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Dağ YS, Zengin M, Yayan EH, Dağ S. Understanding the impact of natural disasters on children within fist hours and days after an event: A phenomenological study through the experience of nurses. Int Nurs Rev 2024. [PMID: 39092828 DOI: 10.1111/inr.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are a particularly vulnerable group in natural disasters such as earthquakes, and although they represent a difficult group to research in such situations, there appears to be a lack of literature investigating children's experiences in the immediate post-earthquake period. Experienced nurses can shed light on children's experiences. AIM This study was conducted to examine the experiences of nurses caring for children affected by the earthquake in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. METHODS This phenomenological study was conducted with nurses who provided care to children during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake between May and August 2023. The study sample consisted of 14 nurses selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through in-depth interviews by using the "Introductory Information Form" and "Semi-structured Interview Form" developed by the researchers. The interviews were subsequently analyzed using Colaizzi's method. RESULTS The results revealed five themes under two main themes. Under the main theme of nurse, there are subthemes of chaos, helplessness-incompetence, while under the main theme of child, there are subthemes of unresponsiveness, intertwined needs, empathy, and care. The study also highlights the chaotic environment in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, characterized by a high number of pediatric casualties and psychological trauma, and the nurses' feelings of helplessness as a result of being separated from their families. CONCLUSION This study found that nurses caring for children in the earthquake had difficulties in managing children's hospital processes and they demonstrated an empathic approach by trying to communicate with the children in their care. The nurses stated that children should be supported psychologically as well as having their basic needs such as water, food, and shelter met. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY Health policymakers should be aware that in the early stages of major disasters such as earthquakes, children are not only physically injured but also have basic needs such as water, shelter, and food, and are emotionally affected. It is recommended that disaster management plans be developed to address all children's needs and nurses be provided with psychological support and training to improve their knowledge and skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Suna Dağ
- Firat University, Faculty of Health Sciences, London, Canada
| | - Mürşide Zengin
- Adiyaman University, Faculty of Health Sciences, London, Canada
| | | | - Serhat Dağ
- Inonu University, Vocational School of Health Services, Malatya, Turkey
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Başkale H, Solmaz P. Experiences of adolescents affected by earthquakes: A qualitative study. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2024; 29:e12434. [PMID: 39016873 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to explore the experiences of adolescents affected by the earthquake. DESIGN AND METHODS This study was carried out in a descriptive phenomenological design, which is a qualitative research method. This research was conducted as a qualitative investigation utilizing a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of 12 adolescents through the purposeful snowball sampling method. The interviews were conducted with adolescents who affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in a city located in the west of the country, between March 18, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Semistructured interviews were employed, and the data underwent inductive content analysis. COREQ reporting guidelines were used. RESULTS The participants in this study vividly recounted experiencing intense fear and panic during the earthquake. Subsequent challenges emerged from the lack of coordination in aid efforts, struggles to secure shelter and necessities, and the profound loss of relatives. These adversities posed considerable physical and psychological challenges. Notably, the adolescents' ability to reflect on their past lives and reshape their perspectives proved instrumental in facilitating their adaptation to a new life. However, witnessing the demise of loved ones, grappling with the fear of death and loss, and incessantly discussing the earthquake hindered their adjustment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS We found that adolescents experienced the quakes in three phases: in the moment, postquake, and adaptation to new life. The first theme underscores the limitations of current effectiveness of quake training. This finding has important implications for policy to better prepare the adolescent population for quake disasters. The second theme reveals that the communication and coordination problems experienced after the earthquake enable the weaknesses of the system to be noticed and political steps should be taken in this direction. The third theme focuses on the factors that increase or decrease the psychosocial adaptation of adolescents who have experienced this traumatic experience to the new life. This provides important clues to improve and support adolescent health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Başkale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Perihan Solmaz
- Usak University Health Services Vocational High School Health Care Services Division, Usak, Turkey
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Çiftci N, Yildiz M, Uçar M. Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Death Anxiety, and Insomnia in Adults After the Earthquake. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241256267. [PMID: 38785216 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241256267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, death anxiety, and insomnia in adults after the earthquake. This study, designed in a relational-cross-sectional-descriptive model, was conducted with 624 adult individuals living in a province affected by the earthquake that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023. The study data were collected using a personal information form, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Turkish Death Anxiety Scale, and Bergen Insomnia Scale. The analysis of the study data was performed by using SPSS 25.0, AMOS 24.0, and G*Power 3.1 Statistical package software. A significant positive correlation was found between posttraumatic stress disorder and Insomnia and Death Anxiety (p < .05). There was a significant positive correlation between Death Anxiety and Insomnia (p < .05). It was determined that Death Anxiety has a mediating role in the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on insomnia (95% Confidence Interval: 0.572/1.407) (p < .05). It was determined that the model created in line with the hypotheses was compatible and the model fit indices were within the desired limits, with x2/df = 1.795, RMSEA = 0.03, CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.946, AGFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.95. It was determined that posttraumatic stress disorder increased death anxiety and insomnia after the earthquake. Conducting longitudinal studies on the post-earthquake period is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necmettin Çiftci
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Metin Yildiz
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Uçar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Varto Vocational School, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
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Fernandez A, Askenazy F, Zeghari R, Auby P, Robert P, Thümmler S, Gindt M. Somatic and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children and Adolescents in France. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e247193. [PMID: 38635269 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Somatic symptoms are a major concern among the pediatric population because of frequency and burden. The association between adverse childhood experiences and somatic symptoms in adults is well established but less is known concerning somatic symptoms in young people. Objective To explore the frequency and intensity of somatic symptoms in children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1 to December 31, 2021, at the Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Referral Center in Nice, France. Participants included pediatric outpatients, aged 7 to 17 years, who were referred to the center. Statistical analysis was performed in January 2022. Exposure All participants experienced at least 1 traumatic event during life. Main Outcome and Measure Somatic and posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-13 (PHQ-13) and Child PTSD Checklist (CPC). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and non-PTSD groups were defined based on CPC symptoms severity score. In the hypothesized association between somatic symptoms and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), PTSD and non-PTSD groups were compared, correlations between PTSS and severity of CPC were analyzed, and a regression model was performed. Results There were 363 participants included (mean [SD] age, 13.58 [0.25] years; 174 [47.9%] female, 189 [52.1%] male). Compared with the non-PTSD group, the PTSD group presented with a higher mean (SD) number of somatic symptoms (7.0 [2.5] vs 4.0 [2.5] symptoms; t360 = 11.7; P < .001), and higher mean (SD) intensity (10.4 [4.6] vs 4.8 [3.7] points; t360 = 12.6; P < .001). Most of the explored somatic symptoms positively correlated with the intensity of PTSS and their functional alterations (eg, PTSS intensity correlated with stomach pain symptoms [r = .30; P < .001]; and with headaches symptoms [r = .44; P < .001]). In the regression model, the combination of migraines, palpitation, nausea, tiredness, and sleep disorders explained 6.5% of the variance in the PTSD group. (F1,341 = 22.651; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, somatic symptoms were positively correlated with PTSS both in frequency and intensity among youths. These results suggest that the systematic screening for somatic symptoms in youths with traumatic exposure should be a routine evaluation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fernandez
- Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Centre Régional du Psychotraumatisme PACA, Nice, France
| | - Florence Askenazy
- Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Centre Régional du Psychotraumatisme PACA, Nice, France
| | - Radia Zeghari
- Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Auby
- Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Robert
- Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Susanne Thümmler
- Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Morgane Gindt
- Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center, University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Centre Régional du Psychotraumatisme PACA, Nice, France
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Scimeca LM, Cothran T, Larson JE, Held P. Factor analysis of the neurobehavioral symptom inventory in veterans with PTSD and no history of mild TBI. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:173-180. [PMID: 34860619 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.2007386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that long-term postconcussive symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are associated with underlying physical, emotional, and behavioral conditions. The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) is a measure used to assess neurobehavioral symptoms that can occur following a mTBI and has demonstrated a 3- or 4-factor structure in veterans. The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure of veterans with PTSD without a history of mTBI. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on a sample of 221 treatment-seeking veterans and service members with PTSD and without a history of mTBI. Results supported a 4-factor structure comprised of vestibular, somatic, cognitive, and affective domains in veterans with PTSD. Subsequent, correlational analyses between the four NSI factors and the four subscales of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Fifth Edition (PCL-5) revealed high correspondence between the cognitive and affective factors of the NSI and the negative alterations in mood and cognitions and hyperarousal symptom subscales of PTSD. Collectively, findings demonstrated that the NSI functions similarly in veterans with PTSD with or without a history of mTBI. Findings suggest that neurobehavioral symptoms assessed by the NSI appear to be nonspecific and not explicitly associated with mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Scimeca
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Cothran
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jon E Larson
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip Held
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Fernandez A, Meurice L, Franke F, Vuillermoz C, Gindt M, Askenazy F, Vandentorren S. Impact of the 7/14/2016 Nice terrorist attack on pediatric emergency department visits thanks to syndromic surveillance: a descriptive study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1248993. [PMID: 37915811 PMCID: PMC10616791 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1248993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Study the impact of 14th July 2016 Nice terrorist attack on Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) visits by youth under 18 years of age. Methods PED visits diagnoses (ICD10) were clustered and analyzed based on retrospective data from the syndromic surveillance system of the Children's university hospital of Nice (Southern France). The studied period ranges from 2013 to 2019, i.e., 3 years before and after the terrorist attack of 14th July 2016. Results Among 416,191 PED visits, the number of visits for stress in 4-17 years old appeared to increase in the 3 years after the attack compared to the 3 years before, particularly in September 2016 (acute effect) with 11 visits compared to an average of 2.3 visits per month from September 2013 to 2016 (p = 0.001827). In September 2017, we noticed 21 visits compared to an average of 4.8 visits per month during the following period (2013-2019). In 2017, PED visits for stress among 4-17 year olds were higher in comparison to the other years of the study: 107 visits compared to an annual average of 57. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study of the use of the pediatric care system before and after a terrorist attack involving syndromic surveillance. This suggests acute and long-term effects of the terrorist attack on PED use by youth for mental health issues. Further studies of the pediatric care system involving syndromic surveillance are needed in the context of mass violent events, such as terrorist attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fernandez
- University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Laure Meurice
- Santé publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regional Office, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florian Franke
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Regional Unit (CIRE, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Corsica), Marseille, France
| | - Cecile Vuillermoz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Social Epidemiology Research Team, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Gindt
- University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Florence Askenazy
- University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Vandentorren
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1219, Vintage Team, Bordeaux, France
- Santé publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
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Stancombe J, Williams R, Drury J, Hussey L, Gittins M, Barrett A, French P, Chitsabesan P. Trajectories of distress and recovery, secondary stressors and social cure processes in people who used the resilience hub after the Manchester Arena bombing. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e143. [PMID: 37550867 PMCID: PMC10594089 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terrorist incidents lead to a range of mental health outcomes for people affected, sometimes extending years after the event. Secondary stressors can exacerbate them, and social support can provide mitigation and aid recovery. There is a need to better understand distress and mitigating factors among survivors of the Manchester Arena attack in 2017. AIMS We explored three questions. First, what experiences of distress did participants report? Second, how might secondary stressors have influenced participants' psychosocial recoveries? Third, what part has social support played in the relationships between distress and participants' recovery trajectories? METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of a convenience sample of survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing (N = 84) in January 2021 (3 years 8 months post-incident), and a longitudinal study of the same participants' scores on mental health measures over 3 years from September 2017. RESULTS Survivors' mental well-being scores in early 2021 were significantly lower than general population norms. Longitudinal follow-up provided evidence of enduring distress. Secondary stressors, specifically disruptions to close relationships, were associated with greater post-event distress and slower recovery. We found an indirect relationship between identifying with, and receiving support from, others present at the event and mental well-being >3 years later. CONCLUSIONS The Arena attack has had an enduring impact on mental health, even in survivors who had a mild response to the event. The quality of close relationships is pivotal to long-term outcome. Constructive support from family and friends, and people with shared experiences, are key to social cure processes that facilitate coping and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stancombe
- Young People's Mental Health Research Unit, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Richard Williams
- Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South Wales, UK
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Louise Hussey
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester, Health Innovation Manchester, UK; and School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Alan Barrett
- Manchester Resilience Hub, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, UK
| | - Paul French
- Research and Innovation Department, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Prathiba Chitsabesan
- Research and Innovation Department, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
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Zhao X, Lukito S, Huang X, Qiu C, Tang W. Longitudinal associations between pandemic post-traumatic stress symptoms and subsequent non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: A multiple mediation model. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:707-715. [PMID: 36529405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS PTSD is one of the most common conditions after people have experienced trauma. While previous studies have found a link between PTSD and non-suicidal self-injury, (NSSI), few studies have longitudinally explored this relationship and the underlying mechanisms. AIMS This study explored adolescent NSSI frequency after COVID-19 lockdown experiences, the relationship with early PTSD symptoms, and the mediating role of depression and sleep problems. METHODS A cohort of 1609 adolescents completed two surveys during and after the national lockdown in China; one month into the lockdown and six months later; which assessed demographic and pandemic-related exposure variables; PTSD, depression, sleep, and NSSI. Mediation analyses and hierarchical regression were employed to examine the relationships and the paths between these variables. RESULTS The NSSI rate was found to be 31.9 % after the three-month lockdown, with 20.6 % of adolescent participants reporting sleeping disorders, and 33.9 % indicating probable depression. Adolescents who had earlier PTSD symptoms, often smoked and/or drank, and had current depression and sleep disorders reported greater NSSI. Early PTSD symptoms were found to predict later NSSI and were mediated by sleep problems and depressive symptoms. Specifically, PTSD avoidance and numbing symptoms were significantly associated with NSSI above and beyond the depressive symptoms, sleeping problems, and the other covariables. CONCLUSION It is necessary to be vigilant about the increased risk of NSSI in adolescents who have experienced extended pandemic lockdowns. Preventing early adolescent PTSD symptoms, especially avoidance and numbness, and helping teenagers quit smoking and drinking could reduce the risk of sleep disorders, depression, and NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkui Zhao
- School of Teacher Education, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China; Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Steve Lukito
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changjian Qiu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Lawrence TI, Hong JS, Sopchak KS, Voisin DR. The association between exposure to community violence and somatic symptoms through bullying victimization among African American adolescents in Chicago: A developmental trauma approach. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:1280-1292. [PMID: 36649603 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental trauma theory suggests that traumatic events impede the ability of individuals to form interpersonal relationships, impair cognition, affect, and increase the vulnerability of adolescents to develop psychopathology. However, few studies have examined the applicability of this theory among African American adolescents who were exposed to community violence and adverse outcomes, including bullying victimization and somatic symptoms. AIMS Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to first test the association between exposure to community violence and somatic symptoms. Then, we explored whether bullying victimization mediated the relationship between exposure to community violence and somatic symptoms while controlling for gender differences and substance use (n = 622). RESULTS Results suggest that exposure to community violence is positively associated with somatic symptoms. Moreover, the association between exposure to community violence and somatic symptoms was mediated by bullying victimization. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results were consistent with the developmental trauma theory, such that trauma could increase the vulnerability for future victimization, thus, leading to somatic symptoms. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy I Lawrence
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Jun S Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kelly S Sopchak
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Dexter R Voisin
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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10
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Bhalla A, Bamer AM, Temes C, Roaten K, Carrougher GJ, Schneider JC, Stoddard FJ, Stewart B, Gibran NS, Wiechman SA. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters as Predictors of Pain Interference in Burn Survivors: A Burn Model System National Database Study. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:27-34. [PMID: 35866527 PMCID: PMC9990905 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who experience burns are at higher risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. A synergistic relationship exists between posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. We sought to evaluate the role of individual posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters as predictors of pain interference. We hypothesized that the hyperarousal and emotional numbing symptom clusters would be predictive of pain interference, even when accounting for the other two posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, pain intensity, and other covariates. Multivariate linear regression analyses were completed using data from the Burn Model System National Database. A total of 439 adult participants had complete responses on self-report measures assessing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, pain intensity, and pain interference at 6-month after discharge and were included in analyses. Results indicate hyperarousal (B = .10, p = .03) and emotional numbing (B = .13, p = .01) posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters were each significantly associated with pain interference, even when accounting for pain intensity (B = .64, p < .001). Results highlight the importance of the emotional numbing and hyperarousal posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in explaining pain interference. Findings suggest that when posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms or chronic pain are present, screening for and treating either condition may be warranted to reduce pain interference. Further, psychological interventions that target emotional numbing and hyperarousal posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms may be fruitful for promoting better coping with chronic pain and reducing pain interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Bhalla
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Bamer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christina Temes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Roaten
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey C. Schneider
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederick J. Stoddard
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barclay Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole S. Gibran
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelley A. Wiechman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ren Z, Pak J. Understanding Suffering and Emotion in Chinese Earthquake Survivors: Environment, Society, Body-Mind, and Spirituality. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:2788-2803. [PMID: 35083621 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on posttraumatic experiences has focused heavily on emotional experiences based on predetermined psychopathological standards. In contrast, victims' subjective experiences-especially of indigenous populations-are scarcely discussed. This study used a narrative approach to examine the experiences of 22 Sichuan earthquake survivors who were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. Victims completed semistructured interviews regarding their overall experiences, and analysis of narrative was employed to analyze the data. The current study found that the earthquake brought significant changes to participant lives regarding their (i) environment, (ii) society, (iii) body-mind, and (iv) spiritual dynamics. Each of these key themes and its practical and theoretical implications are discussed along with suggestions for further development and practices of culturally sensitive mental health services for earthquake survivors in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjia Ren
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
| | - Jenny Pak
- Graduate School of Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, USA
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von Känel R, Meister-Langraf RE, Zuccarella-Hackl C, Znoj H, Pazhenkottil AP, Schmid JP, Barth J, Schnyder U, Princip M. Association Between Changes in Post-hospital Cardiac Symptoms and Changes in Acute Coronary Syndrome-Induced Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:852710. [PMID: 35498017 PMCID: PMC9046908 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.852710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAfter acute coronary syndrome (ACS), one in eight patients develops clinically significant symptoms of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that changes in cardiac symptoms from 3 to 12 months after ACS are associated with changes in ACS-induced PTSD symptoms.MethodsAt 3 (n = 154) and/or 12 months (n = 106) post-ACS, patients (n = 156, mean age 59 years, 85% men) completed a clinical interview assessing chest tightness/pain (at rest and/or during exertion), heartbeat symptoms (heart palpitations, racing of heart, heart stumbling or skipping a beat) and PTSD symptoms during the prior 4 weeks. Random mixed regression models examined the association between the onset (or remission) from 3 to 12 months in cardiac symptoms with changes in PTSD symptoms, adjusting for a range of potential predictors of ACS-induced PTSD symptoms.ResultsThe onset of chest tightness/pain [estimate = 0.588, 95% confidence interval: 0.275, 0.090; p < 0.001] and of heartbeat symptoms [0.548 (0.165, 0.931); p = 0.005] from 3 to 12 months was independently associated with an increase in total PTSD symptoms. There were also independent associations between the onset of chest tightness/pain and heartbeat symptoms with an increase in PTSD symptom clusters. Specifically, the onset of chest tightness/pain showed associations with an increase in re-experiencing [0.450 (0.167, 0.733); p = 0.027] and avoidance/numbing [0.287 (0.001, 0.574); p = 0.049]. The onset of heartbeat symptoms showed associations with an increase in re-experiencing [0.392 (0.045, 0.739); p = 0.002], avoidance/numbing [0.513 (0.161, 0.864); p = 0.004] and hyperarousal [0.355 (0.051, 0.659); p = 0.022]. An increase in the total number of cardiac symptoms (score range 0–6) was also associated with an increase in total PTSD symptoms [0.343 (0.202, 0.484); p < 0.001]. Psychotherapy in the post-hospital period moderated the association between the change in heartbeat symptoms and the change in total PTSD symptoms [−0.813 (−1.553, −0.074); p = 0.031 for interaction]; the association between the onset of heart beat symptoms and an increase in total PTSD symptoms was weaker in patients who attended psychotherapy [0.437 (−0.178, 1.052); p = 0.16] than in those who did not [0.825 (0.341, 1.309); p < 0.001].ConclusionChanges in cardiac symptoms between 3 and 12 months after hospitalization are associated with changes in ACS-induced PTSD symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01781247.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Roland von Känel
| | - Rebecca E. Meister-Langraf
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clienia Schlössli AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Zuccarella-Hackl
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Znoj
- Department of Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aju P. Pazhenkottil
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Cardiac Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Clinic Gais AG, Gais, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Barth
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mary Princip
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Shimomura H. Emotional Problems in Pediatric Headache Patients. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; 26:469-474. [DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Stancombe J, Williams R, Drury J, Collins H, Lagan L, Barrett A, French P, Chitsabesan P. People's experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e41. [PMID: 35109959 PMCID: PMC8867861 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distress after major incidents is widespread among survivors. The great majority do not meet the criteria for mental health disorders and rely on psychosocial care provided by their informal networks and official response services. There is a need to better understand their experiences of distress and psychosocial care needs. AIMS The aims of our study were to enhance understanding of the experience of distress among people present at the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017, identify their experiences of psychosocial care after the incident and learn how to better deliver and target effective psychosocial care following major incidents. METHOD We conducted a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 18 physically non-injured survivors of the Manchester Arena attack, who registered with the NHS Manchester Resilience Hub. RESULTS Distress was ubiquitous, with long-lasting health and social consequences. Initial reluctance to seek help from services was also common. Early and open access to authoritative sources of information and emotional support, and organised events for survivors, were viewed as helpful interventions. Inappropriate forms of psychosocial and mental healthcare were common and potent stressors that affected coping and recovery. CONCLUSIONS This paper extends our understanding of how people react to major events. Provision for the large group of people who are distressed and require psychosocial care may be inadequate after many incidents. There is a substantial agenda for developing awareness of people's needs for psychosocial interventions, and training practitioners to deliver them. The findings have substantial implications for policy and service design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stancombe
- Young People's Mental Health Research Unit, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Richard Williams
- Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South Wales, UK
| | - John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Hannah Collins
- Complex Trauma and Resilience Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - Alan Barrett
- Manchester Resilience Hub, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, UK
| | - Paul French
- Research and Innovation Department, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Prathiba Chitsabesan
- Young People's Mental Health Research Unit, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
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15
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Jian Y, Hu T, Zong Y, Tang W. Relationship between post-traumatic disorder and posttraumatic growth in COVID-19 home-confined adolescents: The moderating role of self-efficacy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 35018083 PMCID: PMC8736319 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has been traumatogenic for some people, posttraumatic growth (PTG) outcomes have also been observed. This study examined the PTG in adolescents and the moderating effect of self-efficacy on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and PTG. An online questionnaire was conducted on 2090 adolescent Chinese students to measure COVID-19 related exposure, self-efficacy, PTSD, and PTG. PTG prevalence was found in 20.6% of the sample, with the relationship between PTSD and PTG being found to be a reverse U-shaped curve. Objective exposure factors were found to be closely associated with PTSD symptoms but not with PTG. Similarly, subjective feelings of extreme fear were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms but not with PTG. Self-efficacy was found to be positively correlated with PTG (r = 0.551) and to moderate the relationship between PTSD and PTG. For those with low self-efficacy, the higher the PTSD, the higher the PTG, and for those with high self-efficacy, the higher the PTSD, the lower the PTG. As an improved sense of self-efficacy in adolescents could promote positive psychological transformations, these results could assist in identifying self-efficacy levels and providing guidance for targeted psychological interventions to promote positive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Jian
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zong
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610065 China
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Mental Health Center, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610065 China
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16
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Van Dyk TR, Krietsch KN, King CD, Byars KC. Prevalence of somatic and pain complaints and associations with sleep disturbance in adolescents with insomnia presenting to a behavioral sleep medicine clinic. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:151-160. [PMID: 34251332 PMCID: PMC8807915 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep problems are highly comorbid with pediatric pain, yet there is a dearth of research on how pain and somatic complaints impact adolescent insomnia presentation and response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). This study aims to (1) determine the prevalence of parent-reported somatic/pain complaints in adolescents with insomnia presenting to a behavioral sleep clinic, (2) assess the impact of somatic/pain complaints on initial sleep presentation, and (3) assess the impact of baseline somatic/pain complaints on response to CBT-I. METHODS Participants included adolescents (n = 375) presenting to a behavioral sleep medicine center with a primary diagnosis of insomnia. As a part of clinical care, pre-evaluation measures were completed including the Pediatric Insomnia Severity Index, Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale, Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale, and Child Behavior Checklist. The Somatic Syndrome Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist measured somatic complaints and teens were categorized as endorsing pain if reported to experience aches/pains, headaches, or stomachaches. Adolescents completed the Pediatric Insomnia Severity Index at end of treatment. RESULTS Most adolescents had parent-reported somatic (61.1%) and/or pain complaints: headaches (66.6%), stomachaches (48.5%), and aches/pains (45.1%). Greater somatic and pain complaints predicted a worse sleep presentation at intake (all P < .05). After controlling for insomnia severity at intake, neither end-of-treatment insomnia severity nor treatment status were predicted by somatic and pain complaints at intake. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that parent-reported somatic/pain complaints are prevalent in > 50% of adolescents seeking behavioral insomnia treatment. Although complaints are associated with more severe insomnia at intake, they do not appear to interfere with treatment response. CITATION Van Dyk TR, Krietsch KN, King CD, Byars KC. Prevalence of somatic and pain complaints and associations with sleep disturbance in adolescents with insomnia presenting to a behavioral sleep medicine clinic. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(1):151-160.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori R. Van Dyk
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California,Address correspondence to: Tori R. Van Dyk, PhD, Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, 11130 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92350;
| | - Kendra N. Krietsch
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher D. King
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,Center for Understanding Pediatric Pain (CUPP), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kelly C. Byars
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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17
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Do somatic symptoms relate to PTSD and gender after earthquake exposure? A cross-sectional study on young adult survivors in Italy. CNS Spectr 2021; 26:268-274. [PMID: 32248878 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852920000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence confirms a strict relationship between mental disorders and physical health. Particularly, stressful life events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been closely correlated with various physical disorders and somatic symptoms, such as chronic pain, gastrointestinal disorders, and headaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the emergence of somatic symptoms in a sample of young adult survivors 21 months after exposure to the L'Aquila 2009 earthquake, with particular attention to PTSD and gender impact. METHODS Four hundred and fifty high-school senior students (253 male and 197 female) exposed to the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, 21 months earlier, were enrolled and evaluated by the Trauma and Loss Spectrum Self-Report (TALS-SR), for symptomatological PTSD, and the Mood Spectrum Self-Report-Lifetime Version (MOODS-SR) "rhythmicity and vegetative functions" domain, for somatic symptoms. RESULTS Significantly higher rates of endorsement of the MOODS-SR somatic symptoms emerged in survivors with PTSD compared to those without. Females reported higher rates of endorsement of at least one MOODS-SR somatic symptom compared to males; however, a Decision Tree model and a two-way analysis of variance model confirmed a significant effect of PTSD only. A multivariate logistical regression showed a significant association between the presence of at least one MOOD-SR somatic symptom and re-experiencing and maladaptive coping TALS-SR domains. CONCLUSION This study corroborates a relevant impact of symptomatological PTSD, across both the genders, on somatic symptoms occurring in young adults after months from exposure to a massive earthquake.
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18
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Hu T, Wang Y, Lin L, Tang W. The mediating role of daytime sleepiness between problematic smartphone use and post-traumatic symptoms in COVID-19 home-refined adolescents. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2021; 126:106012. [PMID: 33846662 PMCID: PMC8028598 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 was first recognized in late 2019 in China, at which time school closures forced most students to isolate at home or maintain social distance, both of which increased smartphone use, daytime sleepiness and post traumatic disorder (PTSD) risks. However, to date, no research has fully explored these behavioral risks or the consequences. Methods Two thousand and ninety home-confined students from two Chinese high schools participated in an online-based questionnaire battery that assessed their sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 related exposures, daytime sleepiness, problematic smartphone use, and PTSD. The subsequent data were subjected to mediation analysis, and structural equation models (SEM) were employed to explore the variable relationships. Results The problematic smartphone use, daytime sleepiness and PTSD prevalence were respectively 16.4%, 20.2% and 6.9%. The number of COVID-19 related exposure was directly associated with problematic smartphone use and PTSD symptoms. Problematic smartphone use was found to be a mediator between COVID-19 related exposure and PTSD symptoms, and daytime sleepiness was found to partially mediate the associations between problematic smartphone use and PTSD. Conclusions The more exposure associated with the pandemic, the more psychological and behavioral problems the adolescents had. The relatively high rate of problematic smartphone use in home isolated adolescents possibly increased the risk of daytime sleepiness and psychological problems. Therefore, targeted improvements are needed to reduce the risk of psychological problems and daytime sleepiness in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Stensland SØ, Thoresen S, Jensen T, Wentzel-Larsen T, Dyb G. Early Pain and Other Somatic Symptoms Predict Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Survivors of Terrorist Attacks: The Longitudinal Utøya Cohort Study. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:1060-1070. [PMID: 32662140 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Survivors of traumatic events commonly suffer from long-term pain and related somatic symptomatology. To test the predominant hypothesis that survivors' pain comprises sequela of persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), we assessed the sequential order of symptom development among young survivors of a terrorist attack. All 490 survivors of the 2011 Utøya (Norway) attacks were invited to the longitudinal Utøya cohort study; 355 (72.4%) participated. The mean survivor age was 19.3 years (SD = 4.6) and 169 were female (47.6%). Somatic symptoms, including headache, other pain and fatigue, and PTSS, were measured 4-5 months (T1), 14-16 months (T2), and 32-33 months (T3) after the attack. Longitudinal associations between somatic symptoms and PTSS were assessed in cross-lagged structural equation model (SEM) analyses, which were adjusted for known confounders. Higher pain levels and other somatic symptoms at T1 consistently predicted PTSS at T2 in SEM analyses, r = .473, p < .001. Beyond this early-to-intermediate posttraumatic phase, somatic symptoms did not significantly predict PTSS: T2-T3, r = .024, p = .831; T1-T3, r = -.074, p = .586. PTSS did not significantly predict later somatic symptomatology at T1-T2, r = .093, p = .455; T2-T3, r = .272, p = .234; or T1-T3, r = -.279, p = .077. The findings indicate that survivors' early pain and related somatic symptoms strongly and consistently predict later psychopathology. After severe psychological trauma, early interventions may need to address individuals' pain to hinder chronification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synne Øien Stensland
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.,Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health (FORMI), Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Thoresen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine Jensen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Wentzel-Larsen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grete Dyb
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Huang CC, Torres V, Jacob E. Challenges and Lessons Learned From Short-Term Medical Service Trips in Global Communities. J Nurse Pract 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ge F, Li Y, Yuan M, Zhang J, Zhang W. Identifying predictors of probable posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents with earthquake exposure: A longitudinal study using a machine learning approach. J Affect Disord 2020; 264:483-493. [PMID: 31759663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has identified risk factors associated with individuals with trauma exposure who develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). How to combine risk factors to predict probable PTSD in young survivors using machine learning is limited. The study aimed to integrated multiple measures at 2 weeks after the earthquake using machine learning for the prediction of probable PTSD at 3 months after earthquake. METHODS A total of 2099 young survivors with earthquake exposure were included. We integrated multiple domains of variables to 'train' a machine learning algorithm (XGBoost). Thirty-one combination types were implemented and evaluated. The resulting XGBoost was utilized in identifying individual participants as either probable PTSD or no PTSD. RESULTS Any combination type predicted young survivor probable PTSD, with prediction accuracies ranging between 66%-80% (p < 0.05). In particular, the combination of earthquake experience, everyday functioning, somatic symptoms and sleeping correctly predicted 683 out of 802 cases of probable PTSD, translating to a classical accuracy of 74.476% (85.156% sensitivity and 60.366% specificity) and an area under the curve of 0.80. The most relevant variables (e.g. age, sex, property loss and a sedentary lifestyle) revealed in the present study. LIMITATIONS Participants from a specific district might limit the generalizability of our results. Self-report questionnaires and non-standardized measures were used to assess symptoms. CONCLUSION Detection of probable PTSD according to self-reported measurement data is feasible, may improve operational efficiencies via enabling targeted intervention, before manifestation of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Ge
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital and Disaster Medicine Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Li
- Embedded System and Intelligent Computing Laboratory, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Minlan Yuan
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital and Disaster Medicine Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Mental Health Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan, P. R. China.
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22
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Soulan X, Lavandier A, Joboory SA, Brilland S, Bouchard JP. [Psychological trauma of the adolescent]. REVUE DE L'INFIRMIERE 2020; 69:34-36. [PMID: 32327059 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When subjected to potentially traumatic events, adolescents can develop psychological trauma with varying levels of severity. For both preventive and therapeutic purposes, these psychological traumas should be assessed and managed by psychologists and/or psychiatrists who are well trained and experienced in performing these complex professional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Soulan
- Centre d'accueil spécialisé dans le repérage et le traitement des traumatismes psychiques (Caspertt), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31, rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Cellule d'urgence médico-psychologique (CUMP) de Bordeaux, centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, 121, rue de la Béchade, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Alix Lavandier
- Centre d'accueil spécialisé dans le repérage et le traitement des traumatismes psychiques (Caspertt), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31, rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Samantha Al Joboory
- Centre d'accueil spécialisé dans le repérage et le traitement des traumatismes psychiques (Caspertt), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 31, rue des Cavaillès, 33310 Lormont, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Sophie Brilland
- Centre Paofai, 401, boulevard de la Reine-Pomare-IV, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10 avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France.
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Ren R, Tang X. Bidirectional associations of insomnia symptoms with somatic complaints and posttraumatic stress disorder in child and adolescent earthquake survivors: a longitudinal study. Sleep Breath 2019; 24:311-320. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-019-01955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Trajectories of PTSD symptoms among children who survived the Lushan earthquake: A four-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2019; 252:421-427. [PMID: 31003111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among child survivors of the Lushan earthquake by using latent category growth analysis. METHODS In total, 304 students from a school located in Lushan County were assessed by UCLA PTSD-RI at 1.5, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months after the earthquake. The children ages ranged from 9 to 17 years old at the time of the first assessment, and the sample included 140 males and 164 females. RESULTS Four trajectories of PTSD symptoms were found, namely, resilience (53.8%), low symptoms (32.6%), recovery (7.0%), and chronic dysfunction (6.6%). Then, a logistic regression analysis that controlled for gender and grade showed that compared with the resilience group, children with an injury or probable acute stress disorder (ASD) were likely to be in the recovery group, children with probable ASD were more likely to be in the low-symptoms group, and children with a bad relationship with their father were more likely to be in the chronic group. LIMITATIONS The participants were selected by convenience principle. All children received an intervention after the earthquake. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increasing children's social support may relieve children's PTSD symptoms. We should consider both perceived threat and object exposure in future studies. The posttraumatic stress response was very high and was unstable during the first month after the earthquake, which suggests that psychological first aid is necessary in posttraumatic events.
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Tang W, Xu D, Li B, Lu Y, Xu J. The relationship between the frequency of suicidal ideation and sleep disturbance factors among adolescent earthquake victims in China. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2018; 55:90-97. [PMID: 30448743 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the frequency of suicidal ideation (SI) and identify exposure variables, mental health, and sleep-related risk factors of SI among adolescents following the 2013 Ya'an earthquake. METHODS Participants consisted of 5563 adolescent students selected through random sampling from 11 primary and high schools in the counties most severely affected by the earthquake. They were asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders. Multinomial logistic analysis was used to identify possible relationships between SI and psychopathology, sleep problems, earthquake exposures or demographic characteristics. The mediation analysis was used to identify direct and indirect effects among sleep problems, psychopathology, earthquake exposures and SI. RESULTS Our findings suggest that 29.5% of the sample experienced SI during the past year (12.9% once, 11.9% twice, 2.6% on 3-4 occasions and 2.1% on at least 5 occasions). Multiple sleeping problems, including trouble falling asleep, shorter sleep duration, and daytime dysfunction, showed independent associations with SI. The mediation analysis suggested that depression and anxiety mainly mediated the association of sleep with SI. LIMITATIONS This study was cross-sectional and did not include controls. No baseline data were collected prior to the earthquake. CONCLUSION SI can be a serious problem among adolescents following a major earthquake, especially those who are older, who live in one-child households, or who are female. Years after a disaster, we found that exposure severity, psychopathology and sleep impairment all contributed to SI, and that earthquake exposure may have disrupted sleep and worsened mood, which in turn may have impacted SI. By enhancing teenagers' sleep management and shaping their activities, post-disaster intervention programs may help prevent SI among Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Tang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Mental Health Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dun Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Mental Health Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuping Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescent earthquake victims: comorbidity and associated sleep-disturbing factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:1241-1251. [PMID: 30109368 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aimed to examine the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and their comorbidity and correlation with sleep problems among adolescent survivors 3 years after the 2013 Ya'an earthquake. METHODS A representative sample of 6132 adolescent students was analysed from 11 primary and high schools in the three counties most severely affected by the earthquake. Students were invited to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, and Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders. RESULTS Three years after this major earthquake, 1-month prevalence of mental health problems was 13.1% for PTSD, 37.3% for anxiety, and 19.8% for depression. Among the participants who reported PTSD, 71.5% also reported anxiety, and 49.7% also reported depression. At least half of those with any type of mental health problem reported concurrent sleeping problems. Specific sleep risk factors were independently associated with increased risk of PTSD, depression or anxiety. Girls were more likely than boys to exhibit symptoms of PTSD, depression or anxiety. Older adolescents were more likely to have depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Mental health problems are prevalent with high comorbidity and are associated with sleep-related problems among adolescent survivors, even years after the occurrence of a major earthquake. Nightmares and difficulty initiating sleep are independently associated with PTSD. Insufficient sleep is independently associated with anxiety and depression. Sleep-related problems may be effective targets of preventive interventions, which may need to be optimised for gender and age.
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Lai BS, Osborne MC, Lee N, Self-Brown S, Esnard AM, Kelley ML. Trauma-informed schools: Child disaster exposure, community violence and somatic symptoms. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:586-592. [PMID: 29945077 PMCID: PMC7482407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increasing prevalence of natural disasters, trauma-informed school settings should include efficient methods for assessing child health and mental health in post-disaster environments. To develop such methods, factors that contribute to children's vulnerability and key signs of distress reactions after disasters need to be understood. To address these issues, we evaluated pre-disaster community violence exposure as a vulnerability factor for children's post-disaster reactions and somatic symptoms as a key post-disaster outcome. METHODS We evaluated 426 children exposed to Hurricane Katrina at two timepoints (3-7 months and 13-17 months post-disaster). Structural equation models evaluated community violence exposure, hurricane exposure, and posttraumatic stress and somatic symptoms. RESULTS Community violence exposure was associated with increased levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms among disaster-impacted youth, and did not moderate the relationship between disaster exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with somatic symptoms in the short-term recovery period (3-7 months), but not associated with somatic symptoms during the longer-term recovery period (13-17 months). LIMITATIONS This study did not include school-level factors, and somatic symptoms were based on parent reports. The study did not include parent functioning information or distinguish between whether somatic symptoms were medical or functional in nature. CONCLUSIONS Post-disaster school-based screeners may need to incorporate questions related to children's past exposure to community violence and their somatic symptoms to provide trauma-informed care for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S. Lai
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College, United States,Corresponding author. (B.S. Lai)
| | | | - NaeHyung Lee
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, United States
| | | | - Ann-Margaret Esnard
- Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, United States
| | - Mary Lou Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States
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Tang W, Lu Y, Yang Y, Xu J. An epidemiologic study of self-reported sleep problems in a large sample of adolescent earthquake survivors: The effects of age, gender, exposure, and psychopathology. J Psychosom Res 2018; 113:22-29. [PMID: 30190044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence of sleep problems and their associated risk factors in child and adolescent survivors three years after the 2013 Ya'an earthquake. METHODS A total of 6132 adolescent survivors aged 9-18 years were invited to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders. Logistic analysis was used to identify possible relationships of sleep disturbance scores with earthquake exposures, mental health and demographic characteristics. RESULTS More than a quarter of the sample showed sleep problems of some kind, with 23.1% sleeping fewer than 7 h per night, 32.5% having difficulty falling asleep, 24.2% having difficulty remaining asleep, 25.3% having poor sleep quality, 17.4% having nightmares and 44.6% having difficulty functioning during daytime hours. Older participants were at a significantly higher risk of sleep issues than younger children (OR 2.89), and the subjects had significantly elevated risks of probable anxiety (OR 3.47), probable depression (OR 2.45), and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (OR 1.89). Other risk factors for sleep problems were earthquake exposure variables, including being injured (OR 1.42), having a parent injured (OR 1.27), witnessing death (OR 1.32) or feeling extremely scared (OR 1.22) in the Ya'an earthquake. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbances are common in adolescent earthquake survivors, and they are associated with age, gender, psychiatric symptoms and factors related to earthquake exposure. These results highlight the importance of development- and gender-specific interventions to prevent sleep disturbances after a major earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Tang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuping Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Xu J, Wang Y, Tang W. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Longmenshan adolescents at three years after the 2013 Lushan earthquake. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2018; 54:45-51. [PMID: 29861052 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Longmenshan thrust fault area at three years after the 2013 earthquake in Lushan, China. Most respondents (60.8%) had also been exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Probable PTSD was identified based on the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist and Earthquake Experience Scale. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of probable PTSD. RESULTS Probable PTSD prevalence was 14.1% among all respondents (n = 3851), 15.9% among those who had been exposed to the 2008 and 2013 earthquakes (n = 2342) and 11.3% among those who had experienced only the 2013 earthquake (n = 1509). Earthquake-related factors most strongly associated with probable PTSD were feeling scared of dying and exposure to the Wenchuan earthquake. The negative life event most strongly associated with probable PTSD was academic stress. CONCLUSION Among survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake, risk of probable PTSD was significantly higher if the person had also been exposed to the Wenchuan earthquake. Researchers and health care workers should pay more attention to adolescent earthquake survivors, especially those who experienced both the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes. Providing psychological care and preventing negative events may be effective measures for reducing PTSD after an earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China; Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Geng F, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Fan F. A Longitudinal Study of Recurrent Experience of Earthquake and Mental Health Problems Among Chinese Adolescents. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1259. [PMID: 30079047 PMCID: PMC6062966 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effects of recurrent exposure to disasters on adolescents’ mental health have rarely been studied. We examined the effects of two earthquake experiences 5 years apart in a longitudinal cohort of Chinese adolescents. Methods: A total of 858 adolescents were assessed in September, 2011 (3.5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, 1.5 years before Ya’an earthquake, T1) and April, 2013 (1 week after the Ya’an earthquake, T2). Participants’ Wenchuan earthquake experiences and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression were assessed at T1, and their Ya’an earthquake experiences, Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), PTSD, and depression were assessed at T2. Results: Structural equation models showed a positive relationship between Ya’an earthquake experiences and symptoms of ASD, PTSD, and depression at T2. T1 PTSD symptoms significantly increased T2 ASD, PTSD, and depression symptoms, and also mediated the relationships between Wenchuan earthquake experiences and T2 ASD, PTSD, and depression symptoms. T1 Depression symptoms also significantly increased T2 ASD, PTSD, and depression symptoms, but only mediated the association between Wenchuan earthquake experiences and T2 depression symptoms. In addition, Wenchuan earthquake experiences moderated the effects of Ya’an earthquake experiences on ASD symptoms and PTSD symptoms but not depression. Conclusion: Repeated to exposure to disasters have adverse additive effects on adolescents’ mental health. Adolescents who experience one disaster may be sensitive to the negative impact of subsequent ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulei Geng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxin Liang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Fan
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Porter KE, Stein MB, Martis B, Avallone KM, McSweeney LB, Smith ER, Simon NM, Gargan S, Liberzon I, Hoge CW, Rauch SAM. Postconcussive symptoms (PCS) following combat-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Influence of TBI, PTSD, and depression on symptoms measured by the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:8-13. [PMID: 29554536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is commonly reported in recent combat Veterans. While the majority resolve, some Veterans develop postconcussive symptoms (PCS). Previous research suggests these symptoms are not specific to head injury and are often associated with psychiatric symptoms. The current study examines the relative contributions of posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and TBI on postconcussive symptoms, and explores whether the relationship remains after controlling for symptom overlap. Two hundred eighteen combat Veterans from Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) provided the data for this study as part of a baseline evaluation for inclusion into larger treatment study for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the Brief Traumatic Brain Injury Screen (BTBIS), Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), PTSD Checklist-Stressor Version (PCL-S), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Significant differences in NSI total score between individuals with and without history of TBI were not found. A series of regression analyses demonstrated that Depression and PTSD were significant predictors of NSI score even after removal of NSI symptoms that overlap with PTSD or depression. TBI status was also a significant predictor of PCS in most models, but its relative contribution was much smaller than that of depression and PTSD. Within PTSD symptoms, hyperarousal cluster was a significant predictor of NSI scores. Findings demonstrate that depression and PTSD are related to PCS beyond similarities in construct. Further, within a primarily PTSD treatment-seeking population, these psychiatric symptoms appear to be a stronger contributor than TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Porter
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Murray B Stein
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian Martis
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kimberly M Avallone
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren B McSweeney
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin R Smith
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naomi M Simon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Israel Liberzon
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles W Hoge
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sheila A M Rauch
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Stensland SØ, Zwart JA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Dyb G. The headache of terror. Neurology 2017; 90:e111-e118. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo elaborate the risk of headache among adolescent survivors exposed to terror.MethodsOn July 22, 2011, a lone man opened gunfire, killing 69 people at a summer camp for adolescents on the Utøya islet in Norway. All 358 adolescent survivors 13 to 20 years of age were invited to participate in the Utøya interview study. Among the 213 (59%) respondents, half (49%) were male, the mean age was 17.7 years, and 13 (6%) were severely injured. For each survivor, 8 matched controls were drawn from the population-based Young-HUNT3 Study, conducted between 2006 and 2008, with a participation rate of 73%. Recurrent migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) over the past 3 months served as main outcomes and were measured 4 to 5 months after the mass shooting with a validated headache interview, in accordance with the International Classification of Headache Disorders.ResultsAfter exposure to terror, the odds ratio for migraine was 4.27 (95% confidence interval 2.54–7.17) and for TTH was 3.39 (95% confidence interval 2.22–5.18), as estimated in multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for injury, sex, age, family structure and economy, prior exposure to physical or sexual violence, and psychological distress. The observed increased risk of headache in survivors was related largely to an increase in weekly and daily headaches.ConclusionsExposure to terror increases risk of persistent weekly and daily migraine and TTH in adolescent survivors, above expected levels. The terrors of other violence may similarly increase the risk of frequent headaches. After severe psychological traumas, interventions may need to address survivors' pain to hinder chronification.
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Tang B, Deng Q, Glik D, Dong J, Zhang L. A Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults and Children after Earthquakes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121537. [PMID: 29292778 PMCID: PMC5750955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PTSD is considered the most common negative psychological reactions among survivors following an earthquake. The present study sought to find out the determinants of PTSD in earthquake survivors using a systematic meta-analysis. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycInfo) were used to search for observational studies about PTSD following earthquakes. The literature search, study selection, and data extraction were conducted independently by two authors. 52 articles were included in the study. Summary estimates, subgroup analysis, and publication bias tests were performed on the data. The prevalence of PTSD after earthquakes ranged from 4.10% to 67.07% in adults and from 2.50% to 60.00% in children. For adults, the significant predictors were being female, low education level or socio-economic status, prior trauma; being trapped, experiencing fear, injury, or bereavement during the disaster. For children, the significant predictors were being older age, high education level; being trapped, experiencing fear, injury, or bereavement, witnessing injury/death during the earthquakes. Our study provides implications for the understanding of risk factors for PTSD among earthquake survivors. Post-disaster mental health recovery programs that include early identification, on-going monitoring, and sustained psychosocial support are needed for earthquake survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Tang
- Department of Health Service, College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qiangyu Deng
- Department of Health Service, College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Deborah Glik
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Junqiang Dong
- Department of Health Service, College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Health Service, College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and its Predictors in Adolescents After Earthquake in China. J Nerv Ment Dis 2017; 205:821. [PMID: 28961601 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mollayeva T, D'Souza A, Mollayeva S, Colantonio A. Post-Traumatic Sleep-Wake Disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:38. [PMID: 28343323 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms that face a traumatic life event are susceptible to sleep-wake disturbances. Stress, which can result in trauma, evokes a high level of physiological arousal associated with sympathetic nervous system activation, during both sleep and wakefulness. Heredity, sex hormones, early losses, developmental factors and intra- and interpersonal conflicts, contribute to the level of baseline physiological arousal, producing either subclinical, clinical or complex clinical traits, acutely and at any time after exposure to a traumatic event. The risk of acute sleep-wake disturbances becoming disorders and syndromes depends on the type of traumatic event and all of the aforementioned factors. Taken together, with consideration for behavioural and environmental heterogeneity, in research, will aid identification and understanding of susceptibility factors in long-term sleep and wakefulness pathology after exposure to traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Mollayeva
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 550 University Avenue, Rm 11207, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada. .,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Acquired Brain Injury Research Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Andrea D'Souza
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto-Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Shirin Mollayeva
- Graduate Biology Department, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Angela Colantonio
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 550 University Avenue, Rm 11207, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Acquired Brain Injury Research Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cox RC, Tuck BM, Olatunji BO. Sleep Disturbance in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Epiphenomenon or Causal Factor? Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:22. [PMID: 28321643 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to integrate recent findings on sleep disturbance and PTSD, examine sleep disturbance as a causal factor in the development of PTSD, and identify future directions for research, treatment, and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research highlights a relationship between both objective and subjective sleep disturbance and PTSD across diverse samples. Sleep disturbance also predicts PTSD over time. Finally, treatments targeting sleep disturbance lead to decreased PTSD symptoms, while standard PTSD treatments conclude with residual sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbance may be more than a mere epiphenomenon of PTSD. Future research examining the causal role of sleep disturbance in the development of PTSD, as well as the utility of targeting sleep disturbance in prevention and treatment, is necessary to fully understand the likely bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Cox
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Breanna M Tuck
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Bunmi O Olatunji
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
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Tang W, Zhao J, Lu Y, Yan T, Wang L, Zhang J, Xu J. Mental health problems among children and adolescents experiencing two major earthquakes in remote mountainous regions: A longitudinal study. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 72:66-73. [PMID: 27744270 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Millions of children were exposed to major earthquake in China, with serious psychological and developmental consequences. To obtain accurate rate of post-disaster related disorder and identify predictors may help inform post-disaster rescue and rehabilitation efforts. The present longitudinal study explored correlations of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of juvenile survivors of the Ya'an and Wenchuan earthquakes in China with their trajectories of post-disaster related disorder. METHODS A total of 435 Chinese children and adolescents who survived the 2013 Ya'an earthquake were recruited from six primary, secondary and high schools in Baoxing County. All survivors were assessed at 12months after the disaster, when a trained psychiatrist assessed mental health problems in a face-to-face structured interview, and 153 survivors were followed up at 30months after the earthquake via telephone. RESULTS The 12-month assessment indicated a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence of 43.9% as well as depression (20.9%) or the criteria for both PTSD and depression (18.2%) and the other disorder (0.9%). The 30-month assessment indicated that 15.7% of subjects met the criteria for PTSD, 21.6% met the criteria for depression. No subjects met the criteria for other affective or anxiety disorders. Significant predictors of PTSD and depression were death in the family, previous earthquake experience, a poor parent-child relationship and economic pressure or poverty. LIMITATIONS Clinical interview face to face is quite different from via telephone and the attrition rate in the longitudinal cohort is high, which would directly affect our results of the assessment. CONCLUSIONS PTSD and depression may be as prevalent and persistent in disaster victims in China as elsewhere, and high co-comorbidities remain poorly understood. Although many adolescents recover over time, some exhibit chronic, delayed-onset PTSD and depression, especially those with poor relationships with their parents or those living in precarious economic conditions. Family-based therapy may be needed to support child and adolescent trauma survivors in order to prevent mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Tang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingdong Zhao
- Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; School of Post-disaster Reconstruction and Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People' Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jiuping Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Du C, Zhu S, Huang Y, Tian Y, Chen D, Li H, Gong Y, Zhang M, Gu B. Prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder among teachers 3 months after the Lushan earthquake: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4298. [PMID: 27442675 PMCID: PMC5265792 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Teachers and students often suffer from the same disaster. The prevalence of PTSD in students has been given great attention. However, in acting as mentors to students and their families, teachers are more likely to have vicarious and indirect exposure via hearing stories of their aftermath and witnessing the consequences of traumatic events. There are limited data pertaining to the prevalence of PTSD and its risk factors among teachers. A total of 316 teachers from 21 primary and secondary schools in Baoxing County were administered a project-developed questionnaire which included the items regarding demographic characteristics, earthquake-related experiences, somatic discomforts, emotional reactions, support status, and everyday functioning 2 weeks after the Lushan earthquake, and they finished a 1-to-1 telephone interview for addressing the PTSD criteria of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) 3 months after the earthquake. The prevalence of PTSD was 24.4% among teachers. Somatic discomforts (odds ratio [OR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-3.37) were positive risk factors of PTSD. Perceived social support (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.62) and being able to calm down (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09-0.75) in teaching were negative risk factors. PTSD is commonly seen among teachers after an earthquake, and risk factors of PTSD were identified. These findings may help those providing psychological health programs to find the teachers who are at high risk of PTSD in schools after an earthquake in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changhui Du
- Science and Education Information Department, Chengdu Center of Disease Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Shenyue Zhu
- Education Supervision Department, Baoxing County Education Bureau, Yaan, China
| | - Yalin Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Decao Chen
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haimin Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Gong
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gu
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- Correspondence: Bo Gu, Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (e-mail: )
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Dai W, Chen L, Lai Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu A. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:188. [PMID: 27267874 PMCID: PMC4895994 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychological disorder caused by unusual threats or catastrophic events. Little is known about the combined incidence of PTSD after earthquakes. This study aimed at evaluating the combined incidence of PTSD among survivors after earthquakes using systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and PsycARTICLES were searched for relevant articles in this study. Loney criteria were used to assess the quality of eligible articles. The combined incidence of PTSD was estimated by using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation method. Subgroup analyses were conducted using the following variables: the time of PTSD assessment, gender, educational level, marital status, damage to one's house, bereavement, injury of body and witnessing death. RESULTS Forty-six eligible articles containing 76,101 earthquake survivors met the inclusion criteria, of which 17,706 were diagnosed as having PTSD. Using a random effects model, the combined incidence of PTSD after earthquakes was 23.66 %. Moreover, the combined incidence of PTSD among survivors who were diagnosed at not more than 9 months after earthquake was 28.76 %, while for survivors who were diagnosed at over nine months after earthquake the combined incidence was 19.48 %. A high degree of heterogeneity (I(2) = 99.5 %, p<0.001) was observed in the results, with incidence ranging from 1.20 to 82.64 %. The subgroup analyses showed that the incidence of PTSD after earthquake varied significantly across studies in relation to the time of PTSD assessment, gender, educational level, damage to one's house, bereavement, injury of body and witnessing death. However, stratified analyses could not entirely explain the heterogeneity in the results. CONCLUSIONS Given the high heterogeneity observed in this study, future studies should aim at exploring more possible risk factors for PTSD after earthquakes, especially genetic factors. In spite of that, the results of this study suggest that nearly 1 in 4 earthquake survivors are diagnosed as having PTSD. Therefore, the local government should plan effective psychological interventions for earthquake survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Xiangya Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Xiangya Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhiwei Lai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Xiangya Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Xiangya Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Xiangya Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Xiangya Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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