1
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Best RJ, Sotnikov A, Schmidt H, Zlotnikov I. Elastic constants of biogenic calcium carbonate. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 155:106570. [PMID: 38762971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms form complex mineralized composite architectures that perform a variety of essential functions. These materials are commonly utilized for load-bearing purposes such as structural stability and mechanical strength in combination with high toughness and deformability, which are well demonstrated in various highly mineralized molluscan shell ultrastructures. Here, the mineral components provide the general stiffness to the composites, and the organic interfaces play a key role in providing these biogenic architectures with mechanical superiority. Although numerous studies employed state-of-the-art methods to measure and/or model and/or simulate the mechanical behavior of molluscan shells, our understanding of their performance is limited. This is partially due to the lack of the most fundamental knowledge of their mechanical characteristics, particularly, the anisotropic elastic properties of the mineral components and of the tissues they form. In fact, elastic constants of biogenic calcium carbonate, one of the most common biominerals in nature, is unknown for any organism. In this work, we employ the ultrasonic pulse-echo method to report the elasticity tensor of two common ultrastructural motifs in molluscan shells: the prismatic and the nacreous architectures made of biogenic calcite and aragonite, respectively. The outcome of this research not only provides information necessary for fundamental understanding of biological materials formation and performance, but also yields textbook knowledge on biogenic calcium carbonate required for future structural/crystallographic, theoretical and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Johannes Best
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrei Sotnikov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hagen Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Gránásy L, Rátkai L, Zlotnikov I, Pusztai T. Physical Phenomena Governing Mineral Morphogenesis in Molluscan Nacre. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304183. [PMID: 37759411 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mollusks, as well as many other living organisms, have the ability to shape mineral crystals into unconventional morphologies and to assemble them into complex functional mineral-organic structures, an observation that inspired tremendous research efforts in scientific and technological domains. Despite these, a biochemical toolkit that accounts for the formation of the vast variety of the observed mineral morphologies cannot be identified yet. Herein, phase-field modeling of molluscan nacre formation, an intensively studied biomineralization process, is used to identify key physical parameters that govern mineral morphogenesis. Manipulating such parameters, various nacre properties ranging from the morphology of a single mineral building block to that of the entire nacreous assembly are reproduced. The results support the hypothesis that the control over mineral morphogenesis in mineralized tissues happens via regulating the physico-chemical environment, in which biomineralization occurs: the organic content manipulates the geometric and thermodynamic boundary conditions, which in turn, determine the process of growth and the form of the biomineral phase. The approach developed here has the potential of providing explicit guidelines for the morphogenetic control of synthetically formed composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Gránásy
- Laboratory of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P. O. Box 49, Budapest, H-1525, Hungary
- Brunel Centre of Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - László Rátkai
- Laboratory of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P. O. Box 49, Budapest, H-1525, Hungary
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tamás Pusztai
- Laboratory of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P. O. Box 49, Budapest, H-1525, Hungary
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3
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Otter LM, Eder K, Kilburn MR, Yang L, O'Reilly P, Nowak DB, Cairney JM, Jacob DE. Growth dynamics and amorphous-to-crystalline phase transformation in natural nacre. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2254. [PMID: 37080977 PMCID: PMC10119311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biominerals, such as nacreous bivalve shells, are important archives of environmental information. Most marine calcifiers form their shells from amorphous calcium carbonate, hypothesised to occur via particle attachment and stepwise crystallisation of metastable precursor phases. However, the mechanism of this transformation, including the incorporation of trace elements used for environmental reconstructions, are poorly constrained. Here, using shells of the Mediterranean mussel, we explore the formation of nacre from the meso- to the atomic scale. We use a combination of strontium pulse-chase labelling experiments in aquaculture and correlated micro- to sub-nanoscale analysis to show that nacre grows in a dynamic two-step process with extensional and space-filling growth components. Furthermore, we show that nacre crystallizes via localised dissolution and reprecipitation within nanogranules. Our findings elucidate how stepwise crystallization pathways affect trace element incorporation in natural biominerals, while preserving their intricate hierarchical ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Otter
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - K Eder
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - M R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - L Yang
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - P O'Reilly
- Molecular Vista Inc., 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - D B Nowak
- Molecular Vista Inc., 6840 Via Del Oro, Suite 110, San Jose, CA, 95119, USA
| | - J M Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - D E Jacob
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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4
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Lew AJ, Stifler CA, Tits A, Schmidt CA, Scholl A, Cantamessa A, Müller L, Delaunois Y, Compère P, Ruffoni D, Buehler MJ, Gilbert PUPA. A Molecular-Scale Understanding of Misorientation Toughening in Corals and Seashells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300373. [PMID: 36864010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biominerals are organic-mineral composites formed by living organisms. They are the hardest and toughest tissues in those organisms, are often polycrystalline, and their mesostructure (which includes nano- and microscale crystallite size, shape, arrangement, and orientation) can vary dramatically. Marine biominerals may be aragonite, vaterite, or calcite, all calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) polymorphs, differing in crystal structure. Unexpectedly, diverse CaCO3 biominerals such as coral skeletons and nacre share a similar characteristic: Adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented. This observation is documented quantitatively at the micro- and nanoscales, using polarization-dependent imaging contrast mapping (PIC mapping), and the slight misorientations is consistently between 1° and 40°. Nanoindentation shows that both polycrystalline biominerals and abiotic synthetic spherulites are tougher than single-crystalline geologic aragonite, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bicrystals at the molecular scale reveals that aragonite, vaterite, and calcite exhibit toughness maxima when the bicrystals are misoriented by 10°, 20°, and 30°, respectively, demonstrating that slight misorientation alone can increase fracture toughness. Slight-misorientation-toughening can be harnessed for synthesis of bioinspired materials that only require one material, are not limited to specific top-down architecture, and are easily achieved by self-assembly of organic molecules (e.g., aspirin, chocolate), polymers, metals, and ceramics well beyond biominerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lew
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alexandra Tits
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Connor A Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andreas Scholl
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Astrid Cantamessa
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Laura Müller
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Yann Delaunois
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology (FOCUS Research Unit) and Center for Applied Research and Education in Microscopy (CAREM), University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Philippe Compère
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology (FOCUS Research Unit) and Center for Applied Research and Education in Microscopy (CAREM), University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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5
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Mao LB, Meng YF, Meng XS, Yang B, Yang YL, Lu YJ, Yang ZY, Shang LM, Yu SH. Matrix-Directed Mineralization for Bulk Structural Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18175-18194. [PMID: 36162119 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mineral-based bulk structural materials (MBSMs) are known for their long history and extensive range of usage. The inherent brittleness of minerals poses a major problem to the performance of MBSMs. To overcome this problem, design principles have been extracted from natural biominerals, in which the extraordinary mechanical performance is achieved via the hierarchical organization of minerals and organics. Nevertheless, precise and efficient fabrication of MBSMs with bioinspired hierarchical structures under mild conditions has long been a big challenge. This Perspective provides a panoramic view of an emerging fabrication strategy, matrix-directed mineralization, which imitates the in vivo growth of some biominerals. The advantages of the strategy are revealed by comparatively analyzing the conventional fabrication techniques of artificial hierarchically structured MBSMs and the biomineral growth processes. By introducing recent advances, we demonstrate that this strategy can be used to fabricate artificial MBSMs with hierarchical structures. Particular attention is paid to the mass transport and the precursors that are involved in the mineralization process. We hope this Perspective can provide some inspiring viewpoints on the importance of biomimetic mineralization in material fabrication and thereby spur the biomimetic fabrication of high-performance MBSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Mao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Feng Meng
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Sen Meng
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Lu Yang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Jie Lu
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Yang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li-Mei Shang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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6
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Wagner A, Ezersky V, Maria R, Upcher A, Lemcoff T, Aflalo ED, Lubin Y, Palmer BA. The Non-Classical Crystallization Mechanism of a Composite Biogenic Guanine Crystal. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202242. [PMID: 35608485 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spectacular colors and visual phenomena in animals are produced by light interference from highly reflective guanine crystals. Little is known about how organisms regulate crystal morphology to tune the optics of these systems. By following guanine crystal formation in developing spiders, a crystallization mechanism is elucidated. Guanine crystallization is a "non-classical," multistep process involving a progressive ordering of states. Crystallization begins with nucleation of partially ordered nanogranules from a disordered precursor phase. Growth proceeds by orientated attachment of the nanogranules into platelets which coalesce into single crystals, via progressive relaxation of structural defects. Despite their prismatic morphology, the platelet texture is retained in the final crystals, which are composites of crystal lamellae and interlamellar sheets. Interactions between the macromolecular sheets and the planar face of guanine appear to direct nucleation, favoring platelet formation. These findings provide insights on how organisms control the morphology and optical properties of molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Vladimir Ezersky
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raquel Maria
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Tali Lemcoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Eliahu D Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, Mobile Post Shikmim, Beer-Sheba, 79800, Israel
| | - Yael Lubin
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Southern Israel, 8499000, Israel
| | - Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
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7
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Lemanis R, Tadayon K, Reich E, Joshi G, Johannes Best R, Stevens K, Zlotnikov I. Wet shells and dry tales: the evolutionary 'Just-So' stories behind the structure-function of biominerals. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220336. [PMID: 35702864 PMCID: PMC9198522 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of evolution to shape organic form involves the interactions of multiple systems of constraints, including fabrication, phylogeny and function. The tendency to place function above everything else has characterized some of the historical biological literature as a series of ‘Just-So’ stories that provided untested explanations for individual features of an organism. A similar tendency occurs in biomaterials research, where features for which a mechanical function can be postulated are treated as an adaptation. Moreover, functional adaptation of an entire structure is often discussed based on the local characterization of specimens kept in conditions that are far from those in which they evolved. In this work, environmental- and frequency-dependent mechanical characterization of the shells of two cephalopods, Nautilus pompilius and Argonauta argo, is used to demonstrate the importance of multi-scale environmentally controlled characterization of biogenic materials. We uncover two mechanistically independent strategies to achieve deformable, stiff, strong and tough highly mineralized structures. These results are then used to critique interpretations of adaptation in the literature. By integrating the hierarchical nature of biological structures and the environment in which they exist, biomaterials testing can be a powerful tool for generating functional hypotheses that should be informed by how these structures are fabricated and their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lemanis
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kian Tadayon
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Reich
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gargi Joshi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Johannes Best
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Stevens
- Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Kanazawa S, Oaki Y, Imai H. Demonstrated gradual evolution of disorder in crystalline structures between single crystal and polycrystal via chemical and physicochemical approaches. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00657j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-crystal fluorapatite rods elongated in the c direction are switched to iso-oriented nanorods by adding a specific carboxy compound (chemical approach) and to roughly arranged nanograins by increasing the supersaturation at the growth front (physicochemical approach).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayako Kanazawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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9
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Abstract
A pearl's distinguished beauty and toughness are attributable to the periodic stacking of aragonite tablets known as nacre. Nacre has naturally occurring mesoscale periodicity that remarkably arises in the absence of discrete translational symmetry. Gleaning the inspiring biomineral design of a pearl requires quantifying its structural coherence and understanding the stochastic processes that influence formation. By characterizing the entire structure of pearls (∼3 mm) in a cross-section at high resolution, we show that nacre has medium-range mesoscale periodicity. Self-correcting growth mechanisms actively remedy disorder and topological defects of the tablets and act as a countervailing process to long-range disorder. Nacre has a correlation length of roughly 16 tablets (∼5.5 µm) despite persistent fluctuations and topological defects. For longer distances (>25 tablets , ∼8.5 µm), the frequency spectrum of nacre tablets follows [Formula: see text] behavior, suggesting that growth is coupled to external stochastic processes-a universality found across disparate natural phenomena, which now includes pearls.
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10
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Zhao Y, Han Z, Yan H, Zhao H, Tucker ME, Gao X, Guo N, Meng R, Owusu DC. Selective Adsorption of Amino Acids in Crystals of Monohydrocalcite Induced by the Facultative Anaerobic Enterobacter ludwigii SYB1. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:696557. [PMID: 34394038 PMCID: PMC8358455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology, crystal structure, and elemental composition of biominerals are commonly different from chemically synthesized minerals, but the reasons for these are not fully understood. A facultative anaerobic bacterium, Enterobacter ludwigii SYB1, is used in experiments to document the hydrochemistry, mineral crystallization, and cell surface characteristics of biomineralization. It was found that carbonate anhydrase and ammonia production were major factors influencing the alkalinity and saturation of the closed biosystem. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed that calcite, monohydrocalcite (MHC), and dypingite formed in samples with bacterial cells. It was also found that the (222) plane of MHC was the preferred orientation compared to standard data. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis of cell slices provides direct evidence of concentrated calcium and magnesium ions on the surface of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed that crystallized nanoparticles were formed within the EPS. Thus, the mechanism of the biomineralization induced by E. ludwigii SYB1 can be divided into three stages: (i) the production of carbonate anhydrase and ammonia increases the alkalinity and saturation state of the milieu, (ii) free calcium and magnesium ions are adsorbed and chelated onto EPS, and (iii) nanominerals crystallize and grow within the EPS. Seventeen kinds of amino acids were identified within both biotic MHC and the EPS of SYB1, while the percentages of glutamic and aspartic acid in MHC increased significantly (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the adsorption energy was calculated for various amino acids on seven diffracted crystal faces, with preferential adsorption demonstrated on (111) and (222) faces. At the same time, the lowest adsorption energy was always that of glutamic and aspartic acid for the same crystal plane. These results suggest that aspartic and glutamic acid always mix preferentially in the crystal lattice of MHC and that differential adsorption of amino acids on crystal planes can lead to their preferred orientation. Moreover, the mixing of amino acids in the mineral structure may also have a certain influence on the mineral lattice dislocations, thus enhancing the thermodynamic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuozhen Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Huaxiao Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Maurice E Tucker
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruirui Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Daniel Cosmos Owusu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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11
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Stifler CA, Jakes JE, North JD, Green DR, Weaver JC, Gilbert PUPA. Crystal misorientation correlates with hardness in tooth enamels. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:124-134. [PMID: 32711081 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The multi-scale hierarchical structure of tooth enamel enables it to withstand a lifetime of damage without catastrophic failure. While many previous studies have investigated structure-function relationships in enamel, the effects of crystal misorientation on mechanical performance have not been assessed. To address this issue, in the present study, we review previously published polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) maps of mouse and human enamel, and parrotfish enameloid, in which crystal orientations were measured and displayed in every 60-nm-pixel. By combining those previous results with the PIC maps of sheep enamel presented here we discovered that, in all enamel(oid)s, adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented, with misorientation angles in the 0°-30° range, and mean 2°-8°. Within this limited range, misorientation is positively correlated with literature hardness values, demonstrating an important structure-property relation, not previously identified. At greater misorientation angles 8°30°, this correlation is expected to reverse direction, but data from different non-enamel systems, with more diverse crystal misorientations, are required to determine if and where this occurs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We identify a structure-function relationship in tooth enamels from different species: crystal misorientation correlates with hardness, contributing to the remarkable mechanical properties of enamel in diverse animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Joseph E Jakes
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| | - Jamie D North
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, United States
| | - Daniel R Green
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Departments of Chemistry, Geoscience, Materials Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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12
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Beliaev M, Zöllner D, Pacureanu A, Zaslansky P, Bertinetti L, Zlotnikov I. Quantification of sheet nacre morphogenesis using X-ray nanotomography and deep learning. J Struct Biol 2020; 209:107432. [PMID: 31816415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.107432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Beliaev
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Dana Zöllner
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Paul Zaslansky
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Crystal growth kinetics as an architectural constraint on the evolution of molluscan shells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20388-20397. [PMID: 31551265 PMCID: PMC6789867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907229116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using notions from classic materials science, we expand our understanding of the macroscopic morphospace of possible molluscan shell shapes to the level of possible ultrastructures that comprise them. This provides us with a unique opportunity to explore this morphospace using well-developed analytical, theoretical, and numerical tools and to test the effects of a discrete number of parameters on shell biomineralization. The physical model presented here sheds a new light on the evolutionary aspect of molluscan shell ultrastructural fabrication and suggests that the repeated “discovery” of some mineral morphologies partially reflects a series of architectural constraints provided by biomineral growth kinetics. Molluscan shells are a classic model system to study formation–structure–function relationships in biological materials and the process of biomineralized tissue morphogenesis. Typically, each shell consists of a number of highly mineralized ultrastructures, each characterized by a specific 3D mineral–organic architecture. Surprisingly, in some cases, despite the lack of a mutual biochemical toolkit for biomineralization or evidence of homology, shells from different independently evolved species contain similar ultrastructural motifs. In the present study, using a recently developed physical framework, which is based on an analogy to the process of directional solidification and simulated by phase-field modeling, we compare the process of ultrastructural morphogenesis of shells from 3 major molluscan classes: A bivalve Unio pictorum, a cephalopod Nautilus pompilius, and a gastropod Haliotis asinina. We demonstrate that the fabrication of these tissues is guided by the organisms by regulating the chemical and physical boundary conditions that control the growth kinetics of the mineral phase. This biomineralization concept is postulated to act as an architectural constraint on the evolution of molluscan shells by defining a morphospace of possible shell ultrastructures that is bounded by the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystal growth.
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14
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Noël JA, LeBlanc LM, Patterson DS, Kreplak L, Fleischauer MD, Johnson ER, White MA. Clusters in Liquid Fatty Acids: Structure and Role in Nucleation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7043-7054. [PMID: 31322886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids are used in many consumer products and have considerable promise as phase change materials for thermal energy storage, in part because they crystallize with minimal supercooling. The latter property correlates with the existence of molecular clusters in the liquid; when heated above a threshold temperature, clusters do not immediately re-form on cooling, and supercooling results. Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and small-angle X-ray scattering were used to reveal the size, structure, and temperature dependence of the clusters. We found that the liquid phases of fatty acids contain some ordering at all temperatures, with the molecules showing, on average, short-range alignment along their long axes. At temperatures below the threshold temperature for increased susceptibility to supercooling, clusters of more highly ordered fatty acid dimers, several hundred molecules in size, exist in the liquid. Within these clusters, the alkyl chains of the fatty acid dimers are essentially completely inserted between the alkyl chains of their longitudinal neighbors. Above the threshold temperature, fatty acid clusters are smaller in size and number. We explored how the fatty acid clusters promote bulk crystallization and show quantitatively that their presence reduces the energy barrier to crystal growth, likely by a particle-attachment-type mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daphne Sunita Patterson
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Research Centre , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
| | | | - Michael D Fleischauer
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Research Centre , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada.,Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E1 , Canada
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15
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Jin C, Zhao JY, Liu XJ, Li JL. Expressions of Shell Matrix Protein Genes in the Pearl Sac and Its Correlation with Pearl Weight in the First 6 Months of Pearl Formation in Hyriopsis cumingii. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:240-249. [PMID: 30659442 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Matrix proteins regulate crystal nucleation, morphology, and polymorphism during pearl biomineralization and have significant correlations with pearl quality traits in nucleated pearls. However, there is little information about the connection between pearl quality traits and matrix proteins in non-nucleated pearls. In this study, we analyzed CaCO3 deposition during the first month of non-nucleated pearl formation and examined the expression patterns of ten shell matrix protein genes (Hcperlucin, hic31, silkmapin, hic22, hic74, hic52, HcTyr, HcCA3, hic24 and Hc-upsalin) in the pearl sac of Hyriopsis cumingii. During pearl formation, CaCO3 crystals were initially deposited in a disorderly manner during days 12 and 15 of pearl formation. On days 18 and 21, CaCO3 crystals gradually nucleated on an organic membrane, and the pattern of crystal deposition changed markedly. Between days 24 and 30, crystals similar to nacre tablets were deposited; they then grew and formed connections in a more orderly fashion, eventually forming the nacreous layer. We observed high expression levels of shell matrix proteins during the phases of disordered or ordered CaCO3 deposition, suggesting they were involved in non-nucleated pearl formation. Furthermore, the expressions of nine matrix proteins were significantly correlated with pearl weight during the first 6 months after grafting. The prismatic-layer matrix protein hic31 and nacreous-layer matrix protein hic22 showed negative correlations with pearl weight, but the other seven nacreous-layer matrix proteins had significantly positive correlations with pearl weight. These results show the involvement of matrix proteins in pearl formation and in determination of quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhao
- Class 1, 2016 Biological Science, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Jia-Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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16
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Schoeppler V, Gránásy L, Reich E, Poulsen N, de Kloe R, Cook P, Rack A, Pusztai T, Zlotnikov I. Biomineralization as a Paradigm of Directional Solidification: A Physical Model for Molluscan Shell Ultrastructural Morphogenesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803855. [PMID: 30239045 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Molluscan shells are a model system to understand the fundamental principles of mineral formation by living organisms. The diversity of unconventional mineral morphologies and 3D mineral-organic architectures that comprise these tissues, in combination with their exceptional mechanical efficiency, offers a unique platform to study the formation-structure-function relationship in a biomineralized system. However, so far, morphogenesis of these ultrastructures is poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive physical model, based on the concept of directional solidification, is developed to describe molluscan shell biomineralization. The capacity of the model to define the forces and thermodynamic constraints that guide the morphogenesis of the entire shell construct-the prismatic and nacreous ultrastructures and their transitions-and govern the evolution of the constituent mineralized assemblies on the ultrastructural and nanostructural levels is demonstrated using the shell of the bivalve Unio pictorum. Thereby, explicit tools for novel bioinspired and biomimetic bottom-up materials design are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schoeppler
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - László Gránásy
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Elke Reich
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Nicole Poulsen
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | | | - Phil Cook
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, 38043, France
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, 38043, France
| | - Tamás Pusztai
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Do corals form their skeletons by precipitation from solution or by attachment of amorphous precursor particles as observed in other minerals and biominerals? The classical model assumes precipitation in contrast with observed "vital effects," that is, deviations from elemental and isotopic compositions at thermodynamic equilibrium. Here, we show direct spectromicroscopy evidence in Stylophora pistillata corals that two amorphous precursors exist, one hydrated and one anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC); that these are formed in the tissue as 400-nm particles; and that they attach to the surface of coral skeletons, remain amorphous for hours, and finally, crystallize into aragonite (CaCO3). We show in both coral and synthetic aragonite spherulites that crystal growth by attachment of ACC particles is more than 100 times faster than ion-by-ion growth from solution. Fast growth provides a distinct physiological advantage to corals in the rigors of the reef, a crowded and fiercely competitive ecosystem. Corals are affected by warming-induced bleaching and postmortem dissolution, but the finding here that ACC particles are formed inside tissue may make coral skeleton formation less susceptible to ocean acidification than previously assumed. If this is how other corals form their skeletons, perhaps this is how a few corals survived past CO2 increases, such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum that occurred 56 Mya.
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18
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Harris J, Böhm CF, Wolf SE. Universal structure motifs in biominerals: a lesson from nature for the efficient design of bioinspired functional materials. Interface Focus 2017. [PMID: 28630670 DOI: 10.1166/jctn.2008.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biominerals are typically indispensable structures for their host organism in which they serve varying functions, such as mechanical support and protection, mineral storage, detoxification site, or as a sensor or optical guide. In this perspective article, we highlight the occurrence of both structural diversity and uniformity within these biogenic ceramics. For the first time, we demonstrate that the universality-diversity paradigm, which was initially introduced for proteins by Buehler et al. (Cranford & Buehler 2012 Biomateriomics; Cranford et al. 2013 Adv. Mater.25, 802-824 (doi:10.1002/adma.201202553); Ackbarow & Buehler 2008 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci.5, 1193-1204 (doi:10.1166/jctn.2008.001); Buehler & Yung 2009 Nat. Mater.8, 175-188 (doi:10.1038/nmat2387)), is also valid in the realm of biomineralization. A nanogranular composite structure is shared by most biominerals which rests on a common, non-classical crystal growth mechanism. The nanogranular composite structure affects various properties of the macroscale biogenic ceramic, a phenomenon we attribute to emergence. Emergence, in turn, is typical for hierarchically organized materials. This is a clear call to renew comparative studies of even distantly related biomineralizing organisms to identify further universal design motifs and their associated emergent properties. Such universal motifs with emergent macro-scale properties may represent an unparalleled toolbox for the efficient design of bioinspired functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Harris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna F Böhm
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Wolf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstrasse 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Harris J, Böhm CF, Wolf SE. Universal structure motifs in biominerals: a lesson from nature for the efficient design of bioinspired functional materials. Interface Focus 2017; 7:20160120. [PMID: 28630670 PMCID: PMC5474032 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biominerals are typically indispensable structures for their host organism in which they serve varying functions, such as mechanical support and protection, mineral storage, detoxification site, or as a sensor or optical guide. In this perspective article, we highlight the occurrence of both structural diversity and uniformity within these biogenic ceramics. For the first time, we demonstrate that the universality-diversity paradigm, which was initially introduced for proteins by Buehler et al. (Cranford & Buehler 2012 Biomateriomics; Cranford et al. 2013 Adv. Mater.25, 802-824 (doi:10.1002/adma.201202553); Ackbarow & Buehler 2008 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci.5, 1193-1204 (doi:10.1166/jctn.2008.001); Buehler & Yung 2009 Nat. Mater.8, 175-188 (doi:10.1038/nmat2387)), is also valid in the realm of biomineralization. A nanogranular composite structure is shared by most biominerals which rests on a common, non-classical crystal growth mechanism. The nanogranular composite structure affects various properties of the macroscale biogenic ceramic, a phenomenon we attribute to emergence. Emergence, in turn, is typical for hierarchically organized materials. This is a clear call to renew comparative studies of even distantly related biomineralizing organisms to identify further universal design motifs and their associated emergent properties. Such universal motifs with emergent macro-scale properties may represent an unparalleled toolbox for the efficient design of bioinspired functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Harris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna F. Böhm
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan E. Wolf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstrasse 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Vertically oriented structure and its fracture behavior of the Indonesia white-pearl oyster. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 66:211-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Savytskii D, Jain H, Tamura N, Dierolf V. Rotating lattice single crystal architecture on the surface of glass. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36449. [PMID: 27808168 PMCID: PMC5093585 DOI: 10.1038/srep36449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Defying the requirements of translational periodicity in 3D, rotation of the lattice orientation within an otherwise single crystal provides a new form of solid. Such rotating lattice single (RLS) crystals are found, but only as spherulitic grains too small for systematic characterization or practical application. Here we report a novel approach to fabricate RLS crystal lines and 2D layers of unlimited dimensions via a recently discovered solid-to-solid conversion process using a laser to heat a glass to its crystallization temperature but keeping it below the melting temperature. The proof-of-concept including key characteristics of RLS crystals is demonstrated using the example of Sb2S3 crystals within the Sb-S-I model glass system for which the rotation rate depends on the direction of laser scanning relative to the orientation of initially formed seed. Lattice rotation in this new mode of crystal growth occurs upon crystallization through a well-organized dislocation/disclination structure introduced at the glass/crystal interface. Implications of RLS growth on biomineralization and spherulitic crystal growth are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Savytskii
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - H Jain
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - N Tamura
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - V Dierolf
- Physics Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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22
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Rodríguez-Navarro C, Ruiz-Agudo E, Harris J, Wolf SE. Nonclassical crystallization in vivo et in vitro (II): Nanogranular features in biomimetic minerals disclose a general colloid-mediated crystal growth mechanism. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:260-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Zhang G. Biomineralization on the wavy substrate: Shape transition of nacreous tablets from pyramids of amorphous nanoparticles to dome-capped prisms of single crystals. Acta Biomater 2016; 36:277-85. [PMID: 26971666 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nacre has long served as a model for understanding the biomineralization process and designing bio-inspired materials. However, our current knowledge about nacre is essentially based on the investigation of the flat nacre, where its building blocks, the aragonite tablets, grow on the flat substrate. Here, using field-emission scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we investigate a new type of nacre, where the tablets grow on the wavy substrate. We first show that: (1) with growth, the tablet undergoes a shape transition from a pyramid to a frustum and finally to a dome-capped prism; (2) the shape transition occurs earlier at the downslope side of the tablet than at the upslope due to the slope effect; and (3) the shape of the top and base facet of the mature tablet depends on that of the substrate surface. In addition, we report that the tablet initially consists of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles, which gradually transforms into a single crystal of aragonite with time. Finally, we propose that the shape transition is induced by the crystal lattice mismatch between the tablet and substrate. We conclude that the topography and strain of the substrate play key roles in the biomineralization process of nacre. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Nacre is the iridescent inner lining of many mollusk shells, consisting of more than 95wt% aragonite tablets and minor biopolymers. Owing to its superior mechanical properties, nacre has been extensively studied. However, nearly all previous works focused on the flat tablets. Here, we focus on the curved tablets grown on the wavy substrate. The main finding is that the topography and strain of the substrate play key roles in the growth process of the tablets. They not only induce the shape transition of the tablets from pyramids to dome-capped prisms, but also control the final shape of the tablets. The finding advances our understanding of the biomineralization process of nacre.
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24
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Nanoscale assembly processes revealed in the nacroprismatic transition zone of Pinna nobilis mollusc shells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10097. [PMID: 26631940 PMCID: PMC4686775 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intricate biomineralization processes in molluscs engineer hierarchical structures with meso-, nano- and atomic architectures that give the final composite material exceptional mechanical strength and optical iridescence on the macroscale. This multiscale biological assembly inspires new synthetic routes to complex materials. Our investigation of the prism–nacre interface reveals nanoscale details governing the onset of nacre formation using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. A wedge-polishing technique provides unprecedented, large-area specimens required to span the entire interface. Within this region, we find a transition from nanofibrillar aggregation to irregular early-nacre layers, to well-ordered mature nacre suggesting the assembly process is driven by aggregation of nanoparticles (∼50–80 nm) within an organic matrix that arrange in fibre-like polycrystalline configurations. The particle number increases successively and, when critical packing is reached, they merge into early-nacre platelets. These results give new insights into nacre formation and particle-accretion mechanisms that may be common to many calcareous biominerals. The study of biomineralization processes in molluscs can help to understand the properties of the final composites. Here, Hovden et al. have studied the early stages of nacre formation using high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, giving new insight into nacre formation.
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25
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DeVol RT, Sun CY, Marcus MA, Coppersmith SN, Myneni SCB, Gilbert PU. Nanoscale Transforming Mineral Phases in Fresh Nacre. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13325-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross T. DeVol
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marcus
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susan N. Coppersmith
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Satish C. B. Myneni
- Department
of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Pupa U.P.A. Gilbert
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Radcliffe
Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, 8 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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26
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27
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Harris J, Mey I, Hajir M, Mondeshki M, Wolf SE. Pseudomorphic transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate films follows spherulitic growth mechanisms and can give rise to crystal lattice tilting. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the pseudomorphic transformation of calcium carbonate allows for the generation of crystal lattice tilting similar to that found in calcareous biominerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Harris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chair of Glass and Ceramics (WW3)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg. Martensstrasse 5
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I. Mey
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry
- Georg-August-University of Göttingen
- Tammannstrasse 2
- 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M. Hajir
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz
- , Germany
| | - M. Mondeshki
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz
- , Germany
| | - Stephan E. Wolf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chair of Glass and Ceramics (WW3)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg. Martensstrasse 5
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Bayerlein B, Zaslansky P, Dauphin Y, Rack A, Fratzl P, Zlotnikov I. Self-similar mesostructure evolution of the growing mollusc shell reminiscent of thermodynamically driven grain growth. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:1102-7. [PMID: 25326825 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the interaction between mineral precursors and organic components leading to material formation and structuring in biomineralizing systems. The mesostructure of biological materials, such as the outer calcitic shell of molluscs, is characterized by many parameters and the question arises as to what extent they all are, or need to be, controlled biologically. Here, we analyse the three-dimensional structure of the calcite-based prismatic layer of Pinna nobilis, the giant Mediterranean fan mussel, using high-resolution synchrotron-based microtomography. We show that the evolution of the layer is statistically self-similar and, remarkably, its morphology and mesostructure can be fully predicted using classical materials science theories for normal grain growth. These findings are a fundamental step in understanding the constraints that dictate the shape of these biogenic minerals and shed light on how biological organisms make use of thermodynamics to generate complex morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Bayerlein
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Charité Universitätsmedizin BSRT and Julius-Wolff-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yannicke Dauphin
- Micropaléontologie, UFR TEB, Université P. &M. Curie, Paris 91405, France
| | - Alexander Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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DeVol RT, Metzler RA, Kabalah-Amitai L, Pokroy B, Politi Y, Gal A, Addadi L, Weiner S, Fernandez-Martinez A, Demichelis R, Gale JD, Ihli J, Meldrum FC, Blonsky AZ, Killian CE, Salling CB, Young AT, Marcus MA, Scholl A, Doran A, Jenkins C, Bechtel HA, Gilbert PUPA. Oxygen spectroscopy and polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC)-mapping of calcium carbonate minerals and biominerals. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8449-57. [PMID: 24821199 DOI: 10.1021/jp503700g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy have been extensively used to characterize biominerals. Using either Ca or C spectra, unique information has been obtained regarding amorphous biominerals and nanocrystal orientations. Building on these results, we demonstrate that recording XANES spectra of calcium carbonate at the oxygen K-edge enables polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) mapping with unprecedented contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, and magnification. O and Ca spectra are presented for six calcium carbonate minerals: aragonite, calcite, vaterite, monohydrocalcite, and both hydrated and anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate. The crystalline minerals reveal excellent agreement of the extent and direction of polarization dependences in simulated and experimental XANES spectra due to X-ray linear dichroism. This effect is particularly strong for aragonite, calcite, and vaterite. In natural biominerals, oxygen PIC-mapping generated high-magnification maps of unprecedented clarity from nacre and prismatic structures and their interface in Mytilus californianus shells. These maps revealed blocky aragonite crystals at the nacre-prismatic boundary and the narrowest calcite needle-prisms. In the tunic spicules of Herdmania momus, O PIC-mapping revealed the size and arrangement of some of the largest vaterite single crystals known. O spectroscopy therefore enables the simultaneous measurement of chemical and orientational information in CaCO3 biominerals and is thus a powerful means for analyzing these and other complex materials. As described here, PIC-mapping and spectroscopy at the O K-edge are methods for gathering valuable data that can be carried out using spectromicroscopy beamlines at most synchrotrons without the expense of additional equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T DeVol
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Abstract
Biominerals have complex and heterogeneous architectures, hence diffraction experiments with spatial resolutions between 500 nm and 10 μm are extremely useful to characterize them. X-ray beams in this size range are now routinely produced at many synchrotrons. This chapter provides a review of the different hard X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques, used in conjunction with efficient, state-of-the-art X-ray focusing optics. These include monochromatic X-ray microdiffraction, polychromatic (Laue) X-ray microdiffraction, and microbeam small-angle X-ray scattering. We present some of the most relevant discoveries made in the field of biomineralization using these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Olson IC, Metzler RA, Tamura N, Kunz M, Killian CE, Gilbert PUPA. Crystal lattice tilting in prismatic calcite. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:180-90. [PMID: 23806677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the calcitic prismatic layers in Atrina rigida (Ar), Haliotis iris (Hi), Haliotis laevigata (HL), Haliotis rufescens (Hrf), Mytilus californianus (Mc), Pinctada fucata (Pf), Pinctada margaritifera (Pm) shells, and the aragonitic prismatic layer in the Nautilus pompilius (Np) shell. Dramatic structural differences were observed across species, with 100-μm wide single-crystalline prisms in Hi, HL and Hrf, 1-μm wide needle-shaped calcite prisms in Mc, 1-μm wide spherulitic aragonite prisms in Np, 20-μm wide single-crystalline calcite prisms in Ar, and 20-μm wide polycrystalline calcite prisms in Pf and Pm. The calcite prisms in Pf and Pm are subdivided into sub-prismatic domains of orientations, and within each of these domains the calcite crystal lattice tilts gradually over long distances, on the order of 100 μm, with an angle spread of crystal orientation of 10-20°. Furthermore, prisms in Pf and Pm are harder than in any other calcite prisms analyzed, their nanoparticles are smaller, and the angle spread is strongly correlated with hardness in all shells that form calcitic prismatic layers. One can hypothesize a causal relationship of these correlated parameters: greater angle spread may confer greater hardness and resistance to wear, thus providing Pf and Pm with a structural advantage in their environment. This is the first structure-property relationship thus far hypothesized in mollusk shell prisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Olson
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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