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Donnan KJ, Williams EL, Bargh MJ. The effectiveness of heat preparation and alleviation strategies for cognitive performance: A systematic review. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:404-433. [PMID: 38130656 PMCID: PMC10732620 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2157645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of occupational and performance contexts (e.g. military personnel operations, emergency services, sport) require the critical maintenance of cognitive performance in environmentally challenging environments. Several reviews exist which evaluate the effectiveness of heat preparation strategies to facilitate physical performance. To date, no review has explored the usefulness of heat preparation strategies for cognitive performance. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate a range of interventions for the maintenance of cognitive performance, during or following active or passive heat exposure. Studies to be included were assessed by two authors reviewing title, abstract, and full-text. Forty articles were identified which met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorised into chronic (i.e. acclimation/acclimatisation) and acute strategies (i.e. hydration, cooling, supplementation, psychological). The results indicate that medium-term consecutive heat acclimation may mitigate some cognitive deficits under heat stress, although heat acclimation effectiveness could be influenced by age. Further, pre-cooling appears the most effective cooling method for maintaining cognitive performance under heat stress, although results were somewhat ambiguous. The hydration literature showed that the most effective hydration strategies were those which individualised electrolyte fortified fluid volumes to match for sweat loss. Limited research exploring psychological interventions indicates that motivational self-talk could be facilitative for maintaining cognitive skills following exercise in hot conditions. These findings can be used to help inform strategies for maintaining critical cognitive and decision-making skills in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J. Donnan
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Emily L. Williams
- Centre for Human Performance, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Melissa J. Bargh
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Science of University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
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2
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Fullagar H, Notley SR, Fransen J, Richardson A, Stadnyk A, Lu D, Brown G, Duffield R. Cooling strategies for firefighters: Effects on physiological, physical, and visuo-motor outcomes following fire-fighting tasks in the heat. J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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McCartney D, Desbrow B, Irwin C. Cognitive effects of acute aerobic exercise: Exploring the influence of exercise duration, exhaustion, task complexity and expectancies in endurance-trained individuals. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:183-191. [PMID: 32822260 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1809976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive effects of acute aerobic exercise were investigated in endurance-trained individuals. On two occasions, 21 cyclists; 11 male (VO2max: 57 ± 9 mL·kg-1·min-1) and 10 female (VO2max: 51 ± 9 mL·kg-1·min-1), completed 45 min of fixed, moderate-intensity (discontinuous) cycling followed by an incremental ride to exhaustion. Cognitive function was assessed at Baseline, after 15 and 45 min of exercise (15EX and 45EX) and at Exhaustion using a 4-Choice Reaction Time (CRT) test and the Stroop test (Incongruent and Congruent Reaction Time [RT]). A sham capsule was administered on one occasion to determine whether the cognitive response to exercise was robust to the influence of a placebo. CRT, Congruent RT and Incongruent RT decreased (improved) at 15EX, 45EX and Exhaustion compared to Baseline (p's<0.005). While CRT and Congruent RT were faster at 45EX than 15EX (p's<0.020), Incongruent RT was not (p= 1.000). The sham treatment did not affect cognition. When performed at a moderate-intensity, longer duration exercise (up to 45 min) may improve cognition to a greater extent than shorter duration exercise; however, the magnitude of improvement appears to decrease with increasing task complexity. HI/EE performed following a sustained bout of dehydrating activity may not impair cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Gold Coast, Australia
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KIM DH, BAE GT, LEE JY. A novel vest with dual functions for firefighters: combined effects of body cooling and cold fluid ingestion on the alleviation of heat strain. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2020; 58:91-106. [PMID: 31257232 PMCID: PMC7118065 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the separate and combined effects of skin cooling and cold fluid ingestion on the alleviation of heat strain when wearing protective firefighting clothing at an air temperature of 30°C with 50%RH. A vest with the dual functions of cooling and providing sports drink supply (1.2% body mass) was developed. Eight males participated in the following four conditions: control [CON], drinking only [DO], cooling only [CO], and both cooling and drinking [CD]. The results showed that rectal (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk) and heart rate (HR) during recovery were lower for CD than for CON (p<0.05), while no significant differences between the four conditions were found during exercise. CO significantly reduced mean Tsk and HR and improved thermal sensation, whereas DO was effective for relieving thirst and lowering HR in recovery. In summary, the combined effect of skin cooling and fluid ingestion was synergistically manifested in Tre, Tsk and thermal sensation in recovery.Practitioner Summary: The present results provide data on a novel vest that contributes to alleviating firefighters' heat strain. Because a cooling vest after melting may be a burden for firefighters, this study indicates a practical way to reduce the additional weight load of the vest by drinking the melted fluid of the cooling packs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung KIM
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design,
Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Gyu-Tae BAE
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design,
Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Joo-Young LEE
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design,
Seoul National University, Korea
- Research Institute for Human Ecology, Seoul National
University, Korea
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5
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Cunha FA, Farinatti P, Jones H, Midgley AW. Postexercise hypotension and related hemodynamic responses to cycling under heat stress in untrained men with elevated blood pressure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1001-1013. [PMID: 32189061 PMCID: PMC7181414 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of heat stress on postexercise hypotension. METHODS Seven untrained men, aged 21-33 years, performed two cycling bouts at 60% of oxygen uptake reserve expending 300 kcal in environmental temperatures of 21 °C (TEMP) and 35 °C (HOT) in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Physiological responses were monitored for 10-min before and 60-min after each exercise bout, and after a non-exercise control session (CON). Blood pressure (BP) also was measured during the subsequent 21-h recovery period. RESULTS Compared to CON, systolic, and diastolic BPs were significantly reduced in HOT (Δ = - 8.3 ± 1.6 and - 9.7 ± 1.4 mmHg, P < 0.01) and TEMP (Δ = - 4.9 ± 2.1 and - 4.5 ± 0.9 mmHg, P < 0.05) during the first 60 min of postexercise recovery. Compared to TEMP, rectal temperature was 0.6 °C higher (P = 0.001), mean skin temperature was 1.8 °C higher (P = 0.013), and plasma volume (PV) was 2.6 percentage points lower (P = 0.005) in HOT. During the subsequent 21-h recovery period systolic BP was 4.2 mmHg lower in HOT compared to CON (P = 0.016) and 2.5 mmHg lower in HOT compared to TEMP (P = 0.039). CONCLUSION Exercise in the heat increases the hypotensive effects of exercise for at least 22 h in untrained men with elevated blood pressure. Our findings indicate that augmented core and skin temperatures and decreased PV are the main hemodynamic mechanisms underlying a reduction in BP after exercise performed under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Physical Activity Sciences, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrian W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, Lancashire, UK. .,Postgraduate Medical Institute, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK.
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6
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Wittbrodt MT, Millard-Stafford M. Dehydration Impairs Cognitive Performance: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:2360-2368. [PMID: 29933347 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dehydration (DEH) is believed to impair cognitive performance but which domains are affected and at what magnitude of body mass loss (BML) remains unclear. PURPOSE To conduct systematic literature review and meta-analysis to determine the effect size (ES) of DEH on cognitive performance and influence of experimental design factors (e.g., DEH > 2% BML). METHODS Thirty-three studies were identified, providing 280 ES estimates from 413 subjects with DEH ranging from 1% to 6% BML. Outcome variables (accuracy, reaction time), cognitive domains, and methods to induce DEH varied. Effect sizes were calculated using standardized mean differences and multivariate meta-analysis. RESULTS Impairment of cognitive performance (all domains/outcomes) with DEH was small but significant (ES = -0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.31 to -0.11; P < 0.0001) with significant heterogeneity (Q(279) = 696.0, P < 0.0001; I = 37.6%). Tasks of executive function (ES = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.12), attention (ES = -0.52; 95% CI: -0.66 to -0.37), and motor coordination (ES = -0.40 to 95% CI: -0.63 to -0.17) were significantly impaired (P ≤ 0.01) after DEH, and attention/motor coordination was different (P < 0.001) from reaction time specific tasks (ES = -0.10; 95% CI: -0.23 to 0.02). Body mass loss was associated with the ES for cognitive impairment (P = 0.04); consequently, impairment was greater (P = 0.04) for studies reporting >2% BML (ES = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.41 to -0.16) compared with ≤2%; (ES = -0.14; 95% CI: -0.27 to 0.00). CONCLUSIONS Despite variability among studies, DEH impairs cognitive performance, particularly for tasks involving attention, executive function, and motor coordination when water deficits exceed 2% BML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wittbrodt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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7
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Saldaris JM, Landers GJ, Lay BS. The effect of crushed ice ingestion on endurance performance and decision-making in hot and humid conditions. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1613588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta M. Saldaris
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Grant J. Landers
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Lay
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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8
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Cvirn MA, Dorrian J, Smith BP, Vincent GE, Jay SM, Roach GD, Sargent C, Larsen B, Aisbett B, Ferguson SA. The effects of hydration on cognitive performance during a simulated wildfire suppression shift in temperate and hot conditions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 77:9-15. [PMID: 30832782 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects on dehydration and cognitive performance from heat and/or physical activity are well established in the laboratory, although have not yet been studied for personnel working in occupations such as wildland firefighting regularly exposed to these types of conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and dehydration on seventy-three volunteer firefighters (35.7 ± 13.7 years, mean ± standard deviation) during a simulation of wildfire suppression under either control or hot (18-20; or 33-35 °C) temperature conditions. Results showed cognitive performance on the psychomotor vigilance task declined when participants were dehydrated in the heat and Stroop task performance was impaired when dehydrated late in the afternoon. Firefighters may be at risk of deteriorations in simple cognitive functions in the heat whilst dehydrated, although may also experience impairments in complex cognitive functions if dehydrated late in the day, irrespective of the environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cvirn
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bradley P Smith
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah M Jay
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Greg D Roach
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brianna Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Goodman SP, Moreland AT, Marino FE. The effect of active hypohydration on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:297-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Saldaris JM, Landers GJ, Lay BS, Zimmermann MR. Internal precooling decreases forehead and core temperature but does not alter choice reaction time during steady state exercise in hot, humid conditions. J Therm Biol 2019; 81:66-72. [PMID: 30975425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if precooling via crushed ice ingestion reduces forehead skin temperature (Thead) and core temperature (Tcore) during exercise in the heat and whether it has an effect on choice reaction time (CRT). Ten males commenced a 30 min precooling period, ingesting either 7 g kg-1 of crushed ice (ICE) or room temperature water (CON) prior to cycling 60 min at 55% V̇O2peak in hot, humid conditions (35.0 ± 0.3 °C, 50.2 ± 2.1% Relative Humidity). The CRT task was completed upon arrival and after the precooling period in the lab, then at 15 min intervals during exercise in the heat. Precooling reduced Thead and Tcore to a greater degree in ICE (Thead: -0.8 ± 0.31 °C; Tcore: -0.9 ± 0.3 °C) compared with CON (Thead: -0.2 ± 0.3 °C; Tcore: -0.2 ± 0.2 °C) (p ≤ 0.001). Choice reaction time performance improved throughout the cycle for both conditions (p ≤ 0.05). Ice ingestion lowered thermal sensation (p = 0.003) and skin temperature (d = 0.88; Tskin), while heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and thirst were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). Precooling effectively reduced Thead and Tcore but did not provide additional improvement in CRT during moderate exercise in the heat. Further investigation is required to determine whether the lower central and peripheral temperature after ice ingestion is beneficial for tasks of greater cognitive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta M Saldaris
- The University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Grant J Landers
- The University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan S Lay
- The University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew R Zimmermann
- The University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), Western Australia, Australia
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Coelho LGM, Ferreira Júnior JB, Borba DDA, Fortunato AK, Coelho DB. Efeitos cognitivos do teste de esforço progressivo em eletricistas com equipamentos de proteção individual. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-6369000015317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo: verificar o efeito do esforço físico sobre as funções cognitivas de trabalhadores eletricistas utilizando equipamento de proteção individual (EPI). Métodos: participaram 28 eletricistas que trabalhavam na construção, manutenção e operação de redes de distribuição de energia. Todos do sexo masculino, sadios e aptos para a prática de exercícios físicos. As funções cognitivas foram representadas pelo teste de reação simples (TRS) e pelo nível de vigilância mental (NVM). O TRS e o NVM foram mensurados pré e pós-teste máximo progressivo, em esteira rolante, a 27 °C de temperatura seca e umidade relativa do ar de 64%. O teste consistiu em aumentos progressivos na velocidade e na inclinação da esteira até a fadiga, com utilização de EPI. Resultados: a média (desvio padrão) do TRS não foi significativamente diferente antes, 227,8 (35,1) ms, e após o exercício, 220,6 (24,6) ms. O NVM foi significativamente maior após o exercício em todas as situações: frequência crescente - 36,5 (5,1) Hz vs 39,5 (2,7) Hz, frequência decrescente - 36,0 (5,2) vs 39,0 (3,88) Hz, e frequência geral - 36,2 (4,9) vs 39,2 (3,1) Hz. Conclusão: o exercício progressivo máximo realizado com EPI não modificou o tempo de reação simples e aumentou o nível de vigilância mental de eletricistas.
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12
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Cernych M, Satas A, Brazaitis M. Post-sauna recovery enhances brain neural network relaxation and improves cognitive economy in oddball tasks. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 35:375-382. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1504992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Cernych
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Satas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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13
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Wittbrodt MT, Sawka MN, Mizelle JC, Wheaton LA, Millard‐Stafford ML. Exercise-heat stress with and without water replacement alters brain structures and impairs visuomotor performance. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13805. [PMID: 30136401 PMCID: PMC6105626 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of exercise-heat stress with and without water replacement on brain structure and visuomotor performance were examined. Thirteen healthy adults (23.6 ± 4.2 years) completed counterbalanced 150 min trials of exercise-heat stress (45°C, 15% RH) with water replacement (EHS) or without (~3% body mass loss; EHS-DEH) compared to seated rest (CON). Anatomical scans and fMRI Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent responses during a visuomotor pacing task were evaluated. Accuracy decreased (P < 0.05) despite water replacement during EHS (-8.2 ± 6.8% vs. CON) but further degraded with EHS-DEH (-8.3 ± 6.4% vs. EHS and -16.5 ± 10.2% vs. CON). Relative to CON, EHS elicited opposing volumetric changes (P < 0.05) in brain ventricles (-5.3 ± 1.7%) and periventricular structures (cerebellum: 1.5 ± 0.8%) compared to EHS-DEH (ventricles: 6.8 ± 3.4, cerebellum: -0.7 ± 0.7; thalamus: -2.7 ± 1.3%). Changes in plasma osmolality (EHS: -3.0 ± 2.1; EHS-DEH: 9.3 ± 2.1 mOsm/kg) were related (P < 0.05) to thalamus (r = -0.45) and cerebellum volume (r = -0.61) which, in turn, were related (P < 0.05) to lateral (r = -0.41) and fourth ventricle volume (r = -0.67) changes, respectively; but, there were no associations (P > 0.50) between structural changes and visuomotor accuracy. EHS-DEH increased neural activation (P < 0.05) within motor and visual areas versus EHS and CON. Brain structural changes are related to bidirectional plasma osmolality perturbations resulting from exercise-heat stress (with and without water replacement), but do not explain visuomotor impairments. Negative impacts of exercise-heat stress on visuomotor tasks are further exacerbated by dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael N. Sawka
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - J. C. Mizelle
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth Carolina
| | - Lewis A. Wheaton
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
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14
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Effects of heat stress and dehydration on cognitive function in elite female field hockey players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2018; 10:12. [PMID: 29946473 PMCID: PMC6007074 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-018-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background It has previously been suggested that heat exposure and hypohydration have negative effects on cognitive performance, which may impact upon sporting performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the independent effects of heat stress and hypohydration on cognitive performance in elite female field hockey players. Methods Eight unacclimatised elite field hockey players (age: 22 ± 3 y; height: 1.68 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 63.1 ± 6.0 kg) completed a cognitive test battery before and after 50 min of field hockey specific exercise on a treadmill in four experimental trials; two in hot conditions (33.3 ± 0.1 °C), and two in moderate (16.0 ± 3.0 °C), both with and without ad libitum water intake. Results On the visual search test, participants were faster overall in the heat (1941 vs. 2104 ms, p = 0.001). Response times were quicker in the heat on the Sternberg paradigm (463 vs. 473 ms, p = 0.024) and accuracy was improved (by 1.9%, p = 0.004). There was no effect of hydration status on any of the markers of cognitive function. Conclusions Overall, the findings suggest that in elite field hockey players exposure to heat enhances response times and/or accuracy on a battery of cognitive function tests. However, hypohydration does not appear to affect cognitive performance in elite field hockey players.
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15
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Nuccio RP, Barnes KA, Carter JM, Baker LB. Fluid Balance in Team Sport Athletes and the Effect of Hypohydration on Cognitive, Technical, and Physical Performance. Sports Med 2017; 47:1951-1982. [PMID: 28508338 PMCID: PMC5603646 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat losses in team sports can be significant due to repeated bursts of high-intensity activity, as well as the large body size of athletes, equipment and uniform requirements, and environmental heat stress often present during training and competition. In this paper we aimed to: (1) describe sweat losses and fluid balance changes reported in team sport athletes, (2) review the literature assessing the impact of hypohydration on cognitive, technical, and physical performance in sports-specific studies, (3) briefly review the potential mechanisms by which hypohydration may impact team sport performance, and (4) discuss considerations for future directions. Significant hypohydration (mean body mass loss (BML) >2%) has been reported most consistently in soccer. Although American Football, rugby, basketball, tennis, and ice hockey have reported high sweating rates, fluid balance disturbances have generally been mild (mean BML <2%), suggesting that drinking opportunities were sufficient for most athletes to offset significant fluid losses. The effect of hydration status on team sport performance has been studied mostly in soccer, basketball, cricket, and baseball, with mixed results. Hypohydration typically impaired performance at higher levels of BML (3-4%) and when the method of dehydration involved heat stress. Increased subjective ratings of fatigue and perceived exertion consistently accompanied hypohydration and could explain, in part, the performance impairments reported in some studies. More research is needed to develop valid, reliable, and sensitive sport-specific protocols and should be used in future studies to determine the effects of hypohydration and modifying factors (e.g., age, sex, athlete caliber) on team sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Nuccio
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA.
| | - Kelly A Barnes
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
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16
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McCartney D, Desbrow B, Irwin C. The Effect of Fluid Intake Following Dehydration on Subsequent Athletic and Cognitive Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:13. [PMID: 28316054 PMCID: PMC5357466 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The deleterious effects of dehydration on athletic and cognitive performance have been well documented. As such, dehydrated individuals are advised to consume fluid in volumes equivalent to 1.25 to 1.5 L kg−1 body mass (BM) lost to restore body water content. However, individuals undertaking subsequent activity may have limited time to consume fluid. Within this context, the impact of fluid intake practices is unclear. This systematic review investigated the effect of fluid consumption following a period of dehydration on subsequent athletic and cognitive performance. Methods PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science (via Thomas Reuters) and Scopus databases were searched for articles reporting on athletic (categorized as: continuous, intermittent, resistance, sport-specific and balance exercise) or cognitive performance following dehydration of participants under control (no fluid) and intervention (fluid intake) conditions. Meta-analytic procedures determined intervention efficacy for continuous exercise performance. Results Sixty-four trials (n = 643 participants) derived from 42 publications were reviewed. Dehydration decreased BM by 1.3–4.2%, and fluid intake was equivalent to 0.4–1.55 L kg−1 BM lost. Fluid intake significantly improved continuous exercise performance (22 trials), Hedges’ g = 0.46, 95% CI 0.32, 0.61. Improvement was greatest when exercise was performed in hotter environments and over longer durations. The volume or timing of fluid consumption did not influence the magnitude of this effect. Evidence indicating a benefit of fluid intake on intermittent (10 trials), resistance (9 trials), sport-specific (6 trials) and balance (2 trials) exercise and on cognitive performance (15 trials) was less apparent and requires further elucidation. Conclusions Fluid consumption following dehydration may improve continuous exercise performance under heat stress conditions, even when the body water deficit is modest and fluid intake is inadequate for complete rehydration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0079-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Adams EL, Casa DJ, Huggins RA, DeMartini-Nolan JK, Stearns RL, Kennedy RM, Bosworth MM, DiStefano LJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Heat Exposure and Hypohydration Exacerbate Physiological Strain During Load Carrying. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:727-735. [PMID: 28166185 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adams, EL, Casa, DJ, Huggins, RA, DeMartini-Nolan, JK, Stearns, RL, Kennedy, RM, Bosworth, MM, DiStefano, LJ, Armstrong, LE, and Maresh, CM. Heat exposure and hypohydration exacerbate physiological strain during load carrying. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 727-735, 2019-Heat exposure and hypohydration induce physiological and psychological strain during exercise; however, it is unknown if the separate effects of heat exposure and hypohydration are synergistic when co-occurring during loaded exercise. This study compared separate and combined effects of heat exposure and hypohydration on physiological strain, mood state, and visual vigilance during loaded exercise. Twelve men (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 2 years; body mass, 74.0 ± 8.2 kg; maximal oxygen uptake, 57.0 ± 6.0 ml·kg·min) completed 4 trials under the following conditions: euhydrated temperate (EUT), hypohydrated temperate (HYT), euhydrated hot (EUH), and hypohydrated hot (HYH). Exercise was 90 minutes of treadmill walking (∼50% V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, 5% grade) while carrying a 45-lb rucksack. Profile of Mood States and the Scanning Visual Vigilance Test were completed before and after exercise. The separate effects of heat exposure (EUH) and hypohydration (HYT) on post-exercise rectal temperature (Tre) were similar (38.25 ± 0.63°C vs. 38.22 ± 0.29°C, respectively, p > 0.05), whereas in combination (HYH), post-exercise Tre was far greater (39.32 ± 0.43°C). Increase in Tre per 1% body mass loss (BML) for HYH (vs. EUH) was greater than HYT (vs. EUT) (0.32 vs. 0.04°C, respectively, p = 0.02); heart rate increase per 1% BML for HYH (vs. EUH) was 7 b·min compared with HYT (vs. EUT) at 3 b·min (p = 0.30). Hypohydrated hot induced greater mood disturbance (post-exercise - pre-exercise) (35 ± 21 units) compared with other conditions (EUT = 3 ± 9 units; HYT = 3 ± 16 units; EUH = 16 ± 26 units; p < 0.001). No differences occurred in visual vigilance (p > 0.05). Independently, heat exposure and hypohydration induced similar physiological strain during loaded exercise; when combined, heat exposure with hypohydration, synergistically exacerbated physiological strain and mood disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Adams
- Human Performance Laboratory, Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Human Performance Laboratory, Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Julie K DeMartini-Nolan
- Department of Athletic Training, College of Health Professions, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca L Stearns
- Human Performance Laboratory, Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Rachel M Kennedy
- Department of Sports Medicine, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan M Bosworth
- Department of Athletics, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Lindsay J DiStefano
- Human Performance Laboratory, Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Lawrence E Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Konishi K, Kimura T, Yuhaku A, Kurihara T, Fujimoto M, Hamaoka T, Sanada K. Effect of sustained high-intensity exercise on executive function. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Konishi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Tetsuya Kimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
| | - Atsushi Yuhaku
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | | | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University
| | - Kiyoshi Sanada
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
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Shibasaki M, Namba M, Oshiro M, Crandall CG, Nakata H. The effect of elevations in internal temperature on event-related potentials during a simple cognitive task in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R33-8. [PMID: 27101295 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00086.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hyperthermia on cognitive function remains equivocal, perhaps because of methodological discrepancy. Using electroencephalographic event-related potentials (ERPs), we tested the hypothesis that a passive heat stress impairs cognitive processing. Thirteen volunteers performed repeated auditory oddball paradigms under two thermal conditions, normothermic time control and heat stress, on different days. For the heat stress trial, these paradigms were performed at preheat stress (i.e., normothermic) baseline, when esophageal temperature had increased by ∼0.8°C, when esophageal temperature had increased by ∼2.0°C, and during cooling following the heat stress. The reaction time and ERPs were recorded in each session. For the time control trial, subjects performed the auditory oddball paradigms at approximately the same time interval as they did in the heat stress trial. The peak latency and amplitude of an indicator of auditory processing (N100) were not altered regardless of thermal conditions. An indicator of stimulus classification/evaluation time (latency of P300) and the reaction time were shortened during heat stress; moreover an indicator of cognitive processing (the amplitude of P300) was significantly reduced during severe heat stress (8.3 ± 1.3 μV) relative to the baseline (12.2 ± 1.0 μV, P < 0.01). No changes in these indexes occurred during the time control trial. During subsequent whole body cooling, the amplitude of P300 remained reduced, and the reaction time and latency of P300 remained shortened. These results suggest that excessive elevations in internal temperature reduce cognitive processing but promote classification time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shibasaki
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan;
| | - Mari Namba
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan; and
| | - Misaki Oshiro
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan; and
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
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Bain AR, Nybo L, Ainslie PN. Cerebral Vascular Control and Metabolism in Heat Stress. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1345-80. [PMID: 26140721 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth update on the impact of heat stress on cerebrovascular functioning. The regulation of cerebral temperature, blood flow, and metabolism are discussed. We further provide an overview of vascular permeability, the neurocognitive changes, and the key clinical implications and pathologies known to confound cerebral functioning during hyperthermia. A reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF), derived primarily from a respiratory-induced alkalosis, underscores the cerebrovascular changes to hyperthermia. Arterial pressures may also become compromised because of reduced peripheral resistance secondary to skin vasodilatation. Therefore, when hyperthermia is combined with conditions that increase cardiovascular strain, for example, orthostasis or dehydration, the inability to preserve cerebral perfusion pressure further reduces CBF. A reduced cerebral perfusion pressure is in turn the primary mechanism for impaired tolerance to orthostatic challenges. Any reduction in CBF attenuates the brain's convective heat loss, while the hyperthermic-induced increase in metabolic rate increases the cerebral heat gain. This paradoxical uncoupling of CBF to metabolism increases brain temperature, and potentiates a condition whereby cerebral oxygenation may be compromised. With levels of experimentally viable passive hyperthermia (up to 39.5-40.0 °C core temperature), the associated reduction in CBF (∼ 30%) and increase in cerebral metabolic demand (∼ 10%) is likely compensated by increases in cerebral oxygen extraction. However, severe increases in whole-body and brain temperature may increase blood-brain barrier permeability, potentially leading to cerebral vasogenic edema. The cerebrovascular challenges associated with hyperthermia are of paramount importance for populations with compromised thermoregulatory control--for example, spinal cord injury, elderly, and those with preexisting cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Bain
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
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21
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Benton D, Young HA. Do small differences in hydration status affect mood and mental performance? Nutr Rev 2016; 73 Suppl 2:83-96. [PMID: 26290294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been suggested that many in the general population are dehydrated to the extent that mood and cognition are disrupted, there has been little research investigating mild levels of dehydration. When dehydration reduces body mass by more than 2%, it has been consistently reported that mood is influenced, fatigue is greater, and alertness is lower. In contrast, the effects on cognition have been less consistent. Only a few studies have looked at females and these studies made little attempt to consider hormones that influence kidney functioning. In particular, there has been virtually no attempt to look at changes in hydration status in the range that occurs in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle in a temperate climate. There is a consequent need to study individuals who have lost up to 1% of body mass due to dehydration. While 4 intervention trials have found that the cognition of children improved in response to water consumption, the effects of water consumption on cognition in older adults, another high-risk group, have been largely ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benton
- D. Benton and H. Young are with the Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK.
| | - Hayley A Young
- D. Benton and H. Young are with the Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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22
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Gann JJ, Green JM, OʼNeal EK, Renfroe LG, Andre TL. Effects of Hypohydration on Repeated 40-yd Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 30:901-9. [PMID: 26349041 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of hypohydration on repeated 40-yd sprint performance. Anaerobically fit current and former Division II male athletes (n = 12) completed 2 bouts of 10 × 40-yd sprints followed by an agility test, dehydrated (∼3% body weight [DT]), or hydrated trial (HT). Statistical analysis of group means indicated that hypohydration had little effect on sprint times for either the first (DT= 5.38 ± 0.37; HT = 5.35 ± 0.34) or second (DT = 5.47 ± 0.39; HT = 5.42 ± 0.39) bout of 10 sprints with only sprint number 2, 5, and 6 of bout 2 reaching statistical significance. However, when individual sprint performance was considered, a greater effect was seen. In all, 83% (10 of 12) of subjects experienced a meaningful change (≥0.1 seconds) (positive or negative) in mean sprint time (DT vs. HT) for one or more bout of 10 sprints. Ratings of perceived exertion was significantly higher (∼1 unit on a 10 point scale) for DT in all sprints during bout 1 and the first 2 sprints of bout 2. These results indicate that the effect of hypohydration on repeated sprint performance varies among individuals. Some improved performance with hypohydration, while others experienced detrimental effects. Hypohydration also resulted in a particularly notable negative impact on perceptual measures of exertion even when performance was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Gann
- 1Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; and 2Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama
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23
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Abstract
Although it is well known that water is essential for human homeostasis and survival, only recently have we begun to understand its role in the maintenance of brain function. Herein, we integrate emerging evidence regarding the effects of both dehydration and additional acute water consumption on cognition and mood. Current findings in the field suggest that particular cognitive abilities and mood states are positively influenced by water consumption. The impact of dehydration on cognition and mood is particularly relevant for those with poor fluid regulation, such as the elderly and children. We critically review the most recent advances in both behavioural and neuroimaging studies of dehydration and link the findings to the known effects of water on hormonal, neurochemical and vascular functions in an attempt to suggest plausible mechanisms of action. We identify some methodological weaknesses, including inconsistent measurements in cognitive assessment and the lack of objective hydration state measurements as well as gaps in knowledge concerning mediating factors that may influence water intervention effects. Finally, we discuss how future research can best elucidate the role of water in the optimal maintenance of brain health and function.
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24
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The effects of dehydration, moderate alcohol consumption, and rehydration on cognitive functions. Alcohol 2013; 47:203-13. [PMID: 23352231 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of mild-moderate dehydration on alcohol-induced deteriorations in cognitive functions. Sixteen healthy males participated in a single-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study involving 4 experimental trials (separated by ≥7 d). In each trial, participants were dehydrated by 2.5% body mass through exercise. After 1 h recovery in a thermo-neutral environment (22 ± 2 °C, 60-70% relative humidity) 4 tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were administered to the participants (test 1). In two of the trials, participants were provided with water equivalent to either 50% or 150% body mass loss and given salt (NaCl) capsules (50 mmol/L). A set volume of alcohol or placebo was then consumed in each trial, incorporating the conditions: dehydration-placebo (DP), dehydration-alcohol (DA), partial rehydration-alcohol (PA), and full rehydration-alcohol (FA). The same 4 CANTAB tasks were then re-administered (test 2). Subjective ratings of mood and estimates of alcohol intoxication and driving impairment were also recorded in each trial. Alcohol consumption caused deterioration on 3 of the 4 CANTAB measures (viz., choice reaction time, executive function and response inhibition). This reduction in performance was exacerbated when participants were dehydrated compared to trials where full rehydration occurred. Subjective ratings of impairment and intoxication were not significantly different between any of the trials where alcohol was consumed; however ratings for alcohol trials were significantly higher than in the placebo trial. These findings suggest that rehydration after exercise that causes fluid loss can attenuate alcohol-related deterioration of cognitive functions. This may pose implications for post match fluid replacement if a moderate amount of alcohol is also consumed.
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26
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Dehydration influences mood and cognition: a plausible hypothesis? Nutrients 2011; 3:555-73. [PMID: 22254111 PMCID: PMC3257694 DOI: 10.3390/nu3050555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis was considered that a low fluid intake disrupts cognition and mood. Most research has been carried out on young fit adults, who typically have exercised, often in heat. The results of these studies are inconsistent, preventing any conclusion. Even if the findings had been consistent, confounding variables such as fatigue and increased temperature make it unwise to extrapolate these findings. Thus in young adults there is little evidence that under normal living conditions dehydration disrupts cognition, although this may simply reflect a lack of relevant evidence. There remains the possibility that particular populations are at high risk of dehydration. It is known that renal function declines in many older individuals and thirst mechanisms become less effective. Although there are a few reports that more dehydrated older adults perform cognitive tasks less well, the body of information is limited and there have been little attempt to improve functioning by increasing hydration status. Although children are another potentially vulnerable group that have also been subject to little study, they are the group that has produced the only consistent findings in this area. Four intervention studies have found improved performance in children aged 7 to 9 years. In these studies children, eating and drinking as normal, have been tested on occasions when they have and not have consumed a drink. After a drink both memory and attention have been found to be improved.
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27
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Bandelow S, Maughan R, Shirreffs S, Ozgünen K, Kurdak S, Ersöz G, Binnet M, Dvorak J. The effects of exercise, heat, cooling and rehydration strategies on cognitive function in football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 20 Suppl 3:148-60. [PMID: 21029202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the cognitive effects of exercising in the heat on the field players of two football teams in a series of three matches. Different rehydration and cooling strategies were used for one of the teams during the last two games. Cognitive functions were measured before, during and immediately after each football match, as well as core temperature, body mass, plasma osmolality and glucose levels, allowing an estimate of their differential impacts on cognition. The pattern of results suggests that mild-moderate dehydration during exercise in the heat (up to 2.5%) has no clear effect on cognitive function. Instead, plasma glucose and core temperature changes appear to be the main determinants: higher glucose was related to faster and less accurate performance, whereas core temperature rises had the opposite effect. The 50% correlation between plasma glucose and core temperatures observed during exercise in the heat may help to stabilize cognitive performance via their opposing effects. The glucose-like effects of sports drinks appear to be mediated by increased plasma glucose levels, because drinks effects became non-significant when plasma glucose levels were added to the models. The cooling intervention had only a beneficial effect on complex visuo-motor speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bandelow
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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28
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Lambourne K, Tomporowski P. The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: a meta-regression analysis. Brain Res 2010; 1341:12-24. [PMID: 20381468 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance were examined using meta-analytic techniques. The overall mean effect size was dependent on the timing of cognitive assessment. During exercise, cognitive task performance was impaired by a mean effect of -0.14. However, impairments were only observed during the first 20min of exercise. Otherwise, exercise-induced arousal enhanced performance on tasks that involved rapid decisions and automatized behaviors. Following exercise, cognitive task performance improved by a mean effect of 0.20. Arousal continued to facilitate speeded mental processes and also enhanced memory storage and retrieval. Positive effects were observed following exercise regardless of whether the study protocol was designed to measure the effects of steady-state exercise, fatiguing exercise, or the inverted-U hypothesis. Finally, cognitive performance was affected differentially by exercise mode. Cycling was associated with enhanced performance during and after exercise, whereas treadmill running led to impaired performance during exercise and a small improvement in performance following exercise. These results are indicative of the complex relation between exercise and cognition. Cognitive performance may be enhanced or impaired depending on when it is measured, the type of cognitive task selected, and the type of exercise performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lambourne
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that dehydration is a causal factor to fatigue across a range of sports such as soccer; however, empirical evidence is equivocal on this point. It is also possible that exercise-induced moderate dehydration is purely an outcome of significant metabolic activity during a game. The diverse yet sustained physical activities in soccer undoubtedly threaten homeostasis, but research suggests that under most environmental conditions, match-play fluid loss is minimal ( approximately 1-2% loss of body mass), metabolite accumulation remains fairly constant, and core temperatures do not reach levels considered sufficiently critical to require the immediate cessation of exercise. A complex (central) metabolic control system which ensures that no one (peripheral) physiological system is maximally utilized may explain the diversity of research findings concerning the impact of individual factors such as dehydration on elite soccer performance. In consideration of the existing literature, we propose a new interpretative pacing model to explain the self-regulation of elite soccer performance and, in which, players behaviourally modulate efforts according to a subconscious strategy. This strategy is based on both pre-match (intrinsic and extrinsic factors) and dynamic considerations during the game (such as skin temperature, thirst, accumulation of metabolites in the muscles, plasma osmolality and substrate availability), which enables players to avoid total failure of any single peripheral physiological system either prematurely or at the conclusion of a match. In summary, we suggest that dehydration is only an outcome of complex physiological control (operating a pacing plan) and no single metabolic factor is causal of fatigue in elite soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Edwards
- UCOL Institute of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Edwards AM, Mann ME, Marfell-Jones MJ, Rankin DM, Noakes TD, Shillington DP. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:385-91. [PMID: 17272311 PMCID: PMC2465308 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.033860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether moderate water loss (approximately 1.5-2% of body mass (BM)) represents a significant impairment to soccer match-play and the related fitness variables. METHODS 11 moderately active male soccer players (mean (SD) age 24.4 (3) years, BM 74.03 (10.5) kg, peak oxygen consumption 50.91 (4.0) ml/kg/min) volunteered to participate. The experimental procedure comprised: (1) a 45 min pre-match period of cycle ergometry exercise (90% of individual ventilatory threshold); (2) the completion of a 45 min soccer match; and (3) the immediate post-match performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. The subjects completed the procedure on three occasions each in a different experimental condition (fluid intake (FL), no fluid (NF) and mouth rinse (MR)) in an individually randomised order. Core temperature (Tc), heart rates, plasma and urine osmolalities, BM, sweat rates and heat storage were all measured. RESULTS The only condition-dependent difference during the match-play element of the protocol was a significantly increased Tc in the NF condition compared with the FL condition (39.28 degrees C (0.35 degrees C) and 38.8 degrees C (0.47 degrees C), respectively; p<0.05). The immediate post-match performance of a sport-specific fitness test was significantly impaired where FL had been denied (p<0.01). The post-test evaluation of rating of perceived exertion and thirst indicated that the NF condition was perceived to be the most challenging (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The condition-dependent differences in match-play and post-match tests demonstrate that moderate dehydration is detrimental to soccer performance. However, it remains unclear whether this could be attributable to water loss in itself or the negative psychological associations derived from a greater perception of effort in that condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Edwards
- Leeds Metropolitan University, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds, UK.
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