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Li ZM, Kannan K. Determination of 19 Steroid Hormones in Human Serum and Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2022; 10:687. [PMID: 36422894 PMCID: PMC9699436 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a methodology for simultaneous determination of 19 steroid hormones, viz. estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone, 17α-OH-progesterone, 17α-OH-pregnenolone, cortisone, cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, aldosterone, and corticosterone, in 500-µL of urine or serum/plasma. The method was optimized using isotopically labeled internal standards and liquid-liquid extraction followed by detection using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Dansylation of estrogens significantly improved their sensitivities (~11- to 23-fold) and chromatographic separation. The respective limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of all analytes were 0.04−0.28 and 0.14−0.92 ng/mL in human urine, and 0.11−0.35 and 0.38−1.18 ng/mL in human serum/plasma. Recoveries of all analytes (except for progesterone) fortified at 10, 20, and 200 ng/mL in urine and serum were 80−120%, with standard deviations ranging from 0 to 17.3%. Repeated analysis of similarly fortified urine and serum samples yielded intra-day and inter-day variations of 0−21.7% and 0.16−11.5%, respectively. All analytes except cortisone exhibited weak matrix effects in urine and serum (−13.9−18.2%). The method was further validated through the analysis of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) plasma Standard Reference Material (SRM1950) with certified concentrations for cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone (coefficient of variation: 3−11%). The developed method was applied in the analysis of urine samples from 20 volunteers, which revealed the occurrence of 16 analytes with detection frequencies (DFs) > 80%. Furthermore, 15 analytes were found in plasma SRM1950, indicating the feasibility of our method in the analysis of steroid hormones in urine and serum/plasma. This method will facilitate analysis of steroid hormones in population-based biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Anwar R, Sukmasari S, Siti Aisyah L, Puspita Lestari F, Ilfani D, Febriani Yun Y, Diki Prestya P. Antimicrobial Activity of β-Sitosterol Isolated from Kalanchoe tomentosa Leaves Against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Pak J Biol Sci 2022; 25:602-607. [PMID: 36098166 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.602.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Kalanchoe tomentosa</i> is identified and their different characteristics regarding the antibacterial and antioxidant properties have a vast effect. Fresh <i>K. tomentosa</i> leaves obtained from Bandung, Indonesia was extracted using n-hexane followed by serial dichloromethane maceration. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> N-hexane and ethyl acetate were used to separate the dichloromethane extract using vacuum liquid chromatography and the isolated compounds were recrystallized with n-hexane. <b>Results:</b> About 37 mg of dichloromethane extract was obtained from the extraction process. Recrystallized compound isolates were identified as stigmast-5-en-3-ol or β-sitosterol. Both dichloromethane extract and β-sitosterol isolated compounds showed strong bacteriostatic activity against <i>S. aureus</i> with MIC = 15.63 and 7.81 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> and<i> K. pneumonia</i> with MIC = 7.81 and 31.25 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>, respectively. However, only dichloromethane extract exhibited a bactericidal effect (7.81 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>). <b>Conclusion:</b> The pure β-sitosterol compound was isolated from<i> K. tomentosa</i> dichloromethane extract. Both the dichloromethane extract and the isolated β-sitosterol compound had antibacterial effects against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>K. pneumonia.</i>.
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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES IN METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOMARKER METABOLITES USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:31-52. [PMID: 31617245 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a dynamically evolving field, with a major application in identifying biomarkers for drug development and personalized medicine. Numerous metabolomic studies have identified endogenous metabolites that, in principle, are eligible for translation to clinical practice. However, few metabolomic-derived biomarker candidates have been qualified by regulatory bodies for clinical applications. Such interruption in the biomarker qualification process can be largely attributed to various reasons including inappropriate study design and inadequate data to support the clinical utility of the biomarkers. In addition, the lack of robust assays for the routine quantification of candidate biomarkers has been suggested as a potential bottleneck in the biomarker qualification process. In fact, the nature of the endogenous metabolites precludes the application of the current validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. As a result, there have been individual efforts in modifying existing guidelines and/or developing alternative approaches to facilitate method validation. In this review, three main challenges for method development and validation for endogenous metabolites are discussed, namely matrix effects evaluation, alternative analyte-free matrices, and the choice of internal standards (ISs). Some studies have modified the equations described by the European Medicines Agency for the evaluation of matrix effects. However, alternative strategies were also described; for instance, calibration curves can be generated in solvents and in biological samples and the slopes can be compared through ratios, relative standard deviation, or a modified Stufour suggested approaches while quantifying mainly endogenous metabolitesdent t-test. ISs, on the contrary, are diverse; in which seven different possible types, used in metabolomics-based studies, were identified in the literature. Each type has its advantages and limitations; however, isotope-labeled ISs and ISs created through isotope derivatization show superior performance. Finally, alternative matrices have been described and tested during method development and validation for the quantification of endogenous entities. These alternatives are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and shortcomings. The goal of this review is to compare, apprise, and debate current knowledge and practices in order to aid researchers and clinical scientists in developing robust assays needed during the qualification process of candidate metabolite biomarkers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Mirasole C, Magi E. Fast derivatization procedure for the analysis of phytoestrogens in soy milk by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Gałęzowska G, Cieszynska-Semenowicz M, Okrągła E, Szychowska K, Wolska L. Progress in Analytical Techniques for Determination of Urine Components. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1281826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gałęzowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Okrągła
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szychowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Chrzanowska AM, Poliwoda A, Wieczorek PP. Surface molecularly imprinted silica for selective solid-phase extraction of biochanin A, daidzein and genistein from urine samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Edel AL, Aliani M, Pierce GN. Supported liquid extraction in the quantitation of plasma enterolignans using isotope dilution GC/MS with application to flaxseed consumption in healthy adults. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 912:24-32. [PMID: 23290922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary interventions involving foods that are enriched in lignans, such as flaxseed, are drawing attention due to their beneficial protective effects in various diseases and human conditions. Accurate quantitation of key lignan metabolites such as enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL) is necessary in order to identify factors that may influence overall bioavailability. Here we describe the validation of a novel supported liquid extraction (SLE) method for isolation of plasma enterolignans, END and ENL, using (2)H(6)-labeled isotopes with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in micro selected ion storage (GC/MS-μSIS) mode. Following enzymatic hydrolysis and SLE extraction with 70:30 diethyl ether:ethyl acetate, enterolignans were rapidly separated within 8min. SLE in combination with GC/MS-μSIS gave high recoveries of 96.4% and 96.0% for END and ENL. Intra-assay precision ranged from 2.5 to 5.9% for both compounds whereas the inter-assay precision was 2.6-6.9%. SLE was also directly compared to liquid liquid extraction (LLE). Both techniques offered high precision and accuracy, however, SLE consistently enabled successful analyte extractions and derivatizations, unlike LLE, which had an ∼4% failure rate. SLE was also tested in a study where dietary milled flaxseed supplementation (30g/day for 1month) and enterolignan bioavailability was examined in a healthy, human population (n=10). Plasma total enterolignan levels significantly increased (P=0.002) at 4weeks relative to baseline. Average concentrations for END and ENL were 209nM and 304nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Edel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6
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Development of GC–MS/MS method with programmable temperature vaporization large volume injection for monitoring of 17β-estradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol in plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang J, Sun J, Chen Y, Song Y, Dong L, Zhan Q, Zhang R, Abliz Z. Analysis of multiplex endogenous estrogen metabolites in human urine using ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: a case study for breast cancer. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 711:60-8. [PMID: 22152797 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate analytical method of ultra-fast liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 16 distinct endogenous estrogens and their metabolites (EMs) in postmenopausal female urine. The quantitative method utilized a hydrolysis/extraction/derivatization step and a UFLC system to achieve separation in 16 min. The lower limit of quantitation for each estrogen metabolite was 2 pg mL(-1) with the percent recovery of a known added amount of estrogen at 93.2-109.3%. The intra-batch accuracy and precision for all analytes were 87.5-107.7% and 0.6-11.7%, respectively, while inter-batch accuracy and precision were 87.0-105.8% and 1.2-10.2%, respectively. Using this developed and validated method, the comprehensive metabolic profiling of 16 EMs in urine samples of 86 postmenopausal female breast cancer patients and 36 healthy controls was investigated by systematic statistical analysis. As a result, the circulating levels of 6 EMs were found to be different by a comparison of patients and healthy controls. The parent estrogens, estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), as well as 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) and 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) were produced in higher abundance, whereas 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2) were decreased in the breast cancer group. 2-OHE2 and 4-OHE2 in particular showed significant elevation in patients, which are consistent with the carcinogenic mechanism hypothesis that catechol estrogens can react with DNA via quinones, resulting in mutations to induce breast cancer. Thus, 2,4-hydroxylation may be the dominant metabolic pathway for parent estrogens rather than 16α-hydroxylation. The lower level of 2-MeOE2 in the breast cancer group was believed to correlate with its protective effect against tumor formation. This study could provide valuable information on the association of the EM metabolic pathway with carcinogenesis as well as identify potential biomarkers for estrogen-induced breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Andrich DE, Filion ME, Woods M, Dwyer JT, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR, Adlercreutz H, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Relationship between essential amino acids and muscle mass, independent of habitual diets, in pre- and post-menopausal US women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 62:719-24. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.573772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Penning TM, Lee SH, Jin Y, Gutierrez A, Blair IA. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of steroid hormone metabolites and its applications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:546-55. [PMID: 20083198 PMCID: PMC2894289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be used to measure steroid hormone metabolites in vitro and in vivo. We find that LC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS using a LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer in the negative ion mode can be used to monitor the product profile that results from 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-17beta-glucuronide, DHT-17beta-sulfate, and tibolone-17beta-sulfate reduction catalyzed by human members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C subfamily and assign kinetic constants to these reactions. We also developed a stable isotope dilution LC-electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ECAPCI)-MS method for the quantitative analysis of estrone (E1) and its metabolites as pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) derivatives in human plasma in the attomole range. The limit of detection for E1-PFB was 740attomole on column. Separations can be performed using normal-phase LC because ionization takes place in the gas phase rather than in solution. This permits efficient separation of the regioisomeric 2- and 4-methoxy-E1. The method was validated for the simultaneous analysis of plasma E2 and its metabolites: 2-methoxy-E2, 4-methoxy-E2, 16alpha-hydroxy-E2, estrone (E1), 2-methoxy-E1, 4-methoxy-EI, and 16alpha-hydroxy-E1 from 5pg/mL to 2000pg/mL. Our LC-MS methods have sufficient sensitivity to detect steroid hormone levels in prostate and breast tumors and should aid their molecular diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
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Ziegler RG, Faupel-Badger JM, Sue LY, Fuhrman BJ, Falk RT, Boyd-Morin J, Henderson MK, Hoover RN, Veenstra TD, Keefer LK, Xu X. A new approach to measuring estrogen exposure and metabolism in epidemiologic studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:538-45. [PMID: 20382222 PMCID: PMC6276800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogen plays an integral role in the etiology of breast and endometrial cancer, and conceivably ovarian cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms and the importance of patterns of estrogen metabolism and specific estrogen metabolites have not been adequately explored. Long-standing hypotheses, derived from laboratory experiments, have not been tested in epidemiologic research because of the lack of robust, rapid, accurate measurement techniques appropriate for large-scale studies. We have developed a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(2)) method that can measure concurrently all 15 estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM) in urine and serum with high sensitivity (level of detection=2.5-3.0fmol EM/mL serum), specificity, accuracy, and precision [laboratory coefficients of variation (CV's) < or =5% for nearly all EM]. The assay requires only extraction, a single chemical derivatization, and less than 0.5mL of serum or urine. By incorporating enzymatic hydrolysis, the assay measures total (glucuronidated+sulfated+unconjugated) EM. If the hydrolysis step is omitted, the assay measures unconjugated EM. Interindividual differences in urinary EM concentrations (pg/mL creatinine), which reflect total EM production, were consistently large, with a range of 10-100-fold for nearly all EM in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and men. Correlational analyses indicated that urinary estrone and estradiol, the most commonly measured EM, do not accurately represent levels of total urinary EM or of the other EM. In serum, all 15 EM were detected as conjugates, but only 5 were detected in unconjugated form. When we compared our assay methods with indirect radioimmunoassays for estrone, estradiol, and estriol and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for 2-hydroxyestrone and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, ranking of individuals agreed well for premenopausal women [Spearman r (r(s))=0.8-0.9], but only moderately for postmenopausal women (r(s)=0.4-0.8). Our absolute readings were consistently lower, especially at the low concentrations characteristic of postmenopausal women, possibly because of improved specificity. We are currently applying our EM measurement techniques in several epidemiologic studies of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Ziegler
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
The amount and the type of dietary protein could play a role in determining the quantity of skeletal muscle mass. The aim was to examine the relationship between the type of protein intake and the level of muscle mass in healthy omnivorous and vegetarian Caucasian women. The design of the present study was an observational and cross-sectional study. Twenty-one omnivores (Om) and nineteen vegetarians (Ve) were recruited. Muscle mass index (urinary creatinine), dietary intake (5 d dietary records) and biochemical analyses (hormone, phyto-oestrogen and lipid profiles) were obtained. We found differences between groups for muscle mass (Ve: 18 kg v. Om: 23 kg; P = 0.010), muscle mass index (Ve: 6.7 kg/m2 v. Om: 8.3 kg/m2; P = 0.002), animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0.001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0.003), plant protein intake in g/d (P = 0.015) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0.007), the animal:plant protein intake ratio (P = 0.001) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (P = 0.001). Muscle mass index still correlated with animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0.001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0.008), and the animal:plant protein intake ratio (P = 0.007) even after controlling for SHBG and plant protein intake. Finally, animal protein intake (g/d) was the independent predictor of muscle mass index (adjusted r2 0.42). Thus, a vegetarian diet is associated with a lower muscle mass index than is an omnivorous diet at the same protein intake. A good indicator of muscle mass index in women seems to be animal protein intake.
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Caron P, Audet-Walsh E, Lépine J, Bélanger A, Guillemette C. Profiling Endogenous Serum Estrogen and Estrogen-Glucuronides by Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10143-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9019126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Caron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Quebec (CHUQ) Research Center and Laval University Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Etienne Audet-Walsh
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Quebec (CHUQ) Research Center and Laval University Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Johanie Lépine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Quebec (CHUQ) Research Center and Laval University Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Alain Bélanger
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Quebec (CHUQ) Research Center and Laval University Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Quebec (CHUQ) Research Center and Laval University Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, and Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Chanteranne B, Branca F, Kaardinal A, Wahala K, Braesco V, Ladroite P, Brouns F, Coxam V. Food matrix and isoflavones bioavailability in early post menopausal women: a European clinical study. Clin Interv Aging 2009; 3:711-8. [PMID: 19281063 PMCID: PMC2682403 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogenic effects of soy isoflavones (IF) on symptoms of menopause are of particular interest. The aim of the present study was to improve compliance of IF in two IF-enriched foods providing the same IF circulating levels in postmenopausal women. Forty-two healthy postmenopausal women (mean age: 53.28 years) were recruited for a randomized, crossover, multicenter trial conducted in the Netherlands, Italy and France. Over 18 days, volunteers were assigned to two groups and supplemented with two different IF-enriched foods (100 mg IF aglycones/two servings). The first group had to eat two biscuits daily for three days. After a wash-out period (11 d), they received cereal bars for three days. The second group started with the cereal bars and finished with biscuits. After IF intake, plasma and urinary levels of genistein, daidzein, O desmethyl angolensin and equol significantly increased and returned to baseline level after the washout period. There was no difference between biscuits and cereals bars intake, as shown by group values at each end of experimental period (day 4 or day 18). Both matrixes are comparable in terms of IF-circulating levels and could be used independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Chanteranne
- INRA, Centre Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, St Genès Champanelle, France
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Falk RT, Xu X, Keefer L, Veenstra TD, Ziegler RG. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous measurement of 15 urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites: assay reproducibility and interindividual variability. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 17:3411-8. [PMID: 19064556 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate, reproducible, and sensitive measurements of endogenous estrogen exposure and individual patterns of estrogen metabolism are needed for etiologic studies of breast cancer. We have developed a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantitate simultaneously 15 urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM): estrone; estradiol; 3 catechol estrogens; 5 estrogens in the 16alpha pathway, including estriol; and 5 methoxy estrogens. METHODS Overnight urines were obtained from 45 participants. For the reproducibility study, two blinded, randomized aliquots from 5 follicular and 5 luteal premenopausal women, 5 naturally postmenopausal women, and 5 men were assayed in each of four batches. Assay coefficients of variation and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated with ANOVA models. Data from the additional 25 participants were added to compare EM levels by menstrual/sex group and assess interindividual variability. RESULTS For each EM, overall coefficients of variation were < or = 10%. Intraclass correlation coefficients for each menstrual/sex group were generally > or = 98%. Although geometric mean EM concentrations differed among the four groups, rankings were similar, with estriol, 2-hydroxyestrone, estrone, estradiol, and 16-ketoestradiol accounting for 60% to 75% of total urinary EM. Within each group, interindividual differences in absolute concentrations were consistently high; the range was 10- to 100-fold for nearly all EM. CONCLUSION Our high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for measuring 15 urinary EM is highly reproducible, and the range of EM concentrations in each menstrual/sex group is quite large relative to assay variability. Whether these patterns persist in blood and target tissues awaits further development and application of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni T Falk
- National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS-5137, Rockville, MD 20892-7234, USA.
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Álvarez-Sánchez B, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD. Ultrasound-enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated female steroids as pretreatment for their analysis by LC–MS/MS in urine. Analyst 2009; 134:1416-22. [DOI: 10.1039/b816283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chiu TC, Chang LC, Chiang CK, Chang HT. Determining estrogens using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with silver nanoparticles as the matrix. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1343-1346. [PMID: 18640850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe the application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as matrices for the determination of three estrogens using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). Because Ag NPs have extremely high absorption coefficients (1.2 x 10(8) M(-1) cm(-1)) at 337 nm, they are effective SALDI matrices when using a nitrogen laser. Three tested estrogens--estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3)--adsorb weakly onto the surfaces of the Ag NPs, through van der Waals forces. After centrifugation, the concentrated analytes adsorbed on the Ag NPs were subjected directly to SALDI-MS analyses, with the limits of detection for E1, E2, and E3 being 2.23, 0.23, and 2.11 microM, respectively. The shot-to-shot and batch-to-batch variations for the three analytes were less than 9% and 13%, respectively. We validated the practicality of this present approach through the quantitation of E2 in human urine. Using this approach, we determined the concentration of E2 in a sample of a pregnant woman's urine to be 0.16+/-0.05 microM (n=10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Nature Science and Education, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
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19
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Linseisen J, Rohrmann S. Biomarkers of dietary intake of flavonoids and phenolic acids for studying diet-cancer relationship in humans. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47 Suppl 2:60-8. [PMID: 18458835 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-2007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many polyphenolic compounds found in plant-derived food, biological effects possibly relevant for cancer prevention have been shown. Since dietary intake estimates suffer from imprecision, the measurement of these compounds (or metabolites of) in biological specimens collected in epidemiological studies is expected to improve accuracy of exposure estimation. AIM OF THE STUDY The current use of biomarkers in etiologic studies on polyphenolics and cancer risk is evaluated. In addition, available analytical methods are discussed with respect to the requirements for their integration in epidemiological studies, putting specific emphasis on the epidemiological validation of such markers. METHODS The scientific literature was screened for epidemiologic studies on the relationship of flavonoid and phenolic acid concentrations in human specimens (i.e. blood, urine) and cancer risk. In addition, original data on intra- and inter-subject variability of several flavonoids and phenolic acids are presented. RESULTS Although several techniques are used in bioavailability or short-term intervention studies, their integration in epidemiological studies is very limited. An exception are phytoestrogens where validated immunoassays allow the rapid measurement of large sample numbers with small sample volume. For several polyphenols, the data on the epidemiologic validity encourages for their use in epidemiological studies. CONCLUSIONS There are valid possibilities for additional biomarkers of flavonoid and phenolic acid intake that are best applied in prospective studies with more than one biological sample per subject. Currently, a combination of a single biomarker measurement with long-term dietary intake estimates will probably be the most valuable choice to decrease measurement error in exposure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Linseisen
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Yang WC, Regnier FE, Sliva D, Adamec J. Stable isotope-coded quaternization for comparative quantification of estrogen metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 870:233-40. [PMID: 18595786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive LC-ESI-MS method is described for the comparative quantification of 16 estrogen metabolites based on the derivatization of estrogens with a novel derivatizing reagent, N-methyl-nicotinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (C1-NA-NHS). The process introduces a quaternary amine to the analytes, making the analytes permanently charged regardless of the pH of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mobile phase. This quaternization resulted in a highly efficient separation of 16 estrogen metabolites in 7 min at a detection level below 1 ng/mL. By using a deuterated derivatizing reagent (C1-d(3)-NA-NHS), a complete set of deuterated standards was utilized and used as internal standards in a comparative quantification and recovery study, demonstrating acceptable results over a wide concentration range. A pooled breast cancer serum sample was analyzed using the described method, and 15 estrogens were detected in the range of 80-530 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chu Yang
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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21
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Fiehn O. Extending the breadth of metabolite profiling by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2008; 27:261-269. [PMID: 18497891 PMCID: PMC2394193 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most frequently used tools for profiling primary metabolites. Instruments are mature enough to run large sequences of samples; novel advancements increase the breadth of compounds that can be analyzed, and improved algorithms and databases are employed to capture and utilize biologically relevant information. Around half the published reports on metabolite profiling by GC-MS focus on biological problems rather than on methodological advances. Applications span from comprehensive analysis of volatiles to assessment of metabolic fluxes for bioengineering. Method improvements emphasize extraction procedures, evaluations of quality control of GC-MS in comparison to other techniques and approaches to data processing. Two major challenges remain: rapid annotation of unknown peaks; and, integration of biological background knowledge aiding data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, E-mail:
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Brink E, Coxam V, Robins S, Wahala K, Cassidy A, Branca F. Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:761-70. [PMID: 18326616 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a major health problem. It was hypothesized that isoflavone-containing products may be a potential alternative to hormone replacement therapy for preventing bone loss during the menopausal transition. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate whether the consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods for 1 y affects bone mineral density, bone metabolism, and hormonal status in early postmenopausal women. DESIGN This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter trial. Two hundred thirty-seven healthy early postmenopausal women [mean (+/-SD) age of 53 +/- 3 y and time since last menses of 33 +/- 15 mo] consumed isoflavone-enriched foods providing a mean daily intake of 110 mg isoflavone aglycones or control products for 1 y while continuing their habitual diet and lifestyle. Outcome measures included bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total body, markers of bone formation and bone resorption, hormones, isoflavones in plasma and urine, safety variables, and adverse events. RESULTS Consumption of isoflavone-enriched products did not alter bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total body or markers of bone formation and bone resorption. Hormone concentrations did not differ between the isoflavone and control groups. Consumption of isoflavone-enriched products resulted in increased isoflavone concentrations in plasma and urine, whereas control products did not. This finding indicated good compliance with treatment. Subgroup analysis did not support an effect of equol phenotype on bone density. The intervention had no effect on a range of safety variables and reported adverse events. CONCLUSION Consumption of foods containing 110 mg/d of soy isoflavone aglycone equivalents for 1 y did not prevent postmenopausal bone loss and did not affect bone turnover in apparently healthy early postmenopausal white women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00301353.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brink
- TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit BioSciences, Zeist, Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
This review focuses on the possible role in human health of the consumption of lignan-rich foods. Most of the plant lignans in human foods are converted by the intestinal microflora in the upper part of the large bowel to enterolactone and enterodiol, called mammalian or enterolignans. The protective role of these compounds, particularly in chronic Western diseases, is discussed. Evidence suggests that fiber- and lignan-rich whole-grain cereals, beans, berries, nuts, and various seeds are the main protective foods. Many factors, in addition to diet, such as intestinal microflora, smoking, antibiotics, and obesity affect circulating lignan levels in the body. Lignan-rich diets may be beneficial, particularly if consumed for life. Experimental evidence in animals has shown clear anticarcinogenic effects of flaxseed or pure lignans in many types of cancer. Many epidemiological results are controversial, partly because the determinants of plasma enterolactone are very different in different countries. The source of the lignans seems to play a role because other factors in the food obviously participate in the protective effects. The results are promising, but much work is still needed in this area of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Adlercreutz
- Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, Folkhälsan Research Center, Finland.
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24
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Chen AY, Lee AJ, Jiang XR, Zhu BT. Chemical Synthesis of Six Novel 17β-Estradiol and Estrone Dimers and Study of Their Formation Catalyzed by Human Cytochrome P450 Isoforms. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5372-81. [PMID: 17924615 DOI: 10.1021/jm0707323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Anthony J. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Xiang-Rong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Bao Ting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Xu X, Keefer LK, Ziegler RG, Veenstra TD. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of urinary endogenous estrogen metabolites. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:1350-5. [PMID: 17545972 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure estrogen metabolites (EMs) quantitatively is important for investigating their individual roles in cancer screening, treatment and prevention, as well as in a host of other hormone-related disorders. In this protocol we describe a method that is capable of quantitating 15 distinct EMs in urine. Endogenous EMs are quantitatively measured using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method in which the spectrometer operates in a selected reaction monitoring mode. This method is capable of quantifying estrone and its 2-, and 4- and 16alpha-hydroxy and its 2-, 4-methoxy derivatives, and 2-hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether; 17beta-estradiol and its 2-hydroxy, and 2- and 4-methoxy derivates, and estriol, 16-epiestriol, 17-epiestriol, and 16-ketoestradiol. The method requires only 0.5 ml of urine and approximately 60 urine samples can be quantitatively analyzed per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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26
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Bianchi F, Careri M, Mangia A, Musci M, Santini SE, Basini G. Porcine follicular fluids: Comparison of solid-phase extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion for the GC–MS determination of hormones during follicular growth. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:711-7. [PMID: 17459644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The capabilities of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for the determination of the hormones 17beta-estradiol, 2-hydroxyestradiol, 4-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a very complex matrix like porcine follicular fluids were compared, thus proving the highest effectiveness of the SPE technique. Validation was carried out in terms of limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and stability. LOQ values in the low microg kg(-1) were achieved, with all the other parameters satisfying the acceptance criteria for the validation of bioanalytical methods. The applicability of the method to the determination of the hormones in porcine follicular fluids was demonstrated, thus allowing to observe an increase of the concentration of the hormones during the follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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27
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Hakala U, Wähälä K. Expedient Deuterolabeling of Polyphenols in Ionic LiquidsDCl/D2O under Microwave Irradiation. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5817-9. [PMID: 17585810 DOI: 10.1021/jo070231p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Postsynthetic regioselective aromatic ring H/D exchanges in polyphenolic compounds are rapidly performed in high yields and isotopic purities in ionic liquid-DCl/D2O under microwave irradiation. Other C-H bonds, including benzylic and lactone alpha-carbonyl sites, are not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullastiina Hakala
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Xu X, Roman JM, Veenstra TD, Van Anda J, Ziegler RG, Issaq HJ. Analysis of fifteen estrogen metabolites using packed column supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 78:1553-8. [PMID: 16503607 DOI: 10.1021/ac051425c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used for the separation of estrone, estradiol, estriol, 16-epiestriol, 17-epiestriol, 16-ketoestradiol, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, 2-methoxyestrone, 4-methoxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether, 2-methoxyestradiol, 4-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestrone, and 2-hydroxyestradiol. A gradient of methanol in carbon dioxide (0-30% methanol in 15 min, 2% change/min) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min and cyanopropyl silica column connected in series with a diol column, both 2.1 mm i.d. x 150 mm long, packed with 5-mum spherical silica-based particles, resulted in the separation and quantification of all 15 estrogens in less than 10 min. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this pSFC MS/MS method was determined to be 0.5 (S/N = 3), and 5 pg, respectively. Compared with RP-HPLC MS analysis of the same mixture in terms of speed of analysis and sensitivity, pSFC MS is much faster, 10 versus 70 min, with comparable LOD and LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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29
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Cheng G, Wilczek B, Warner M, Gustafsson JA, Landgren BM. Isoflavone treatment for acute menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2007; 14:468-73. [PMID: 17290160 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31802cc7d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The onset of climacteric symptoms (hot flashes and night sweats) is the primary reason for perimenopausal women to start hormone therapy. The association of a lower incidence of postmenopausal symptoms with high intake of soybeans in Asian women suggests that phytoestrogens are an alternative to estrogen therapy. The main effective compounds in soybean are isoflavones, which have a higher binding affinity to estrogen receptor beta than to estrogen receptor alpha. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of isoflavone treatment in postmenopausal women. DESIGN This was a double-blind prospective study. Sixty healthy postmenopausal women were randomly assigned by computer into two groups to receive 60 mg isoflavones or placebo daily for 3 months. Before and after treatment, climacteric symptoms were recorded; serum was collected to measure the levels of lipoprotein lipids, estradiol, and follicle-stimulating hormone; and biopsy specimens from endometrium and breast were analyzed to investigate the expression level of steroid receptors and proliferation. Endometrial thickness was measured by ultrasound. RESULTS Fifty-one women finished the 12-week study. In women receiving 60 mg isoflavones daily, hot flashes and night sweats were reduced by 57% and 43%, respectively. The treatment did not change the levels of circulating estradiol or follicle-stimulating hormone. Immunohistochemical staining of endometrial and breast biopsy specimens revealed that isoflavones did not affect expression levels of steroid receptors; estrogen receptors alpha, beta, and betacx; progesterone receptors A and B; or the proliferation marker Ki67. No side effects on body weight or lipoprotein lipids were observed. CONCLUSIONS This short-term prospective study implies that isoflavones could be used to relieve acute menopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Cheng
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden.
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30
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Grace PB, Mistry NS, Carter MH, Leathem AJC, Teale P. High throughput quantification of phytoestrogens in human urine and serum using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:138-46. [PMID: 17403619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are currently the subject of intense study owing to their potential protective effects against a number of complex diseases. However, in order to investigate the interactions between phytoestrogens and disease state effectively, it is necessary to have analytical methods which are sensitive, reproducible, and require low sample volumes. We report an assay for three isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, and glycitein), two metabolites of daidzein (equol and O-desmethylangolensin), three lignans (secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol, and enterolactone), and one flavanone (naringenin) in human urine and serum. A high throughput of samples has been achieved via the use of 96-well plate sample extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis incorporating column switching, thus making the assay suitable for use on large sample numbers, such as those found in epidemiological studies. The robustness of the assay was proven via the comparison of data generated on two different LC-MS/MS systems, with and without column switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Grace
- HFL, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW, United Kingdom.
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31
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Lippert TH, Adlercreutz H, Berger MR, Seeger H, Mueck AO. Urinary phytoestrogen excretion of rats bearing methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinoma in response to treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:158-62. [PMID: 17081745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of treating mammary tumor-bearing rats with 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeE2) on the urinary excretion of 12 phytoestrogens was investigated and compared with the changes in urinary excretion of estradiol metabolites. Alterations of excretion were registered for isoflavonoids, lignans and coumestans. However, due to large variations statistical significant differences were found only for two lignans, i.e. significant increases of enterodiol and matairesinol. Since the single components of phytoestrogens showed diverse alterations, excretions were expressed also by the ratio of total isoflavonoids to total lignans and compared with the estrogen ratios 2-hydroxyestrone to 16alpha-hydroxyestrone and A-ring to D-ring metabolites. The ratio of isoflavonoids to lignans was consistently decreased, whereas both ratios of estradiol metabolites were highly increased. The latter effect is probably due to demethylation of 2-methoxyestrone resulting in high catechol estrogen levels in urine. These results suggest that the high levels of catechol estrogens, produced by 2-MeE2 treatment, may have influenced the urinary excretion pattern of phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Lippert
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
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32
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Knust U, Strowitzki T, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H, Owen RW. Optimization of an isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the detection of endogenous estrogen metabolites in urine samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:2245-54. [PMID: 17569095 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitation of ten estrogen metabolites in human urine was optimized. The method consists of initial enzymatic hydrolysis of the estrogen conjugates using beta-glucuronidase followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Sep-pak C18 columns and further sample purification by ion-exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex cartridges in the acetate form. QAE-Sephadex cartridges in the borate form were used to separate estrogens into two fractions: one fraction containing estrogens lacking vicinal cis-hydroxyls (Fr 1) and another containing estrogens possessing vicinal cis-hydroxyls (catecholestrogens; Fr 2). Finally, following O-trimethylsilyl ether derivatization, the estrogens were analyzed by GC/MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. Estrogens were quantitated using deuterated internal standards, which were added to the samples at the initiation of the work-up procedures. After addition to estrogen-low male human samples the standards showed good chromatographic linear response and reproducibility. A reduction in the number of steps and improvements in the robustness of the work-up procedures were achieved. The modified method described is less complex, amenable to use with commercially available SPE columns and fulfils all the reliability criteria, resulting in highly specific and accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Knust
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2004. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, cholic acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 127 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, UKBN1 9QJ
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Xu X, Veenstra TD, Fox SD, Roman JM, Issaq HJ, Falk R, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Ziegler RG. Measuring Fifteen Endogenous Estrogens Simultaneously in Human Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:6646-54. [PMID: 16223252 DOI: 10.1021/ac050697c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, specific, accurate, and precise high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for measuring the absolute quantities of 15 endogenous estrogens and their metabolites in human urine has been developed and validated. The method requires a single hydrolysis/extraction/derivatization step and only 0.5 mL of urine, yet is capable of simultaneously quantifying estrone and its 2-, 4-methoxy and 2-, 4-, and 16alpha-hydroxy derivatives, and 2-hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether; estradiol and its 2-, 4-methoxy and 2-, 16alpha-hydroxy derivatives, 16-epiestriol, 17-epiestriol, and 16-ketoestradiol in pre- and postmenopausal women as well as men. Standard curves are linear over a 10(3)-fold concentration range with the standard error of the estimate (SEE) and the relative standard error of the estimate (RSEE) for the linear regression line ranging from 0.0131 to 0.1760 and 1.2 to 7.3%, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation for each estrogen is 0.02 ng/0.5 mL urine sample (2 pg on column), with the percent recovery of a known added amount of compound (accuracy) of 96-107% and an overall precision, including the hydrolysis, extraction, and derivatization steps, of 1-5% relative standard deviation (RSD) for samples prepared concurrently and 1-12% RSD for samples prepared in separate batches. Since individual patterns of estrogen metabolism may influence the risk of breast cancer, accurate, precise, and specific measurement of endogenous estrogen metabolites in biological matrixes will facilitate future research on breast cancer prevention, screening, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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