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Ke CH, Lin CN, Lin CS. Hormone, Targeted, and Combinational Therapies for Breast Cancers: From Humans to Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:732. [PMID: 38255807 PMCID: PMC10815110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer in women. In female dogs, canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) is also the leading neoplasm. Comparative oncology indicates similar tumor behaviors between human BCs (HBCs) and CMTs. Therefore, this review summarizes the current research in hormone and targeted therapies and describes the future prospects for HBCs and CMTs. For hormone receptor-expressing BCs, the first medical intervention is hormone therapy. Monoclonal antibodies against Her2 are proposed for the treatment of Her2+ BCs. However, the major obstacle in hormone therapy or monoclonal antibodies is drug resistance. Therefore, increasing alternatives have been developed to overcome these difficulties. We systemically reviewed publications that reported inhibitors targeting certain molecules in BC cells. The various treatment choices for humans decrease mortality in females with BC. However, the development of hormone or targeted therapies in veterinary medicine is still limited. Even though some clinical trials have been proposed, severe side effects and insufficient case numbers might restrict further explorations. This difficulty highlights the urgent need to develop updated hormone/targeted therapy or novel immunotherapies. Therefore, exploring new therapies to provide more precise use in dogs with CMTs will be the focus of future research. Furthermore, due to the similarities shared by humans and dogs, well-planned prospective clinical trials on the use of combinational or novel immunotherapies in dogs with CMTs to obtain solid results for both humans and dogs can be reasonably anticipated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (C.-N.L.)
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (C.-N.L.)
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Howell A, Howell SJ. Tamoxifen evolution. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:421-425. [PMID: 36765172 PMCID: PMC9938251 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Howell
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK ,grid.417286.e0000 0004 0422 2524Prevent Breast Cancer Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester Universities Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe, Manchester, UK ,grid.412917.80000 0004 0430 9259Manchester Breast Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
| | - S. J. Howell
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK ,grid.417286.e0000 0004 0422 2524Prevent Breast Cancer Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester Universities Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe, Manchester, UK ,grid.412917.80000 0004 0430 9259Manchester Breast Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
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Oubella A, Bimoussa A, N’ait Oussidi A, Fawzi M, Auhmani A, Morjani H, Riahi A, Esseffar M, Parish C, Ait Itto MY. New 1,2,3-Triazoles from (R)-Carvone: Synthesis, DFT Mechanistic Study and In Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030769. [PMID: 35164037 PMCID: PMC8839216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aseries of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized from an (R)-carvone terminal alkyne derivative via a Cu (I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction using CuSO4,5H2O as the copper (II) source and sodium ascorbate as a reducing agent which reduces Cu (II) into Cu (I). All the newly synthesized 1,2,3-triazoles 9a–h were fully identified on the basis of their HRMS and NMR spectral data and then evaluated for their cell growth inhibition potential by MTS assay against HT-1080 fibrosarcoma, A-549 lung carcinoma, and two breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines. Compound 9d showed notable cytotoxic effects against the HT-1080 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 25.77 and 27.89 µM, respectively, while compound 9c displayed significant activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 25.03 µM. Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory were used to confirm the high reactivity of the terminal alkyne as a dipolarophile. Quantum calculations were also used to investigate the mechanism of both the uncatalyzed and copper (I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). The catalyzed reaction gives complete regioselectivity via a stepwise mechanism streamlining experimental observations. The calculated free-energy barriers 4.33 kcal/mol and 29.35 kcal/mol for the 1,4- and 1,5-regioisomers, respectively, explain the marked regioselectivity of the CuAAC reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Oubella
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (A.O.); (A.B.); (A.N.O.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdoullah Bimoussa
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (A.O.); (A.B.); (A.N.O.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdellah N’ait Oussidi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (A.O.); (A.B.); (A.N.O.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Mourad Fawzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (A.O.); (A.B.); (A.N.O.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Aziz Auhmani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (A.O.); (A.B.); (A.N.O.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Hamid Morjani
- BioSpectroscopie Translationnelle, BioSpecT—EA7506, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, CEDEX, 51096 Reims, France;
| | - Abdelkhalek Riahi
- Equipe MSO, CNRS UMR 7312 Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Bat. Europol’Agro-Moulin de La Housse UFR Sciences B.P., 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - M’hamed Esseffar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (A.O.); (A.B.); (A.N.O.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (C.P.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Carol Parish
- Gottwald Science Center, 28Westhampton Way, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (C.P.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Moulay Youssef Ait Itto
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco; (A.O.); (A.B.); (A.N.O.); (M.F.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (C.P.); (M.Y.A.)
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Exemestane encapsulated copolymers L121/F127/GL44 based mixed micelles: solubility enhancement and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ulm M, Ramesh AV, McNamara KM, Ponnusamy S, Sasano H, Narayanan R. Therapeutic advances in hormone-dependent cancers: focus on prostate, breast and ovarian cancers. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R10-R26. [PMID: 30640710 PMCID: PMC6365668 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal cancers affect over 400,000 men and women and contribute collectively to over 100,000 deaths in the United States alone. Thanks to advances in the understanding of these cancers at the molecular level and to the discovery of several disease-modifying therapeutics, the last decade has seen a plateauing or even a decreasing trend in the number of deaths from these cancers. These advanced therapeutics not only effectively slow the growth of hormonal cancers, but also provide an insight on how these cancers become refractory and evolve as an altogether distinct subset. This review summarizes the current therapeutic trends in hormonal cancers, with focus on prostate, breast and ovarian cancers. The review discusses the clinical drugs being used now, promising molecules that are going through various stages of development and makes some predictions on how the therapeutic landscape will shift in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ulm
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Ramesh Narayanan
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Dürüst Y, Karakuş H. Microwave-assisted synthesis and crystal structure of some novel 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl-1,2,3-triazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1296158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaşar Dürüst
- Department of Chemistry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Hamza Karakuş
- Department of Chemistry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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7
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Synthesis of 1,2-benzisoxazole tethered 1,2,3-triazoles that exhibit anticancer activity in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines by inhibiting histone deacetylases, and inducing p21 and tubulin acetylation. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Application of metabolomics in drug resistant breast cancer research. Metabolites 2015; 5:100-18. [PMID: 25693144 PMCID: PMC4381292 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic profiles of breast cancer cells are different from normal mammary epithelial cells. Breast cancer cells that gain resistance to therapeutic interventions can reprogram their endogenous metabolism in order to adapt and proliferate despite high oxidative stress and hypoxic conditions. Drug resistance in breast cancer, regardless of subgroups, is a major clinical setback. Although recent advances in genomics and proteomics research has given us a glimpse into the heterogeneity that exists even within subgroups, the ability to precisely predict a tumor’s response to therapy remains elusive. Metabolomics as a quantitative, high through put technology offers promise towards devising new strategies to establish predictive, diagnostic and prognostic markers of breast cancer. Along with other “omics” technologies that include genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, metabolomics fits into the puzzle of a comprehensive systems biology approach to understand drug resistance in breast cancer. In this review, we highlight the challenges facing successful therapeutic treatment of breast cancer and the innovative approaches that metabolomics offers to better understand drug resistance in cancer.
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9
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Huzell L, Persson M, Simonsson M, Markkula A, Ingvar C, Rose C, Jernström H. History of oral contraceptive use in breast cancer patients: impact on prognosis and endocrine treatment response. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 149:505-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Kim MJ, Park YJ, Chung KH, Oh SM. The Inhibitory Effects of the Standardized Extracts of Ginkgo biloba
on Aromatase Activity in JEG-3 Human Choriocarcinoma Cells. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1756-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jie Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; 300 Cheoncheon dong Jangan-gu, Suwon Kyeonggi-do 440-746 South Korea
| | - Yong Joo Park
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; 300 Cheoncheon dong Jangan-gu, Suwon Kyeonggi-do 440-746 South Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; 300 Cheoncheon dong Jangan-gu, Suwon Kyeonggi-do 440-746 South Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Hoseo Fusion Technology Laboratory; Hoseo University; 165 Sechul-ri, Asan ChungcheongNam-do 336-795 South Korea
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Dürüst Y, Karakuş H, Kaiser M, Tasdemir D. Synthesis and anti-protozoal activity of novel dihydropyrrolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 48:296-304. [PMID: 22217867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
1,2,4-Oxadiazole and 1,2,3-triazole containing heterocyclic compounds continue to gain interest in synthesis of chemical entities and exhibit various biological activities as anti-protozoal and anti-cancer agents. By using the principle of bioisosterism, a series of novel oxadiazolyl pyrrolo triazole diones; namely, (3aS,6aR)-1-((3-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)-5-phenyl-1,6a-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-d][1,2,3] triazole-4,6(3aH,5H)-diones (5a-k) was designed and synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of novel 5-azidomethyl 3-aryl substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles (4a-k) with N-phenyl maleimide. The structures of all the cycloadducts were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods and physical characteristics. The in vitro anti-protozoal and cytotoxic activities of these novel heterocyclic compounds were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaşar Dürüst
- Department of Chemistry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, TR-14280 Bolu, Turkey.
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12
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Fosker C, Adlard JW, Shaaban A. Tailoring therapy for locally advanced breast cancer using molecular profiles: are we there yet? Drugs 2011; 71:1947-55. [PMID: 21985164 DOI: 10.2165/11595110-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The term 'locally advanced breast cancer' covers a range of clinical scenarios, and has the implications that surgical clearance and local control will be difficult or impossible, and long-term survival rates will be poor. Treatment selection is particularly important in this group of patients to try to obtain maximum control of disease, and potentially improve surgical options and cure rates. Currently, assessment of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal receptor 2 status in tumour samples remains the gold standard for prediction of response to endocrine therapy, chemotherapy or targeted agents such as trastuzumab. Progress has been made in identifying markers that can help select treatments likely to be associated with response and avoid those associated with resistance. These potential markers include Ki67 proliferation rate, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 expression, BRCA1/2 gene status and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fosker
- St Jamess Institute of Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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ESR1 amplification is rare in breast cancer and is associated with high grade and high proliferation: a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification study. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:489-94. [PMID: 21541733 PMCID: PMC3219866 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is predictive for endocrine therapy response and an important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Overexpression of ERα can be caused by estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene amplification and was originally reported to be a frequent event associated with a significantly longer survival for ER-positive women treated with adjuvant tamoxifen monotherapy, which was however questioned by subsequent studies. Methods This study aimed to reanalyze the frequency of ESR1 amplification by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), and to assess clinicopathologic correlations. MLPA was performed in a group of 135 breast cancer patients, and gains/amplifications were subjected to FISH. Results True ESR1 amplification by MLPA was rare (2%) and only 6% more patients showed a modest gain of ESR1. All MLPA-detected ESR1 amplifications and nearly all ESR1 gains were also FISH amplified and gained, but not all FISH amplifications/gains were MLPA amplified/gained, leading to an overall concordance of only 60% between both techniques. All 3 MLPA and FISH ESR1 amplified cases had high ERα expression, but there was no obvious correlation between ESR1 gain and ER status by IHC. ESR1 gains/amplifications were not associated with HER2 gain/amplification, but seemed to be associated with older age. Surprisingly, ESR1 gain/amplification was not associated with low grade as reported previously, but correlated with high grade and high proliferation. Furthermore, ESR1 gain/amplification by MLPA was not associated with nodal status or tumor size (pT status). Conclusions ESR1 amplification as detected by MLPA is rare in breast cancer, and seems to be associated with high ERα expression, high age, high grade and high proliferation. This study confirms previous studies that showed differences in the ESR1 amplification frequencies detected by different techniques. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13402-011-0045-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li X, Lin Y, Yuan Y, Liu K, Qian X. Novel efficient anticancer agents and DNA-intercalators of 1,2,3-triazol-1,8-naphthalimides: design, synthesis, and biological activity. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Evaluation of biological activity of new hemiesters of 17-hydroxy-16,17-secoestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-16-nitrile. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Farante G, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, Veronesi P, Curigliano G, Luini A, Goldhirsch A, Veronesi U. The management of ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (DIN): open controversies and guidelines of the Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), Milan, Italy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 128:369-78. [PMID: 20740312 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The management of ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (DIN) has substantially changed over the past 30 years, as its incidence has increased (from 2-3% to more than 20%), mainly due to the widespread use of mammography screening. This article describes not only the more widespread theoretical concepts on DIN but also the differences in the practical applications of the theory between different countries, different oncology specialists, and different cancer centers. Papers related to the international multicentre-randomized trials and retrospective studies were analyzed. We include articles and papers published between 1993 and 2010 related to patients with DIN, and abstracts and reports from MEDLINE and other sources were indentified. The standard of care for DIN consists of (a) breast conservative surgery (mastectomy is still indicated in large lesions--masses or microcalcifications--in about 30% of cases); (b) radiotherapy (RT) after conservative surgery, and (c) medical treatment in estrogen receptors-positive patients. However, most studies have shown significant differences between theory and practical application. Moreover, there are differences regarding (a) the indications of sentinel lymph node biopsy, (b) the definition and identification of low-risk DIN subgroups that can avoid RT and tamoxifen, and (c) the research into new alternative drugs in adjuvant medical therapy. A general agreement on the best management of DIN does not exist as yet. New large trials are needed in order to define the best management of DIN patients which is (in most respects) still complex and controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Farante
- Division of Senology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy.
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Adenosine A1 receptor, a target and regulator of estrogen receptoralpha action, mediates the proliferative effects of estradiol in breast cancer. Oncogene 2009; 29:1114-22. [PMID: 19935720 PMCID: PMC2829108 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and its ligand estradiol (E2) has critical roles in breast cancer growth and are key therapeutic targets. In this study, we report a novel dual role of the adenosine A1 receptor (Adora1) as an E2/ERalpha target and a regulator of ERalpha transcriptional activity. In ERalpha-positive breast cancer cells, E2 upregulated Adora1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels, an effect that was reversed by the E2 antagonist ICI 182 780. Small interference RNA ablation of Adora1 in ERalpha-positive cells reduced basal and E2-dependent proliferation, whereas Adora1 over-expression in an ERalpha-negative cell line induced proliferation. The selective Adora1 antagonist, DPCPX, reduced proliferation, establishing Adora1 as a mediator of E2/ERalpha-dependent breast cancer growth. Intriguingly, Adora1 ablation decreased both mRNA and protein levels of ERalpha and, consequently, estrogen-responsive element-dependent ERalpha transcriptional activity. Moreover, Adora1 ablation decreased binding activity of ERalpha to the promoter of its target gene TFF1 and led to reduced TFF1 promoter activity and mRNA levels, suggesting that Adora1 is required for full transcriptional activity of ERalpha on E2 stimulation. Taken together, we showed a short feed-forward loop involving E2, ERalpha and Adora1 that favors breast cancer growth. These data suggest that Adora1 may represent an important target for therapeutic intervention in hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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18
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Yonden Z, Aydin M, Alcin E, Kelestemur MH, Kutlu S, Yilmaz B. Effects of letrozole on bone biomarkers and femur fracture in female rats. J Physiol Biochem 2009; 65:267-75. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03180579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cepa MMDS, Tavares da Silva EJ, Correia-da-Silva G, Roleira FMF, Teixeira NAA. Synthesis and biochemical studies of 17-substituted androst-3-enes and 3,4-epoxyandrostanes as aromatase inhibitors. Steroids 2008; 73:1409-15. [PMID: 18691607 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5alpha-androst-3-enes and 3alpha,4alpha-epoxy-5alpha-androstanes were synthesized and tested for their abilities to inhibit aromatase in human placental microsomes. In these series the original C-17 carbonyl group was replaced by hydroxyl, acetyl and hydroxyimine groups. Inhibition kinetic analysis on the most potent steroid of these series revealed that it inhibits the enzyme in a competitive manner (IC(50)=6.5 microM). The achieved data pointed out the importance of the C-17 carbonyl group in the D-ring of the studied steroids as a structural feature required to reach maximum aromatase inhibitory activity. Further, at least one carbonyl group (C-3 or C-17) seems to be essential to effective aromatase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida M D S Cepa
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Iwase H. Current topics and perspectives on the use of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2008; 15:278-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-008-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yen TWF, Kuerer HM, Ottesen RA, Rouse L, Niland JC, Edge SB, Theriault RL, Weeks JC. Impact of randomized clinical trial results in the national comprehensive cancer network on the use of tamoxifen after breast surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:3251-8. [PMID: 17577019 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.10.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-24 trial, published in June 1999, demonstrated that tamoxifen after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiotherapy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) reduced the absolute occurrence of ipsilateral and contralateral breast cancer. We assessed the impact of B-24 on practice patterns at selected National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) centers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tamoxifen use after surgery was examined among 1,622 patients presenting for treatment of unilateral DCIS between July 1997 and December 2003 at eight NCCN centers. Associations of clinicopathologic and treatment factors with tamoxifen use were assessed in univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Overall, 41% of patients (665 of 1,622) received tamoxifen. The proportion increased from 24% before July 1, 1999, to 46% on or after July 1, 1999. Factors significantly associated with receipt of tamoxifen included diagnosis on or after July 1, 1999 (odds ratio [OR], 3.85; P < .0001), BCS in patients younger than 70 years (OR, 3.21; P = .0073), no history of cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease (OR, 3.13; P = .0071), receipt of radiotherapy (OR, 1.82; P = .0009), and previous hysterectomy (OR, 1.34; P = .0459). Tamoxifen use varied significantly by center, from 34% to 74% after BCS and 17% to 53% after mastectomy (P < .0001). CONCLUSION Tamoxifen use after surgery for DCIS at NCCN centers increased after presentation of the B-24 results. Rates varied substantially by institution, suggesting that physicians differ in how they weigh the modest reduction in breast cancer risk with tamoxifen against its potential adverse effects in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina W F Yen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Sun L, Zha J, Spear PA, Wang Z. Toxicity of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs, larvae and breeding adults. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:533-41. [PMID: 17383942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Letrozole is a synthetic aromatase inhibitor and interferes in the committed step in the synthesis of endogenous estrogens from androgens. To evaluate potential effects on the early life stages of Japanese medaka, larvae and fertilized eggs were exposed to letrozole for 96 h and 14 days, respectively. No larvae died and no adverse effects were found on embryonic development at concentrations up to 3125 microg/L. Reproductive effects were assessed by exposing adults to 1, 5, 25, 125 and 625 microg/L letrozole for 21 days. A dose-dependent decrease in fecundity (>25 microg/L) and fertility (>5 microg/L) accompanied by histological changes suggested the inhibition of oocyte growth and possibly maturation. At 625 microg/L, the fish ceased spawning during the last week of exposure. Letrozole (>5 microg/L) reduced plasma vitellogenin levels in females in a dose-dependent manner. Transgenerational effects were evaluated by removing freshly-laid F1 eggs from letrozole-contaminated water and raising them to 15 days post-hatching in control water. Hatchability and time to hatching were detrimentally affected (>5 microg/L), but no morphological deformities were observed. Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in the proportion of genotypic F1 males was found (>5 microg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
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Padron A, Li L, Kofoed EM, Schaufele F. Ligand-Selective Interdomain Conformations of Estrogen Receptor-α. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:49-61. [PMID: 17008385 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) inhibit estrogen activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) in some tissues but activate ER in other tissues. These tissue-selective actions suggest that SERMs may be identified with tissue specificities that would improve the safety of breast cancer and hormone replacement therapies. The identification of an improved SERM would be aided by understanding the effects of each SERM on the structure and interactions of ER. To date, the inability to obtain structures of the full-length ER has limited our structural characterization of SERM action to their antiestrogenic effects on the isolated ER ligand binding domain. We studied the effects of estradiol and the clinically useful SERMs 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant on the conformation of the full-length ERα dimer complex by comparing, in living human breast cancer cells, the amounts of energy transfer between fluorophores attached to different domains of ERα. Estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and fulvestrant all promoted the rapid formation of ERα dimers with equivalent interaction kinetics. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal ERα domains both contain activation functions differentially affected by these ligands, but the positions of only the carboxyl termini differed upon binding with estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, or fulvestrant. The association of a specific ERα dimer conformation with the binding of ligands of different clinical effect will assist the identification of a SERM with optimal tissue-selective estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. These studies also provide a roadmap for dissecting important structural and kinetic details for any protein complex from the quantitative analysis of energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Padron
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0540, USA
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Abstract
Tamoxifen, once the gold standard adjuvant endocrine therapy for early breast cancer, is being challenged by third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) that have demonstrated improved disease-free survival in a variety of adjuvant settings for early breast cancer. Tamoxifen and AIs have different safety profiles, which should allow physicians to begin to individualize treatment based on a patient's comorbidities and risk factors. Because of its properties as a partial estrogen agonist, tamoxifen has a positive effect on serum lipids and may confer a cardioprotective benefit, as well as a beneficial effect on bone health. However, tamoxifen increases the risk for endometrial cancer and cerebrovascular/thromboembolic events. In comparison, the major side effect of AIs is increased bone loss, which may heighten the risk for osteoporotic fractures and bone pain. Because of their superior efficacy and manageable side effects, AIs are a cost-effective alternative to tamoxifen, and clinical guidelines now embrace AIs as appropriate adjuvant therapy for hormone-sensitive early breast cancer. The anticipated results of ongoing trials will provide further insights into the long-term safety and application of AI therapy in the adjuvant setting.
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Howell A. Is fulvestrant ("Faslodex") just another selective estrogen receptor modulator? Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16 Suppl 2:521-3. [PMID: 17010063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Howell
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Lézé MP, Le Borgne M, Pinson P, Palusczak A, Duflos M, Le Baut G, Hartmann RW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-[(aryl)(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indoles: Potent and selective aromatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1134-7. [PMID: 16380254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the aromatase (CYP19) inhibitory activity of 5-[(aryl)(imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indoles were reported. Among the tested racemate compounds, 5-[(4-chlorophenyl)(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indole 8b emerged as a potent CYP19 inhibitor (IC(50)=15.3 nM). Chiral chromatography allowed isolation of the (+) enantiomer 8b2, which was about twice as active as the racemate (IC(50)=9 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Lézé
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, BioCiT UPRES EA1155, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes University, 1 rue Gaston Veil, F-44035 Nantes Cedex, France.
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