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Wang J, Dewi L, Peng Y, Hou CW, Song Y, Condello G. Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:499-508. [PMID: 38158179 PMCID: PMC11184386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance are well-established, even if differences exist among individuals in response to caffeine intake. The genetic variation of a specific gene, human cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) (rs762551), may be one reason for this difference. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the influence of CYP1A2 gene types on athletes' exercise performance after caffeine intake. METHODS A literature search through 4 databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) was conducted until March 2023. The effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) by calculating fixed effects meta-analysis if heterogeneity was not significant (I2 ≤ 50% and p ≥ 0.1). Subgroup analyses were performed based on AA and AC/CC genotype of CYP1A2. RESULTS The final number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was 12 (n = 666 participants). The overall analysis showed that the cycling time trial significantly improved after caffeine intake (WMD = -0.48, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.83 to -0.13, p = 0.007). In subgroup analyses, acute caffeine intake improved cycling time trial only in individuals with the A allele (WMD = -0.90, 95%CI: -1.48 to -0.33, p = 0.002), but not the C allele (WMD = -0.08, 95%CI: -0.32 to 0.17, p = 0.53). Caffeine supplementation did not influence the Wingate (WMD = 8.07, 95%CI: -22.04 to 38.18, p = 0.60) or countermovement jump test (CMJ) performance (WMD = 1.17, 95%CI: -0.02 to 2.36, p = 0.05), and these outcomes were not influenced by CYP1A2 genotype. CONCLUSION Participants with the CYP1A2 genotype with A allele improved their cycling time trials after caffeine supplementation. However, compared to placebo, acute caffeine supplementation failed to increase the Wingate or CMJ performance, regardless of CYP1A2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Wang
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Tianmu Campus, Taipei 11153, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Luthfia Dewi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Tianmu Campus, Taipei 11153, China; Department of Nutrition, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia
| | - Yundong Peng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Chien-Wen Hou
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Tianmu Campus, Taipei 11153, China
| | - Yanmin Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Giancarlo Condello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43126, Italy
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Lynn A, Shaw C, Sorsby AC, Ashworth P, Hanif F, Williams CE, Ranchordas MK. Caffeine gum improves 5 km running performance in recreational runners completing parkrun events. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1283-1291. [PMID: 38400919 PMCID: PMC11139716 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine gum improves the performance of recreational runners completing parkruns (weekly, 5 km, mass participant running events). METHODS Thirty-six recreational runners (M = 31, F = 5; age 33.7 ± 10.7 y; BMI 23.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2) capable of running 5 km in < 25 min were recruited to a study at the Sheffield Hallam parkrun, UK. Runners were block randomized into one of three double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention trials with caffeine gum as the treatment (n = 6 per intervention trial) or into one of three non-intervention trials that ran concurrently with the intervention trials (n = 6 per non-intervention trial). Changes in conditions across different parkruns were adjusted for using data from the non-intervention trials. Runners in the randomized cross-over intervention trials chewed gum supplying 300 mg of caffeine or a placebo gum for 5 min, starting 30 min before each parkrun. RESULTS Caffeine gum improved 5 km parkrun performance by a mean of 17.28 s (95% CI 4.19, 30.37; P = 0.01). Adjustment for environmental conditions using data from the non-intervention trials attenuated the statistical significance (P = 0.04). Caffeine gum also decreased RPE by 1.21 (95% CI 0.30, 2.13; P = 0·01) units relative to placebo. CONCLUSIONS A 300 mg dose of caffeine supplied in chewing gum improved the performance of recreational runners completing 5 km parkruns by an average of 17 s. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02473575 before recruitment commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lynn
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK.
| | - Chloe Shaw
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Anna C Sorsby
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Pippa Ashworth
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Faysal Hanif
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Claire E Williams
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Mayur K Ranchordas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
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Trujillo-Colmena D, Fernández-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Castaño A, Casado A, Del Coso J. Effects of Caffeinated Coffee on Cross-Country Cycling Performance in Recreational Cyclists. Nutrients 2024; 16:668. [PMID: 38474796 PMCID: PMC10933887 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The ergogenic effects of acute caffeine intake on endurance cycling performance lasting ~1 h have been well documented in controlled laboratory studies. However, the potential benefits of caffeine supplementation in cycling disciplines such as cross-country/mountain biking have been rarely studied. In cross-country cycling, performance is dependent on endurance capacity, which may be enhanced by caffeine, but also on the technical ability of the cyclist to overcome the obstacles of the course. So, it is possible that the potential benefits of caffeine are not translated to cross-country cycling. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine intake, in the form of coffee, on endurance performance during a cross-country cycling time trial. Eleven recreational cross-country cyclists (mean ± SD: age: 22 ± 3 years; nine males and two females) participated in a single-blinded, randomised, counterbalanced and crossover experiment. After familiarisation with the cross-country course, participants completed two identical experimental trials after the ingestion of: (a) 3.00 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of soluble coffee or (b) 0.04 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of decaffeinated soluble coffee as a placebo. Drinks were ingested 60 min before performing a 13.90 km cross-country time trial over a course with eight sectors of varying technical difficulty. The time to complete the trial and the mean and the maximum speed were measured through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Heart rate was obtained through a heart rate monitor. At the end of the time trial, participants indicated their perceived level of fatigue using the traditional Borg scale. In comparison to the placebo, caffeine intake in the form of coffee significantly reduced the time to complete the trial by 4.93 ± 4.39% (43.20 ± 7.35 vs. 41.17 ± 6.18 min; p = 0.011; effect size [ES] = 0.300). Caffeine intake reduced the time to complete four out of eight sectors with different categories of technical difficulty (p ≤ 0.010; ES = 0.386 to 0.701). Mean heart rate was higher with caffeine (169 ± 6 vs. 162 ± 13 bpm; p = 0.046; ES = 0.788) but the rating of perceived exertion at the end of the trial was similar with caffeinated coffee than with the placebo (16 ± 1 vs. 16 ± 2 a.u.; p = 0.676; ES = 0.061). In conclusion, the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine delivered via soluble coffee reduced the time to complete a cross-country cycling trial in recreational cyclists. These results suggest that caffeine ingested as coffee may be an ergogenic substance for cross-country cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Trujillo-Colmena
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
- Program of Epidemiology and Public Health (Interuniversity), Ph.D. International School, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Sánchez
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Castaño
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Arturo Casado
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
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Naulleau C, Jeker D, Pancrate T, Claveau P, Deshayes TA, Burke LM, Goulet EDB. Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2431-2445. [PMID: 35616851 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat is associated with physiological strain and endurance performance (EP) impairments. Studies have investigated the impact of caffeine intake upon EP and core temperature (CT) in the heat, but results are conflicting. There is a need to systematically determine the impact of pre-exercise caffeine intake in the heat. OBJECTIVE To use a meta-analytical approach to determine the effect of pre-exercise caffeine intake on EP and CT in the heat. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Four databases and cross-referencing. DATA ANALYSIS Weighted mean effect summaries using robust variance random-effects models for EP and CT, as well as robust variance meta-regressions to explore confounders. STUDY SELECTION Placebo-controlled, randomized studies in adults (≥ 18 years old) with caffeine intake at least 30 min before endurance exercise ≥ 30 min, performed in ambient conditions ≥ 27 °C. RESULTS Respectively six and 12 studies examined caffeine's impact on EP and CT, representing 52 and 205 endurance-trained individuals. On average, 6 mg/kg body mass of caffeine were taken 1 h before exercises of ~ 70 min conducted at 34 °C and 47% relative humidity. Caffeine supplementation non-significantly improved EP by 2.1 ± 0.8% (95% CI - 0.7 to 4.8) and significantly increased the rate of change in CT by 0.10 ± 0.03 °C/h (95% CI 0.02 to 0.19), compared with the ingestion of a placebo. CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion of 6 mg/kg body mass ~ 1 h before exercise in the heat may provide a worthwhile improvement in EP, is unlikely to be deleterious to EP, and trivially increases the rate of change in CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Naulleau
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, P.Q., Canada
| | - David Jeker
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, P.Q., Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pascale Claveau
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Thomas A Deshayes
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric D B Goulet
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada.
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Peel JS, McNarry MA, Heffernan SM, Nevola VR, Kilduff LP, Waldron M. The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Endurance Exercise Performance and Core Temperature in Hot Environments: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Sports Med 2021; 51:2351-2371. [PMID: 34129223 PMCID: PMC8514372 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ergogenic effects of dietary supplements on endurance exercise performance are well-established; however, their efficacy in hot environmental conditions has not been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES (1) To meta-analyse studies investigating the effects of selected dietary supplements on endurance performance and core temperature responses in the heat. Supplements were included if they were deemed to: (a) have a strong evidence base for 'directly' improving thermoneutral endurance performance, based on current position statements, or (b) have a proposed mechanism of action that related to modifiable factors associated with thermal balance. (2) To conduct meta-regressions to evaluate the moderating effect of selected variables on endurance performance and core temperature responses in the heat following dietary supplementation. METHODS A search was performed using various databases in May 2020. After screening, 25 peer-reviewed articles were identified for inclusion, across three separate meta-analyses: (1) exercise performance; (2) end core temperature; (3) submaximal core temperature. The moderating effect of several variables were assessed via sub-analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS Overall, dietary supplementation had a trivial significant positive effect on exercise performance (Hedges' g = 0.18, 95% CI 0.007-0.352, P = 0.042), a trivial non-significant positive effect on submaximal core temperature (Hedges' g = 0.18, 95% CI - 0.021 to 0.379, P = 0.080) and a small non-significant positive effect on end core temperature (Hedges' g = 0.20, 95% CI - 0.041 to 0.439, P = 0.104) in the heat. There was a non-significant effect of individual supplements on exercise performance (P = 0.973) and submaximal core temperature (P = 0.599). However, end core temperature was significantly affected by supplement type (P = 0.003), which was attributable to caffeine's large significant positive effect (n = 8; Hedges' g = 0.82, 95% CI 0.433-1.202, P < 0.001) and taurine's medium significant negative effect (n = 1; Hedges' g = - 0.96, 95% CI - 1.855 to - 0.069, P = 0.035). CONCLUSION Supplements such as caffeine and nitrates do not enhance endurance performance in the heat, with caffeine also increasing core temperature responses. Some amino acids might offer the greatest performance benefits in the heat. Exercising in the heat negatively affected the efficacy of many dietary supplements, indicating that further research is needed and current guidelines for performance in hot environments likely require revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Peel
- A-STEM Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- A-STEM Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- A-STEM Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Venturino R Nevola
- A-STEM Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Fareham, Hampshire, UK
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- A-STEM Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, Arent SM, Antonio J, Stout JR, Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Goldstein ER, Kalman DS, Campbell BI. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33388079 PMCID: PMC7777221 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: 1. Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. 2. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. 3. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3-6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. 4. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. 5. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. 6. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. 7. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. 8. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. 9. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4-6 mg/kg, respectively. 10. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. 11. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci S Guest
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 5326A, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, USA
| | | | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Colombia, SC, 29208, USA
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erica R Goldstein
- Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Nakamura D, Tanabe Y, Arimitsu T, Hasegawa H, Takahashi H. Low caffeine dose improves intermittent sprint performance in hot and humid environments. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102698. [PMID: 33077119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While the effects of caffeine have been evaluated in relation to endurance exercise, few studies have assessed the ergogenic effects of low caffeine doses on intermittent exercise performance in hot and humid environments. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of low-dose caffeine supplementation on intermittent exercise performance under these conditions. Eight male soccer players (age, 19.9 ± 0.3 years; height, 173.7 ± 6.3 cm; body mass, 65.1 ± 5.5 kg; V˙O2max, 50.0 ± 3.1 mL ⋅ kg-1⋅ min-1) participated in this double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Caffeine was orally administered at 60 min before exercise (dosage, 3 mg ⋅ kg-1). The participants completed a 90-min intermittent sprint cycling protocol under two conditions (after receiving caffeine and placebo) at 32 °C and at 70% relative humidity. A significant improvement in the total amount of work was observed in the caffeine condition compared to the placebo condition (155.0 ± 15.8 vs 150.8 ± 14.5 kJ, respectively; p < 0.05, d = 0.28). In contrast, the rectal temperature measured at the end of exercise showed no significant difference between the conditions (38.9 ± 0.4 °C and 38.7 ± 0.5 °C in the caffeine and placebo conditions, respectively; p > 0.05, d = 0.57). Other thermal responses, such as the mean skin temperature, heart rate, or sweat volume, were not significantly different between these conditions. These results suggested that a low caffeine dose improved the intermittent sprint performance and the reasons could be explained by the fact that a low caffeine dose ingestion did not affect the thermoregulatory responses compared to the placebo condition and, thus, did not attenuate its ergogenic effect on exercise in hot and humid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakamura
- Rikkyo research institute of Wellness, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, 171-8501 Tokyo, Japan; Wheathernews Inc., Makuhari Techno Garden, Nakase 1-3 Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, 261-0023, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences at University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuma Arimitsu
- Faculty of Health Care, Department of Human Health Hachinohe Gakuin University, 13-98 Oazamihono, Hachinohe, 031-8588, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), 3-15-1 Nishigaoka Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan
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Wang C, Zhu Y, Dong C, Zhou Z, Zheng X. Effects of Various Doses of Caffeine Ingestion on Intermittent Exercise Performance and Cognition. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E595. [PMID: 32872249 PMCID: PMC7564618 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no study has examined the effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent exercise performance that imitates certain team-sports, and the suitable concentration of caffeine for improved intermittent exercise performance remains elusive. The purpose of the present cross-over, double-blind preliminary study was to investigate effects of low, moderate, and high doses of caffeine ingestion on intermittent exercise performance and cognition. Ten males performed a familiarization session and four experimental trials. Participants ingested capsules of placebo or caffeine (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg) at 1 h before exercise, rested quietly, and then performed cycling for 2 × 30 min. The cycling protocol consisted of maximal power pedaling for 5 s (mass × 0.075 kp) every minute, separated by unloaded pedaling for 25 s and rest for 30 s. At pre-ingestion of capsules, 1 h post-ingestion, and post-exercise, participants completed the Stroop task. The mean power-output (MPO), peak power-output (PPO), and response time (RT) in the Stroop task were measured. Only 3 mg/kg of caffeine had positive effects on the mean PPO and MPO; 3 mg/kg caffeine decreased RTs significantly in the incongruent and congruent conditions. These results indicate that the ingestion of low-dose caffeine had greater positive effects on the participants' physical strength during prolonged intermittent exercise and cognition than moderate- or high-dose caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xinyan Zheng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (C.W.); (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (Z.Z.)
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De Salles Painelli V, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. Comment on: “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”. Sports Med 2020; 50:1211-1218. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Skinner TL, Desbrow B, Arapova J, Schaumberg MA, Osborne J, Grant GD, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Leveritt MD. Women Experience the Same Ergogenic Response to Caffeine as Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1195-1202. [PMID: 30629046 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether 1) consumption of caffeine improves endurance cycling performance in women and 2) sex differences exist in the magnitude of the ergogenic and plasma responses to caffeine supplementation. METHODS Twenty-seven (11 women and 16 men) endurance-trained cyclists and triathletes participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion, two familiarization trials, and two performance trials. Ninety minutes before the performance trials, participants ingested opaque capsules containing either 3 mg·kg body mass of anhydrous caffeine or a placebo. They then completed a set amount of work (75% of peak sustainable power output) in the fastest possible time. Plasma was sampled at baseline, preexercise, and postexercise for caffeine. Strict standardization and verification of diet, hydration, training volume and intensity, and contraceptive hormone phase (for women) were implemented. RESULTS Performance time was significantly improved after caffeine administration in women (placebo: 3863 ± 419 s, caffeine: 3757 ± 312 s; P = 0.03) and men (placebo: 3903 ± 341 s, caffeine: 3734 ± 287 s; P < 0.001). The magnitude of performance improvement was similar for women (mean = 4.3%, 95% CI = 0.4%-8.2%) and men (4.6%, 2.3%-6.8%). Plasma caffeine concentrations were similar between sexes before exercise, but significantly greater in women after exercise (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of 3 mg·kg body mass of caffeine enhanced endurance exercise performance in women. The magnitude of the performance enhancement observed in women was similar to that of men, despite significantly greater plasma caffeine concentrations after exercise in women. These results suggest that the current recommendations for caffeine intake (i.e., 3-6 mg·kg caffeine before exercise to enhance endurance performance), which are derived almost exclusively from studies on men, may also be applicable to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Julia Arapova
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mia A Schaumberg
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.,School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - John Osborne
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Gary D Grant
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.,Quality Use of Medicines Network, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.,Quality Use of Medicines Network, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
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11
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Self-Selected Pacing during a 24 h Track Cycling World Record. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162943. [PMID: 31426293 PMCID: PMC6720958 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present case study analyzed the pacing in a self-paced world record attempt during a 24 h track cycling event by the current world record holder. The cyclist completed 3767 laps on a 250 m long cycling track and covered a total distance of 941.873 km, breaking the existing world record by 37.99 km. The average cycling speed was 39.2 ± 1.9 km/h (range 35.5–42.8 km/h) and the power output measured was 214.5 ± 23.7 W (range 190.0–266.0 W) during the 24 h of cycling. We found a positive pacing result with negative correlations between cycling speed (r = −0.73, p < 0.001), power output (r = −0.66, p < 0.001), and laps per hour (r = −0.73, p < 0.001) and the covered distance. During the 24 h, we could identify four different phases: the first phase lasting from the start till the fourth hour with a relatively stable speed; the second phase from the fourth till the ninth hour, characterized by the largest decrease in cycling speed; the third phase from the ninth hour till the 22nd hour, showing relatively small changes in cycling speed; and the last phase from the 22nd hour till the end, presenting a final end spurt. The performance in the 24 h track cycling was 45.577 km better than in the 24 h road cycling, where the same athlete cycled slower but with higher power output. In summary, the current world-best ultracyclist covered more kilometers with less power output during the world record 24 h track cycling than during his world record 24 h road cycling. This was most probably due to the more favorable environmental conditions in the velodrome, which has no wind and stable temperatures.
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12
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Increased Rate of Heat Storage, and No Performance Benefits, With Caffeine Ingestion Before a 10-km Run in Hot, Humid Conditions. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:196-202. [PMID: 30039995 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the effect of caffeine in thermoneutral or cool environmental conditions has generally shown performance benefits, its efficacy in hot, humid conditions is not as well known. The purpose of this study was to further examine the effect of caffeine ingestion on endurance running performance in the heat. METHODS Ten trained endurance runners (6 males; mean [SD] age = 26 [9] y, height = 176.7 [5.1] cm, and mass = 72.1 [8.7] kg) came to the lab for 4 visits. The first was a VO2max test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness; the final 3 visits were 10-km runs in an environmental chamber at 30.6°C and 50% relative humidity under different conditions: 3 mg·kg-1 body mass (low caffeine dosage), 6 mg·kg-1 (moderate caffeine dosage), and a placebo. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine the effect of condition on the 10-km time, heart rate, core temperature, rating of perceived exertion, and thermal sensation. RESULTS There was no difference in the 10-km time between the placebo (53.2 [8.0] min), 3-mg·kg-1 (53.4 [8.4]), and 6-mg·kg-1 (52.7 [8.2]) conditions (P = .575, ηp2=.060 ). There was not a main effect of average heart rate (P = .406, ηp2=.107 ), rating of perceived exertion (P = .151, ηp2=.189 ), or thermal sensation (P = .286, ηp2=.130 ). There was a significant interaction for core temperature (P = .025, ηp2=.170 ); the moderate-dosage caffeine condition showed a higher rate of rise in core temperature (0.26 [0.08] °C·km-1 vs 0.20 [0.06] and 0.19 [0.10] °C·km-1 in the low-caffeine and placebo conditions, respectively). CONCLUSION The results support previous research showing a thermogenic effect of caffeine, as the moderate-dosage condition led to a greater rate of heat storage and no performance benefits.
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13
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Are There Non-Responders to the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Performance? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111736. [PMID: 30424511 PMCID: PMC6267019 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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14
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Southward K, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Ali A. The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:1913-1928. [PMID: 29876876 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine is a widely used ergogenic aid with most research suggesting it confers the greatest effects during endurance activities. Despite the growing body of literature around the use of caffeine as an ergogenic aid, there are few recent meta-analyses that quantitatively assess the effect of caffeine on endurance exercise. OBJECTIVES To summarise studies that have investigated the ergogenic effects of caffeine on endurance time-trial performance and to quantitatively analyse the results of these studies to gain a better understanding of the magnitude of the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance time-trial performance. METHODS A systematic review was carried out on randomised placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of caffeine on endurance performance and a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance time-trial performance. RESULTS Forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Caffeine has a small but evident effect on endurance performance when taken in moderate doses (3-6 mg/kg) as well as an overall improvement following caffeine compared to placebo in mean power output (3.03 ± 3.07%; effect size = 0.23 ± 0.15) and time-trial completion time (2.22 ± 2.59%; effect size = 0.41 ± 0.2). However, differences in responses to caffeine ingestion have been shown, with two studies reporting slower time-trial performance, while five studies reported lower mean power output during the time-trial. CONCLUSION Caffeine can be used effectively as an ergogenic aid when taken in moderate doses, such as during sports when a small increase in endurance performance can lead to significant differences in placements as athletes are often separated by small margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Southward
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore Mail Centre, Private Bag 102 904, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Kay J Rutherfurd-Markwick
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore Mail Centre, Private Bag 102 904, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand. .,Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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15
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Southward K, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Badenhorst C, Ali A. The Role of Genetics in Moderating the Inter-Individual Differences in the Ergogenicity of Caffeine. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1352. [PMID: 30248915 PMCID: PMC6213712 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine use is widespread among athletes following its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency banned list, with approximately 75% of competitive athletes using caffeine. While literature supports that caffeine has a small positive ergogenic effect for most forms of sports and exercise, there exists a significant amount of inter-individual difference in the response to caffeine ingestion and the subsequent effect on exercise performance. In this narrative review, we discuss some of the potential mechanisms and focus on the role that genetics has in these differences. CYP1A2 and ADORA2A are two of the genes which are thought to have the largest impact on the ergogenicity of caffeine. CYP1A2 is responsible for the majority of the metabolism of caffeine, and ADORA2A has been linked to caffeine-induced anxiety. The effects of CYP1A2 and ADORA2A genes on responses to caffeine will be discussed in detail and an overview of the current literature will be presented. The role of these two genes may explain a large portion of the inter-individual variance reported by studies following caffeine ingestion. Elucidating the extent to which these genes moderate responses to caffeine during exercise will ensure caffeine supplementation programs can be tailored to individual athletes in order to maximize the potential ergogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Southward
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore Mail Centre, Private Bag 102 904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Kay Rutherfurd-Markwick
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Claire Badenhorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore Mail Centre, Private Bag 102 904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore Mail Centre, Private Bag 102 904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
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16
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Shen JG, Brooks MB, Cincotta J, Manjourides JD. Establishing a relationship between the effect of caffeine and duration of endurance athletic time trial events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:232-238. [PMID: 30170953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caffeine has well-documented benefits on endurance athletic performance. Because of caffeine's ergogenic effects of reducing perceived fatigue, it is hypothesized that as duration of athletic event increases, so will the effect size of caffeine upon performance. This study aims to examine the relationship between duration of endurance athletic event and the effect size of caffeine compared to placebo for athletic performance. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials assessing the effects of caffeine in adults performing endurance athletic events. METHODS We searched MedLine, Web of Science, and review article references published through March 2016. We performed meta-analyses on placebo-controlled trials to determine the effect of the duration of an endurance athletic event on the standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) between the caffeine and placebo groups for athletic performance. RESULTS Forty articles including 56 unique comparison groups were included. Pooled results showed a Cohen's d of 0.33 (95% CI=0.21, 0.45; p=1.00; I2=0%). The effect of the duration of athletic event was significantly associated with Cohen's d (Relative Risk: 0.005; 95% CI=0.001, 0.009; p=0.024). For a 30min increase in duration of the athletic event, Cohen's d will increase by 0.150. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report on the statistical finding that the effect size of caffeine increases along with the increasing duration of the time trial event. Endurance athletes may especially benefit from caffeine for performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meredith B Brooks
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Jessica Cincotta
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, United States
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17
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Southward K, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Ali A. Correction to: The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:2425-2441. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Salinero JJ, Lara B, Ruiz-Vicente D, Areces F, Puente-Torres C, Gallo-Salazar C, Pascual T, Del Coso J. CYP1A2 Genotype Variations Do Not Modify the Benefits and Drawbacks of Caffeine during Exercise: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030269. [PMID: 28287486 PMCID: PMC5372932 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations have determined that some individuals have minimal or even ergolytic performance effects after caffeine ingestion. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the genetic variations of the CYP1A2 gene on the performance enhancement effects of ingesting a moderate dose of caffeine. In a double-blind randomized experimental design, 21 healthy active participants (29.3 ± 7.7 years) ingested 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass or a placebo in testing sessions separated by one week. Performance in the 30 s Wingate test, visual attention, and side effects were evaluated. DNA was obtained from whole blood samples and the CYP1A2 polymorphism was analyzed (rs762551). We obtained two groups: AA homozygotes (n = 5) and C-allele carriers (n = 16). Caffeine ingestion increased peak power (682 ± 140 vs. 667 ± 137 W; p = 0.008) and mean power during the Wingate test (527 ± 111 vs. 518 ± 111 W; p < 0.001) with no differences between AA homozygotes and C-allele carriers (p > 0.05). Reaction times were similar between caffeine and placebo conditions (276 ± 31 vs. 269 ± 71 milliseconds; p = 0.681) with no differences between AA homozygotes and C-allele carriers. However, 31.3% of the C-allele carriers reported increased nervousness after caffeine ingestion, while none of the AA homozygotes perceived this side effect. Genetic variations of the CYP1A2 polymorphism did not affect the ergogenic effects and drawbacks derived from the ingestion of a moderate dose of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Salinero
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
| | - Diana Ruiz-Vicente
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
| | - Francisco Areces
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
| | - Carlos Puente-Torres
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
| | - César Gallo-Salazar
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
| | - Teodoro Pascual
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid 28692, Spain.
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Suvi S, Timpmann S, Tamm M, Aedma M, Kreegipuu K, Ööpik V. Effects of caffeine on endurance capacity and psychological state in young females and males exercising in the heat. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:68-76. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute caffeine ingestion is considered effective in improving endurance capacity and psychological state. However, current knowledge is based on the findings of studies that have been conducted on male subjects mainly in temperate environmental conditions, but some physiological and psychological effects of caffeine differ between the sexes. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical performance and psychological effects of caffeine in young women and men exercising in the heat. Thirteen male and 10 female students completed 2 constant-load walks (60% of thermoneutral peak oxygen consumption on a treadmill until volitional exhaustion) in a hot-dry environment (air temperature, 42 °C; relative humidity, 20%) after caffeine (6 mg·kg–1) and placebo (wheat flour) ingestion in a double-blind, randomly assigned, crossover manner. Caffeine, compared with placebo, induced greater increases (p < 0.05) in heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentrations in both males and females but had no impact on rectal or skin temperatures or on walking time to exhaustion in subjects of either gender. Caffeine decreased (p < 0.05) ratings of perceived exertion and fatigue in males, but not in females. In females, but not in males, a stronger belief that they had been administered caffeine was associated with a shorter time to exhaustion. In conclusion, acute caffeine ingestion increases HR and blood lactate levels during exercise in the heat, but it has no impact on thermoregulation or endurance capacity in either gender. Under exercise-heat stress, caffeine reduces ratings of perceived exertion and fatigue in males but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Suvi
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Tamm
- Institute of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Aedma
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kairi Kreegipuu
- Institute of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
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Roelands B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. Neurophysiological effects of exercise in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 25 Suppl 1:65-78. [PMID: 25943657 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue during prolonged exercise is a multifactorial phenomenon. The complex interplay between factors originating from both the periphery and the brain will determine the onset of fatigue. In recent years, electrophysiological and imaging tools have been fine-tuned, allowing for an improved understanding of what happens in the brain. In the first part of the review, we present literature that studied the changes in electrocortical activity during and after exercise in normal and high ambient temperature. In general, exercise in a thermo-neutral environment or at light to moderate intensity increases the activity in the β frequency range, while exercising at high intensity or in the heat reduces β activity. In the second part, we review literature that manipulated brain neurotransmission, through either pharmacological or nutritional means, during exercise in the heat. The dominant outcomes were that manipulations changing brain dopamine concentration have the potential to delay fatigue, while the manipulation of serotonin had no effect and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition was detrimental for performance in the heat. Research on the effects of neurotransmitter manipulations on brain activity during or after exercise is scarce. The combination of brain imaging techniques with electrophysiological measures presents one of the major future challenges in exercise physiology/neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roelands
- Department of Human Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance. J Nutr Metab 2015; 2015:715859. [PMID: 25949823 PMCID: PMC4408745 DOI: 10.1155/2015/715859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The training regimens of modern-day athletes have evolved from the sole emphasis on a single fitness component (e.g., endurance athlete or resistance/strength athlete) to an integrative, multimode approach encompassing all four of the major fitness components: resistance (R), interval sprints (I), stretching (S), and endurance (E) training. Athletes rarely, if ever, focus their training on only one mode of exercise but instead routinely engage in a multimode training program. In addition, timed-daily protein (P) intake has become a hallmark for all athletes. Recent studies, including from our laboratory, have validated the effectiveness of this multimode paradigm (RISE) and protein-feeding regimen, which we have collectively termed PRISE. Unfortunately, sports nutrition recommendations and guidelines have lagged behind the PRISE integrative nutrition and training model and therefore limit an athletes' ability to succeed. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to provide a clearly defined roadmap linking specific performance enhancing diets (PEDs) with each PRISE component to facilitate optimal nourishment and ultimately optimal athletic performance.
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22
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Selected Literature Watch. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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