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Gagnon J, Kim WS, Jolicoeur P. The influence of social knowledge structures on hostile attribution bias in aggressive and nonaggressive individuals: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108958. [PMID: 39029653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
According to several social-cognitive models, social knowledge structures described as hostile scripts or schemas may explain why aggressive individuals are prone to attribute hostile intention to others' ambiguous behaviors, a cognitive bias called hostile attribution bias (HAB). The aggression-related concepts in aggressive individuals' semantic memory would be highly accessible, notably through the activation of hostile concepts in nonhostile social contexts, and such an activation would result in HAB. The aim of the study was to test this hypothesis using the N400 component with EEG measurements to assess objectively, in real time, the violation of hostile expectations following a nonhostile situation. To this end, scenarios with a clear nonhostile context (mismatch condition) vs. without nonhostile context (match condition) followed by a character's ambiguous provocative behavior were presented to readers, and ERPs to critical words that specified the hostile intent behind the behavior were analysed. Twelve aggressive and twelve nonaggressive individuals participated in the study. The presentation of a critical word (hostile intent) that violated nonhostile expectation caused an N400 response among nonaggressive whereas such an N400 effect was absent in aggressive individuals. The results suggest that, in nonaggressive individuals, a nonhostile social context activates nonhostile concepts, whereas in the same context, aggressive individuals activate nonhostile as well as hostile concepts. Numerous research applications of the Hostile Expectancy Violation paradigm in the field of HAB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Canada; Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), University of Montreal, Canada.
| | - Wan Seo Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada
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Zajenkowska A, Nowakowska I, Cieciuch J, Gawęda Ł, Rogoza R, Pinkham A, Czajkowska-Łukasiewicz K. Towards the understanding of the core of general personality disorder factor: g-PD and its relation to hostile attributions. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38465372 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
There is a general consensus that personality disorders (PDs) share a general factor (g-PD) overlapping with the general factor of psychopathology (p-factor). The general psychopathology factor is related to many social dysfunctions, but its nature still remains to some extent ambiguous. We posit that hostile attributions may be explanatory for the factor common for all PDs, i.e., interpersonal problems and difficulty in building long-lasting and satisfying relationships of all kinds. Thus, the main objective of the current project was to expand the existing knowledge about underlying factors of g-PD with regard to hostile attributions. We performed a cross-sectional study on a representative, community sample of Poles (N = 1031). Our hypotheses were primarily confirmed as hostile attributions predicted p-factor. However, the relation was positive only for hostile attributions related to ambiguous situations involving relational harm and physical harm done by female authorities and negative in case of hostile attributions in situations involving physical harm done by peers. Additionally, paranoia-like thoughts strongly related to hostile attributions and independently predicted g-PD. The results contribute to the current discussion on the nature of the g-PD, confirm that hostile attributions and paranoia are a crucial aspect of personality pathology, and indicate the importance of working on these cognitions in the course of therapeutic work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Radosław Rogoza
- The University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amy Pinkham
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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3
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Graton A, Fezzi H, Le Jeune N. When feeling is for seeing: comparing the effects of motivated perception between fear and anger on ambiguous threatening stimuli. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:379-388. [PMID: 37682323 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We do not see the world as it is: distortions of visual perception can occur depending on the goals we wish to achieve ("wishful seeing"). Following functionalist theories of emotions (e.g., "feeling is for doing"), visual perception biases could also be involved in the link between emotion and specific behavior. Previous research has shown that anger can modify visual perception towards ambiguous menacing stimuli, or that fear can similarly direct our attention and perception towards threatening stimuli (e.g., weapons). The aim of our research was to replicate these effects by directly comparing the effects of these two emotions on perceptual biases and by relying on general mixed models to control Type I errors and reduce the risk related to the non-independence between observations. Our results partially replicate a perceptual bias toward threatening objects for both emotions although this effect depends on the type of stimulus and of the emotional dimension involved. These results are discussed in terms of the impact of emotions in attentional and perceptual processes and in relation to alternative theoretical explanations for motivated perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Graton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France.
| | - Hélène Fezzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Noémie Le Jeune
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
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4
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Rajchert J, Zajenkowska A, Nowakowska I, Bodecka-Zych M, Abramiuk A. Hostility bias or sadness bias in excluded individuals: does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of right VLPFC vs. left DLPFC have a mitigating effect? COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1063-1077. [PMID: 35474567 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exclusion has multiple adverse effects on individual's well-being. It induces anger and hostile cognitions leading to aggressive behavior. The purpose of this study was to test whether exclusion would affect recognition of anger on ambivalent faces of the excluders. We hypothesized that exclusion would elicit more anger encoding (hostility bias) than inclusion, but this effect would be mitigated by anodal tDCS of right VLPFC or left DLPFC-regions engaged in negative affect regulation. Participants (N = 96) were recognizing emotions (anger, sadness, happiness) on ambiguous faces of individuals who-as they were told-liked them or not. Results showed that exclusion induced more sadness bias. tDCS to VLPFC decreased anger and increased sadness recognition on excluders' faces compared with includers' faces, expressing a mixture of these two emotions. Additionally, stimulation to VLPFC and DLPFC decreased latencies for faces expressing sadness (sad-angry and happy-sad) but increased for happy-angry faces. Stimulation to VLPFC also increased reaction time to excluders faces while stimulation of DLPFC decreased reaction latency to includers faces. Results were discussed with the reference to the form of exclusion, motivational mechanism affected by disliking but also to lateralization (valence vs. arousal theory) and cortical regions engaged in encoding sadness after a threat to belonging.
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Gender differences in sensitivity to provocation and hostile attribution bias toward ambiguous facial cues in violent offenders and community-based adults. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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6
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Li Y. Linking violent video games to cyberaggression among college students: A cross-sectional study. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:241-252. [PMID: 34676565 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' cyberaggressive behavior and its internal mechanism, a cross-sectional survey was carried out with a sample of 1141 college students who completed the Violent Video Game Listing Questionnaire (VVLQ), Adolescent Online Aggressive Behavior Scale (AOABS), Beliefs Supportive of Violence Scale (BSVS), and Trait Anger Scale (TAS). The results showed that (1) exposure to violent video games was positively associated with college students' cyberaggressive behavior; (2) trait anger moderated the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' cyberaggressive behavior; (3) trait anger moderated the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' attitude toward violence; (4) attitude toward violence acted as a partial mediator in the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' cyberaggressive behavior; and (5) through attitude toward violence, trait anger plays a mediated moderating role in the positive relationship between exposure to violent video games and college students' aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhan Li
- Department of Psychology Xuchang University, Education College Xuchang Henan 461000 China
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Zajenkowska AM, Bodecka M, Duda E, Lawrence C. Reduced attention toward faces, intentionality and blame ascription in violent offenders and community-based adults: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:264-274. [PMID: 35037709 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
People typically have a strong bias in attention toward faces to help them understand social interactions. Nonetheless some people, like incarcerated offenders and psychopaths, exhibit deficits in "face reading," which may impair their interpretations, especially in case of attribution allocation in harmful events. In these cases, the ascription of intentionality is key in understanding the allocation of blame and structuring social information processing. Consequently, in the current study, in addition to typically studied intentionality and blame ascription levels (subfactors of hostile attributions), we also propose a new indicator of hostile attributions: intentionality/blame isomorphism, indicating reduced differentiation between those two factors. Violent prison inmates (N = 63) and community-based adults without previous history of incarceration (N = 63) took part in an eye-tracking study. In line with our hypotheses, offenders exhibited reduced attention orienting to faces as well as greater intentionality/blame isomorphism. In the case of both groups, people looked longer at the faces of the harm doer compared with the harm receiver. Additionally, greater intentionality/blame isomorphism predicted reduced attention to faces; however, when group status was included in the model, it became the only significant predictor of the attention to faces. Future studies should examine the origins of these gaze and attribution patterns and investigate consequences related to social perception and interactions of people prone to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Bodecka
- Institute of Psychology Maria Grzegorzewska University Warszawa Poland
| | - Ewa Duda
- Institute of Education Maria Grzegorzewska University Warszawa Poland
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AlMoghrabi N, Franken IHA, Mayer B, van der Schoot M, Huijding J. CBM-I Training and Its Effect on Interpretations of Intent, Facial Expressions, Attention and Aggressive Behavior. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 17:13-27. [PMID: 35136426 PMCID: PMC8768478 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is abundant evidence suggesting that attention and interpretation biases are powerful precursors of aggression. However, little is known how these biases may interact with one another in the development and maintenance of aggression. Using cognitive bias modification of interpretation (CBM-I), the present study examined whether training more pro-social or hostile intent attributions would affect attention bias, interpretation bias of facial expressions, aggression and mood. University students (17–48 years) were assigned to either a positive training (n = 40), negative training (n = 40), or control training (n = 40). Results showed that the positive training successfully changed measures of intent attributions in a pro-social direction compared to the control training. The negative training changed measures of intent attributions in a hostile direction but not more so than the control training. We found no generalization of the training effects to relevant other outcomes. Possible explanations underlying these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran AlMoghrabi
- Department of Psychology, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H A Franken
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Mayer
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno van der Schoot
- Department of Educational and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amersterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorg Huijding
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Satmarean TS, Milne E, Rowe R. Working memory guidance of visual attention to threat in offenders. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261882. [PMID: 34995301 PMCID: PMC8741051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression and trait anger have been linked to attentional biases toward angry faces and attribution of hostile intent in ambiguous social situations. Memory and emotion play a crucial role in social-cognitive models of aggression but their mechanisms of influence are not fully understood. Combining a memory task and a visual search task, this study investigated the guidance of attention allocation toward naturalistic face targets during visual search by visual working memory (WM) templates in 113 participants who self-reported having served a custodial sentence. Searches were faster when angry faces were held in working memory regardless of the emotional valence of the visual search target. Higher aggression and trait anger predicted increased working memory modulated attentional bias. These results are consistent with the Social-Information Processing model, demonstrating that internal representations bias attention allocation to threat and that the bias is linked to aggression and trait anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Satmarean
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Interpersonal Cognitive Biases in Children and Young People with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-021-00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Interpersonal cognitive biases have been linked to externalising and internalising problems. This systematic review investigates their role in children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), who have a high risk of experiencing such problems.
Recent Findings
With 16 identified studies, this is a widely under-recognised research area. The three studies conducted within the last 5 years focused on threat interpretation and its association with anxiety. No difference between children and young people with and without NDD was found in the eleven studies investigating hostile attribution of intent, of which the most recent is nearly a decade old. No studies addressed attention or memory bias towards ambiguous interpersonal information.
Summary
The scarcity and heterogeneity of research highlighted in this paper demonstrate the urgency to use standardised and accessible research methods to develop a strong evidence base regarding the potential content-specific interpretation bias in individuals with NDD.
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11
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Bodecka-Zych M, Jonason PK, Zajenkowska A. Hostile Attribution Biases in Vulnerable Narcissists Depends on the Socio-Relational Context. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Narcissism, especially the vulnerable kind, is associated with anger and hostility. In a sample of outpatients, group psychotherapy ( N = 74) and community members ( N = 153), we replicated and extended previous work linking vulnerable, but not grandiose, narcissism to hostile attributions across different socio-relational contexts. We also examined if the level of ambiguity of social situations, assessed from the other-referent position, influences the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and attributing hostile intentionality, and whether narcissistic individuals distinguish hostile interpretations, depending on the level of ambiguity of the scene. In ambiguous vignettes, assessed from the self-referent position, higher levels of vulnerable narcissism were associated with a greater tendency to infer more attributions of hostile intentions with people with whom there was no close relationship (except for authority in the patient group). In the case of visual scenes, the positive relationship between vulnerable narcissism and attributed hostile intentionality appeared in accidental scenes, but not in hostile and ambiguous ones. In addition, the higher the vulnerable narcissism the lower the ability to differentiate between contextual nuances (e.g., the level of ambiguity). We replicated previous research indicating a relationship between vulnerable narcissism and hostile attribution bias, but shed new light on the phenomenon of this bias in that it appears to depend on the socio-relational context and the level of ambiguity of the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bodecka-Zych
- Psychology Department, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter K. Jonason
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kardinal Stefan Wyszyński, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zajenkowska
- Psychology Department, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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A Single-Session Combined Cognitive Bias Modification Training Targeting Attention and Interpretation Biases in Aggression. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2021.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Experimental studies applying cognitive bias modification of attention (CBM-A) and interpretation (CBM-I) to reduce aggression have examined the effect of modifying each cognitive bias in isolation. In order to maximise the potential impact on both biases and symptom reduction, we examined whether a combined bias training procedure targeting both attention and interpretation biases (CBM-AI) in combination would be more effective than targeting interpretation bias (CBM-I) alone. University students (17–35 years) were randomly assigned to either a single session of CBM-AI training (n = 40), CBM-I training (n = 40), or a control condition (n = 40). Contrary to our expectations, participants showed an increase in adaptive attention and pro-social interpretation bias in all training conditions. Additionally, in none of the conditions, we found a significant change on self-reported or behavioural aggression. These findings suggest: (1) that the combined training did not have added effect over single interpretation bias training, (2) that training interpretation bias may lead to changes in attention bias, (3) that elements of the control condition unexpectedly, but interestingly, also affected attention and interpretation biases, and (4) single-session CBM procedures do not produce robust effects on self-report or behavioural measures of aggression in unselected samples.
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Sarsam SM, Al-Samarraie H, Alzahrani AI. Influence of personality traits on users’ viewing behaviour. J Inf Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0165551521998051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different views on the role of personal factors in moderating individual viewing behaviour exist. This study examined the impact of personality traits on individual viewing behaviour of facial stimulus. A total of 96 students (46 males and 50 females, age 23–28 years) were participated in this study. The Big-Five personality traits of all the participants together with data related to their eye-movements were collected and analysed. The results showed three groups of users who scored high on the personality traits of neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Individuals who scored high in a specific personality trait were more probably to interpret the visual image differently from individuals with other personality traits. To determine the extent to which a specific personality trait is associated with users’ viewing behaviour of visual stimulus, a predictive model was developed and validated. The prediction results showed that 96.73% of the identified personality traits can potentially be predicted by the viewing behaviour of users. The findings of this study can expand the current understanding of human personality and choice behaviour. The study also contributes to the perceptual encoding process of faces and the perceptual mechanism in the holistic face processing theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Muthana Sarsam
- Department of Business Analytics, Sunway University Business School, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zajenkowska A, Rogoza R, Sasson NJ, Harvey PD, Penn DL, Pinkham AE. Situational context influences the degree of hostile attributions made by individuals with schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorder. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:160-176. [PMID: 33650108 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous work has demonstrated that the tendency to make hostile attributions is not a stable trait but varies across different social situations. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether hostile attributions within clinical samples are better understood as a persistent characteristic or one that varies across contexts. METHODS The current analyses investigated patterns of attributions among people diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ, n = 271) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 100) and non-clinical control participants (NCC, n = 233) in an existing data set. RESULTS Results showed that specific relational features in vignettes portraying different social encounters influence the way people make attributions and that variability across contexts is present in both non-clinical and clinical populations. Like non-clinical participants, participants diagnosed with ASD ascribed the greatest hostility to a scene involving an authority figure. In contrast, SCZ participants reported the greatest hostility in response to a scene involving a friend. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that salient environmental factors should be considered when assessing social cognitive skills and biases. PRACTITIONER POINTS Hostile attributions should be perceived as situational constructs rather than stable and persistent characteristics. Hostile attributions were most prevalent among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia; however, on average, all participants showed greater hostility for situations involving an authority figure, an acquaintance, or a friend relative to those involving a co-worker or stranger. Psychotherapists and clinicians working with people diagnosed with schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorder could work on identifying situation triggers, which may prompt hostile attributions. Psycho-educational and psychotherapeutic interventions can be altered based on individual triggers of hostile attributions, and attempts can be made to lessen these attributions. Paranoia appears to be linked to hostile attributions regardless of the specific clinical diagnosis and should be considered in the therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zajenkowska
- Insitute of Psychology, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Rogoza
- Insitute of Psychology, Cardinal Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Noah J Sasson
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Philip D Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, USA.,Research Service, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David L Penn
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy E Pinkham
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Ziv Y, Hadad BS. Understanding the mental roots of social perceptions and behaviors: An integrated information-processing perspective. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06168. [PMID: 33644460 PMCID: PMC7889986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crick and Dodge's (1994) social information processing (SIP) model asserts that SIP –the mental processes activated when humans encounter social situations and need to produce a response - is a strong predictor of social behavior. However, because SIP measurement is typically limited to conscious, explicit, and subjectively-reported responses, current SIP research may not capture the subtlety of this internal process, and critical components may remain obscured. Accordingly, the present essay takes an information processing perspective to propose ways to assess currently unattended levels of processing that could further our understanding of the mental mechanisms driving social information processing and consequent social behaviors. We focus on four levels of analysis that offer a thorough inspection of the ways by which social representations evolve. First, we discuss the interplay between implicit and explicit processes in SIP affecting social perceptions and behaviors. Second, we distinguish between perceptual and post-perceptual components of encoding and interpretation of social scenarios. Third, we discuss the evolvement of social representations over the course of processing. Finally, we look at the combined effect of prior knowledge and the actual sensory evidence in real-world situations. With terms and advanced methods borrowed from cognitive psychological research, this general perspective offers a more refined model of SIP that may better account for a wide range of social decision making and behaviors.
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16
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Tao L, Ji M, Zhu T, Fu H, Sun R. A Pilot Study for Forgiveness Intervention in Adolescents With High Trait Anger: Enhancing Empathy and Harmony. Front Psychol 2021; 11:569134. [PMID: 33424680 PMCID: PMC7785983 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forgiveness interventions benefit victims’ mental health, reduce levels of anger, and promote forgiveness. However, forgiveness interventions are rarely used to improve the offender’s anger and mental health, especially in specific situations such as juvenile correctional facilities. The offender is often also a victim, and reducing the offender’s excessive anger may prevent or decrease the likelihood of future interpersonal violence. This study examined the effects of forgiveness interventions on anger, forgiveness, empathy, and harmony of juvenile delinquents with high levels of trait anger. Eighteen adolescents with trait anger in a juvenile correctional facility volunteered to participate in group counseling. A pretest–posttest method of quasi-experimental design was used, with 8 participants in the intervention group and 10 in the control group; the intervention group received forgiveness group counseling, and the control group did not. The results revealed that the intervention group had significantly higher scores for forgiveness, empathy, and harmony than the control group, although no significant differences in the scores of state and trait anger were found. The forgiveness intervention had significantly improved the levels of forgiveness toward specific perpetrators of childhood victimization for the juvenile delinquents with high levels of trait anger, raising their levels of empathy and harmony; there was no significant increase in trait anger. The findings indicated that forgiveness intervention provides an effective way to improve the positive mental strength of adolescents with high levels of trait anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjin Tao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- Guangming Branch of Shenzhen Institute of Education Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Medical Humanities, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Fu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoying Sun
- Personnel Department, Suzhou Vocational Institute of Industrial Technology, Suzhou, China
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17
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Examining Reactive and Proactive Aggression through Narrative Text Processing. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Gender differences in judging intentionality: How the reaction time and sensitivity to provocation moderates this relationship. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Yang Y. Daily stressor, daily resilience, and daily somatization: The role of trait aggression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Zajenkowska A, Rajchert J. How sensitivity to provocation shapes encoding and interpretation of ambivalent scenes in an eye tracking study. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1717498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zajenkowska
- Institute of Psychology, Social Psychology Department, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rajchert
- Institute of Psychology, Social Psychology Department, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Scrivner C, Choe KW, Henry J, Lyu M, Maestripieri D, Berman MG. Violence reduces attention to faces and draws attention to points of contact. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17779. [PMID: 31780726 PMCID: PMC6883035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although violence is a frequently researched topic, little is known about how different social features influence information gathering from violent interactions. Regions of an interaction that provide contextual information should receive more attention. We predicted the most informative features of a violent social interaction would be faces, points of contact, and objects being held. To test this, we tracked the eyes of 90 participants as they viewed images of social interactions that varied with respect to violence. When viewing violent interactions, participants attended significantly less to faces and significantly more to points of contact. Moreover, first-fixation analysis suggests that some of these biases are present from the beginning of scene-viewing. These findings are the first to demonstrate the visual relevance of faces and contact points in gathering information from violent social interactions. These results also question the attentional dominance of faces in active social scenes, highlighting the importance of using a variety of stimuli and contexts in social cognition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coltan Scrivner
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Kyoung Whan Choe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Mansueto Institute for Urban Innovation, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Henry
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Muxuan Lyu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dario Maestripieri
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marc G Berman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Smeijers D, Bulten EBH, Brazil IA. The Computations of hostile biases (CHB) model: Grounding hostility biases in a unified cognitive framework. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 73:101775. [PMID: 31726277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our behavior is partly a product of our perception of the world, and aggressive individuals have been found to have 'hostility biases' in their perception and interpretation of social information. Four types of hostility biases can be distinguished: the hostile attribution, interpretation, expectation, and perception bias. Such low-level biases are believed to have a profound influence on decision-making, and possibly also increase the likelihood of engaging in aggressive acts. The current review systematically examined extant research on the four types of hostility bias, with a particular focus on the associations between each type of hostility bias and aggressive behavior. The results confirmed the robust association between hostility biases and aggressive behavior. However, it is still unknown how exactly hostility biases are acquired. This is also caused by a tendency to study hostility biases separately, as if they are non-interacting phenomena. Another issue is that current approaches cannot directly quantify the latent cognitive processes pertaining to the hostility biases, thus creating an explanatory gap. To fill this gap, we embedded the results of the systematic review in a state-of-the-art computational framework, which provides a novel mechanistic account with testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique Smeijers
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik B H Bulten
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inti A Brazil
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Zajenkowska A, Rajchert J, Macianowicz O, Holas P, Murawic S. Cognitive-Behavioral (CBT) and Psychodynamic (PDT) Group Psychotherapy and Their Impact on Depressive Symptoms and Hostile Attributions. Int J Group Psychother 2019; 69:383-407. [PMID: 38449151 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2019.1653189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article examined how intensive group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) and group psychodynamic psychotherapy (GPDT) modified depressive symptoms and processing of social information (hostility attributions in a variety of ambiguous situations). The sample (N = 37) comprised individuals who were attending psychotherapy due to psychological distress (GCBT or GPDT). The study examined how group psychotherapy influences depression symptoms and social cognition. There was a decrease in depressive symptoms after three months of intensive CBGT, but PDGT did not significantly improve symptoms of depression. Moreover, in both psychotherapies, the authors noted a significant decrease in hostile attributions, mainly in situations involving people with whom one does not have a close relationship.
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24
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AlMoghrabi N, Huijding J, Mayer B, Franken IHA. Gaze-contingent Attention Bias Modification Training and its Effect on Attention, Interpretations, Mood, and Aggressive Behavior. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Zajenkowska A, Prusik M, Szulawski M. What Does the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire Really Measure? The Importance of Context in Evaluating Hostility Bias. J Pers Assess 2018; 102:205-213. [PMID: 30526086 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1525389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examine the psychometric validity of the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ) by applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Previous analysis of psychometric features of the AIHQ showed problems with internal consistency and stability of the tool over time. By using CFA we wanted to check whether the scenes depicted in the questionnaire actually measure the same construct and whether the subscale measures are intercorrelated. The analysis included ambivalent scenes and was conducted on offenders (N = 108) and the general population (N = 161). Results indicated that the structure proposed by the AIHQ authors differs from that revealed by the statistical procedures. It appears that the AIHQ factor structure is centered on situational contexts rather than on particular questions measuring constructs of hostility and blame. We discuss these findings with regard to application of the AIHQ in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zajenkowska
- Department of Psychology, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prusik
- Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Szulawski
- Department of Psychology, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Wong MS, Chen X, McElwain NL. Emotion understanding and maternal sensitivity as protective factors against hostile attribution bias in anger‐prone children. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Wong
- Department of Psychology Stevenson University Owings Mills Maryland
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Nancy L. McElwain
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
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27
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Brennan GM, Crowley MJ, Wu J, Mayes LC, Baskin-Sommers AR. Neural processing of social exclusion in individuals with psychopathic traits: Links to anger and aggression. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:263-271. [PMID: 30071390 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a cluster of personality traits associated with high rates of aggression. While research on psychopathic traits largely focuses on neurobiological factors implicated in aggression, other research suggests that contextual factors, such as social exclusion, also contribute to promoting aggression. Yet, the relationships among psychopathic traits, neural processing of exclusion, and aggression remain unknown. A sample of 76 adolescents and young adults completed Cyberball, a task involving conditions of social inclusion, ambiguous exclusion, and unambiguous exclusion. During Cyberball, a slow wave (SW) event-related potential (an index of elaborative processing) and self-reported anger were measured. Additionally, acts of real-world aggression were assessed. Results indicated that as psychopathic traits increased, SW during ambiguous exclusion also increased, but SW during inclusion decreased. However, the combination of smaller SW during ambiguous exclusion and higher psychopathic traits predicted heightened anger following Cyberball and more frequent real-world aggression. This response to social exclusion among individuals with elevated psychopathic traits may represent an unreflective, reactive style that exacerbates anger and aggression in certain contexts. These data suggest that neurobiological dysfunction in elaborative processing is related to psychopathic traits, and social context comprises another important influence on the aggression of individuals with elevated psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Brennan
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Michael J Crowley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jia Wu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Linda C Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Arielle R Baskin-Sommers
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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28
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Laue C, Griffey M, Lin PI, Wallace K, van der Schoot M, Horn P, Pedapati E, Barzman D. Eye Gaze Patterns Associated with Aggressive Tendencies in Adolescence. Psychiatr Q 2018; 89:747-756. [PMID: 29552711 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-018-9573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social information processing theory hypothesizes that aggressive children pay more attention to cues of hostility and threat in others' behavior, consequently leading to over-interpretation of others' behavior as hostile. While there is abundant evidence of aggressive children demonstrating hostile attribution biases, less well documented is whether such biases stem from over-attendance and hypersensitivity to hostile cues in social situations. Over-attendance to hostile cues would be typified by deviations at any stage of the multi-stage process of social information processing models. While deviations at later stages in social information processing models are associated with aggressive behavior in children, the initial step of encoding has historically been difficult to empirically measure, being a low level automatic process unsuitable for self-report. We employed eye-tracking methodologies to better understand the visual encoding of such social information. Eye movements of ten 13-18 year-old children referred from clinical and non-clinical populations were recorded in real time while the children viewed scenarios varying between hostile, non-hostile and ambiguous social provocation. In addition, the children completed a brief measure of risk of aggression. Aggressive children did attend more to the social scenarios with hostile cues, in particular attending longest to those hostile scenarios where the actor in the scenario had a congruent emotional response. These findings corroborate social information processing theory and the traditional bottom-up processing hypotheses that aggressive behavior relates to increased attention to hostile cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Laue
- Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Marcus Griffey
- Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ping-I Lin
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Kirk Wallace
- Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Menno van der Schoot
- Division of Behavioral & Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amersterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Horn
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ernest Pedapati
- Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Drew Barzman
- Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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29
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AlMoghrabi N, Huijding J, Franken IHA. The effects of a novel hostile interpretation bias modification paradigm on hostile interpretations, mood, and aggressive behavior. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 58:36-42. [PMID: 28823950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive theories of aggression propose that biased information processing is causally related to aggression. To test these ideas, the current study investigated the effects of a novel cognitive bias modification paradigm (CBM-I) designed to target interpretations associated with aggressive behavior. METHODS Participants aged 18-33 years old were randomly assigned to either a single session of positive training (n = 40) aimed at increasing prosocial interpretations or negative training (n = 40) aimed at increasing hostile interpretations. RESULTS The results revealed that the positive training resulted in an increase in prosocial interpretations while the negative training seemed to have no effect on interpretations. Importantly, in the positive condition, a positive change in interpretations was related to lower anger and verbal aggression scores after the training. In this condition, participants also reported an increase in happiness. In the negative training no such effects were found. However, the better participants performed on the negative training, the more their interpretations were changed in a negative direction and the more aggression they showed on the behavioral aggression task. LIMITATIONS Participants were healthy university students. Therefore, results should be confirmed within a clinical population. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide support for the idea that this novel CBM-I paradigm can be used to modify interpretations, and suggests that these interpretations are related to mood and aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran AlMoghrabi
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jorg Huijding
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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30
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Kuin NC, Masthoff EDM, Munafò MR, Penton-Voak IS. Perceiving the evil eye: Investigating hostile interpretation of ambiguous facial emotional expression in violent and non-violent offenders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187080. [PMID: 29190802 PMCID: PMC5708671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the causal and perpetuating factors influencing aggression has partly focused on the general tendency of aggression-prone individuals to infer hostile intent in others, even in ambiguous circumstances. This is referred to as the ‘hostile interpretation bias’. Whether this hostile interpretation bias also exists in basal information processing, such as perception of facial emotion, is not yet known, especially with respect to the perception of ambiguous expressions. In addition, little is known about how this potential bias in facial emotion perception is related to specific characteristics of aggression. In the present study, conducted in a penitentiary setting with detained male adults, we investigated if violent offenders (n = 71) show a stronger tendency to interpret ambiguous facial expressions on a computer task as angry rather than happy, compared to non-violent offenders (n = 14) and to a control group of healthy volunteers (n = 32). We also investigated if hostile perception of facial expressions is related to specific characteristics of aggression, such as proactive and reactive aggression. No clear statistical evidence was found that violent offenders perceived facial emotional expressions as more angry than non-violent offenders or healthy volunteers. A regression analysis in the violent offender group showed that only age and a self-report measure of hostility predicted outcome on the emotion perception task. Other traits, such as psychopathic traits, intelligence, attention and a tendency to jump to conclusions were not associated with interpretation of anger in facial emotional expressions. We discuss the possible impact of the study design and population studied on our results, as well as implications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki C. Kuin
- Penitentiary Institution Vught, Vught, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Penton-Voak
- School of Experimental Psychology at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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31
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Owuamalam CK, Rubin M. Fuming with rage! Do members of low status groups signal anger more than members of high status groups? Scand J Psychol 2017; 58:458-467. [PMID: 28901575 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Owuamalam, Weerabangsa, Karunagharan and Rubin found that Malaysians associate people in low status groups with anger more than their higher status counterparts: the hunchback heuristic. But is this belief accurate? Here, we propose the alternative possibility that members of low-status groups might deliberately suppress anger to counter this stigma, while members of high-status groups might disinhibit their anger to assert their superiority. To test these propositions, we manipulated undergraduate students' relative group status by leading them to believe that provocative comments about their undergraduate social identity came from a professor (low-status condition) or a junior foundation year student (high-status condition). Using eye-tracking, we then measured their gaze durations on the comments, which we used as a physiological signal of anger: dwelling (Experiment 1). Results revealed that dwelling was significantly greater in the high-status condition than in the low-status condition. Experiment 2 conceptually replicated this pattern using a self-report method and found that the suppression-disinhibition effect occurred only when reputational concerns were strong.
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32
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Sauer KS, Witthöft M. Emotionserleben und somatische Beschwerden. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Aktuelle Modelle der Wahrnehmung körperlicher Beschwerden gehen davon aus, dass negative emotionale Zustände (z. B. Angst und Traurigkeit) eine zentrale Rolle bei der Symptomwahrnehmung spielen. Eine kausale Wirkung von Ärger auf den körperlichen Symptombericht wurde hingegen noch nicht ausreichend nachgewiesen. Fragestellung: Führt eine experimentelle Induktion von Ärger und Traurigkeit zu einem verstärkten Bericht körperlicher Beschwerden? Methode: 90 Studienteilnehmende wurden zufällig drei experimentellen Bedingungen zugewiesen. Mit einer autobiografischen Methodik wurden Ärger (n = 30) und Traurigkeit (n = 30) induziert. Eine dritte Gruppe (n = 30) diente als neutrale Kontrollbedingung. Bei allen Teilnehmenden wurden vor und nach der Induktion die Emotionswahrnehmung sowie der körperliche Symptombericht erhoben. Ergebnisse: Nach der Induktion von Ärger und Traurigkeit war ein Anstieg der intendierten Emotionen Ärger in der Gruppe „Ärger“, t (29) = -5.43, p < .001, und Traurigkeit in der Gruppe „Traurigkeit“ festzustellen, t (29) = -4.81, p < .001. Lediglich nach der Induktion von Traurigkeit, t (29) = -4.04, p < .001, nicht jedoch nach der Induktion von Ärger, t (29) = -1.52, p = .14, war eine Verstärkung des körperlichen Symptomberichts zu beobachten. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse belegen unterschiedliche Effekte negativer Emotionen (am Beispiel Ärger und Traurigkeit) auf den körperlichen Symptombericht. Implikationen der Befunde für zentrale psychopathologische Phänomene werden diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Sophie Sauer
- Abteilung Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und experimentelle Psychopathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Abteilung Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und experimentelle Psychopathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
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33
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Runions K, Rao P, Wong JWY, Zepf FD. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the encoding of emotional information. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135:503-505. [PMID: 28474350 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Runions
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P Rao
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Health in Western Australia, Community Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J W Y Wong
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Health in Western Australia, Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - F D Zepf
- Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Health in Western Australia, Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Perth, WA, Australia
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34
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Wegrzyn M, Westphal S, Kissler J. In your face: the biased judgement of fear-anger expressions in violent offenders. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:16. [PMID: 28499409 PMCID: PMC5429544 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Why is it that certain violent criminals repeatedly find themselves engaged in brawls? Many inmates report having felt provoked or threatened by their victims, which might be due to a tendency to ascribe malicious intentions when faced with ambiguous social signals, termed hostile attribution bias. METHODS The present study presented morphed fear-anger faces to prison inmates with a history of violent crimes, a history of child sexual abuse, and to matched controls form the general population. Participants performed a fear-anger decision task. Analyses compared both response frequencies and measures derived from psychophysical functions fitted to the data. In addition, a test to distinguish basic facial expressions and questionnaires for aggression, psychopathy and personality disorders were administered. RESULTS Violent offenders present with a reliable hostile attribution bias, in that they rate ambiguous fear-anger expressions as more angry, compared to both the control population and perpetrators of child sexual abuse. Psychometric functions show a lowered threshold to detect anger in violent offenders compared to the general population. This effect is especially pronounced for male faces, correlates with self-reported aggression and presents in absence of a general emotion recognition impairment. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that a hostile attribution, related to individual level of aggression and pronounced for male faces, might be one mechanism mediating physical violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wegrzyn
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sina Westphal
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johanna Kissler
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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35
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Hortensius R, de Gelder B, Schutter DJLG. When anger dominates the mind: Increased motor corticospinal excitability in the face of threat. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1307-16. [PMID: 27325519 PMCID: PMC5113684 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Threat demands fast and adaptive reactions that are manifested at the physiological, behavioral, and phenomenological level and are responsive to the direction of threat and its severity for the individual. Here, we investigated the effects of threat directed toward or away from the observer on motor corticospinal excitability and explicit recognition. Sixteen healthy right‐handed volunteers completed a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) task and a separate three‐alternative forced‐choice emotion recognition task. Single‐pulse TMS to the left primary motor cortex was applied to measure motor evoked potentials from the right abductor pollicis brevis in response to dynamic angry, fearful, and neutral bodily expressions with blurred faces directed toward or away from the observer. Results showed that motor corticospinal excitability increased independent of direction of anger compared with fear and neutral. In contrast, anger was better recognized when directed toward the observer compared with when directed away from the observer, while the opposite pattern was found for fear. The present results provide evidence for the differential effects of threat direction on explicit recognition and motor corticospinal excitability. In the face of threat, motor corticospinal excitability increases independently of the direction of anger, indicative of the importance of more automatic reactions to threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Hortensius
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Troop-Gordon W, Gordon RD, Vogel-Ciernia L, Ewing Lee E, Visconti KJ. Visual Attention to Dynamic Scenes of Ambiguous Provocation and Children's Aggressive Behavior. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 47:925-940. [PMID: 27027935 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1138412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on biases in attention related to children's aggression has yielded mixed results. Some research suggests that inattention to social cues and reliance on maladaptive social schemas underlie aggression. Other research suggests that maladaptive social schemas lead aggressive individuals to attend to nonhostile cues. The primary objective of this study was to test the proposition that aggression is related to delayed attention to cues followed by selective attention to nonhostile cues after the provocation has occurred. A second objective was to test whether these biases are associated with aggression only when children hold negative social schemas. The eye fixations of 70 children (34 boys, 36 girls; Mage = 11.71 years) were monitored with an eye tracker as they watched video clips of child actors portraying scenes of ambiguous provocation. Aggression was measured using peer-, teacher-, and parent-reports, and children completed a measure of antisocial and prosocial peer beliefs. Aggressive behavior was associated with greater time until fixation on the provocateur among youth who held antisocial peer beliefs. Aggression was also associated with greater time until fixation on an actor displaying empathy for the victim among children reporting low levels of prosocial peer beliefs. After the provocation, aggression was associated with suppressed attention to an amused peer among children who held negative peer beliefs. Increasing attention to cues in a scene of ambiguous provocation, in conjunction with fostering more positive beliefs about peers, may be effective in reducing hostile responding among aggressive youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Ewing Lee
- c Methodological and Statistical Consultant, Insight Research and Consulting
| | - Kari J Visconti
- d School of Social and Family Dynamics , Arizona State University
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Hawes SW, Perlman SB, Byrd AL, Raine A, Loeber R, Pardini DA. Chronic anger as a precursor to adult antisocial personality features: The moderating influence of cognitive control. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 125:64-74. [PMID: 26618654 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Anger is among the earliest occurring symptoms of mental health, yet we know little about its developmental course. Further, no studies have examined whether youth with persistent anger are at an increased risk of exhibiting antisocial personality features in adulthood, or how cognitive control abilities may protect these individuals from developing such maladaptive outcomes. Trajectories of anger were delineated among 503 boys using annual assessments from childhood to middle adolescence (ages ∼7-14). Associations between these trajectories and features of antisocial personality in young adulthood (age ∼28) were examined, including whether cognitive control moderates this association. Five trajectories of anger were identified (i.e., childhood-onset, childhood-limited, adolescent-onset, moderate, and low). Boys in the childhood-onset group exhibited the highest adulthood antisocial personality features (e.g., psychopathy, aggression, criminal charges). However, boys in this group were buffered from these problems if they had higher levels of cognitive control during adolescence. Findings were consistent across measures from multiple informants, replicated across distinct time periods, and remained when controlling for general intelligence and prior antisocial behavior. This is the first study to document the considerable heterogeneity in the developmental course of anger from childhood to adolescence. As hypothesized, good cognitive control abilities protected youth with persistent anger problems from developing antisocial personality features in adulthood. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy L Byrd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Adrian Raine
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Rolf Loeber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
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Verona E, Bresin K. Aggression proneness: Transdiagnostic processes involving negative valence and cognitive systems. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:321-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Eckhardt CI, Parrott DJ, Sprunger JG. Mechanisms of Alcohol-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women 2015; 21:939-57. [PMID: 26059921 DOI: 10.1177/1077801215589376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical public health problem that requires clear and testable etiological models that may translate into effective interventions. While alcohol intoxication and a pattern of heavy alcohol consumption are robust correlates of IPV perpetration, there has been limited research that examines the mediating mechanisms of how alcohol potentiates IPV. We provide a theoretical and methodological framework for researchers to conceptualize how alcohol intoxication causes IPV, and propose innovative laboratory methods that directly test mediational mechanisms. We conclude by discussing how these innovations may lead to the development of interventions to prevent or reduce alcohol-related IPV.
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Perry NB, Cavanaugh A, Dunbar A, Leerkes EM. Maternal Punitive Reactions to Children's Negative Emotions and Young Adult Trait Anger: Effect of Gender and Emotional Closeness. MARRIAGE & FAMILY REVIEW 2015; 51:229-245. [PMID: 26568644 PMCID: PMC4640188 DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2015.1031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study tested whether young adult's recollected reports of their mother's punitive reactions to their negative emotions in childhood predicted anger expression in young adulthood and whether emotional closeness weakens this association. Further, a three-way interaction was tested to examine whether emotional closeness is a stronger protective factor for young women than for young men. Results revealed a significant three-way interaction (gender X emotional closeness X maternal punitive reactions). For young men, maternal punitive reactions to negative emotions were directly associated with increased anger expressions. Maternal punitive reactions to young women's negative emotions in childhood were associated with increased anger in adulthood only when they reported low maternal emotional closeness. Findings suggest that maternal emotional closeness may serve as a buffer against the negative effects of maternal punitive reactions for women's anger expression in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Perry
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alyson Cavanaugh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angel Dunbar
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Esther M Leerkes
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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Zajenkowska A, Konopka K. Communion-orientation as an antidote for aggressive behaviour among high provocation sensitive individuals. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Chronic, severe irritability is common in childhood and is very impairing. Furthermore, childhood irritability predicts suicidality, social impairment, and depressive and anxiety disorders in adulthood. Focusing on both normative and pathologic development, we review the construct of irritability from its origins in aggression and disruptive behavior research to its contemporary relevance for affective psychopathology. We then describe two broad neurocognitive systems that show promise in differentiating irritable from nonirritable youths: aberrant processing of emotional stimuli and impaired context-sensitive regulation. We suggest behavioral, neurocognitive, and physiologic measures that may aid in studying severe irritability and assessing its therapeutics. Finally, we argue for therapeutic trials targeting severe irritability that address emotional aspects of irritability in addition to the associated disruptive behavior.
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Schönenberg M, Jusyte A. Investigation of the hostile attribution bias toward ambiguous facial cues in antisocial violent offenders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:61-9. [PMID: 23990116 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive individuals exhibit a strong tendency to attribute hostile intent to the behavior of others, which may lead to provocation and aggravation of socially inappropriate reactions. Limited research has investigated the hostile attribution bias in the perception of facial affect. This study examined a hostile response bias to emotionally ambiguous faces in a population of 55 incarcerated antisocial violent offenders as compared to matched control subjects. Results suggest that aggression is associated with a strong preference to interpret ambiguous stimuli containing proportions of an angry expression as hostile, while there was no evidence for a generally biased interpretation of distress cues under conditions of uncertainty. Thus, the tendency to misinterpret nonverbal cues in social interactions may at least partly underlie aggressive-impulsive behavior in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schönenberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstr. 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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44
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Russa MB, Rodriguez CM, Silvia PJ. Frustration influences impact of history and disciplinary attitudes on physical discipline decision making. Aggress Behav 2014; 40:1-11. [PMID: 23926046 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although intergenerational patterns of punitive physical punishment garner considerable research attention, the mechanisms by which historical, cognitive, and contextual factors interplay to influence disciplinary responding remains poorly understood. Disciplinary attitudes have been shown to mediate the association between disciplinary history and disciplinary responding. The present study investigated whether frustration influences these mediation effects. Half of a sample of 330 undergraduates was randomly assigned to frustration induction. Structural equation modeling confirmed that, for participants in the frustration condition, the relation between disciplinary history and physical discipline decision-making was fully mediated by attitudes approving physical discipline. In contrast, for respondents in the no-frustration condition, the pathway from disciplinary history to discipline decision-making was only partially mediated by attitudes. Under conditions of frustration, attitudes may become a more central means by which personal disciplinary history is associated with disciplinary decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Russa
- Department of Psychology; Grand Valley State University; Allendale Michigan
| | - Christina M. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology; University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Greensboro North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Silvia
- Department of Psychology; University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Greensboro North Carolina
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Schmitt M, Gollwitzer M, Baumert A, Blum G, Gschwendner T, Hofmann W, Rothmund T. Proposal of a Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) model. Front Psychol 2013; 4:499. [PMID: 23935588 PMCID: PMC3731536 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marshall and Brown (2006) proposed a Traits as Situational Sensitivities (TASS) Model, which implies a systematic person × situation interaction. We review this model and show that it suffers from several limitations. We extend and modify the model in order to obtain a symmetric pattern of levels and effects for both person and situation factors. Our suggestions result in a general Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) Model. The NIPS model bears striking similarities to the Rasch model. Based on the symmetric nature of the NIPS model, we generalize the concept of weak and strong situations to individuals and propose the concepts of weak and strong persons. Finally, we discuss psychological mechanisms that might explain the NIPS pattern and offer ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau Landau, Germany
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46
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Deuter CE, Schilling TM, Kuehl LK, Blumenthal TD, Schachinger H. Startle effects on saccadic responses to emotional target stimuli. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:1056-63. [PMID: 23841560 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Startle stimuli elicit various physiological and cognitive responses. This study investigated whether acoustic startle stimuli affect saccadic reactions in an emotional pro- or antisaccade task. Startle probes were presented either 500 ms before or simultaneous with an imperative stimulus that indicated whether a saccade towards or away from positive, neutral, or negative peripheral target pictures had to be performed. Valence interacted with saccade direction according to an approach-avoidance pattern of gaze behavior, with delayed prosaccades to negative targets and antisaccades away from positive targets. Acoustic startle stimuli preceding the presentation of peripheral target pictures speeded up the initiation saccades, irrespective of stimulus valence. Results indicate a speeding of cognitive-motor processing by preceding startle stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Deuter
- Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Thomas M Schilling
- Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Linn K Kuehl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry D Blumenthal
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hartmut Schachinger
- Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Runions KC. Toward a Conceptual Model of Motive and Self-Control in Cyber-Aggression: Rage, Revenge, Reward, and Recreation. J Youth Adolesc 2013; 42:751-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-9936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rauthmann JF, Seubert CT, Sachse P, Furtner MR. Eyes as windows to the soul: Gazing behavior is related to personality. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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49
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Emotion and information search in tactical decision-making: Moderator effects of feedback. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-011-9270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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50
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Owen JM. Transdiagnostic cognitive processes in high trait anger. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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