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Daragó A, Klimczak M, Stragierowicz J, Stasikowska-Kanicka O, Kilanowicz A. The Effect of Zinc, Selenium, and Their Combined Supplementation on Androgen Receptor Protein Expression in the Prostate Lobes and Serum Steroid Hormone Concentrations of Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E153. [PMID: 31935838 PMCID: PMC7019230 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) play a well-documented role in cancer prevention (e.g., for prostate cancer), and their combined supplementation is often given as a recommended prophylactic agent. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of Zn and/or Se supplementation on the androgen receptor (AR) in the prostate lobes and the serum selected hormone concentrations; a hitherto unresearched topic. METHODS Male rats (n = 84) were administered with Zn and/or Se intragastrically for up to 90 days. The effects of administration on the tested parameters were checked after 30 and 90 days of administration and additionally, 90 days after the end of 90 day administration. RESULTS Zn alone leads to an increase in serum testosterone concentrations, while the protein expression of AR in both parts of the prostate increases. Combined administration of Zn and Se eliminates the effect of Zn, which may suggest that these two elements act antagonistically. Se supplementation alone results in the same level of AR protein expression in administration and 90 days after administration periods. CONCLUSION This paper presents the first report of the influence of Zn and/or Se supplementation on the protein expression of AR in the prostate. Our findings seem to indicate that simultaneous supplementation of both elements may be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Daragó
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.)
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Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S. ENDOCRINE HISTORY: The history of discovery, synthesis and development of testosterone for clinical use. Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 180:R201-R212. [PMID: 30959485 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the most important male hormone, testosterone has an impact on almost all organs and body functions. The biological effects of testosterone and the testes have been known since antiquity, long before testosterone was identified as the active agent. Practical applications of this knowledge were castration of males to produce obedient servants, for punishment, for preservation of the prepubertal soprano voice and even for treatment of diseases. Testes were used in organotherapy and transplanted as treatment for symptoms of hypogonadism on a large scale, although these practices had only placebo effects. In reaction to such malpractice in the first half of the 20th century science and the young pharmaceutical industry initiated the search for the male hormone. After several detours together with their teams in 1935, Ernst Laqueur (Amsterdam) isolated and Adolf Butenandt (Gdansk) as well as Leopold Ruzicka (Zürich) synthesized testosterone. Since then testosterone has been available for clinical use. However, when given orally, testosterone is inactivated in the liver, so that parenteral forms of administration or modifications of the molecule had to be found. Over 85 years the testosterone preparations have been slowly improved so that now physiological serum levels can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Nieschlag
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstr.11, Münster, Germany
| | - Susan Nieschlag
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstr.11, Münster, Germany
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A Population-Based Study of Secondary Prostate Cancer Risk after Radiotherapy in Male Patients with Rectal Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55040104. [PMID: 31013982 PMCID: PMC6524015 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Risk of secondary prostate cancer after radiation therapy among patients with rectal cancer remains undetermined. Given an increased incidence of rectal cancer in younger people and improved survival for rectal cancer patients who received radiation therapy, the potential risk of secondary prostate cancer needs to be further investigated. Materials and Methods: Male patients (n = 11,367) newly diagnosed rectal cancer and who underwent abdominoperineal resection (APR) or low anterior resection (LAR) from 1 January, 1998 to 31 December, 2010 were identified from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The incidence and relative risk of secondary prostate cancer in study patients with (n = 1586) and without (n = 9781) radiotherapy within one year after rectal cancer diagnosis were compared using a competing-risks analysis. Results: Rectal cancer patients with radiotherapy were at a significantly decreased risk of developing prostate cancer, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.41 (95% confidence interval = 0.20⁻0.83) after adjustment for age. Analysis of the risk estimated for various follow-up lengths suggested that a decreasing HR was seen through the period followed-up and that there was a trend of decreasing prostate cancer risk with time after radiotherapy. Conclusions: Radiotherapy was significantly associated with decreased risk of secondary prostate cancer among rectal cancer patients, by a magnitude of 59%.
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Zhang X, Zhong Y, Saad F, Haider K, Haider A, Xu X. Clinically occult prostate cancer cases may distort the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on risk of PCa. World J Urol 2019; 37:2091-2097. [PMID: 30659301 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-02621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although prostate cancer (PCa) screening is conducted before testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), clinically occult PCa cases may exist. METHODS To evaluate whether the possible inclusion of occult PCa cases distorts the effect of TRT on risk of PCa, we followed 776 hypogonadal males (TRT = 400, non-TRT = 376) from a urology center in Germany from 2004 to 2016, with a mean follow-up period of 7 years. We assumed occult cases might take 1-2 years (latency period) to become clinically detectable after receiving TRT. We selected several latency periods (12/18/24 months) and compared the risk of PCa in the TRT and non-TRT group over the latency period, from the end of latency period till the end of follow-up, and over the whole follow-up time. RESULTS Overall, 26 PCa cases occurred in the non-TRT group vs 9 cases in the TRT group. Within 18 months of follow-up, 9 cases occurred in the TRT group vs 0 cases in the non-TRT group; from the end of 18 months till the end of follow-up, 26 cases occurred in the non-TRT group vs 0 cases in the TRT group. The adjusted table showed seemingly adverse effects of TRT on PCa development within 18 months (p = 0.0301) and beneficial effects from the end of 18 months till the end of follow-up (p = 0.0069). Similar patterns were observed for 12 or 24 months as the latency period. CONCLUSIONS TRT may make occult PCa cases detectable within early phase of treatment and present a beneficial effect in the long run. Future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm findings from our exploratory analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Farid Saad
- Global Medical Affairs Andrology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Karim Haider
- Private Urology Practice, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ahmad Haider
- Private Urology Practice, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA.
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Tramontano D, De Amicis F. Is the secret for a successful aging to keep track of cancer pathways? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8467-8476. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Tramontano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies University of Naples “Federico II” Naples Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Calabria Rende Italy
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Xu C, Chakraborty S. Bayesian kernel machine models for testing genetic pathway effects in prostate cancer prognosis. Stat Anal Data Min 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sam.11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Qiagen Sciences, Inc. Germantown Maryland
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Song W, Soni V, Soni S, Khera M. Testosterone inhibits the growth of prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:635. [PMID: 28877700 PMCID: PMC5588749 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional beliefs of androgen's stimulating effects on the growth of prostate cancer (PCa) have been challenged in recent years. Our previous in vitro study indicated that physiological normal levels of androgens inhibited the proliferation of PCa cells. In this in vivo study, the ability of testosterone (T) to inhibit PCa growth was assessed by testing the tumor incidence rate and tumor growth rate of PCa xenografts on nude mice. METHODS Different serum testosterone levels were manipulated in male nude/nude athymic mice by orchiectomy or inserting different dosages of T pellets subcutaneously. PCa cells were injected subcutaneously to nude mice and tumor incidence rate and tumor growth rate of PCa xenografts were tested. RESULTS The data demonstrated that low levels of serum T resulted in the highest PCa incidence rate (50%). This PCa incidence rate in mice with low T levels was significantly higher than that in mice treated with higher doses of T (24%, P < 0.01) and mice that underwent orchiectomy (8%, P < 0.001). Mice that had low serum T levels had the shortest tumor volume doubling time (112 h). This doubling time was significantly shorter than that in the high dose 5 mg T arm (158 h, P < 0.001) and in the orchiectomy arm (468 h, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results indicated that low T levels are optimal for PCa cell growth. Castrate T levels, as seen after orchiectomy, are not sufficient to support PCa cell growth. Higher levels of serum T inhibited PCa cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Song
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jones Building 506C, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Vikram Soni
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jones Building 506C, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Samit Soni
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jones Building 506C, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Mohit Khera
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jones Building 506C, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Yassin A, Salman M, Talib RA, Yassin DJ. Is there a protective role of testosterone against high-grade prostate cancer? Incidence and severity of prostate cancer in 553 patients who underwent prostate biopsy: a prospective data register. Aging Male 2017; 20:125-133. [PMID: 28282997 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1298584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in prostate safety and cancer progression. A cohort of 553 patients, 42 treated and 162 untreated hypogonadal men, and 349 eugonadal men were included. Pathological analysis of prostate biopsies examining the incidence and severity of PCa revealed that: 16.7% of treated hypogonadal men had a positive biopsy, a Gleason score of ≤6 in 71.4% and >6 in 28.6% of men, a predominant score of 3 and tumour staging of II in 85.7% men; 51.9% of untreated hypogonadal men had a positive biopsy, a Gleason score of ≤6 in 40.5% and >6 in 59.5% men, a predominant score of 3 (77.4%) and tumour staging of II (41.7%) or III (40.5%); 37.8% of eugonadal men had a positive biopsy, a Gleason score of ≤6 in 42.4% and >6 in 57.6% of men, a predominant score of 3 (82.6%) and tumour staging of II (44.7%) or III (47.7%). The incidence of positive prostate biopsies was lowest in hypogonadal men receiving TRT, with significantly lower severity of PCa in terms of staging and grading in the same group. These results suggest that TRT might have a protective effect against high-grade PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksam Yassin
- a Institute of Urology & Andrology , Norderstedt-Hamburg , Germany
- b Gulf Medical University , Ajman , UAE
- c Dresden International University , Dresden , Germany , and
| | - Mahmoud Salman
- a Institute of Urology & Andrology , Norderstedt-Hamburg , Germany
| | - Riadh A Talib
- d Department of Urology & Andrology , Hamad General Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Dany-Jan Yassin
- a Institute of Urology & Andrology , Norderstedt-Hamburg , Germany
- b Gulf Medical University , Ajman , UAE
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Ruamyod K, Watanapa WB, Shayakul C. Testosterone rapidly increases Ca 2+-activated K + currents causing hyperpolarization in human coronary artery endothelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:118-126. [PMID: 28223151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone has endothelium-dependent vasodilatory effects on the coronary artery, with some reports suggesting endothelial ion channel involvement. This study employed the whole-cell patch clamp technique to investigate the effect of testosterone on ion channels in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and the mechanisms involved. We found that 0.03-3μM testosterone significantly induced a rapid, concentration-dependent increase in total HCAEC current (EC50, 71.96±1.66nM; maximum increase, 59.13±8.37%; mean±SEM). The testosterone-enhanced currents consisted of small- and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ currents (SKCa and BKCa currents), but not Cl- and nonselective cation currents. Either a non-permeant testosterone conjugate or the non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) could increase HCAEC currents as well. The androgen receptor antagonist flutamide prevented this testosterone, testosterone conjugate, and DHT effect, while the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant did not. Incubating HCAECs with pertussis toxin or protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 largely inhibited the testosterone effect, while pre-incubation with phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122, prostacyclin inhibitor indomethacin, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME or cytochrome P450 inhibitor MS-PPOH, did not. Finally, testosterone application induced HCAEC hyperpolarization within minutes; this effect was prevented by SKCa and BKCa current inhibitors apamin and iberiotoxin. This is the first electrophysiological demonstration of androgen-induced KCa current increase, leading to hyperpolarization, in any endothelial cell, and the first report of SKCa as a testosterone target. Our data show that testosterone rapidly increased whole-cell HCAEC SKCa and BKCa currents via a surface androgen receptor, Gi/o protein, and protein kinase A. This mechanism may explain rapid testosterone-induced coronary vasodilation seen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katesirin Ruamyod
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Wattana B Watanapa
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Chairat Shayakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Cabeza M, Sánchez-Márquez A, Garrido M, Silva A, Bratoeff E. Recent Advances in Drug Design and Drug Discovery for Androgen- Dependent Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:792-815. [PMID: 26861003 PMCID: PMC5412001 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160210125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the importance of different targets such as 5α-reductase, 17β-HSD, CYP17A, androgen receptor and protein kinase A for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is a well known fact that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is associated with the development of androgen-dependent afflictions. At the present time, several research groups are attempting to develop new steroidal and non-steroidal molecules with the purpose of inhibiting the synthesis and biological response of DHT. This review also discusses the most recent studies reported in the literature that describe the therapeutic potential of novel compounds, as well as the new drugs, principally inhibitors of 5α-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento De Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco Calzada Del Hueso No. 1100, México, D.F., C.P. 04960, México.
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Sánchez-Márquez A, Arellano Y, Bratoeff E, Heuze Y, Córdova K, Nieves G, Soriano J, Cabeza M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of esters of 16-formyl-17-methoxy-dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives as inhibitors of 5α-reductase type 2. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1170-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Sánchez-Márquez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
| | - Yazmín Arellano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Yvonne Heuze
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
| | - Karen Córdova
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Gladys Nieves
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Juan Soriano
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
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Buscarini M, Cardi A. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Importance of hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy in current urologic practice: a review. Int Urol Nephrol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-010-9717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Stevens JR, Justin Coffey M, Fojtik M, Kurtz K, Stern TA. The Use of Transdermal Therapeutic Systems in Psychiatric Care: A Primer on Patches. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Leung KMYB, Alrabeeah K, Carrier S. Update on Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Hypogonadal Men. Curr Urol Rep 2015; 16:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-015-0523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ren H, Jia L, Zhao T, Zhang H, Chen J, Yang S, Liu J, Yu M, Hao J. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α directly activates leptin receptor (Ob-R) in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:172-80. [PMID: 25130171 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the regulatory mechanism of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in pancreatic cancer. We found that the over-expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1)α and hypoxia up-regulated the expression of Ob-R in pancreatic cancer cells. When HIF-1α gene was silenced in vitro, the expression of Ob-R was significantly decreased. Xenograft mouse models showed that the inhibition of HIF-1α resulted in the concomitant decrease of Ob-R in vivo. In addition, HIF-1α expression was correlated with Ob-R in pancreatic cancer tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Clinical data showed that over-expression of HIF-1 was associated with pathological tumor node metastasis stage, lymph node metastasis and overall survival. HIF-1α directly bound to the hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) located in Ob-R gene promoter (-828/-832) and activated the transcription. Finally, we demonstrated that the silence of HIF-1α gene reversed the inhibitory effect of leptin/Ob-R in pancreatic cancer cells. Taken together, our results indicate that HIF-1α directly regulated Ob-R expression in pancreatic cancer, which might be a valuable therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Jia
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiansuo Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoguang Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingcheng Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Yu
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jihui Hao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Roediger J, Hessenkemper W, Bartsch S, Manvelyan M, Huettner SS, Liehr T, Esmaeili M, Foller S, Petersen I, Grimm MO, Baniahmad A. Supraphysiological androgen levels induce cellular senescence in human prostate cancer cells through the Src-Akt pathway. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:214. [PMID: 25216853 PMCID: PMC4171558 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality of men in Western countries. The androgen receptor (AR) and AR-agonists (androgens) are required for the development and progression of the normal prostate as well as PCa. However, it is discussed that in addition to their tumor promoting activity, androgens may also exhibit tumor suppressive effects. A biphasic growth response to androgens a growth-promoting and -inhibition has been observed that suggests that administration of supraphysiological androgen levels mediates growth reduction in AR expressing PCa cells. METHODS Detection of senescence markers, three dimensional interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (3D-iFISH), qRT-PCR, Western blotting, detection of GFP fusions, prostatectomy, ex vivo culturing. RESULTS Here, we describe that supraphysiological levels of androgens induce cell cycle arrest and markers of cellular senescence in human PCa cells, which may in part explain the growth inhibitory role of androgens. The expression of the senescence associated beta galactosidase is observed by treatment with the natural androgen DHT or the less metabolized synthetic androgen R1881. The induction of senescence marker was detected in human PCa cell lines as well as in human primary PCa tissue derived from prostatectomy treated ex vivo. Using interphase FISH (iFISH) suggests that the androgen-induced cellular senescence is associated with localizing the genomic E2F1 locus to senescence associated heterochromatic foci. Analysis of different signaling pathways in LNCaP cells suggest that the p16-Rb-E2F1 pathway is essential for the induction of cellular senescence since treatment with siRNA directed against p16 reduces the level of androgen-induced cellular senescence. Based on the rapid induction of androgen-mediated cellular senescence we identified the Src-PI3K-Akt-signaling pathway and autophagy being in part involved in androgen regulation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that AR-agonists at supraphysiological levels mediate induction of cellular senescence in human PCa cells, which may have a protective anti-cancer role. These results provide also new insights for understanding androgen-mediated regulation of PCa growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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Banerjee A, Anuradha, Mukherjee K, Krishna A. Testicular glucose and its transporter GLUT 8 as a marker of age-dependent variation and its role in steroidogenesis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 321:490-502. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences; BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus; Goa India
| | - Anuradha
- Department of Zoology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | | | - Amitabh Krishna
- Department of Zoology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
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Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury affects functional improvement during acute inpatient rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2014; 28:390-6. [PMID: 22613945 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0b013e318250eac6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the occurrence of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to determine its effect on functional improvement in acute inpatient rehabilitation. METHODS A retrospective chart review identified male patients with a primary diagnosis of TBI with or without a skull fracture, an onset date within 6 months prior to admission, and were 16 years of age or older. The percentage of individuals in this population with abnormal hormone levels was determined on the basis of the established normal reference range for each hormone assay. The functional independence measure, which assesses functional outcomes in acute inpatient rehabilitation, was used to examine the relationship between hormone levels and functional improvement. RESULTS Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction was identified in nearly 70% of men following TBI. Hypogonadism, or low testosterone levels, was observed in 66% of the patients, followed by low levels of free T4 in 46% and low levels of insulin growth factor-1 in 26% of patients. Hypopituitarism associated with impaired functional recovery. Specifically, the functional independence measure change per day was significantly lower in patients with low levels of testosterone and insulin growth factor-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the importance of testosterone and insulin growth factor-1 activity in the early stages of physical and cognitive rehabilitation.
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Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S. Testosterone deficiency: a historical perspective. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:161-8. [PMID: 24435052 PMCID: PMC3955324 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of the testes and testosterone are known since antiquity. Aristotle knew the effects of castration and his hypothesis on fertilization is one of the first scientific encounters in reproductive biology. Over centuries, castration has been performed as punishment and to produce obedient slaves, but also to preserve the soprano voices of prepubertal boys. The Chinese imperial (and other oriental) courts employed castrates as overseers in harems who often obtained high-ranking political positions. The era of testis transplantation and organotherapy was initiated by John Hunter in London who transplanted testes into capons in 1786. The intention of his experiments was to prove the 'vital principle' as the basis for modern transplantation medicine, but Hunter did not consider endocrine aspects. Arnold Adolph Berthold postulated internal secretion from his testicular transplantation experiments in 1849 in Göttingen and is thus considered the father of endocrinology. Following his observations, testicular preparations were used for therapy, popularized by self-experiments by Charles-Edouard Brown-Séquard in Paris (1889), which can at best have placebo effects. In the 1920s Sergio Voronoff transplanted testes from animals to men, but their effectiveness was disproved. Today testicular transplantation is being refined by stem cell research and germ cell transplantation. Modern androgen therapy started in 1935 when Enrest Lacquer isolated testosterone from bull testes in Amsterdam. In the same year testosterone was chemically synthesized independently by Adolf Butenandt in Göttingen and Leopold Ruzicka in Basel. Since testosterone was ineffective orally it was either compressed into subcutaneous pellets or was used orally as 17α-methyl testosterone, now obsolete because of liver toxicity. The early phases of testosterone treatment coincide with the first description of the most prominent syndromes of hypogonadism by Klinefelter, by Kallmann, DelCastillo and Pasqualini. In the 1950s longer-acting injectable testosterone enanthate became the preferred therapeutic modality. In the 1950s and 1960s, research concentrated on the chemical modification of androgens in order to emphasize their anabolic effects. Although anabolic steroids have largely disappeared from clinical medicine, they continue to live an illegal life for doping in athletics. In the 1970s the orally effective testosterone undecanoate was added to the spectrum of preparations. Recent transdermal gels and long-acting injectable preparations provide options for physiological testosterone substitution therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Nieschlag
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susan Nieschlag
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Feneley MR, Carruthers M. Is testosterone treatment good for the prostate? Study of safety during long-term treatment. J Sex Med 2012; 9:2138-49. [PMID: 22672563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For men with androgen deficiency on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), clinical concern relates to the development of prostate cancer (PCa). AIM An updated audit of prostate safety from the UK Androgen Study was carried out to analyze the incidence of PCa during long-term TRT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Diagnosis of PCa in men receiving TRT, by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination (DRE), and its relation to different testosterone preparations. METHODS One thousand three hundred sixty-five men aged 28-87 (mean 55) years with symptomatic androgen deficiency and receiving TRT have been monitored for up to 20 years. All patients were prescreened for PCa by DRE and PSA along with endocrine, biochemical, hematological, and urinary profiles at baseline and every 6 months. Abnormal findings or rising PSA were investigated by transrectal ultrasound and prostate biopsy. The data were compared for the four different testosterone preparations used in TRT, including pellet implants, Restandol, mesterolone, and Testogel. RESULTS Fourteen new cases of PCa were diagnosed at one case per 212 years treatment, after 2,966 man-years of treatment (one case per 212 years). Time to diagnosis ranged from 1 to 12 years (mean 6.3 years). All tumors were clinically localized and suitable for potentially curative treatment. Initiating testosterone treatment had no statistically significant effect on total PSA, free PSA or free/total PSA ratio, and any initial PSA change had no predictive relationship to subsequent diagnosis of cancer. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of PCa during long-term TRT was equivalent to that expected in the general population. This study adds to the considerable weight of evidence that with proper clinical monitoring, testosterone treatment is safe for the prostate and improves early detection of PCa. Testosterone treatment with regular monitoring of the prostate may be safer for the individual than any alternative without surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Feneley
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College Hospital, London, UK
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Corona G, Gacci M, Baldi E, Mancina R, Forti G, Maggi M. Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: Focusing on Sexual Side Effects. J Sex Med 2012; 9:887-902. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stanton A. Hormone Replacement in Men. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter is an effort to provide a cursory overview of current paradigms in the realm of anti-aging medicine. This subject will be evaluated according to current philosophic, clinical and scientific perspectives which are predominant in the field at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur T Fort
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue TB-3, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Ginzburg E, Klimas N, Parvus C, Life J, Willix R, Barber MJ, Lin A, Comite F. Long-term Safety of Testosterone and Growth Hormone Supplementation: A Retrospective Study of Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Oncologic Outcomes. J Clin Med Res 2011; 2:159-66. [PMID: 21629532 PMCID: PMC3104655 DOI: 10.4021/jocmr428w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical research into the effects of hormonal supplementation has tended to focus on beneficial changes in anthropometric measures. There are fewer data on long-term safety with extended hormonal supplementation. Methods As part of a retrospective database survey, clinical outcomes were tabulated among patients who received at least 1 year of testosterone and/or growth hormone (GH) supplementation. In patients who were treated for at least 2 years, changes in markers of glucose and lipid metabolism were analyzed with and without concomitant use of oral hypoglycemics and statins. Results In 263 patients (mean age 56) treated for at least 2 years, the only statistically significant effect on markers of glucose metabolism was an increase in glycated hemoglobin (still within normal limits) in patients receiving GH alone or in combination with testosterone but without oral hypoglycemics; with or without hypoglycemics, insulin levels showed no significant change. The only significant effects on markers of lipid metabolism were decreases in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in patients receiving combined testosterone and GH without statins. Decreases in LDL were significant in both the statin and non-statin groups; decreases in triglycerides were significant only in the statin group. In 531 patients treated for at least 1 year (mean age 54), the overall incidence of adverse clinical outcomes (prostate disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer) was 1.3%. Conclusions In this retrospective survey, extended testosterone and/or GH supplementation did not adversely affect metabolic markers or clinical outcomes. Keywords Safety; Testosterone; Growth hormone; Supplementation
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ginzburg
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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McDonald TJ, Perry MH, Jones AG, Donohoe M, Salzmann MB, O'Connor J. A novel case of a raised testosterone and LH in a young man. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1999-2001. [PMID: 21756889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 19 year old male attended his GP with a history of "fluid retention", lack of libido and erectile dysfunction. He was found to have a high serum testosterone, and a raised luteinising hormone. After further investigations, the patient admitted to taking a supplement called ActivaTe Xtreme, obtained from an internet source, to address his low libido. ActivaTe Xtreme contains active ingredients which increase serum testosterone levels by several independent mechanisms that are not associated with luteinising hormone suppression. Urine analyses for synthetic anabolic steroids were negative, and urinary testosterone, epitestosterone and other androgens were normal. This biochemical pattern is not the same as that seen with anabolic steroids (i.e. raised testosterone, suppressed luteinising hormone and abnormal urine steroid profile). The issue of self medication with performance enhancing compounds needs to be carefully considered in order to avoid expensive and invasive investigations, missing an underlying pathology or misdiagnosing a patient. This case also raises the spectre of yet another "performance enhancing" product that may cause difficulty for those trying to ensure that sport remains on a "hormonally" equal basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J McDonald
- Clinical Chemistry, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
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Abstract
The controversies surrounding testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been addressed in the past few years. Although the androgenic effects of TRT on normal and malignant prostate cells have been studied for over 70 years, little clinical prospective research exists on the physiological responses of prostate tissues to a wide range of serum testosterone levels. The prostate is both an androgen-dependent and an androgen-sensitive organ; active processes are triggered at a 'threshold' or 'saturation' level of testosterone. Despite decades of research, no compelling evidence exists that increasing testosterone beyond this threshold level has a causative role in prostate cancer, or indeed changes the biology of the prostate. Testosterone deficiency has marked physiological and clinical effects on men in middle age and beyond. With subnormal testosterone levels, the potential positive benefits of TRT on factors such as muscle mass, libido or erectile function are likely a dose-response phenomenon, and should be considered differently than the threshold influence on the prostate. This Review will re-examine classic androgen research and reflect on whether testosterone actually stimulates prostatic cellular growth and progression in a 'threshold' or a 'dose-response' (or both) manner, as well as discuss the influence of testosterone on prostate cells in the hypogonadal and eugonadal states.
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Aaronson AJ, Morrissey RP, Nguyen CT, Willix R, Schwarz ER. Update on the safety of testosterone therapy in cardiac disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 10:697-704. [PMID: 21417959 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2011.566213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Testosterone has been used for decades in the treatment of men with hypogonadism and women with low libido. More recently, it has been used in patient populations with cardiac disease and, in particular, in those patients with heart failure. The benefits of testosterone supplementation have been demonstrated in the literature, but there is also concern that testosterone supplementation may not be benign, especially when administered to achieve supraphysiological levels, e.g., to improve athletic performance. AREAS COVERED This review seeks to address the link between testosterone levels and cardiac disease while discussing the safety concerns of testosterone supplementation in clinical practice. Randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses that were obtained through a literature search of the Medline database are discussed in this paper. EXPERT OPINION Ultimately, the definitive role of testosterone in cardiovascular disease remains contentious, but testosterone may have niche roles in certain conditions, such as advanced heart failure and cardiac cachexia. Testosterone has been used safely, and we believe may continue to be used safely, in men with cardiac disease when achieving physiological levels, with adequate monitoring of prostate specific antigen and hematocrit levels during the course of treatment per established clinical guidelines. Testosterone might exert beneficial effects on physical capacity and functioning as well as overall outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Aaronson
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 6215, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgens play an essential role in the development and differentiation of the prostate gland; their contribution to pathological conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (PC), remains unclear. AIM We reviewed relationships between androgens and the prostate both in physiological and pathological conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic search of published evidence was performed using Medline (1969 to September 2010). RESULTS Androgen-dependency of prostate growth is evident only in the hypogonadal condition, but not in the eugonadal state (the "saturation hypothesis"). There is unequivocal evidence that reducing androgen signaling to the hypogonadal range can reduce PC growth and patient symptoms. At physiological testosterone concentration there is no link between androgen levels and PC risk. In addition, different strategies of androgen deprivation (ADT) for advanced PC are only palliative and rarely cure patients. Preliminary evidence indicates that a low androgen milieu is associated with tumor aggressiveness. Transition to androgen-independence is complex and involves both selection and outgrowth of preexisting androgen resistant clones, as well as adaptative upregulation of genes that help the cancer cells to survive and grow after ADT. Because androgens are essential for the regulation of fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and lipid and bone metabolism, recent publications have highlighted the concept that ADT may also be involved with an increase in overall, as well as cardiovascular, morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS While ADT still represents a cornerstone for the palliative therapy of a small fraction of aggressive PC, a "misuse and/or abuse" of ADT should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Cabeza M, Trejo KV, González C, García P, Soriano J, Heuze Y, Bratoeff E. Steroidal 5α-reductase inhibitors using 4-androstenedione as substrate. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:712-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.548330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Karla Valeria Trejo
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Claudia González
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Perla García
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Juan Soriano
- Department of Pathology of the General Hospital of Mexico, Mexico D. F
| | - Yvonne Heuze
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City, Mexico D. F., Mexico
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Pi M, Parrill AL, Quarles LD. GPRC6A mediates the non-genomic effects of steroids. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39953-64. [PMID: 20947496 PMCID: PMC3000977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.158063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of the putative G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the non-genomic effects of androgens is unknown. We present in vitro and in vivo evidence that the orphan GPRC6A receptor, a widely expressed calcium and amino acid sensing GPCR, transduces the non-genomic effects of testosterone and other steroids. Overexpression of GPRC6A imparts the ability of extracellular testosterone to illicit a rapid, non-genomic signaling response in HEK-293 cells lacking the androgen receptor. Conversely, testosterone-stimulated rapid signaling and phosphorylation of ERK is attenuated in bone marrow stromal cells derived from GPRC6A(-/-) mice and in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells after siRNA-mediated knockdown of GPRC6A. Compared with wild-type controls, GPRC6A(-/-) null mice exhibit significantly less ERK activation and Egr-1 expression in both bone marrow and testis in response to pharmacological doses of testosterone in vivo. In addition, testosterone administration results in suppression of luteinizing hormone in wild-type male mice, but paradoxically stimulates serum luteinizing hormone levels in GPRC6A(-/-) null mice. These results suggest that GPRC6A is functionally important in regulating non-genomic effects of androgens in multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103 and
| | - Abby L. Parrill
- the Department of Chemistry and the Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - L. Darryl Quarles
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103 and
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Hellstrom WJG, Paduch D, Donatucci CF. Importance of hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy in current urologic practice: a review. Int Urol Nephrol 2010; 44:61-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-010-9879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), consequent to congenital or acquired disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, presents as absent/delayed/arrested sexual maturation and infertility. Optimal management includes: (a) confirmation of the diagnosis and prognosis, (b) timing and choice of therapeutic intervention and (c) consideration of future fertility prospects. Therapy is usually initiated with testosterone to induce development of secondary sexual characteristics, taking the patient (often diagnosed late) through puberty. Monitoring of the impact of the condition on long-term health and psychosocial function is necessary. Treatment is likely to be life-long, requiring regular monitoring for its optimization and avoidance of adverse responses. Induction of spermatogenesis requires either pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or gonadotropin administration. Gonadotropins can be self-administered subcutaneously and are not inferior to the more costly GnRH. 'Reversible genetic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism' is a recently described entity which has implications for the long-term management of patients with HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Han
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Abstract
There is a high prevalence of hypogonadism in the older adult male population and the proportion of older men in the population is projected to rise in the future. As hypogonadism increases with age and is significantly associated with various comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome, the physician is increasingly likely to have to treat hypogonadism in the clinic. The main symptoms of hypogonadism are reduced libido/erectile dysfunction, reduced muscle mass and strength, increased adiposity, osteoporosis/low bone mass, depressed mood and fatigue. Diagnosis of the condition requires the presence of low serum testosterone levels and the presence of hypogonadal symptoms. There are a number of formulations available for testosterone therapy including intramuscular injections, transdermal patches, transdermal gels, buccal patches and subcutaneous pellets. These are efficacious in establishing eugonadal testosterone levels in the blood and relieving symptoms. Restoration of testosterone levels to the normal range improves libido, sexual function, and mood; reduces fat body mass; increases lean body mass; and improves bone mineral density. Testosterone treatment is contraindicated in subjects with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia and risks of treatment are perceived to be high by many physicians. These risks, however, are often exaggerated and should not outweigh the benefits of testosterone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Eikenberry SE, Nagy JD, Kuang Y. The evolutionary impact of androgen levels on prostate cancer in a multi-scale mathematical model. Biol Direct 2010; 5:24. [PMID: 20406442 PMCID: PMC2885348 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgens bind to the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cells and are essential survival factors for healthy prostate epithelium. Most untreated prostate cancers retain some dependence upon the AR and respond, at least transiently, to androgen ablation therapy. However, the relationship between endogenous androgen levels and cancer etiology is unclear. High levels of androgens have traditionally been viewed as driving abnormal proliferation leading to cancer, but it has also been suggested that low levels of androgen could induce selective pressure for abnormal cells. We formulate a mathematical model of androgen regulated prostate growth to study the effects of abnormal androgen levels on selection for pre-malignant phenotypes in early prostate cancer development. Results We find that cell turnover rate increases with decreasing androgen levels, which may increase the rate of mutation and malignant evolution. We model the evolution of a heterogeneous prostate cell population using a continuous state-transition model. Using this model we study selection for AR expression under different androgen levels and find that low androgen environments, caused either by low serum testosterone or by reduced 5α-reductase activity, select more strongly for elevated AR expression than do normal environments. High androgen actually slightly reduces selective pressure for AR upregulation. Moreover, our results suggest that an aberrant androgen environment may delay progression to a malignant phenotype, but result in a more dangerous cancer should one arise. Conclusions The model represents a useful initial framework for understanding the role of androgens in prostate cancer etiology, and it suggests that low androgen levels can increase selection for phenotypes resistant to hormonal therapy that may also be more aggressive. Moreover, clinical treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride may increase the incidence of therapy resistant cancers. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Ariosto S. Silva (nominated by Marek Kimmel) and Marek Kimmel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Eikenberry
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Osborne DM, Edinger K, Frye CA. Chronic administration of androgens with actions at estrogen receptor beta have anti-anxiety and cognitive-enhancing effects in male rats. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 31:191-198. [PMID: 19685169 PMCID: PMC2734246 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-009-9114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Androgen levels decline with aging. Some androgens may exert anti-anxiety and cognitive-enhancing effects; however, determining which androgens have anxiolytic-like and/or mnemonic effects is of interest given the different mechanisms that may underlie some of their effects. For example, the 5 alpha-reduced metabolite of testosterone (T), dihydrotesterone, can be further converted to 5 alpha-androstane,17beta-diol-3 alpha-diol (3 alpha-diol) and 5 alpha-androstane,17beta-diol-3beta-diol (3beta-diol), both of which bind with high affinity to the beta isomer of the intracellular estrogen receptor beta (ER beta). However, androsterone, another metabolite of T, does not bind well to ER beta. To investigate the effects of T metabolites, male rats were subjected to gonadectomy then implanted with silastic capsules of 3 alpha-diol, 3beta-diol, androsterone, or oil control. After recovery, the rats were tested in elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark transition (LD), and Morris water maze (MWM). 3 alpha-diol both decreased anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and LD, and increased cognition in MWM, while 3beta-diol improved cognition in MWM, but had no effects on anxiety behavior, compared to vehicle or androsterone. These data suggest that the actions of 3 alpha-diol and 3beta-diol at ER beta may be responsible for some of testosterone's anti-anxiety and cognitive-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kassandra Edinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
| | - Cheryl A. Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
- Center for Life Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences Room 1058, Albany, NY 12222 USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
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McGrath KG. Apocrine sweat gland obstruction by antiperspirants allowing transdermal absorption of cutaneous generated hormones and pheromones as a link to the observed incidence rates of breast and prostate cancer in the 20th century. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:665-74. [PMID: 19307063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancer share similarities and likely represent homologous cancers in females and males, respectively. The role of hormones such as testosterone and estrogen in carcinogenesis is well established. Despite worldwide research efforts, the pathogenesis of these diseases is largely not well understood. Personal care products containing estrogens or xenoestrogens have raised concern as a breast cancer risk, especially in young African-American women. In the United States (US) there is a parallel rise in the incidence in breast and prostate cancer compared to selected non-hormone dependent tumors. Observed US and global breast and prostate cancer incidence increases were occurring before exogenous hormone replacement and xenoestrogen exposure were commonplace. An unintentional, inadvertent, and long term hormone exposure may occur from transdermal absorption of sex hormones and pheromones (androgens) from axillary apocrine sweat gland obstruction by aluminum-based antiperspirants. The global rise in antiperspirant use parallels rises in breast and prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. A multi-disciplinary literature based set of evidence is presented on how such a link is possible, to prompt confirmatory investigations in the pursuit of unmet needs in breast and prostate cancer etiology and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris G McGrath
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 14018, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Osborne DM, Edinger K, Frye CA. Chronic administration of androgens with actions at estrogen receptor beta have anti-anxiety and cognitive-enhancing effects in male rats. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 31:119-26. [PMID: 19263246 PMCID: PMC2693730 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-009-9088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgen levels decline with aging. Some androgens may exert anti-anxiety and cognitive-enhancing effects; however, determining which androgens have anxiolytic-like and/or mnemonic effects is of interest given the different mechanisms that may underlie some of their effects. For example, the 5 alpha-reduced metabolite of testosterone (T), dihydrotesterone, can be further converted to 5 alpha-androstane,17beta-diol-3 alpha-diol (3 alpha-diol) and 5 alpha-androstane,17beta-diol-3beta-diol (3beta-diol), both of which bind with high affinity to the beta isomer of the intracellular estrogen receptor beta (ER beta). However, androsterone, another metabolite of T, does not bind well to ER beta. To investigate the effects of T metabolites, male rats were subjected to gonadectomy then implanted with silastic capsules of 3 alpha-diol, 3beta-diol, androsterone, or oil control. After recovery, the rats were tested in elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark transition (LD), and Morris water maze (MWM). 3 alpha-diol both decreased anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and LD, and increased cognition in MWM, while 3beta-diol improved cognition in MWM, but had no effects on anxiety behavior, compared to vehicle or androsterone. These data suggest that the actions of 3 alpha-diol and 3beta-diol at ER beta may be responsible for some of testosterone's anti-anxiety and cognitive-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kassandra Edinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
| | - Cheryl A. Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
- Center for Life Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences Room 1058, Albany, NY 12222 USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY USA
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Maselli A, Matarrese P, Straface E, Canu S, Franconi F, Malorni W. Cell sex: a new look at cell fate studies. FASEB J 2008; 23:978-84. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maselli
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
- National Laboratory of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems Osilo Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Canu
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - Flavia Franconi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research University of Sassari Sassari Italy
- National Laboratory of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems Osilo Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
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39
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Minelli A, Bellezza I, Conte C, Culig Z. Oxidative stress-related aging: A role for prostate cancer? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1795:83-91. [PMID: 19121370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any non-cutaneous cancer in the human body and essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. Aging, considered as an impairment of body functions over time, caused by the accumulation of molecular damage in DNA, proteins and lipids, is also characterized by an increase in intracellular oxidative stress due to the progressive decrease of the intracellular ROS scavenging. The aging damage may eventually appear in age-related health issues, which have a significant impact on the independence, general well-being and morbidity of the elderly. The association of aging with prostate cancer is undisputable as well as the association of aging with oxidative stress. Nevertheless, supportive evidence linking an increase in oxidative stress with prostate cancer is still scarce. This review is a comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the association of human prostate cancer with oxidative stress. The objective was to examine the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis since the understanding of risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health, genetic and nutritional education, and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Minelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Scienze Biochimiche, Sezione Biochimica Cellulare, Università di Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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40
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Bernoulli J, Yatkin E, Laakso A, Anttinen M, Bosland M, Vega K, Kallajoki M, Santti R, Pylkkänen L. Histopathological evidence for an association of inflammation with ductal pin-like lesions but not with ductal adenocarcinoma in the prostate of the noble rat. Prostate 2008; 68:728-39. [PMID: 18302197 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation may contribute to the development of prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the possible association of prostatic inflammation, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like lesion, and prostate cancer, and to assess the androgen and estrogen dependency of the early steps of carcinogenesis. METHODS Noble rats were treated with testosterone and estradiol implants for 13, 18, or 26 weeks. Hormone dependency of the lesions was studied in a subset of animals by removing hormone implants for 3 weeks after 15 weeks treatment time. RESULTS After treatment for 13 weeks, acute and chronic inflammation was found in the dorsolateral prostate lobes and both inflammation and PIN-like lesions were present in the periurethal area of the prostate in all animals (n = 8). Following hormone exposure for 18 and 26 weeks, inflammation in the prostate remained, and adenocarcinomas in the periurethal prostate area with no adjacent inflammation were observed in all 18 animals studied. When both hormone implants were removed after 15 weeks, PIN-like lesions progressed further to adenocarcinoma only in two of seven animals. When only the estradiol implants were removed, three of five animals developed adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Even though adenocarcinomas were not morphologically associated with inflammation, PIN-like lesions preceding adenocarcinoma were found in close association with inflammation, pointing towards a possible initiator role of inflammation in the early steps of prostatic carcinogenesis. Further, these results indicate that both androgens and estrogens together play a significant role in the induction of inflammation and prostatic cancer in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Bernoulli
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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41
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Expression of an estrogen receptor agonist in differentiating osteoblast cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7022-7. [PMID: 18474857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800085105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts respond in direct and indirect ways to estrogens, and age-dependent changes in hormone levels and bone health can be limited by focused hormone replacement therapy. In this study, we report the release and isolation of an estrogen receptor agonist from osteoblast cultures. This entity reprises many aspects of estradiol activity in isolated osteoblasts, but differs from authentic estradiol by several biochemical and physical criteria. At levels that occur in conditioned medium from differentiating osteoblast cultures, the agonist directly drives gene expression through estrogen-sensitive response elements, activates the obligate osteoblast transcription factor Runx2, and potently enhances Smad-dependent gene expression in response to TGF-beta, but exhibits relatively lesser suppressive effects on gene expression through C/EBP and AP-1-binding protein transcription factors. Estrogen receptor agonist activity is resistant to heating at 100 degrees C and separable from the bulk of the remaining alcohol- and hexane-soluble molecules by C18 chromatography. MS and molecular fragmentation analyses predict a M(r) of 415.2 to 437.2. Therefore, in addition to earlier studies showing that osteoblasts readily respond to and metabolize various sex steroid-like substrates, we find that they also generate a potent estrogen receptor agonist during differentiation in vitro. Changes in the availability of a molecule like this within bone may relate to differences in skeletal integrity with aging or metabolic disease.
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Jørgensen KT, Pedersen BV, Johansen C, Frisch M. Fatherhood status and prostate cancer risk. Cancer 2008; 112:919-23. [PMID: 18181100 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether fatherhood status affects prostate cancer risk remains controversial. Recently, it was proposed that childless men are at lower prostate cancer risk than men with children and that men with sons may be at lower risk than men with daughters only. METHODS National population-based register data were used to address these associations between fatherhood status and prostate cancer risk. The cohort comprised all men born in Denmark between 1935 and 1988, among whom 3400 developed prostate cancer during a total of 51.6 million person-years of follow-up between 1968 and 2003. RESULTS Childless men were found to be at a 16% reduced risk of prostate cancer compared with fathers (rate ratio [RR] of 0.84; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.73-0.95). The sex of the offspring did not affect prostate cancer risk (fathers with sons vs fathers without sons: RR of 0.99; 95% CI, 0.90-1.08). Among fathers, a significant trend was observed of gradually reduced prostate cancer risk with increasing number of children (P = .009), a pattern applying to both sons (P = .01) and daughters (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Our national cohort study corroborates the view that men without children constitute a group that is at a moderately reduced risk of prostate cancer. Among men with children, there appears to be a linear decline in prostate cancer risk with increasing number of children that is independent of the sex of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian T Jørgensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research at Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Becerra Fernández A, Enríquez Acosta L. Documento básico de consenso sobre el síndrome de hipogonadismo de inicio tardío. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 55:5-28. [DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(08)70632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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44
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Morgentaler A. New concepts regarding the relationship of testosterone and prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2007; 3:123-6. [PMID: 17381410 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.3.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Rosario ER, Pike CJ. Androgen regulation of beta-amyloid protein and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:444-53. [PMID: 17658612 PMCID: PMC2390933 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Advancing age is the most significant risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however the age-related changes that underlie this effect remain unclear. In men, one normal consequence of aging is a robust decline in circulating and brain levels of the sex steroid hormone testosterone. Testosterone depletion leads to functional impairments and increased risk of disease in androgen-responsive tissues throughout the body, including brain. In this review we discuss the relationship between age-related testosterone depletion and the development of AD. Specifically, we focus on androgen regulation of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta), the accumulation of which is a key initiating factor in AD pathogenesis. Emerging data suggest that the regulatory actions of androgens on both Abeta and the development of AD support consideration of androgen therapy for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Rosario
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
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46
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Shim HB, Kim YD, Jung TY, Lee JK, Ku JH. Prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume in Korean men with spinal cord injury: a case–control study. Spinal Cord 2007; 46:11-5. [PMID: 17387315 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study. SETTING Outpatient department in Seoul, Korea. OBJECTIVES To assess prostate volume and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in Korean men with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS A total of 31 SCI patients with ages ranging between 45 and 81 years old (median age, 58 years) were studied. Thirty-one age-matched individuals without SCI were enrolled in the study as controls. We tested PSA levels and performed transrectal ultrasonographies on all enrolled patients. Of the patients with SCI, 20 were evaluated for testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. RESULTS Serum PSA levels and prostate volume parameters in the two groups had similar values: the median (5th-95th percentiles) serum PSA level was 1.56 ng/ml (0.12-9.77) for SCI patients and 1.04 ng/ml (0.50-2.98) for controls (P=0.481), whereas the median (5th-95th percentiles) prostate volume was 18.33 ml (10.16-76.78) for SCI patients and 20.80 ml (14.23-41.22) for controls (P=0.072). No significant differences were found when serum PSA levels and prostate volumes were compared according to SCI patient injury characteristics. Testosterone levels were lower than the normal range in 7 SCI patients (35%), LH was higher than the normal range in 10 SCI patients (20%), and FSH was higher than the normal range in eight SCI patients (40%). We observed an age-related increase in FSH levels (r=0.634, P=0.004), although hormone levels did not correlate with serum PSA levels and prostate volume parameters. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, serum PSA levels and prostate volume in Korean SCI patients are not different from those in uninjured men and are not affected by injury characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Shim
- Department of Urology, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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48
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J Pugh P. Metabolic perturbation in chronic heart failure: time to redress the balance? Future Cardiol 2007; 3:131-5. [PMID: 19804240 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.3.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Jankowska EA, Biel B, Majda J et al. : Anabolic deficiency in men with chronic heart failure; prevalence and detrimental impact on survival. Circulation 114, 1829-1837 (2006). The study examined the circulating levels of three anabolic hormones (testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) in 208 men with stable chronic heart failure and 366 healthy controls. A high prevalence of anabolic hormone deficiency (89% deficient in one or more hormone) was found in heart failure patients. Hormone levels were weakly related to disease severity and hormone deficiency independently predicted prognosis (a 3-year survival rate of 27% was found in subjects deficient in all three hormones). Although it cannot be concluded that anabolic hormone deficiency contributes to the disease process - it may simply reflect chronic disease with no physiological consequence - it is highly plausible that deficiency may at least contribute to symptomatology. Further studies evaluating anabolic hormone replacement for symptomatic improvement and possible prognostic benefit are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Pugh
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Cardiac Medicine, Sydney Street, London SW36NP, UK.
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