Kindred
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Division of Physical Therapy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Justin M. Honce
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer J. Kwak
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thorsten Rudroff
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Address correspondence to: Thorsten Rudroff, PhD, Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,
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Potvin S, Pelletier J, Grot S, Hébert C, Barr AM, Lecomte T. Cognitive deficits in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: A meta-analysis. Addict Behav 2018; 80:154-160. [PMID: 29407687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine has long been considered as a neurotoxic substance causing cognitive deficits. Recently, however, the magnitude and the clinical significance of the cognitive effects associated with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) have been debated. To help clarify this controversy, we performed a meta-analysis of the cognitive deficits associated with MUD. METHODS A literature search yielded 44 studies that assessed cognitive dysfunction in 1592 subjects with MUD and 1820 healthy controls. Effect size estimates were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, for the following 12 cognitive domains: attention, executive functions, impulsivity/reward processing, social cognition, speed of processing, verbal fluency/language, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, visuo-spatial abilities and working memory. RESULTS Findings revealed moderate impairment across most cognitive domains, including attention, executive functions, language/verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory, visual memory and working memory. Deficits in impulsivity/reward processing and social cognition were more prominent, whereas visual learning and visuo-spatial abilities were relatively spared cognitive domains. A publication bias was observed. DISCUSSION These results show that MUD is associated with broad cognitive deficits that are in the same range as those associated with alcohol and cocaine use disorder, as recently shown by way of meta-analysis. The prominent effects of MUD on social cognition and impulsivity/reward processing are based on a small number of studies, and as such, these results will need to be replicated. The functional consequences (social and occupational) of the cognitive deficits of methamphetamine will also need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Grot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine Hébert
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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11
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Moszczynska A, Callan SP. Molecular, Behavioral, and Physiological Consequences of Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity: Implications for Treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:474-488. [PMID: 28630283 PMCID: PMC11047030 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the molecular mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity of high-dose methamphetamine (METH) and related clinical manifestations is imperative for providing more effective treatments for human METH users. This article provides an overview of clinical manifestations of METH neurotoxicity to the central nervous system and neurobiology underlying the consequences of administration of neurotoxic METH doses, and discusses implications of METH neurotoxicity for treatment of human abusers of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sean Patrick Callan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Hall MG, Hauson AO, Wollman SC, Allen KE, Connors EJ, Stern MJ, Kimmel CL, Stephan RA, Sarkissians S, Barlet BD, Grant I. Neuropsychological comparisons of cocaine versus methamphetamine users: A research synthesis and meta-analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:277-293. [PMID: 28825847 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1355919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous meta-analytical research examining cocaine and methamphetamine separately suggests potentially different neuropsychological profiles associated with each drug. In addition, neuroimaging studies point to distinct structural changes that might underlie differences in neuropsychological functioning. OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis compared the effect sizes identified in cocaine versus methamphetamine studies across 15 neuropsychological domains. METHOD Investigators searched and coded the literature examining the neuropsychological deficits associated with a history of either cocaine or methamphetamine use. A total of 54 cocaine and 41 methamphetamine studies were selected, yielding sample sizes of 1,718 and 1,297, respectively. Moderator analyses were conducted to compare the two drugs across each cognitive domain. RESULTS Data revealed significant differences between the two drugs. Specifically, studies of cocaine showed significantly larger effect-size estimates (i.e., poorer performance) in verbal working memory when compared to methamphetamine. Further, when compared to cocaine, methamphetamine studies demonstrated significantly larger effect sizes in delayed contextual verbal memory and delayed visual memory. CONCLUSION Overall, cocaine and methamphetamine users share similar neuropsychological profiles. However, cocaine appears to be more associated with working memory impairments, which are typically frontally mediated, while methamphetamine appears to be more associated with memory impairments that are linked with temporal and parietal lobe dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Hall
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Alexander O Hauson
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Scott C Wollman
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Kenneth E Allen
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Eric J Connors
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Mark J Stern
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Christine L Kimmel
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Rick A Stephan
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Sharis Sarkissians
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Brianna D Barlet
- a Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org) , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Igor Grant
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Harlé KM, Zhang S, Ma N, Yu AJ, Paulus MP. Reduced Neural Recruitment for Bayesian Adjustment of Inhibitory Control in Methamphetamine Dependence. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:448-459. [PMID: 28966988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Delineating the processes that contribute to the progression and maintenance of substance dependence is critical to understanding and preventing addiction. Several previous studies have shown inhibitory control deficits in individuals with stimulant use disorder. We used a Bayesian computational approach to examine potential neural deficiencies in the dynamic predictive processing underlying inhibitory function among recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals (MDIs), a population at high risk of relapse. Sixty-two MDIs were recruited from a 28-day inpatient treatment program at the San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center and compared with 34 healthy control subjects. They completed a stop-signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. A Bayesian ideal observer model was used to predict individuals' trial-to-trial probabilistic expectations of inhibitory response, P(stop), to identify group differences specific to Bayesian expectation and prediction error computation. Relative to control subjects, MDIs were more likely to make stop errors on difficult trials and had attenuated slowing following stop errors. MDIs further exhibited reduced sensitivity as measured by the neural tracking of a Bayesian measure of surprise (unsigned prediction error), which was evident across all trials in the left posterior caudate and orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann area 11), and selectively on stop error trials in the right thalamus and inferior parietal lobule. MDIs are less sensitive to surprising task events, both across trials and upon making commission errors, which may help explain why these individuals may not engage in switching strategy when the environment changes, leading to adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia M Harlé
- Department of Psychiatry (KMH, MPP); and Department of Cognitive Science (SZ, NM, AJY), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Laureate Institute for Brain Research (MPP), Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Shunan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry (KMH, MPP); and Department of Cognitive Science (SZ, NM, AJY), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Laureate Institute for Brain Research (MPP), Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Psychiatry (KMH, MPP); and Department of Cognitive Science (SZ, NM, AJY), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Laureate Institute for Brain Research (MPP), Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Angela J Yu
- Department of Psychiatry (KMH, MPP); and Department of Cognitive Science (SZ, NM, AJY), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Laureate Institute for Brain Research (MPP), Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry (KMH, MPP); and Department of Cognitive Science (SZ, NM, AJY), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Laureate Institute for Brain Research (MPP), Tulsa, Oklahoma
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14
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Hassan SF, Wearne TA, Cornish JL, Goodchild AK. Effects of acute and chronic systemic methamphetamine on respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic function, and cardiorespiratory reflexes. J Physiol 2016; 594:763-80. [PMID: 26584821 DOI: 10.1113/jp271257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is escalating worldwide, with the most common cause of death resulting from cardiovascular failure and hyperthermia; however, the underlying physiological mechanisms are poorly understood. Systemic administration of METH in anaesthetised rats reduced the effectiveness of some protective cardiorespiratory reflexes, increased central respiratory activity independently of metabolic function, and increased heart rate, metabolism and respiration in a pattern indicating that non-shivering thermogenesis contributes to the well-described hyperthermia. In animals that showed METH-induced behavioural sensitisation following chronic METH treatment, no changes were evident in baseline cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic measures and the METH-evoked effects in these parameters were similar to those seen in saline-treated or drug naïve animals. Physiological effects evoked by METH were retained but were neither facilitated nor depressed following chronic treatment with METH. These data highlight and identify potential mechanisms for targeted intervention in patients vulnerable to METH overdose. Methamphetamine (METH) is known to promote cardiovascular failure or life-threatening hyperthermia; however, there is still limited understanding of the mechanisms responsible for evoking the physiological changes. In this study, we systematically determined the effects on both autonomic and respiratory outflows, as well as reflex function, following acute and repeated administration of METH, which enhances behavioural responses. Arterial pressure, heart rate, phrenic nerve discharge amplitude and frequency, lumbar and splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge, interscapular brown adipose tissue and core temperatures, and expired CO2 were measured in urethane-anaesthetised male Sprague-Dawley rats. Novel findings include potent increases in central inspiratory drive and frequency that are not dependent on METH-evoked increases in expired CO2 levels. Increases in non-shivering thermogenesis correlate with well-described increases in body temperature and heart rate. Unexpectedly, METH evoked minor effects on both sympathetic outflows and mean arterial pressure. METH modified cardiorespiratory reflex function in response to hypoxia, hypercapnia and baroreceptor unloading. Chronically METH-treated rats failed to exhibit changes in baseline sympathetic, cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic parameters. The tonic and reflex cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to METH challenge were similar to those seen in saline-treated and drug naive animals. Overall, these findings describe independent and compound associations between physiological systems evoked by METH and serve to highlight that a single dose of METH can significantly impact basic homeostatic systems and protective functions. These effects of METH persist even following chronic METH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Hassan
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Travis A Wearne
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Cornish
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ann K Goodchild
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
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15
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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16
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Harlé KM, Stewart JL, Zhang S, Tapert SF, Yu AJ, Paulus MP. Bayesian neural adjustment of inhibitory control predicts emergence of problem stimulant use. Brain 2015; 138:3413-26. [PMID: 26336910 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bayesian ideal observer models quantify individuals' context- and experience-dependent beliefs and expectations about their environment, which provides a powerful approach (i) to link basic behavioural mechanisms to neural processing; and (ii) to generate clinical predictors for patient populations. Here, we focus on (ii) and determine whether individual differences in the neural representation of the need to stop in an inhibitory task can predict the development of problem use (i.e. abuse or dependence) in individuals experimenting with stimulants. One hundred and fifty-seven non-dependent occasional stimulant users, aged 18-24, completed a stop-signal task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. These individuals were prospectively followed for 3 years and evaluated for stimulant use and abuse/dependence symptoms. At follow-up, 38 occasional stimulant users met criteria for a stimulant use disorder (problem stimulant users), while 50 had discontinued use (desisted stimulant users). We found that those individuals who showed greater neural responses associated with Bayesian prediction errors, i.e. the difference between actual and expected need to stop on a given trial, in right medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, anterior insula, and thalamus were more likely to exhibit problem use 3 years later. Importantly, these computationally based neural predictors outperformed clinical measures and non-model based neural variables in predicting clinical status. In conclusion, young adults who show exaggerated brain processing underlying whether to 'stop' or to 'go' are more likely to develop stimulant abuse. Thus, Bayesian cognitive models provide both a computational explanation and potential predictive biomarkers of belief processing deficits in individuals at risk for stimulant addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia M Harlé
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Shunan Zhang
- 3 Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 4 Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angela J Yu
- 3 Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 4 Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA 5 Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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17
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Harro J. Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 120:179-204. [PMID: 26070758 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Administration of amphetamine and methamphetamine can elicit psychiatric adverse effects at acute administration, binge use, withdrawal, and chronic use. Most troublesome of these are psychotic states and aggressive behavior, but a large variety of undesirable changes in cognition and affect can be induced. Adverse effects occur more frequently with higher dosages and long-term use. They can subside over time but some persist long-term. Multiple alterations in the gray and white matter of the brain assessed as changes in tissue volume or metabolism, or at molecular level, have been associated with amphetamine and methamphetamine use and the psychiatric adverse effects, but further studies are required to clarify their causal role, specificity, and relationship with preceding states and traits and comorbidities. The latter include other substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Amphetamine- and methamphetamine-related psychosis is similar to schizophrenia in terms of symptomatology and pathogenesis, and these two disorders share predisposing genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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18
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Functional neuroimaging of amphetamine-induced striatal neurotoxicity in the pleiotrophin knockout mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2015; 591:132-137. [PMID: 25703219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine-induced neurotoxic effects have traditionally been studied using immunohistochemistry and other post-mortem techniques, which have proven invaluable for the definition of amphetamine-induced dopaminergic damage in the nigrostriatal pathway. However, these approaches are limited in that they require large numbers of animals and do not provide the temporal data that can be collected in longitudinal studies using functional neuroimaging techniques. Unfortunately, functional imaging studies in rodent models of drug-induced neurotoxicity are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the changes in brain glucose metabolism caused by amphetamine in the pleiotrophin knockout mouse (PTN-/-), a genetic model with increased vulnerability to amphetamine-induced neurotoxic effects. We showed that administration of amphetamine causes a significantly greater loss of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase content in PTN-/- mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, [(18)F]-FDG-PET shows that amphetamine produces a significant decrease in glucose metabolism in the striatum and prefrontal cortex in the PTN-/- mice, compared to WT mice. These findings suggest that [(18)F]-FDG uptake measured by PET is useful for detecting amphetamine-induced changes in glucose metabolism in vivo in specific brain areas, including the striatum, a key feature of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.
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19
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Salo R, Fassbender C. Structural, functional and spectroscopic MRI studies of methamphetamine addiction. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 11:321-64. [PMID: 22094881 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews selected neuroimaging findings related to long-term amphetamine and methamphetamine (MA) use. An overview of structural and functional (fMRI) MR studies, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies conducted in long-term MA abusers is presented. The focus of this chapter is to present the relevant studies as tools to understand brain changes following drug abstinence and recovery from addiction. The behavioral relevance of these neuroimaging studies is discussed as they relate to clinical symptoms and treatment. Within each imaging section this chapter includes a discussion of the relevant imaging studies as they relate to patterns of drug use (i.e., duration of MA use, cumulative lifetime dose and time MA abstinent) as well as an overview of studies that link the imaging findings to cognitive measures. In our conclusion we discuss some of the future directions of neuroimaging as it relates to the pathophysiology of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Salo
- UC Davis Imaging Research Center, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA, USA,
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20
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Altered neural processing of the need to stop in young adults at risk for stimulant dependence. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4567-80. [PMID: 24672002 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2297-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of neurocognitive predictors of substance dependence is an important step in developing approaches to prevent addiction. Given evidence of inhibitory control deficits in substance abusers (Monterosso et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2008; Lawrence et al., 2009; Tabibnia et al., 2011), we examined neural processing characteristics in human occasional stimulant users (OSU), a population at risk for dependence. A total of 158 nondependent OSU and 47 stimulant-naive control subjects (CS) were recruited and completed a stop signal task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A Bayesian ideal observer model was used to predict probabilistic expectations of inhibitory demand, P(stop), on a trial-to-trial basis, based on experienced trial history. Compared with CS, OSU showed attenuated neural activation related to P(stop) magnitude in several areas, including left prefrontal cortex and left caudate. OSU also showed reduced neural activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and right insula in response to an unsigned Bayesian prediction error representing the discrepancy between stimulus outcome and the predicted probability of a stop trial. These results indicate that, despite minimal overt behavioral manifestations, OSU use fewer brain processing resources to predict and update the need for response inhibition, processes that are critical for adjusting and optimizing behavioral performance, which may provide a biomarker for the development of substance dependence.
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21
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Downey LA, Loftis JM. Altered energy production, lowered antioxidant potential, and inflammatory processes mediate CNS damage associated with abuse of the psychostimulants MDMA and methamphetamine. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 727:125-9. [PMID: 24485894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) damage associated with psychostimulant dependence may be an ongoing, degenerative process with adverse effects on neuropsychiatric function. However, the molecular mechanisms regarding how altered energy regulation affects immune response in the context of substance use disorders are not fully understood. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the effects of psychostimulant [particularly 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine] exposure on brain energy regulation, immune response, and neuropsychiatric function. Importantly, the neuropsychiatric impairments (e.g., cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety) that persist following abstinence are associated with poorer treatment outcomes - increased relapse rates, lower treatment retention rates, and reduced daily functioning. Qualifying the molecular changes within the CNS according to the exposure and use patterns of specifically abused substances should inform the development of new therapeutic approaches for addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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22
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Cadet JL, Bisagno V, Milroy CM. Neuropathology of substance use disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:91-107. [PMID: 24292887 PMCID: PMC7453825 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Addictions to licit and illicit drugs are chronic relapsing brain disorders that affect circuits that regulate reward, motivation, memory, and decision-making. Drug-induced pathological changes in these brain regions are associated with characteristic enduring behaviors that continue despite adverse biopsychosocial consequences. Repeated exposure to these substances leads to egocentric behaviors that focus on obtaining the drug by any means and on taking the drug under adverse psychosocial and medical conditions. Addiction also includes craving for the substances and, in some cases, involvement in risky behaviors that can cause death. These patterns of behaviors are associated with specific cognitive disturbances and neuroimaging evidence for brain dysfunctions in a diverse population of drug addicts. Postmortem studies have also revealed significant biochemical and/or structural abnormalities in some addicted individuals. The present review provides a summary of the evidence that has accumulated over the past few years to implicate brain dysfunctions in the varied manifestations of drug addiction. We thus review data on cerebrovascular alterations, brain structural abnormalities, and postmortem studies of patients who abuse cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, and "bath salts". We also discuss potential molecular, biochemical, and cellular bases for the varied clinical presentations of these patients. Elucidation of the biological bases of addiction will help to develop better therapeutic approaches to these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lud Cadet
- NIDA Intramural Research Program, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA,
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23
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Allen CP, Leri F. Perseveration in the presence of punishment: the effects of chronic cocaine exposure and lesions to the prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:185-92. [PMID: 24380673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Perseveration is the repetition of a previously appropriate response in a manner, or context, which is detrimental to the individual. Although both cocaine exposure and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunctions have been implicated in perseverative-like behaviours, the underlying nature of the impairments has been debated. The current study tested whether chronic cocaine exposure and PFC lesions induce perseverative-like behaviours by causing insensitivity to punishment. Food-restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to respond for sucrose on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. After initial training, rats received either a sensitizing regimen of cocaine exposure, or excitotoxic lesions to subregions of the PFC. The test of perseveration involved a choice of responding between two levers associated with fixed ratio and progressive ratio (PR) schedules. Responding on the PR lever was punished by a 1 min timeout period. It was found that, unlike control subjects, those exposed to chronic cocaine, or with lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex, were significantly slower in adapting their responding to avoid punishment. The current study provides evidence that both cocaine exposure and lesions to the prefrontal cortex can increase perseverative-like responding, although the magnitude and permanence of these effects are contingent on the nature of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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24
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Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG. Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:193-221. [PMID: 24344115 PMCID: PMC3880463 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as cocaine have been used as performance enhancers throughout recorded history. Although psychostimulants are commonly prescribed to improve attention and cognition, a great deal of literature has described their ability to induce cognitive deficits, as well as addiction. How can a single drug class be known to produce both cognitive enhancement and impairment? Properties of the particular stimulant drug itself and individual differences between users have both been suggested to dictate the outcome of stimulant use. A more parsimonious alternative, which we endorse, is that dose is the critical determining factor in cognitive effects of stimulant drugs. Herein, we review several popular stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine), outlining their history of use, mechanism of action, and use and abuse today. One common graphic depiction of the cognitive effects of psychostimulants is an inverted U-shaped dose-effect curve. Moderate arousal is beneficial to cognition, whereas too much activation leads to cognitive impairment. In parallel to this schematic, we propose a continuum of psychostimulant activation that covers the transition from one drug effect to another as stimulant intake is increased. Low doses of stimulants effect increased arousal, attention, and cognitive enhancement; moderate doses can lead to feelings of euphoria and power, as well as addiction and cognitive impairment; and very high doses lead to psychosis and circulatory collapse. This continuum helps account for the seemingly disparate effects of stimulant drugs, with the same drug being associated with cognitive enhancement and impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Wood
- 9500 Gilman Dr MC 0109, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109.
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25
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Jupp B, Dalley JW. Behavioral endophenotypes of drug addiction: Etiological insights from neuroimaging studies. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:487-97. [PMID: 23756169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in the elucidation of neurobehavioral endophenotypes associated with drug addiction made possible by the translational neuroimaging techniques magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Increasingly, these non-invasive imaging approaches have been the catalyst for advancing our understanding of the etiology of drug addiction as a brain disorder involving complex interactions between pre-disposing behavioral traits, environmental influences and neural perturbations arising from the chronic abuse of licit and illicit drugs. In this article we discuss the causal role of trait markers associated with impulsivity and novelty-/sensation-seeking in speeding the development of compulsive drug administration and in facilitating relapse. We also discuss the striking convergence of imaging findings from these behavioural traits and addiction in rats, monkeys and humans with a focus on biomarkers of dopamine neurotransmission, and highlight areas where further research is needed to disambiguate underlying causal mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Jupp
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Son JH, Kuhn J, Keefe KA. Perseverative behavior in rats with methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:95-103. [PMID: 23159331 PMCID: PMC3562430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine induces monoamine depletions thought to contribute to cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Previously, we reported that methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity is associated with impaired formation of stimulus-response associations. Additionally, subjective observations suggested that behavioral flexibility might be affected. Thus, the present study examined whether methamphetamine neurotoxicity induces perseverative behavior. Rats were pretreated with (±)-methamphetamine (4 × 10 mg/kg, 2-hr intervals) or saline. Three weeks later, rats were trained to press a lever on one side of an operant chamber and then retrieve the reinforcer from a magazine on the opposite side until they reached criterion (>50 reinforcers/30-min). After four consecutive sessions performing the task at criterion, rats were sacrificed and brains removed for monoamine determinations. Methamphetamine-pretreated rats had ∼50% loss of striatal dopamine and prefrontal serotonin. Methamphetamine- and saline-pretreated rats were not different in the number of sessions required to reach criterion or in the total numbers of lever presses and/or head entries made across the four consecutive sessions at criterion-level performance. However, methamphetamine-pretreated rats earned fewer reinforcers, because they made extra lever-presses and head entries when they should have been retrieving the reinforcer or returning to the lever. Latencies for methamphetamine-pretreated rats to switch between the two behaviors also were significantly slower than latencies for controls. Interestingly, the degree of additional lever-presses negatively correlated with serotonin-transporter binding in the prefrontal cortex, even in saline-pretreated controls. These data suggest that methamphetamine-induced partial monoamine toxicity is associated with perseveration and that the degree of perseveration may depend on serotonin innervation of the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Kuhn
- Department of Neuroscience, Westminster College, 1840 South 1300 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Kristen A. Keefe
- Author of correspondence: Dr. Kristen A. Keefe, Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30 S. 2000 E. Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, Tel: (801) 585-7989, Fax: (801) 585-5111,
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Decreased frontal N-acetylaspartate levels in adolescents concurrently using both methamphetamine and marijuana. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:154-61. [PMID: 23466689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential neurochemical toxicity associated with methamphetamine (MA) or marijuana (MJ) use on the developing adolescent brain is unclear, particularly with regard to individuals with concomitant use of MA and MJ (MA+MJ). In this study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to measure in vivo brain N-acetylaspartate plus N-acetylaspartyl glutamate (tNAA, an indicator of intact neuronal integrity) levels. METHODS Three adolescent groups from Cape Town, South Africa completed MRS scans as well as clinical measures including a drug use history. Subjects included (1) nine MA (age=15.7±1.37), (2) eight MA+MJ (age=16.2±1.16) using adolescents and (3) ten healthy controls (age=16.8±0.62). Single voxel spectra were acquired from midfrontal gray matter using a point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS). The MRS data were post-processed in the fully automated approach for quantitation of metabolite ratios to phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr+Cr). RESULTS A significant reduction in frontal tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios was seen in the MA+MJ group compared to the healthy controls (p=0.01, by 7.2%) and to the MA group (p=0.04, by 6.9%). Significant relationships were also observed between decreased tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios and drug use history of MA or MJ (total cumulative lifetime dose, age of onset, and duration of MA and MJ exposure) only in the MA+MJ group (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in adolescents, concomitant heavy MA+MJ use may contribute to altered brain metabolites in frontal gray matter. The significant associations between the abnormal tNAA/PCr+Cr ratios and the drug use history suggest that MA+MJ abuse may induce neurotoxicity in a dose-responsive manner in adolescent brain.
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Feier G, Valvassori SS, Varela RB, Resende WR, Bavaresco DV, Morais MO, Scaini G, Andersen ML, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Lithium and valproate modulate energy metabolism in an animal model of mania induced by methamphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:589-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Marshall JF, O'Dell SJ. Methamphetamine influences on brain and behavior: unsafe at any speed? Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:536-45. [PMID: 22709631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine damages monoamine-containing nerve terminals in the brains of both animals and human drug abusers, and the cellular mechanisms underlying this injury have been extensively studied. More recently, the growing evidence for methamphetamine influences on memory and executive function of human users has prompted studies of cognitive impairments in methamphetamine-exposed animals. After summarizing current knowledge about the cellular mechanisms of methamphetamine-induced brain injury, this review emphasizes research into the brain changes that underlie the cognitive deficits that accompany repeated methamphetamine exposure. Novel approaches to mitigating or reversing methamphetamine-induced brain and behavioral changes are described, and it is argued that the slow spontaneous reversibility of the injury produced by this drug may offer opportunities for novel treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Marshall
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Groman SM, Jentsch JD. Cognitive control and the dopamine D₂-like receptor: a dimensional understanding of addiction. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:295-306. [PMID: 22147558 DOI: 10.1002/da.20897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic complexity of psychiatric conditions is revealed by the dimensional nature of these disorders, which consist of multiple behavioral, affective, and cognitive dysfunctions that can result in substantial psychosocial impairment. The high degree of heterogeneity in symptomatology and comorbidity suggests that simple categorical diagnoses of "affected" or "unaffected" may fail to capture the true characteristics of the disorder in a manner relevant to individualized treatment. A particular dimension of interest is cognitive control ability because impairments in the capacity to control thoughts, feelings, and actions are key to several psychiatric disorders. Here, we describe evidence suggesting that cognitive control over behavior is a crucial dimension of function relevant to addictions. Moreover, dopamine (DA) D(2)-receptor transmission is increasingly being identified as a point of convergence for these behavioral and cognitive processes. Consequently, we argue that measures of cognitive control and D(2) DA receptor function may be particularly informative markers of individual function and treatment response in addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Groman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1563, USA
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Hart CL, Marvin CB, Silver R, Smith EE. Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? A critical review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:586-608. [PMID: 22089317 PMCID: PMC3260986 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing view is that recreational methamphetamine use causes a broad range of severe cognitive deficits, despite the fact that concerns have been raised about interpretations drawn from the published literature. This article addresses an important gap in our knowledge by providing a critical review of findings from recent research investigating the impact of recreational methamphetamine use on human cognition. Included in the discussion are findings from studies that have assessed the acute and long-term effects of methamphetamine on several domains of cognition, including visuospatial perception, attention, inhibition, working memory, long-term memory, and learning. In addition, relevant neuroimaging data are reviewed in an effort to better understand neural mechanisms underlying methamphetamine-related effects on cognitive functioning. In general, the data on acute effects show that methamphetamine improves cognitive performance in selected domains, that is, visuospatial perception, attention, and inhibition. Regarding long-term effects on cognitive performance and brain-imaging measures, statistically significant differences between methamphetamine users and control participants have been observed on a minority of measures. More importantly, however, the clinical significance of these findings may be limited because cognitive functioning overwhelmingly falls within the normal range when compared against normative data. In spite of these observations, there seems to be a propensity to interpret any cognitive and/or brain difference(s) as a clinically significant abnormality. The implications of this situation are multiple, with consequences for scientific research, substance-abuse treatment, and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L Hart
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | - Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward E Smith
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Cumming P, Caprioli D, Dalley JW. What have positron emission tomography and 'Zippy' told us about the neuropharmacology of drug addiction? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1586-604. [PMID: 20846139 PMCID: PMC3166689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and allied technologies offer unrivalled applications in the discovery of biomarkers and aetiological mechanisms relevant to human disease. Foremost among clinical PET findings during the past two decades of addiction research is the seminal discovery of reduced dopamine D(2/3) receptor expression in the striatum of drug addicts, which could indicate a predisposing factor and/or compensatory reaction to the chronic abuse of stimulant drugs. In parallel, recent years have witnessed significant improvements in the performance of small animal tomographs (microPET) and a refinement of animal models of addiction based on clinically relevant diagnostic criteria. This review surveys the utility of PET in the elucidation of neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. It considers the consequences of chronic drug exposure on regional brain metabolism and neurotransmitter function and identifies those areas where further research is needed, especially concerning the implementation of PET tracers targeting neurotransmitter systems other than dopamine, which increasingly have been implicated in the pathophysiology of drug addiction. In addition, this review considers the causal effects of behavioural traits such as impulsivity and novelty/sensation-seeking on the emergence of compulsive drug-taking. Previous research indicates that spontaneously high-impulsive rats--as exemplified by 'Zippy'--are pre-disposed to escalate intravenous cocaine self-administration, and subsequently to develop compulsive drug taking tendencies that endure despite concurrent adverse consequences of such behaviour, just as in human addiction. The discovery using microPET of pre-existing differences in dopamine D(2/3) receptor expression in the striatum of high-impulsive rats suggests a neural endophenotype that may likewise pre-dispose to stimulant addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
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Shima N, Miyawaki I, Bando K, Horie H, Zaitsu K, Katagi M, Bamba T, Tsuchihashi H, Fukusaki E. Influences of methamphetamine-induced acute intoxication on urinary and plasma metabolic profiles in the rat. Toxicology 2011; 287:29-37. [PMID: 21645582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is an illicit psychostimulant, and its abuse has become an international public health problem. MA intoxication can cause life-threatening hyperthermia, renal and liver failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and neurological damage. To investigate the relationship between the underlying mechanism of such intoxication and metabolic networks, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics experiments were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats treated with MA at 10mgkg(-1)h(-1) for 4h. Using a combination of gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry, global and targeted analyses were performed on biological samples collected during 0-24 and 72-96h (for urine), and at 24 and 96h (for plasma) after the last drug administration. Body temperature and plasma biochemical parameters were also measured to detect abnormal reactions in neuronal and other several tissues. 5-Oxoproline, saccharic acid, uracil, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), adipic acid, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, such as fumarate, were proposed as potential biomarkers related to MA-induced intoxications. In particular, the observation of decreased TCA cycle intermediates and 3-HB and increased glucose suggested that high doses of MA inhibit biogenic energy production by glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation via the TCA cycle, and the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. These results may provide not only a clue to clarify the underlying mechanism of diverse intoxication effects, but also biological fluid-based diagnostic and forensic methods with which to objectively demonstrate intoxication without directly determining the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan.
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Liao Y, Tang J, Corlett PR, Wang X, Yang M, Chen H, Liu T, Chen X, Hao W, Fletcher PC. Reduced dorsal prefrontal gray matter after chronic ketamine use. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:42-8. [PMID: 21035788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of ketamine as a recreational drug is spreading rapidly among young people all over the world. Epidemiological studies have linked chronic ketamine use with a number of problems, including cognitive impairments, bladder dysfunction, and ketamine-related death. However, little is known about the long-term effects of ketamine use on brain structure and function. METHODS We used voxel based morphometry in conjunction with statistical parametric mapping on the structural magnetic resonance images of ketamine-dependent (n = 41) and drug-naive control individuals (n = 44) to assess differences in gray matter volume between the two groups. RESULTS We observed significant decreases in gray matter volume in bilateral frontal cortex (left superior frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus) of ketamine users in comparison with control subjects (p < .05 corrected for multiple comparisons at cluster-level). Duration of ketamine use was negatively correlated with gray matter volume in bilateral frontal cortex, whereas the estimated total lifetime ketamine consumption was negatively correlated with gray matter volume in left superior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a reduction in frontal gray matter volume in patients after chronic ketamine use. The link between frontal gray matter attenuation and the duration of ketamine use and cumulative doses of ketamine perhaps suggests a dose-dependent effect of long-term use of the drug. Our results have important connotations for the clinical picture that is likely to emerge with the growing recreational use of ketamine and is also relevant to the status of the drug as a model for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Liao
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
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Karila L, Petit A, Cottencin O, Reynaud M. Dépendance à la méthamphétamine : de nombreuses conséquences et complications. Presse Med 2010; 39:1246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sailasuta N, Abulseoud O, Harris KC, Ross BD. Glial dysfunction in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:950-60. [PMID: 20040926 PMCID: PMC2949186 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Persistent neurochemical abnormalities in frontal brain structures are believed to result from methamphetamine use. We developed a localized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) assay on a conventional MR scanner, to quantify selectively glial metabolic flux rate in frontal brain of normal subjects and a cohort of recovering abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Steady-state bicarbonate concentrations were similar, between 11 and 15 mmol/L in mixed gray-white matter of frontal brain of normal volunteers and recovering methamphetamine-abusing subjects (P>0.1). However, glial (13)C-bicarbonate production rate from [1-(13)C]acetate, equating with glial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle rate, was significantly reduced in frontal brain of abstinent methamphetamine-addicted women (methamphetamine 0.04 micromol/g per min (N=5) versus controls 0.11 micromol/g per min (N=5), P=0.001). This is equivalent to 36% of the normal glial TCA cycle rate. Severe reduction in glial TCA cycle rate that normally comprises 10% of total cerebral metabolic rate may impact operation of the neuronal glial glutamate cycle and result in accumulation of frontal brain glutamate, as observed in these recovering methamphetamine abusers. Although these are the first studies to define directly an abnormality in glial metabolism in human methamphetamine abuse, sequential studies using analogous (13)C MRS methods may determine 'cause and effect' between glial failure and neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napapon Sailasuta
- Clinical Spectroscopy Unit, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California 91105, USA.
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Striatal dopamine d2/d3 receptor availability is reduced in methamphetamine dependence and is linked to impulsivity. J Neurosci 2010; 29:14734-40. [PMID: 19940168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3765-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While methamphetamine addiction has been associated with both impulsivity and striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor deficits, human studies have not directly linked the latter two entities. We therefore compared methamphetamine-dependent and healthy control subjects using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (version 11, BIS-11) and positron emission tomography with [(18)F]fallypride to measure striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor availability. The methamphetamine-dependent subjects reported recent use of the drug 3.3 g per week, and a history of using methamphetamine, on average, for 12.5 years. They had higher scores than healthy control subjects on all BIS-11 impulsiveness subscales (p < 0.001). Volume-of-interest analysis found lower striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability in methamphetamine-dependent than in healthy control subjects (p < 0.01) and a negative relationship between impulsiveness and striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability in the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens that reached statistical significance in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Combining data from both groups, voxelwise analysis indicated that impulsiveness was related to D(2)/D(3) receptor availability in left caudate nucleus and right lateral putamen/claustrum (p < 0.05, determined by threshold-free cluster enhancement). In separate group analyses, correlations involving the head and body of the caudate and the putamen of methamphetamine-dependent subjects and the lateral putamen/claustrum of control subjects were observed at a weaker threshold (p < 0.12 corrected). The findings suggest that low striatal D(2)/D(3) receptor availability may mediate impulsive temperament and thereby influence addiction.
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Cadet JL, McCoy MT, Cai NS, Krasnova IN, Ladenheim B, Beauvais G, Wilson N, Wood W, Becker KG, Hodges AB. Methamphetamine preconditioning alters midbrain transcriptional responses to methamphetamine-induced injury in the rat striatum. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7812. [PMID: 19915665 PMCID: PMC2771908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit drug which is neurotoxic to the mammalian brain. Numerous studies have revealed significant decreases in dopamine and serotonin levels in the brains of animals exposed to moderate-to-large METH doses given within short intervals of time. In contrast, repeated injections of small nontoxic doses of the drug followed by a challenge with toxic METH doses afford significant protection against monoamine depletion. The present study was undertaken to test the possibility that repeated injections of the drug might be accompanied by transcriptional changes involved in rendering the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system refractory to METH toxicity. Our results confirm that METH preconditioning can provide significant protection against METH-induced striatal dopamine depletion. In addition, the presence and absence of METH preconditioning were associated with substantial differences in the identity of the genes whose expression was affected by a toxic METH challenge. Quantitative PCR confirmed METH-induced changes in genes of interest and identified additional genes that were differentially impacted by the toxic METH challenge in the presence of METH preconditioning. These genes include small heat shock 27 kD 27 protein 2 (HspB2), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-fos, and some encoding antioxidant proteins including CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1, and heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox-1). These observations are consistent, in part, with the transcriptional alterations reported in models of lethal ischemic injuries which are preceded by ischemic or pharmacological preconditioning. Our findings suggest that multiple molecular pathways might work in tandem to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway against the deleterious effects of the toxic psychostimulant. Further analysis of the molecular and cellular pathways regulated by these genes should help to provide some insight into the neuroadaptive potentials of the brain when repeatedly exposed to drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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