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Bennett H, Fuller J, Debenedictis T, Chalmers S. Ankle sprain, concussion, and anterior cruciate ligament injuries are common and burdensome in sub-elite female Australian football players. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00157-9. [PMID: 38839540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology of injuries in sub-elite female Australian Football (AF). DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS 424 athletes were tracked across a 12-match season. Injury characteristics (location, severity, mechanism) were reported. Injury incidence (injuries per 1000 h) and injury burden (days absent per 1000 h) were calculated. Severity was considered as the number of days missed between injury onset and return to full training. Incidence was compared using incidence rate ratios, and severity using a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Total injury incidence was 10.8 (95 % confidence interval [CI] = 9.0, 12.8) injuries per 1000 h. Match incidence was 34.6 (95 % CI = 28.0, 42.4) injuries per 1000 h. Ankle sprain injuries (2.2 per 1000 h, 95 % CI = 1.4, 3.1) and concussion (1.6 per 1000 h, 95 % CI = 1.0, 2.5) injuries were the most frequent, followed by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries (0.9 per 1000 h, 95 % CI = 0.4, 1.6). ACL (40.4 days per 1000 h, 95 % CI = 36.9, 44.1), ankle sprain injuries (31.4 per 1000 h, 95 % CI =28.4, 34.7), and concussion (19.9 per 1000 h, 95 % CI = 17.5, 22.5) injuries were also the most burdensome. There were 78 mild, 34 moderate, and 21 severe injuries. ACL injuries were the most severe injury (56.0 [77.0] in-season days missed). CONCLUSIONS This research describes the first large-scale injury profile of sub-elite female AF, reporting time-loss measures of incidence and burden for many injury types. Ankle sprain injuries, concussions, and ACL injuries are common and burdensome, and should be prioritised for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bennett
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Joel Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Thomas Debenedictis
- South Australian National Football League, Australia. https://twitter.com/tommyd_90
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Australia. https://twitter.com/_samchalmers
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Graeme LG, Hall K, Olive LS, Greenwood CJ, Couston N, Mattingley S, Francis LM, Hoare E, Rice S, Bos J, Harris E, Youssef GJ. Comparing the healthy development of youth Australian Rules Footballers across talent development and community settings. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001799. [PMID: 38736643 PMCID: PMC11086475 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to compare talent development athletes to community-level athletes in Australian Rules Football across various markers of healthy youth development. Methods Survey data were collected from 363 youth athletes (126 women, 232 men, 5 not reported; Mage=18.69 years, SDage=2.62 years, age range 16-25 years) playing Australian Rules Football at a talent development (recruited from Australian Football League Talent Pathway, n=220) or community (n=143) level. Measures included markers of physical health (eg, general health, risk-taking behaviours), psychological and emotional well-being (eg, mental health symptoms, life satisfaction), family and social relationships (eg, social support, relationship status), educational and occupational attainment/engagement (eg, career satisfaction, education), ethical behaviour (eg, moral self-image), civic engagement, life skills (eg, self-mastery, coping), and demographics. Results Based on regression models, relative to community-level athletes, talent development athletes reported better physical health (d=0.51), lower injury rates (OR=0.50) and less problematic drug use (d=-0.46). Talent development athletes also reported better psychological and emotional well-being, evidenced by lower stress (d=-0.30), higher life satisfaction (d=0.47) and less problematic gambling (d=-0.34). Additionally, talent development athletes reported higher family support (d=0.49), lower likelihood of poor educational outcomes (less than expected educational stage; OR=0.37), lower intention to complete less than year 12 education (OR=0.18), higher career satisfaction (d=0.42), higher self-mastery (d=0.37) and higher perfectionistic striving (d=0.59). Conclusion Findings demonstrate markers of healthier development within talent development athletes relative to community athlete peers. Investment in community-level sports may be warranted to improve healthy development. However, further causal evidence is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G Graeme
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Hall
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa S Olive
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Elite Sports Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Greenwood
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicky Couston
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie Mattingley
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren M Francis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin Hoare
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Rice
- Elite Sports Mental Health, Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Bos
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Harris
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, SEED Lifespan Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Beech J, Jones B, Hughes T, Emmonds S. Injury Profile in Youth Female Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:1207-1230. [PMID: 38263483 PMCID: PMC11127887 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of epidemiological studies assessing the incidence, prevalence and severity of injury in youth female sport are available. However, no study has sought to synthesise the current evidence base across all youth female sport. As such, a systematic review and meta-analysis of injury in this cohort is necessary to understand the diversity of injury and its associated burden between sports in addition to identifying the density of research available. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data of injuries in youth female athletes with particular attention to injury incidence, mean days lost and injury burden. METHODS Searches were performed in PubMed, EBSCO (SPORTDiscus with Full Text MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete) and Cochrane databases. Studies were considered if they reported time-loss injury incidence or prevalence in youth female (≤ 19 years old) athletes. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using STROBE-SIIS extension, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and funnel plots, respectively. Injury incidence and burden rate data were modelled using a mixed-effect Poisson regression model. Days lost data were modelled using a generalised linear mixed model. RESULTS Thirty-two studies were included. The overall incidence rate, mean days lost per injury, and burden rate were 4.4 injuries per 1000 h (95% CI 3.3-5.9), 10 days (95% CI 6-15), and 46 days per 1000 h (95% CI 23-92), respectively. Forty percent of athletes sustained at least one time-loss injury. Competitive level was a significant moderator of match and training injury incidence, with elite youth athletes presenting greater pooled injury incidence estimates than non-elite athletes (p = 0.0315 and p = 0.0047, respectively). The influence of moderators on days lost and injury burden could not be determined due to an insufficient number of studies for analysis. CONCLUSION Despite a broad inclusion criterion, there is limited injury surveillance research available across youth female sport. Outside of soccer, little research density is evidenced with single studies available in popular team sports such as Australian football and rugby union. Insufficient study numbers reporting mean days lost and injury burden data were available for analysis, and pooled days lost data could only be estimated for soccer. This highlights a need for future research to report days lost data alongside injury number and exposure so burden can be calculated and the full risk of injury to youth female athletes can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Beech
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
- The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK.
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Hughes
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- The Football Association, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
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Farley JB, O’Hara M, Keogh JWL, Woods CT, Rathbone E, Milne N. Relationships between physical fitness characteristics, technical skill attributes, and sports injury in female Australian football players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298267. [PMID: 38386636 PMCID: PMC10883547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationships between physical fitness and i) technical skills and ii) time-loss from Australian football injury in female players across the talent and participation pathways. METHODS This study uses a subset of data from two cross-sectional and one prospective cohort studies. A total of 223 female Australian football players across five competition levels (elite/non-elite senior, high-level junior, and non-elite junior (14-17 years)/(10-13 years)) were included in this study. Comprehensive physical fitness assessments and modified Australian football kicking and handballing tests were conducted in the 2018/19 pre-seasons. During the respective competitive in-season, time-loss injuries were recorded by team personnel. Stepwise multiple linear regressions were performed to determine the relationship between physical fitness and kicking and handballing scores. Cox proportional regressions were conducted to identify physical fitness factors associated with injury. RESULTS Increased running vertical jump height, greater hip abduction strength, and faster timed 6 m hop speed demonstrated a relationship with kicking accuracy when adjusted for years of Australian football playing experience (adjusted R2 = 0.522, p < 0.001). Faster agility time and increased lean mass were associated with better handballing accuracy (adjusted R2 = 0.221, p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression revealed an increased risk for sustaining a time-loss injury in less agile players (adjusted HR 2.41, 95% CI 1.23, 4.73, p = 0.010). However, this relationship no longer remained when adjusted for age and years of Australian football experience (adjusted HR 1.68, 95% CI 0.81, 3.50, p = 0.166). CONCLUSIONS Physical fitness may be a significant factor contributing to development of Australian football technical skills in female players. However, its role is unclear in protecting against injury risk in this athlete population. Further research is needed to explore the multifactorial and complex phenomenon of talent development and injury risk reduction in female Australian football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Farley
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Miranda O’Hara
- Brisbane Lions Women’s Australian Football Club, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Restore Function Physiotherapy, Greenslopes, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin W. L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Carl T. Woods
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyne Rathbone
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Nikki Milne
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Gilhooly M, Cahalan R, O'Sullivan K, Norton C. A systematic literature review of injury epidemiology and surveillance practices in elite adult female field-based team sport. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00080-4. [PMID: 37210318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe injury incidence and surveillance practices in elite adult female field-based team sports. DESIGN Systematic literature review. METHODS This review was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD42022318642). CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Open Grey and Google Scholar were searched from inception to 30th June inclusive. Peer reviewed original research articles that reported the incidence of injury sustained by females aged ≥18 years in elite field-based team sports were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS Twenty prospective cohort studies investigating injury incidence in Australian football, American football, soccer, field hockey, rugby, rugby-7s and cricket were eligible. A higher injury incidence in match play compared to training was reported with the highest match and training incidence (132.7 and 42.1/1000 h of exposure respectively) in Australian football. The majority of the reported injuries were to the lower limb and involved muscle/tendon or joint/ligaments. There was heterogeneity in definitions of injury, severity and exposure, variations in methods of injury data collection and reporting with, not all data being collected/reported optimally, which limited comparison of studies. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the lack of and need for injury data specific to this cohort. Establishing the incidence of injury with a robust injury surveillance system is the first step in the sequence of injury prevention. It requires consistency in definitions and methodologies, providing accurate and useful injury data, to guide targeted injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marese Gilhooly
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland; Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Ireland.
| | - Roisin Cahalan
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran O'Sullivan
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Sports and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Norton
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland; Sports and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland
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McCaskie CJ, Sim M, Newton RU, Heasman J, Rogalski B, Hart NH. Pre-season body composition has minimal influence on in-season match availability, and match performance in female Australian Football League (AFLW) players. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:963946. [PMID: 36385784 PMCID: PMC9644158 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.963946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between pre-season body composition, in-season match performance, and match availability in female players competing in the Australian Football League Women's (AFLW) competition. With the outlawing of body composition assessments as part of pre-draft player evaluations in the AFLW, this study seeks to examine whether this is justified. Twenty-two (n = 22) players had body composition assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the beginning of the 2021 AFLW pre-season (whole-body and regional fat mass and lean soft-tissue mass [LSTM]). In-season match availability and match performance data (Coaches Score [CS], Champion Data Player Rank, average disposals, disposal and kicking efficiency) were collected throughout the 2021 competition. Pearson correlations were performed to assess if associations existed between body composition and in-season match performance and availability. A median split was performed to divide players into higher and lower performing groups for match performance variables. Two-sample independent t-tests were then used to assess differences between groups. No body composition characteristics could differentiate between in-season match availability groups (100% availability vs. <100% availability) or higher and lower performing groups for all match performance variables. Total leg LSTM asymmetry shared a moderate negative association with CS. Body composition may not be important for determining in-season match availability and performance in female AFLW players. Thus, the repercussions following the removal of pre-draft body composition assessments across the league may not be as significant as is currently perceived. Other physiological, biomechanical, or performance qualities are more variable and may mask the effect of body composition in these players. AFLW practitioners should prioritize the development of other important attributes, such as aerobic fitness, muscular strength and power, and technical skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum J. McCaskie
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert U. Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicolas H. Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Álvarez-Zafra M, Yanci J, García-Tabar I, Bikandi E, Etxaleku S, Izquierdo M, Krosshaug T, Fernandez-Lasa U, Setuain I. Functional and Anthropometrical Screening Test among High Performance Female Football Players: A Descriptive Study with Injury Incidence Analysis, the Basque Female Football Cohort (BFFC) Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10658. [PMID: 34682404 PMCID: PMC8535649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to describe the injury incidence and to analyze the anthropometric and physical characteristics of players from three high-level women's football teams. The present study involved 54 female football players (21.9 ± 4.9 years old) from three different teams competing in the Spanish Reto Iberdrola-Segunda División PRO league. A battery of tests was carried out to determine the anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of the players along with an injury incidence record during a full competitive season. The obtained results showed that there was a high incidence of injury, as 38% of the players suffered some type of injury during the season (range 1-5; 1.75 ± 1.02 injuries per player). Injuries occurred in both matches and during training at a similar percentage (48.6 vs. 51.4%), and the majority of the registered episodes were graded as moderate or severe injury types (60%). Players suffering from an injury accumulated a total of 1587 chronological days off work due to injury during the season, with a recurrence rate of 55%. Considering the high incidence of injury, and the injury burden and the reinjure rate observed in this research, it seems necessary to apply the most efficient prevention and recovery measures possible in these female football teams. These descriptive data could serve athletic trainers and medical staff of female football teams to better understand their own screening procedure-derived data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Álvarez-Zafra
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-T.); (U.F.-L.)
| | - Ibai García-Tabar
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-T.); (U.F.-L.)
| | - Eder Bikandi
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Saioa Etxaleku
- Clinical Research Department, TDN, Advanced Rehabilitation Center, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Tron Krosshaug
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0806 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Uxue Fernandez-Lasa
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.G.-T.); (U.F.-L.)
| | - Igor Setuain
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN)-Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.I.); (I.S.)
- Clinical Research Department, TDN, Advanced Rehabilitation Center, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
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