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Munro SK, Balakrishnan B, Lissaman AC, Gujral P, Ponnampalam AP. Cytokines and pregnancy: Potential regulation by histone deacetylases. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:321-337. [PMID: 33904218 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are important regulators of pregnancy and parturition. Aberrant expression of proinflammatory cytokines during pregnancy contributes towards preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The regulation of cytokine expression in human cells is highly complex, involving interactions between environment, transcription factors, and feedback mechanisms. Recent developments in epigenetic research have made tremendous advancements in exploring histone modifications as a key epigenetic regulator of cytokine expression and the effect of their signaling molecules on various organ systems in the human body. Histone acetylation and subsequent deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs) are major epigenetic regulators of protein expression in the human body. The expression of various proinflammatory cytokines, their role in normal and abnormal pregnancy, and their epigenetic regulation via HDACs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl K Munro
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Biju Balakrishnan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Abbey C Lissaman
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Palak Gujral
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna P Ponnampalam
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Shahi A, Aslani S, Ataollahi M, Mahmoudi M. The role of magnesium in different inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:649-661. [PMID: 31172335 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium deficiency (MgD) can cause inflammation in human body. The known mechanisms of inflammation caused by MgD include activation of phagocytic cells, opening of calcium channels, activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. In addition, MgD causes systemic stress response through neuroendocrinological pathways. The inflammation caused by MgD can result in pro-atherogenic changes in the metabolism of lipoproteins, endothelial dysfunction, and high blood pressure. Studies suggest that magnesium may play an important role in the pathophysiology of some inflammatory diseases. Several clinical trials and laboratory studies have been done on the functional role of magnesium. In this study, we review some inflammatory diseases, in which the magnesium has a role in their pathophysiology. Among these diseases, diabetes, asthma, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, heart damage, and rheumatoid arthritis have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shahi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14117-13137, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14117-13137, Tehran, Iran
| | - MohammadReza Ataollahi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 74616-86688, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 14117-13137, Tehran, Iran.
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Cross SN, Nelson RA, Potter JA, Norwitz ER, Abrahams VM. Magnesium sulfate differentially modulates fetal membrane inflammation in a time-dependent manner. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12861. [PMID: 29709093 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Chorioamnionitis and infection-associated inflammation are major causes of preterm birth. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) is widely used in obstetrics as a tocolytic; however, its mechanism of action is unclear. This study sought to investigate how MgSO4 modulates infection-associated inflammation in fetal membranes (FMs), and whether the response was time dependent. METHOD OF STUDY Human FM explants were treated with or without bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); with or without MgSO4 added either: 1 hour before LPS; at the same time as LPS; 1 hour post-LPS; or 2 hours post-LPS. Explants were also treated with or without viral dsRNA and LPS, alone or in combination; and MgSO4 added 1 hour post-LPS After 24 hours, supernatants were measured for cytokines/chemokines; and tissue lysates measured for caspase-1 activity. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide-induced FM inflammation by upregulating the secretion of a number of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Magnesium sulfate administered 1-hour post-LPS inhibited FM secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF, RANTES, and TNFα. Magnesium sulfate administered 2 hours post-LPS augmented FM secretion of these factors as well as IL-8, IFNγ, VEGF, GROα and IP-10. Magnesium sulfate delivered 1- hour post-LPS inhibited LPS-induced caspase-1 activity, and inhibited the augmented IL-1β response triggered by combination viral dsRNA and LPS. CONCLUSION Magnesium sulfate differentially modulates LPS-induced FM inflammation in a time-dependent manner, in part through its modulation of caspase-1 activity. Thus, the timing of MgSO4 administration may be critical in optimizing its anti-inflammatory effects in the clinical setting. MgSO4 might also be useful at preventing FM inflammation triggered by a polymicrobial viral-bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Cross
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel A Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julie A Potter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Errol R Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Lee DK, Sengupta A, Nevo O. The effect of magnesium sulfate on gene expression in maternal microvascular endothelial cells. Hypertens Pregnancy 2017; 37:30-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2017.1402924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K. Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anindita Sengupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ori Nevo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gao Q, Tang J, Li N, Liu B, Zhang M, Sun M, Xu Z. What is precise pathophysiology in development of hypertension in pregnancy? Precision medicine requires precise physiology and pathophysiology. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:286-299. [PMID: 29101000 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that placental ischemia is central in the evolution of hypertension in pregnancy. Many studies and reviews have targeted placental ischemia to explain mechanisms for initiating pregnancy hypertension. The placenta is rich in blood vessels, which are the basis for developing placental ischemia. However, is the physiology of placental vessels the same as that of nonplacental vessels? What is the pathophysiology of placental vessels in development of pregnancy hypertension? This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of special features of placental vascular regulations and the pathophysiological changes linked to preeclamptic conditions. Interestingly, some popular theories or accepted concepts could be based on our limited knowledge and evidence regarding placental vascular physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiology. New views raised could offer interesting ideas for future investigation of mechanisms as well as targets for pregnancy hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengshu Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.
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Weintraub AY, Amash A, Eshkoli T, Piltcher Haber E, Bronfenmacher B, Sheiner E, Holcberg G, Huleihel M. The effects of magnesium sulfate on placental vascular endothelial growth factor expression in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2013; 32:178-88. [DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2013.784787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Elfayomy AK, Habib FA, Almasry SM, Safwat MD, Eldomiaty MA. Serum levels of adrenomedullin and inflammatory cytokines in women with term idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:135-9. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.721821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Eshkoli T, Holcberg G, Bronfenmacher B, Amash A, Huleihel M, Erez O. Perfusion with magnesium sulfate increases sFlt-1 secretion only in the fetal side of placenta of women with preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:116-22. [PMID: 22928533 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.722725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) on sFlt (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase)-1 in the fetal and maternal compartments of normotensive and preeclamptic placentas. METHODS Cotyledons of term normotensive and preeclamptic placentas were dually perfused for six hours, with control medium and MgSO(4) (6-7 mg %) in the maternal reservoir. Perfusate sFlt-1 concentrations were measured. RESULTS Median sFlt-1 concentration was higher in the maternal than in the fetal side in both groups and perfusion media (p < 0.0001). When perfused with control medium, the maternal side median sFlt-1 concentration was higher in the preeclampsia than in the control group (p < 0.0001). After perfusion with MgSO(4), the median maternal and fetal sides perfusate sFlt-1 concentration were higher in the preeclampsia than in the control group (p < 0.0001). In comparison to perfusion with control medium, the median sFlt-1 concentration of normal pregnant women decreased in the fetal and increased in the maternal side. In the preeclampsia group, only median fetal side sFlt-1 concentration increased. CONCLUSION In contrast to normal pregnant women, perfusion with MgSO(4) of preeclamptic placentas did not increase their sFlt-1 concentration. This may indicate that MgSO(4) role may be limited to its anti-eclamptic and does not affect the anti-angiogenic state associated with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Eshkoli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Lamarca B, Brewer J, Wallace K. IL-6-induced pathophysiology during pre-eclampsia: potential therapeutic role for magnesium sulfate? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERFERON, CYTOKINE AND MEDIATOR RESEARCH 2011; 2011:59-64. [PMID: 22140321 PMCID: PMC3227031 DOI: 10.2147/ijicmr.s16320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension with proteinuria during pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is also characterized by endothelial cell activation and dysfunction and intrauterine growth restriction. Preeclamptic women display a chronic inflammatory response characterized by elevated inflammatory cytokines, circulating monocytes, neutrophils, and T and B lymphocytes secreting autoantibodies that activate the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1-AA). Although the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia is becoming more defined, the genesis of the disease is still largely unknown. Furthermore, the only treatment for extreme forms of the disease is bed rest and administration of magnesium sulfate to sustain the pregnancy a few days prior to early delivery of the fetus, which can lead to devastating neurological and physical effects for the newborn. Administration of magnesium sulfate is routinely given without adverse effects. The focus of this review is to discuss the cascade of events leading to cytokines, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6), in stimulating vasoactive substances such as AT1-AA (Figure 1) and to examine the mechanism whereby administration of magnesium sulfate can be beneficial during pre-eclampsia. One area is to decrease vascular resistance index parameters determined by Doppler velocimetry. Another potential area of benefit with magnesium sulfate administration may be to decrease inflammatory responses or decrease cardiovascular mechanisms stimulated by overexpression of inflammatory cytokines in response to placental ischemia or animal models of elevated IL-6 during pregnancy. Further studies identifying IL-6-driven mechanisms playing a role in the development of hypertension during pregnancy and how administration of magnesium sulfate can suppress them are critical to improve decisions affecting patient care in women with pre-eclampsia. The results of these types of studies will be advantageous to further our knowledge of the pathophysiological ramifications associated with pre-eclampsia and to further therapeutic development for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babbette Lamarca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Amash A, Holcberg G, Sheiner E, Huleihel M. Magnesium sulfate normalizes placental interleukin-6 secretion in preeclampsia. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 30:683-90. [PMID: 20715974 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the main proinflammatory mediators of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. In this study, we investigated the capacity of the preeclamptic placenta to secrete IL-6 and the effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) on it. Placentas from normotensive (37-40 weeks) and preeclamptic (36-40 weeks) pregnancies were dually perfused for 6 h in the absence [normotensive (n = 3); preeclamptic (n = 4)] and presence [normotensive (n = 3); preeclamptic (n = 4)] of MgSO(4). Perfusate samples from the maternal and the fetal circulations were collected at each 30 min throughout the perfusion period and examined for IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed using the 2-way analysis of variance. In the absence of MgSO(4), IL-6 levels in the maternal and the fetal circulations of preeclamptic placentas (4.2 ± 1.3 and 0.9 ± 0.5 pg/mL/g cotyledon; respectively) were significantly higher, when compared with normotensive placentas (1.9 ± 0.5 and 0.2 ± 0.2 pg/mL/g cotyledon; respectively) (P < 0.05). Addition of MgSO(4) to the perfusate of normotensive placentas did not affect IL-6 secretion. However, exposure of preeclamptic placentas to MgSO(4) resulted in decreased IL-6 levels in the maternal circulations (1.7 ± 0.3 pg/mL/g cotyledon), when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In the fetal circulation, the addition of MgSO(4) resulted only in a nonstatistical significant tendency toward decreased IL-6 levels, when compared with the control group. Our findings indicate that the perfused preeclamptic placenta secretes increased levels of IL-6 into the fetal and the maternal circulations and that MgSO(4) may normalize these increased secreted IL-6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Amash
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Magnesium sulfate treatment alters fetal cerebellar gene expression responses to hypoxia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:207-16. [PMID: 19903518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal perturbation of brain circulation and oxygenation is a leading cause of perinatal brain damage affecting about 0.3-0.9% of births. Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in preterm human infants at gestational week 23-32 results in neurodevelopmental abnormalities in childhood, presenting as learning disability, seizure activity, motor impairment and in the most severe cases, death. Here, we examined the potential of MgSO4 treatment, prior to foetal hypoxia, to attenuate hypoxia induced damage in a murine model of maternal hypoxia. We studied the time course of maternal hypoxia and MgSO4 pre-treatment effects on cerebellar tissue by means of DNA microarray analyses. Mild hypoxia induced minor expression changes in most genes. However, there were 5 gene sets which were down-regulated by maternal hypoxia. MgSO4 pre-treatment abrogated these decreases in gene. A cell cycle gene set which responded immediately (2 h) to hypoxia, showed a delayed response (24 h) when MgSO4 pre-treatment was given. Similar proportions of cell death were observed in all groups before P7, where combined hypoxia and MgSO4 treatment increased cell death in the internal granule layer. There were a higher number of BrdU positive cells at the end of hypoxic episodes and a down-regulation of Reelin signaling, compared to control. MgSO4 pre-treatment prevented the enhancement of cell proliferation due to hypoxia and increased Reelin levels. Altogether, MgSO4 pre-treatment both reduced the number of genes differentially affected by hypoxia and delayed the responses to hypoxia. In addition, MgSO4 pre-treatment modified the nature of the transcriptional response; while hypoxia induced down-regulation of gene sets, MgSO4 pre-treatment mostly up-regulated them. The dual reaction to the MgSO4 treatment may be the source of the ambiguity in observations reported for affected newborns.
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Golan MH, Mane R, Molczadzki G, Zuckerman M, Kaplan-Louson V, Huleihel M, Perez-Polo JR. Impaired migration signaling in the hippocampus following prenatal hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:511-22. [PMID: 19635490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia ischemia is a major cause of neurodevelopmental impairment in the newborn, associated with risk for motor, behavioral and cognitive impaired outcomes. We used an established mouse model of maternal hypoxia to examine the immediate molecular responses of signaling pathways associated with both cell death and neurogenesis. We also characterized responses to maternal pre-treatment with MgSO(4). Maternal hypoxia at embryonic day 17 (E17) failed to trigger inflammation or cell death in fetal brain at 24 h after hypoxia. However, maternal hypoxia decreased levels of neuronal migration signaling: Reelin (53% of control), Disabled 1 (Dab1, 77% of control), and amyloid precursor protein (APP, 64% of control) 2 h after the insult. These changes persisted for 24 h. At later times, Reelin levels in hippocampi of newborns in the maternal hypoxia-treated group increased compared to controls. Full protection from maternal hypoxia effects on hippocampal Reelin levels resulted from maternal pre-treatment with MgSO(4). Hypoxia and MgSO(4) increased radial and lateral migration distance in the CA1 four days after the insult, while in the DG the hypoxia treatment alone increased migration. Maternal hypoxia and MgSO(4) pre-treatment also stimulated hippocampal expression of genes related to neurogenesis, such as BDNF and NeuroD4. Taken together, the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of prenatal and perinatal hypoxia may depend on perturbation of developmental signals that affect neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hava Golan
- Department of Developmental Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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