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Hamdy N, Eide S, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Animal models for neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxic ischemic conditions in rodents. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113457. [PMID: 32889009 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and resulting encephalopathies are of significant concern. Intrapartum asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death globally. Among surviving infants, there remains a high incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, manifesting as mild conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and debilitating disorders such as cerebral palsy. Various animal models of neonatal hypoxic brain injury have been implemented to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of novel therapeutic strategies, and characterize the functional and behavioural correlates of injury. Each of the animal models has individual advantages and limitations. The present review looks at several widely-used and alternative rodent models of neonatal hypoxia and hypoxia-ischemia; it highlights their strengths and limitations, and their potential for continued and improved use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hamdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Eide
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Thaete LG, Qu XW, Neerhof MG, Hirsch E, Jilling T. Fetal Growth Restriction Induced by Transient Uterine Ischemia-Reperfusion: Differential Responses in Different Mouse Strains. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1083-1092. [PMID: 28946817 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117732160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We characterized fetal and placental growth and uterine and placental inflammation in pregnant C3H/HeOuJ and C57BL/6J mice (strains with different sensitivities to metabolic and circulatory pathologies), using different uterine ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) protocols, to establish and refine a murine model of I/R-induced fetal growth restriction (FGR). Pregnant C3H/HeOuJ mice on gestation day 15 were subjected to unilateral uterine I/R by (1) total blood flow restriction (TFR) by occlusion of the right ovarian and uterine arteries for 30 minutes, (2) partial flow restriction (PFR) by occlusion of only the right ovarian artery for 30 minutes, or (3) sham surgery. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were treated the same, but on gestation day 14 and with TFR for only 5 minutes due to high sensitivity of C57BL/6J mice to I/R. Four days post-I/R, the animals were euthanized to determine fetal and placental weight and fetal loss and to assay placental myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In C3H/HeOuJ mice, TFR/30 minutes induced significantly ( P < .05) lower fetal and placental weights and higher placental MPO activity, compared to controls. The PFR/30 minutes produced the same effects except placental weights were not reduced. In contrast, in C57BL/6J mice, TFR for only 5 minutes was sufficient to induce FGR and increase fetal loss; while PFR/30 minutes lowered fetal but not placental weights and increased fetal loss but not placental MPO activity. In summary, we present the first published model of I/R-induced FGR in mice. We find that mice of different strains have differing sensitivities to uterine I/R, therefore differing I/R response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Thaete
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Wu Qu
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mark G Neerhof
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emmet Hirsch
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tamas Jilling
- 3 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Ohshima M, Coq JO, Otani K, Hattori Y, Ogawa Y, Sato Y, Harada-Shiba M, Ihara M, Tsuji M. Mild intrauterine hypoperfusion reproduces neurodevelopmental disorders observed in prematurity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39377. [PMID: 27996031 PMCID: PMC5171836 DOI: 10.1038/srep39377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe intrauterine ischemia is detrimental to the developing brain. The impact of mild intrauterine hypoperfusion on neurological development, however, is still unclear. We induced mild intrauterine hypoperfusion in rats on embryonic day 17 via arterial stenosis with metal microcoils wrapped around the uterine and ovarian arteries. All pups were born with significantly decreased birth weights. Decreased gray and white matter areas were observed without obvious tissue damage. Pups presented delayed newborn reflexes, muscle weakness, and altered spontaneous activity. The levels of proteins indicative of inflammation and stress in the vasculature, i.e., RANTES, vWF, VEGF, and adiponectin, were upregulated in the placenta. The levels of mRNA for proteins associated with axon and astrocyte development were downregulated in fetal brains. The present study demonstrates that even mild intrauterine hypoperfusion can alter neurological development, which mimics the clinical signs and symptoms of children with neurodevelopmental disorders born prematurely or with intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ohshima
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Jacques-Olivier Coq
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Kentaro Otani
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuji
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Ye Y, Kong Y, Zhang Y. Complement Split Products C3a/C5a and Receptors: Are They Regulated by Circulating Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Autoantibody in Severe Preeclampsia? Gynecol Obstet Invest 2015; 81:28-33. [PMID: 26485247 DOI: 10.1159/000440651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study measured the serum levels of complement component (C)3a and C5a and the placental expressions of C3a receptor (R) and C5aR to determine a potential correlation with circulating angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor agonistic autoantibody (AT1-AA) in severe pre-eclampsia. METHODS A total of 118 women were recruited and divided into 2 groups: the control group (normotensive preterm pregnancies, n = 66) and severe pre-eclampsia group (n = 52). Levels of C3a, C5a and AT1-AA in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and C3aR and C5aR in placenta by Western blotting. RESULTS Levels of C3a, C5a and AT1-AA in serum from the severe pre-eclampsia group were significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). Placental expression of C3aR and C5aR in the pre-eclampsia group was lower than that in controls (p < 0.05). There were significant positive correlations between levels of C3a, C5a and AT1-AA in serum from the pre-eclampsia group (p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no correlation between C3aR and C5aR in the placenta and AT1-AA in serum in the pre-eclampsia group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Increased C3a, C5a and AT1-AA in the serum provide indirect evidence that AT1-AA-mediated activation contributes to activate complement, which is a key mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of severe pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhua Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Regal JF, Gilbert JS, Burwick RM. The complement system and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:56-70. [PMID: 25802092 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality for mother and child, with lifelong health consequences for both. The innate and adaptive immune system must be regulated to insure survival of the fetal allograft, and the complement system is no exception. An intact complement system optimizes placental development and function and is essential to maintain host defense and fetal survival. Complement regulation is apparent at the placental interface from early pregnancy with some degree of complement activation occurring normally throughout gestation. However, a number of pregnancy complications including early pregnancy loss, fetal growth restriction, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm birth are associated with excessive or misdirected complement activation, and are more frequent in women with inherited or acquired complement system disorders or complement gene mutations. Clinical studies employing complement biomarkers in plasma and urine implicate dysregulated complement activation in components of each of the adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, mechanistic studies in rat and mouse models of adverse pregnancy outcomes address the complement pathways or activation products of importance and allow critical analysis of the pathophysiology. Targeted complement therapeutics are already in use to control adverse pregnancy outcomes in select situations. A clearer understanding of the role of the complement system in both normal pregnancy and complicated or failed pregnancy will allow a rational approach to future therapeutic strategies for manipulating complement with the goal of mitigating adverse pregnancy outcomes, preserving host defense, and improving long term outcomes for both mother and child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean F Regal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Richard M Burwick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code: L-458, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Thaete LG, Qu XW, Jilling T, Crawford SE, Fitchev P, Hirsch E, Khan S, Neerhof MG. Impact of toll-like receptor 4 deficiency on the response to uterine ischemia/reperfusion in mice. Reproduction 2013; 145:517-26. [PMID: 23509372 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in uterine ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced fetal growth restriction (FGR). Pregnant TLR4-deficient and wild-type mice were subjected to I/R or a sham procedure. Fetal and placental weights were recorded and tissues were collected. Pep-1 (inhibits low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA) binding to TLR4) was used to determine whether LMW-HA-TLR4 interaction has a role in FGR. TLR4-deficient mice exhibited significantly lower baseline fetal weights compared with wild-type mice (P<0.05), along with extensive placental calcification that was not present in wild-type mice. Following I/R, fetal and placental weights were significantly reduced in wild-type (P<0.05) but not in TLR4-deficient mice. However, I/R increased fetal loss (P<0.05) only in TLR4-deficient mice. Corresponding with the reduced fetal weights, uterine myeloperoxidase activity increased in wild-type mice (P<0.001), indicating an inflammatory response, which was absent in TLR4-deficient mice. TLR4 was shown to have a regulatory role for two anti-inflammatory cytokines: interferon-B1 decreased only in wild-type mice (P<0.01) and interleukin-10 increased only in TLR4-deficient mice (P<0.001), in response to I/R. Pep-1 completely prevented I/R-induced FGR (P<0.001), indicating a potential role for the endogenous TLR4 ligand LMW-HA in I/R-induced FGR. In conclusion, uterine I/R in pregnancy produces FGR that is dependent on TLR4 and endogenous ligand(s), including breakdown products of HA. In addition, TLR4 may play a role in preventing pregnancy loss after uterine I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Thaete
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA.
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