1
|
Chen T, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Anabolic steroids in livestock production: Background and implications for chemical food safety. Steroids 2024; 206:109420. [PMID: 38580048 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of steroids in livestock animals is a source of concern for consumers because of the risks associated with the presence of their residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. Technological advances such as mass spectrometry have made it possible to play a fundamental role in controlling such practices, firstly for the discovery of marker metabolites but also for the monitoring of these compounds under the regulatory framework. Current control strategies rely on the monitoring of either the parent drug or its metabolites in various matrices of interest. As some of these steroids also have an endogenous status specific strategies have to be applied for control purposes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of analytical strategies, whether targeted or non-targeted, and whether they focus on markers of exposure or effect in the specific context of chemical food safety regarding the use of anabolic steroids in livestock. The role of new approaches in data acquisition (e.g. ion mobility), processing and analysis, (e.g. molecular networking), is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes 44300, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ho HSM, Ho ENM, Wong WT. Endogenous nature of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in entire male horses. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38532598 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione (dienedione) is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) sold as a bodybuilding supplement. It is prohibited in both human and equine sports. With no report of 4,9-diene configuration in endogenous steroids, dienedione has long been considered a synthetic AAS. Nevertheless, the reoccurring detection of dienedione in colt (entire male horse) urine samples lead to the investigation of its possible endogenous nature in horses. This paper describes (i) the detection of naturally occurring dienedione in colts, (ii) the conjugation study of dienedione and (iii) the population study of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of dienedione content in colt urine were performed, employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Qualitative analyses showed that dienedione was endogenous in colt urine and mainly in the form of glucuronide conjugates. Glucuronidation of dienedione was believed to happen at 3-enol leading to dienedione-3-glucuronide. Upon the population study of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine samples (n = 175), the mean ± SD was determined to be 2.5 ± 3.5 ng/ml. The population data fitted a normal distribution after a fifth root transformation with the exclusion of one outlier by Grubb's test. A possible in-house threshold was proposed at 30 ng/ml of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine associated with a risk factor of 1 in 14,269 (with a degree of freedom of 173). This is the first report of endogenous dienedione in entire male horses and the approach for controlling its potential misuse by using a threshold is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen S M Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu L, Karim Z, Schlörer N, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Zoschke C, Parr MK. Biotransformation of anabolic androgenic steroids in human skin cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 237:106444. [PMID: 38092130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In comparison to well-known drug-metabolizing organs such as the liver, the metabolic capacity of human skin is still not well elucidated despite the widespread use of topical drug application. To gain a comprehensive insight into anabolic steroid metabolism in the skin, six structurally related anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone, metandienone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, and methylclostebol, were applied to human keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from the juvenile foreskin. Phase I metabolites obtained from incubation media were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 5α-reductase activity was predominant in the metabolic pathways as supported by the detection of 5α-reduced metabolites after incubation of testosterone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, and methylclostebol. Additionally, the stereochemistry structures of fully reduced metabolites (4α,5α-isomers) of clostebol and methylclostebol were newly confirmed in this study by the help of inhouse synthesized reference materials. The results provide insights into the steroid metabolism in human skin cells with respect to the characteristics of the chemical structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziaul Karim
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Drugs, Gerichtstr. 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Klöppner L, Harps LC, Parr MK. Sample Preparation Techniques for Growth-Promoting Agents in Various Mammalian Specimen Preceding MS-Analytics. Molecules 2024; 29:330. [PMID: 38257243 PMCID: PMC10818438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The misuse of growth-promoting drugs such as beta-2 agonists and steroids is a known problem in farming and sports competitions. Prior to the analysis of biological samples via liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC)-MS, sufficient sample preparation is required to reliably identify or determine the residues of drugs. In practice, broad screening methods are often used to save time and analyze as many compounds as possible. This review was conceptualized to analyze the literature from 2018 until October 2023 for sample preparation procedures applied to animal specimens before LC- or GC-MS analysis. The animals were either used in farming or sports. In the present review, solid phase extraction (SPE) was observed as the dominant sample clean-up technique for beta-2 agonists and steroids, followed by protein precipitation. For the extraction of beta-2 agonists, mixed-mode cation exchanger-based SPE phases were preferably applied, while for the steroids, various types of SPE materials were reported. Furthermore, dispersive SPE-based QuEChERs were utilized. Combinatory use of SPE and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was observed to cover further drug classes in addition to beta-2 agonists in broader screening methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (L.C.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomas A, Thevis M. Recent advances in mass spectrometry for the detection of doping. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:27-39. [PMID: 38214680 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of doping control samples is preferably performed by mass spectrometry, because obtained results meet the highest analytical standards and ensure an impressive degree of reliability. The advancement in mass spectrometry and all its associated technologies thus allow for continuous improvements in doping control analysis. AREAS COVERED Modern mass spectrometric systems have reached a status of increased sensitivity, robustness, and specificity within the last decade. The improved sensitivity in particular has, on the other hand, also led to the detection of drug residues that were attributable to scenarios where the prohibited substances were not administered consciously but rather by the unconscious ingestion of or exposure to contaminated products. These scenarios and their doubtless clarification represent a great challenge. Here, too, modern MS systems and their applications can provide good insights in the interpretation of dose-related metabolism of prohibited substances. In addition to the development of new instruments itself, software-assisted analysis of the sometimes highly complex data is playing an increasingly important role and facilitating the work of doping control laboratories. EXPERT OPINION The sensitive analysis and evaluation of a higher number of samples in a shorter time is made possible by the ongoing developments in mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wen C, Zhu T, Liu X, Wang S. Isolation and enrichment of Boldenone and its main metabolite in urinary samples to further determine the 13C/ 12C ratios by gas chromatography / combustion / isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464297. [PMID: 37598531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) can be used to detect the synthetic forms of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) by comparing the 13C/12C ratios of the endogenous reference compound to that of the target compound. Isolation and enrichment of the target compound from urinary matrices is an essential prerequisite for the GC/C/IRMS confirmation procedure in doping control analysis. Boldenone (Bo) is a natural anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of testosterone. The GC/C/IRMS confirmation procedure for Bo and its main metabolite 5β-androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (BoM) is extremely complicated due to the low concentrations and the enormously complex matrices in urine. The present study demonstrated a sample purification procedure for GC/C/IRMS by using online 2D-HPLC to purify Bo and BoM in urine samples. Bo and BoM with concentrations as low as 2 ng/mL were isolated and enriched with superior purity and selectivity. The validity of the method was verified with the technical document issued by the world anti-doping agency. The online 2D-HPLC purification procedure featured high selectivity for the analytes and no isotopic fractionation in the collection process. The present method can be used as a routine method allowing doping control laboratories to perform Boldenone confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Tianshuo Zhu
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Steinacher M, Forsdahl G. Detection of DHCMT long-term metabolite glucuronides with LC-MSMS as an alternative approach to conventional GC-MSMS analysis. Steroids 2022; 180:108979. [PMID: 35183566 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is one of the most detected illicit used anabolic-androgenic steroids in professional sports. Therefore, a fast and accurate analysis of this substance is of great importance for a constructive fight against doping abuse. The conventional method for the analysis of this drug, GC-MSMS, is very sensitive and selective but also very time- and resource-consuming. With the presented work, a new approach for simple detection with LC-HRMSMS without any sample preparation is introduced. The method is based on the direct analysis of two newly described phase-II metabolites of the DHCMT long-term metabolite 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol (M3). LC-HRMSMS, GC-MSMS, fractionation and derivatization experiments are combined to identify and characterize for the first time two different glucuronide-acid conjugates of this metabolite in positive human urine samples. In addition, a third glucuronide metabolite was identified, however without isomeric structure determination. The detection of these metabolites is particularly interesting for confirmation analyses, as the method is rapid and requires little sample material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Steinacher
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simultaneous detection of 93 anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 211:114619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Loke S, de la Torre X, Iannone M, La Piana G, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Bureik M, Parr MK. Controlled administration of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in humans: Urinary excretion and long-term detection of metabolites for anti-doping purpose. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105978. [PMID: 34418529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that was developed by Jenapharm in the 1960s and was marketed as Oral Turinabol®. It is prohibited in sports at all times; nevertheless, there are several findings by anti-doping laboratories every year. New long-term metabolites have been proposed in 2011/12, which resulted in adverse analytical findings in retests of the Olympic games of 2008 and 2012. However, no controlled administration trial monitoring these long-term metabolites was reported until now. In this study, DHCMT (5 mg, p.o.) was administered to five healthy male volunteers and their urine samples were collected for a total of 60 days. The unconjugated and the glucuronidated fraction were analyzed separately by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The formation of the described long-term metabolites was verified, and their excretion monitored in detail. Due to interindividual differences there were several varieties in the excretion profiles among the volunteers. The metabolite M3, which has a fully reduced A-ring and modified D-ring structure, was identified by comparison with reference material as 4α-chloro-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-5α-androstan-13-en-3α-ol. It was found to be suitable as long-term marker for the intake of DHCMT in four of the volunteers. In one of the volunteers, it was detectable for 45 days after single oral dose administration. However, in two of the volunteers M5 (already published as long-term metabolite in the 1990s) showed longer detection windows. In one volunteer M3 was undetectable but another metabolite, M2, was found as the longest detectable metabolite. The last sample clearly identified as positive was collected between 9.9 and 44.9 days. Furthermore, the metabolite epiM4 (partially reduced A-ring and a modified D-ring structure which is epimerized in position 17 compared to M3) was identified in the urine of all volunteers with the help of chemically synthesized reference as 4-chloro-17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-androsta-4,13-dien-3β-ol. It may serve as additional confirmatory metabolite. It is highly recommended to screen for all known metabolites in both fractions, glucuronidated and unconjugated, to improve identification of cheating athletes. This study also offers some deeper insights into the metabolism of DHCMT and of 17α-methyl steroids in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe La Piana
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Universität zu Köln, NMR facility, Department of Chemistry, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise in antiDoping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute des Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Tianjin University, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Stadler G, Enev V, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Guddat S, Forsdahl G. Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1668-1677. [PMID: 34089570 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) stanozolol stays one of the most detected substances in professional sports. Its detection is a fundamental part of doping analysis, and the analysis of this steroid has been intensively investigated for a long time. This contribution to the detection of stanozolol doping describes for the first time the unambiguous proof for the existence of 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-2'N-glucuronide in stanozolol-positive human urine samples due to the access to high-quality reference standards. Examination of excretion study samples shows large detection windows for the phase-II metabolites stanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide up to 12 days and respectively up to almost 28 days. In addition, we present appropriate validation parameters for the analysis of these metabolites using a fully automatic method online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method already published before. Limits of identification (LOIs) as low as 100 pg/ml and other validation parameters like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and linearity are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stadler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lund RA, Cooper ER, Wang H, Ashley Z, Cawley AT, Heather AK. Nontargeted detection of designer androgens: Underestimated role of in vitro bioassays. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:894-902. [PMID: 33864649 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Androgens, both steroidal and nonsteroidal in nature, are among the most commonly misused substances in competitive sports. Their recognized anabolic and performance enhancing effects through short- and long-term physiological adaptations make them popular. Androgens exist as natural steroids, or are chemically synthesized as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) or selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). In order to effectively detect misuse of androgens, targeted strategies are used. These targeted strategies rely heavily on mass spectrometry, and detection requires prior knowledge of the targeted structure and its metabolites. Although exquisitely sensitive, such approaches may fail to detect novel structures that are developed and marketed. A nontargeted approach to androgen detection involves the use of cell-based in vitro bioassays. Both yeast and mammalian cell androgen bioassays demonstrate a clear ability to detect AAS and SARMS, and if paired with high resolution mass spectrometry can putatively identify novel structures. In vitro cell bioassays are successfully used to characterize designer molecules and to detect exogenous androgens in biological samples. It is important to continue to develop new and effective detection approaches to prevent misuse of designer androgens, and in vitro bioassays represent a potential solution to nontargeted detection strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lund
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elliot R Cooper
- National Measurement Institute, Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Wang
- The Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zoe Ashley
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison K Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Insitugen Ltd, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Angelis YS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry behavior of Girard's reagent T derivatives of oxosteroid intact phase II metabolites for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1822-1834. [PMID: 33942526 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intact phase II steroid metabolites have poor product ion mass spectra under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. Therefore, we present herein the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/(MS)) behavior of intact phase II metabolites of oxosteroids after derivatization. Based on the fact that Girard's reagent T (GRT), as derivatization reagent, was both convenient and efficient in terms of the enhancement in the ionization efficiency and the production of diagnostic product ions related to the steroid moiety, the latter was preferably selected between methoxamine and hydroxylamine upon the model compounds of androsterone glucuronide and androsterone sulfate. Sixteen different glucuronides and 29 sulfate conjugated metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), available either as pure reference materials or synthesized/extracted from administration studies, were derivatized with GRT, and their product ion spectra are presented. Product ion spectra include in all cases high number of product ions that in some cases are characteristic for certain structures of the steroid backbone. More specifically, preliminary results have shown major differences in fragmentation pattern for 17α/17β-isomers of the sulfate conjugates, but limited differentiation for 17α/17β-isomers of glucuronide conjugates and for 3α/3β- and 5α/5β-stereoisomers of both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Further to the suggestion of the current work, application on mesterolone administration studies confirmed-according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) TD2015IDCR-the presence of seven intact phase II metabolites, one glucuronide and six sulfates with use of LC-ESI-MS/(MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cooper ER, Hughes G, Kauff A, Sutherland E, Ashley Z, Heather AK. A cell-free bioassay for the detection of androgens. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:903-915. [PMID: 33709622 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Androgens remain abused performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Technologies based on mass spectrometry can detect all forms of androgens but fail if the androgen represents a novel structure. A bioassay detects androgens based on function rather than structure. To date, there has been limited adoption of cell-based in vitro bioassays as a screening tool for nontargeted androgen detection because they require expert personnel and specialized equipment to perform. We now describe the development of a cell-free version of an androgen in vitro bioassay. Stage 1 involved in vitro transcription/translation reactions (IVTT) using a DNA template encoding an enhancer/androgen response element (ARE) regulatory region upstream of a minimal promoter that drives expression of a reporter protein. The assay detected testosterone across the concentration range of 106.7 to 0.0144 ng/ml (3.7 × 10-7 to 5 × 10-11 M), with an EC50 of 6.63 ng/ml (23 nM). To reduce complexity, Stages 2-4 of development included just in vitro transcription (IVT) reactions, whereby the output was an RNA molecule. Stage 2 involved directly labelling the RNA molecule with fluorophore-labelled nucleotide triphosphates, Stage 3 involved reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the RNA molecule, and Stage 4 utilized an RNA aptamer, Mango II, as its RNA output. The Stage 4 product detected testosterone across the range of 106.7-0.0001 ng/ml (3.7 × 10-7 to 5 × 10-13 M), with an EC50 of 0.04 ng/ml (0.155 nM). Further to this, we show that the Stage 4 product can detect other androgenic molecules. Relative to cell-based bioassays, the Stage 4 product is easy to perform and could be developed into a routine, high-throughput, nontargeted androgen screen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot R Cooper
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Hughes
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,InsituGen Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexia Kauff
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,InsituGen Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma Sutherland
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Ashley
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alison K Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,InsituGen Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen C, Zhu T, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Zhang Y. Application of online two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography as purification procedure to determine the origin of 19-norandrosterone in urine by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:338-347. [PMID: 32853478 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
19-Norandrosterone (19-NA) is the main metabolite of nandrolone and/or its precursors, which can be found naturally in human urine in trace amount. Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) confirmation procedure can be used to identify a potential exogenous origin of 19-NA in urine sample. Sample purification for GC-C-IRMS analysis is crucial to the whole confirmation procedure because the concentration of 19-NA in the urine to be tested is very low. Online two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC) clean-up procedure with high separation capacity is used to isolate and enrich 19-NA as a sample pretreatment process. Linearity, lowest detectable concentration, uncertainty, and selectivity of the method are validated according to the World Anti-doping Agency's (WADA) requirement. Isotope fractionation effect was not observed during the 2D-HPLC purification process. The validated method provides a high efficient and convenient confirmation procedure to determine the origin of 19-NA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Tianshuo Zhu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Jingzhu Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Xin Liu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Shan Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Yinong Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, 10029, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Lyris E, Petrou M, Georgakopoulos C, Angelis YS. Alternative markers for Methylnortestosterone misuse in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1544-1553. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
- Faculty of Biology, Schoole of Science National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, Zografou Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Argyro G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Emmanouil Lyris
- Novartis Technical Operations, Biotechnology & Aseptics, Sandoz GmbH, Schaftenau site Biochemiestrasse 10, Bau 531, 6336 Langkampfen Langkampfen AT Austria
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti‐Doping Authority Makarion Athletic Center Avenue, Engomi Nicosia CY 2400 Cyprus
| | | | - Yiannis S. Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kollmeier AS, Parr MK. Mass spectral fragmentation analyses of isotopically labelled hydroxy steroids using gas chromatography/electron ionization low-resolution mass spectrometry: A practical approach. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8769. [PMID: 32107808 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gas chromatography coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) is used for routine screening of anabolic steroids in many laboratories after the conversion of polar groups into trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. The aim of this work is to elucidate the origin and formation of common and subclass-specific fragments in the mass spectra of TMS-derivatized steroids. Especially in the context of metabolite identification or analysis of designer drugs, isotopic labelling is helpful to better understand fragment ion generation, identify unknown compounds and update established screening methods. METHODS Stable isotope labelling procedures for the introduction of [2 H9 ]-TMS or 18 O were established to generate perdeuterotrimethylsilylated, mixed deuterated and 18 O-labelled derivatives for 13 different hydroxy steroids. Fragmentation proposals were substantiated by comparison of the abundances of isotopically labelled and unlabelled fragment ions in unit mass resolution GC/MS. Specific fragmentations were also investigated by high-resolution MS (GC/quadrupole time-of-flight MS, GC/QTOFMS). RESULTS Methyl radical cleavage occurs primarily from the TMS groups in saturated androstanes and from the steroid nucleus in the case of enol-TMS of oxo or α,β-unsaturated steroid ketones. Loss of trimethylsilanol (TMSOH) is dependent on steric factors, degree of saturation of the steroid backbone and the availability of a hydrogen atom and TMSO group in the 1,3-diaxial position. For the formation of the [M - 105]+ fragment ion, methyl radical cleavage predominates from the angular methyl groups in position C-18 or C-19 and is independent of the site of TMSOH loss. The common [M - 15 - 76]+ fragment ion was found in low abundance and identified as [M - CH3 - (CH3 )2 SiH - OH]+ . For the different steroid subclasses further diagnostic fragment ions were discussed and structure proposals postulated. CONCLUSIONS Stable isotope labelling of oxo groups as well as derivatization with deuterated TMS groups enables the detection of structure-related fragment ion generation in unit mass resolution GC/EI-MS. This may in turn allow us to propose isomeric assignments that are otherwise almost impossible using MS only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Enev V, Kratena N, Gärtner P, Forsdahl G. Development and validation of a simple online‐SPE method coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of stanozolol‐N‐glucuronides in urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1031-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Development and validation of a UHPLC-HRMS method for the simultaneous determination of the endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1613:460686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
20
|
Iannone M, Botrè F, Parenti S, Jardines D, de la Torre X. An investigation on the metabolic pathways of synthetic isoflavones by gas chromatography coupled to high accuracy mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1485-1493. [PMID: 31132805 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isoflavones are a group of flavonoids that may be of interest in sport doping because they can be used by athletes in the recovery periods after the administration of anabolic steroids, with the aim of increasing the natural production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and, consequently, the biosynthesis of endogenous androgens. METHODS The in vivo metabolism of methoxyisoflavone (5-methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone) and ipriflavone (7-isopropoxyisoflavone), respectively present in a dietary supplement and in a pharmaceutical preparation, was investigated. The study was carried out by the analysis of urinary samples collected from male Caucasian subjects before, during and after the oral administration of methoxyisoflavone or ipriflavone. After enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction, all urinary samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF MS system/qTOF) electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS). RESULTS Eight metabolites of methoxyisoflavone and six metabolites of ipriflavone were isolated. The corresponding accurate mass spectra are specific for isoflavone structures and revealed also a retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS When excreted in large amounts, the urinary metabolites of methoxyisoflavone and ipriflavone can be traced to potential confounding factors in doping analysis. As methoxyisoflavone and ipriflavone have been shown to inhibit the enzyme aromatase, thus interfering with the normal metabolic pathways of testosterone, the detection of their intake, by screening for the presence of their main metabolites in urine, might be helpful in routine doping control analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Parenti
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Obukhova EN, Buryak AK. Determination of Isomers in Doping Control by Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Stojiljkovic N, Leroux F, Bubanj S, Popot MA, Paris A, Tabet JC, Junot C. Tracking main environmental factors masking a minor steroidal doping effect using metabolomic analysis of horse urine by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:339-353. [PMID: 31096786 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719839034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to implement holistic and untargeted doping control protocols with improved discriminatory power, compared to conventional methods that only target doping agents. Metabolomics, which aims to characterize all metabolites present in biological matrices, could fulfill this need. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on the ability to obtain a metabolic signature of stanozolol administration in horse doping situation. Urine samples from 16 horses breeded in two different places were collected over a one-year period, before, during and seven months after the administration of stanozolol, a horse doping agent. Metabolomic analysis was performed using ultra-high pressure reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS). Results showed a major impact of the nutritional regimen, drug administration (for de-worming purpose) and breeding place on the metabolite profiles of horse urines, which hampered the detection of metabolic perturbations induced by stanozolol administration. After having used MS/MS experiments to characterize some MS features related to these environmental factors, we showed that highlighting and then removing the features impacted by these confounding factors before performing supervised multivariate statistical analyses could address this issue. In conclusion, adequate consideration should be given to environmental and physiological factors; otherwise, they can emerge as confounding factors and conceal doping administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natali Stojiljkovic
- 1 LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, IPCM, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Leroux
- 1 LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Saša Bubanj
- 3 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- 1 LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Alain Paris
- 4 Unité Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, IPCM, Paris, France
- 5 Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- 5 Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Christou GA, Christou MA, Žiberna L, Christou KA. Indirect clinical markers for the detection of anabolic steroid abuse beyond the conventional doping control in athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1276-1286. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1587522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A. Christou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria A. Christou
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lovro Žiberna
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Slovenian Anti-Doping Organization (SLOADO), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Konstantinos A. Christou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fabregat-Cabello N, Peeters SD, Yilmaz T, Cavalier É, Le Goff CM. Establishment of reference intervals for serum concentrations of androstanediol glucuronide by a newly developed LC-MS/MS method. Steroids 2019; 143:62-66. [PMID: 30625341 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androstanediol glucuronide is linked to a range of disorders of peripheral androgen formation and action, such as in hirsutism and acne. Nowadays its accurate quantification is still challenging and there are just a few LC-MS/MS methods available. Besides, their reference intervals for normal European populations by LC-MS/MS, including prepubertal and pubertal children, have not been reported yet. METHODS Validation of the proposed new methodology was performed at 3 levels in triplicate during 3 different days. Calibration curve concentration ranged from 0.1 to 25 µg/L. For method comparison between ELISA and the newly developed LC-MS/MS method, 43 patient samples were tested. A reference interval study was performed with 264 healthy Belgian individuals (108 male and 156 female). RESULTS Validation of the proposed LC-MS/MS method was satisfactorily achieved, with mean imprecision values lower than 7.4%, mean recoveries within 99-108% and a limit of quantification of 0.059 µg/L. Compared to LC-MS/MS, ELISA showed a positive bias in serum samples, providing results 43% higher for the same sample. As a consequence, new reference intervals based on age and gender have been calculated. CONCLUSION An easy, fast and straightforward LC-MS/MS method for the determination of androstanediol glucuronide has been developed and fully validated. Besides, reference interval for normal European populations, including prepubertal and pubertal children has been established for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Fabregat-Cabello
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Stéphanie D Peeters
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tugba Yilmaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Étienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline M Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martín-Escudero P, Muñoz-Guerra JA, García-Tenorio SV, Garde ES, Soldevilla-Navarro AB, Galindo-Canales M, Prado N, Fuentes-Ferrer ME, Fernández-Pérez C. Impact of the UGT2B17 polymorphism on the steroid profile. Results of a crossover clinical trial in athletes submitted to testosterone administration. Steroids 2019; 141:104-113. [PMID: 30503386 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article studies the genetic influence of polymorphism of the UGT2B17 gen on the urinary steroid profile and its implications for the anti-doping field. The study presents the results of a triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with healthy athletes submitted to a single dose of 250 mg of testosterone cypionate. Forty urine samples were collected from each participant. Mass spectrometry-based techniques commonly used in Anti-Doping laboratories, were employed to measure the urinary concentration and the Δδ13C values of a selection of target compounds for testosterone (T) administration together with LH. Twelve volunteers were included in the study; the polymorphism was evenly distributed among them. After T administration, the most meaningful change affected the Testosterone/Epitestosterone ratio (T/E) and the urinary concentration of LH. In relation with T/E, the wild type homozygous (ins/ins) group there was a mean relative increase of 30 (CI 95%: 25.2 to 36.7); in the heterozygous mutant (del/ins) group it was 19.8 (CI 95%:15.9 to 24.7); and in the homozygous mutant (del/del) group it was 19.7 (CI 95% 14.9 to 26.2). In the case of LH, it́s observed how LH values decrease significantly after the administration of Testex homogeneously among the three groups. The main outcome was related to the (del/del) group (homozygous mutant), where due to the depressed basal level of the steroid profile, if the longitudinal steroid profile of the athlete was not available, the analysis by GC/MS would not produce an "atypical" result according to the WADA TD2016EAAS despite the T administration. However, the genotyping of the UGT2B17 polymorphism, the follow up of LH and the use of GC-C-IRMS makes it possible to identify most of these samples as Adverse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martín-Escudero
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ester Serrano Garde
- Doping Control Laboratory of Madrid and Anti-Doping State Agency, AEPSAD, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Galindo-Canales
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nayade Prado
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel E Fuentes-Ferrer
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Pérez
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Voelker SE, Lorenz LM, Litzau JJ. Semi‐quantitative determination of designer steroids by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection in the absence of reference material. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:428-434. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Voelker
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationForensic Chemistry Center 6751 Steger Drive Cincinnati OH 45237 USA
| | - Lisa M. Lorenz
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationForensic Chemistry Center 6751 Steger Drive Cincinnati OH 45237 USA
| | - Jonathan J. Litzau
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationForensic Chemistry Center 6751 Steger Drive Cincinnati OH 45237 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaabia Z, Laparre J, Cesbron N, Le Bizec B, Dervilly-Pinel G. Comprehensive steroid profiling by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:106-115. [PMID: 30196848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A steroidomics workflow has been developed in the objective of monitoring a wide range (n >150) of steroids in urine. The proposed workflow relies on the optimization of an adequate SPE extraction step followed by an UHPLC-HRMS/MS simultaneous analysis of both free and conjugated forms of C18, C19 and C21 steroid hormones. On the basis of 44 selected steroids, representative of main classes of steroids constituting the steroidome, the performances of the developed workflow were evaluated in terms of selectivity, repeatability (< 13%) and linearity (R2> 0.985 in the concentration range [0.01-10 ng/mL]). As metabolites identification and characterization constitute the bottleneck of such profiling approaches, a homemade database was created encompassing a large number of characterized free and conjugated steroids (n> 150) for putative steroid-like biomarkers identification purposes. The efficiency of the workflow in highlighting fine modifications within the urinary steroidome was assessed in the frame of an anabolic treatment involving an intra-muscular administration of boldenone undecylenate (2 mg/kg) to veals (n=6) and the investigation of potential steroid biomarkers. Besides monitoring known phase II metabolites of boldenone in the bovine specie, namely, boldenone glucuronide and sulfate, the applied strategy also permitted to observe, upon boldenone administration, a modified profile of epiboldenone glucuronide. Furthermore, 31 signals corresponding to non-identified steroid species could also be highlighted as impacted upon the exogenous steroid treatment. This study is the first to simultaneously investigate both free and conjugated C18, C19 and C21 steroid hormones in their native form using UHPLC-HRMS/MS and allowing their comprehensive profiling. This strategy was probed in-vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zied Kaabia
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
| | - Jérôme Laparre
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
| | - Nora Cesbron
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laberca, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes-FR, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Androgen- and estrogen-receptor mediated activities of 4-hydroxytestosterone, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione and their human metabolites in yeast based assays. Toxicol Lett 2018; 292:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Zhou C, Ye F, Wu H, Ye H, Chen Q. Recent advances in the study of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2)Inhibitors. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:47-53. [PMID: 28366868 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), which interconverts hormonally active cortisol and inactive cortisone in multiple human tissues, has two distinct isoforms named 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2). 11β-HSD2 is an NAD+-dependent oxidase which lowers cortisol by converting it to cortisone while 11β-HSD1 mainly catalyzes the reduction which converts cortisone into cortisol. Selective inhibition of 11β-HSD2 is generally detrimental to health because the accumulation of cortisol can cause metabolic symptoms such as apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), fetal developmental defects and lower testosterone levels in males. There has been some advances on the study of 11β-HSD2 inhibitors and we think it necessary to make a summary of the characteristics and inhibiting properties of latest 11β-HSD2 inhibitors. As another review on 11β-HSD2 inhibitors has been issued on 2011 (see review (Ma et al., 2011)), this mini-review concerns advances during the last 5 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China.
| | - Fan Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| | - He Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Wenzhou Central Hopital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| | - Quanxu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32500, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Waller CC, McLeod MD. A review of designer anabolic steroids in equine sports. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1304-1319. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wong ASY, Leung GNW, Leung DKK, Wan TSM. Doping control analysis of anabolic steroids in equine urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1320-1327. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
| | - Gary N. W. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
| | - David K. K. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse; Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Drug-drug interactions and masking effects in sport doping: influence of miconazole administration on the urinary concentrations of endogenous anabolic steroids. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
33
|
Waller CC, Cawley AT, Suann CJ, Ma P, McLeod MD. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid furazadrol in thoroughbred racehorses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
34
|
Alladio E, Caruso R, Gerace E, Amante E, Salomone A, Vincenti M. Application of multivariate statistics to the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport: A proof of concept study. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 922:19-29. [PMID: 27154828 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Technical Document TD2014EAAS was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in order to fight the spread of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) misuse in several sport disciplines. In particular, adoption of the so-called Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) - Steroidal Module allowed control laboratories to identify anomalous EAAS concentrations within the athletes' physiological urinary steroidal profile. Gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS), indicated by WADA as an appropriate technique to detect urinary EAAS, was utilized in the present study to develop and fully-validate an analytical method for the determination of all EAAS markers specified in TD2014EAAS, plus two further markers hypothetically useful to reveal microbial degradation of the sample. In particular, testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, were included in the analytical method. Afterwards, the multi-parametric feature of ABP profile was exploited to develop a robust approach for the detection of EAAS misuse, based on multivariate statistical analysis. In particular, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was combined with Hotelling T(2) tests to explore the EAAS data obtained from 60 sequential urine samples collected from six volunteers, in comparison with a reference population of single urine samples collected from 96 volunteers. The new approach proved capable of identifying anomalous results, including (i) the recognition of samples extraneous to each of the individual urine series and (ii) the discrimination of the urine samples collected from individuals to whom "endogenous" steroids had been administrated with respect to the rest of the samples population. The proof-of-concept results presented in this study will need further extension and validation on a population of sport professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Alladio
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Caruso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Enrico Gerace
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Amante
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bailey K, Yazdi T, Masharani U, Tyrrell B, Butch A, Schaufele F. Advantages and Limitations of Androgen Receptor-Based Methods for Detecting Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse as Performance Enhancing Drugs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151860. [PMID: 26998755 PMCID: PMC4801337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) and related androgens are performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) abused by some athletes to gain competitive advantage. To monitor unauthorized androgen abuse, doping control programs use mass spectrometry (MS) to detect androgens, synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) and their metabolites in an athlete's urine. AASs of unknown composition will not be detected by these procedures. Since AASs achieve their anabolic effects by activating the Androgen Receptor (AR), cell-based bioassays that measure the effect of a urine sample on AR activity are under investigation as complementary, pan-androgen detection methods. We evaluated an AR BioAssay as a monitor for androgen activity in urine pre-treated with glucuronidase, which releases T from the inactive T-glucuronide that predominates in urine. AR BioAssay activity levels were expressed as 'T-equivalent' concentrations by comparison to a T dose response curve. The T-equivalent concentrations of androgens in the urine of hypogonadal participants supplemented with T (in whom all androgenic activity should arise from T) were quantitatively identical to the T measurements conducted by MS at the UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory (0.96 ± 0.22). All 17 AASs studied were active in the AR BioAssay; other steroids were inactive. 12 metabolites of 10 commonly abused AASs, which are used for MS monitoring of AAS doping because of their prolonged presence in urine, had reduced or no AR BioAssay activity. Thus, the AR BioAssay can accurately and inexpensively monitor T, but its ability to monitor urinary AASs will be limited to a period immediately following doping in which the active AASs remain intact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Bailey
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tahmineh Yazdi
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Umesh Masharani
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Blake Tyrrell
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Butch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fred Schaufele
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Joseph JF, Parr MK. Synthetic androgens as designer supplements. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:89-100. [PMID: 26074745 PMCID: PMC4462045 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210224756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common performance
enhancing drugs (PED) among society. Despite the broad spectrum of adverse effects and legal
consequences, AAS are illicitly marketed and distributed in many countries. To circumvent existing
laws, the chemical structure of AAS is modified and these designer steroids are sold as nutritional
supplements mainly over the Internet. Several side effects are linked with AAS abuse. Only little is
known about the pharmacological effects and metabolism of unapproved steroids due to the absence
of clinical studies. The large number of designer steroid findings in dietary supplements and the
detection of new compounds combined with legal loopholes for their distribution in many countries
show that stricter regulations and better information policy are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kiousi P, Angelis YS, Fragkaki AG, Abushareeda W, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C, Lyris E. Markers of mesterolone abuse in sulfate fraction for doping control in human urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1409-1419. [PMID: 26634976 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the direct detection of mesteroloe sulfo-conjugated metabolites by liquid chromatography/quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q/TOFMS) with special focus on evaluation of their retrospective detectability and their structure elucidation. A comparison of their long-term detectability, with the mesterolone main metabolite (1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) excreted in glucuronide fraction and detected by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS), is also presented. Studies on mesterolone were performed with samples obtained from two excretion studies after single oral administration of Proviron© by healthy volunteers. Potential sulfate metabolites were detected in post administration samples after liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate and LC/TOFMS analysis, in negative mode. Twelve mesterolone sulfate metabolites from the first excretion study and nine from the second were subsequently confirmed by LC/Q/TOFMS. Finally, six mesterolone sulfate metabolites were considered important taking into account their abundance and long-term detectability, encoded as M1, M2, M4, M5, M6 and M7. The proposed mesterolone sulfate metabolites M1, M2, M4 and M5 (excreted as sulfates) have the same retrospectivity with the main mesterolone metabolite, excreted in glucuronide fraction. For metabolite characterization, LC fractionation was performed. The metabolites were identified and characterized by GC/MS, after solvolysis and derivatization. Combined mass spectra data from trimethyl-silyl (TMS), TMS-enolTMS and methoxime-TMS derivatives were taken into account for the characterization of these metabolites. It was concluded that M1 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3β-ol-17 one, M2 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17 one, M4 is 1α-methyl-5a-androstan-3β, 16z-diol-17-one, M5 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-17z,4ξ-diol-3one, M6 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3z,6z-diol-17-one and M7 is 4z-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3,17-dione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Y S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - W Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Alsayrafi
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - E Lyris
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kunze M, Wirthgen E, Walz C, Spitschak M, Brenmoehl J, Vanselow J, Schwerin M, Wimmers K, Hoeflich A. Bioanalytical validation for simultaneous quantification of non-aromatic steroids in follicular fluid from cattle via ESI-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1007:132-9. [PMID: 26600283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The family of steroid hormones is quite attractive for the approach of phenotype monitoring in farm animals. Therefore, we developed a new protocol for the quantitative analysis of natural steroids in follicular fluid from dairy cows. The corresponding steroid profile, which consists of progesterone, corticosterone, hydrocortisone, testosterone, and androstenedione covering three distinct steroid classes, was determined by LC/MS. Quantification is achieved by use of steroid standards diluted in steroid-free follicular fluid as calibrators. Thus, the new protocol does not require deuterated standards. In order to correct for conditional performance of the analytical system we have used dexamethasone as an internal standard. The method was validated according to EMA guidelines. Within- and between-day variations were below 20% for most parameters assessed. All steroids assessed had lower limits of quantification in the range of 2.1 to 4.4ng/ml. We have established a simple and sensitive analytical system in order to step towards a broader and cost-efficient phenotyping analysis in follicular fluid from dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kunze
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marion Spitschak
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jens Vanselow
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Schwerin
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, W.-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kwok WH, Leung GNW, Wan TSM, Curl P, Schiff PJ. Metabolic study of androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione in horses using liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:142-54. [PMID: 26031748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione (ATD) is an irreversible steroidal aromatase inhibitor and is marketed as a supplement. It has been reported to effectively reduce estrogen biosynthesis and significantly increase the levels of endogenous steroids such as dihydrotestosterone and testosterone in human. ATD abuses have been reported in human sports. Its metabolism in human has been studied, and the in vitro metabolic study of ATD in horses has been reported, however, little is known about its biotransformation and elimination in horses. This paper describes the in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies of ATD in horses, with an objective of identifying the target metabolites with the longest detection time for controlling ATD abuse. In vitro metabolism studies of ATD were performed using homogenized horse liver. ATD was found to be extensively metabolized, and its metabolites could not be easily characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) due to insufficient sensitivity. Liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) was therefore employed for the identification of in vitro metabolites. The major biotransformations observed were combinations of reduction of the olefin groups and/or the keto group at either C3 or C17 position. In addition, mono-hydroxylation in the D-ring was observed along with reduction of the olefin groups and/or the keto group at C17 position. Fourteen in vitro metabolites, including two epimers of androsta-1,4,6-trien-17-ol-3-one (M1a, M1b), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (M2), boldione (M3), androsta-4,6-diene-17β-ol-3-one (M4), androsta-4,6-diene-3-ol-17-one (M5), boldenone and epi-boldenone (M6a, M6b), four stereoisomers of hydroxylated androsta-1,4,6-trien-17-ol-3-one (M7a to M7d), and two epimers of androsta-1,4-diene-16α,17-diol (M8a, M8b), were identified. The identities of all metabolites, except M1a, M5, M7a to M7d, were confirmed by matching with authentic reference standards using LC/HRMS. For the in vivo metabolism studies, two thoroughbred geldings were each administered with 800 mg of ATD by stomach tubing. ATD, and twelve out of the fourteen in vitro metabolites, including M1a, M1b, M2, M4, M5, M6, M7a to M7d, M8a and M8b, were detected in post-administration urine. Two additional urinary metabolites, namely stereoisomers of hydroxylated androsta-4,6-dien-17-ol-3-one (M9a, M9b), were tentatively identified by mass spectral interpretation. Elevated level of testosterone was also observed. In post-administration blood samples, only the parent drug, M1b and M2 were identified. This study showed that the detection of ATD administration would be best achieved by either monitoring the metabolites M1b (androsta-1,4,6-trien-17β-ol-3-one) or M4 (both excreted as sulfate conjugates) in urine, which could be detected for up to a maximum of 77 h post-administration. The analyte of choice for plasma is M1b, which could be detected for up to 28 h post administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gary N W Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Curl
- Department of Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter J Schiff
- Department of Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ke Y, Gonthier R, Isabelle M, Bertin J, Simard JN, Dury AY, Labrie F. A rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of serum androsterone glucuronide, etiocholanolone glucuronide, and androstan-3α, 17β diol 17-glucuronide in postmenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 149:146-52. [PMID: 25701608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of steroidal glucuronide conjugates by the indirect methods of immunoassay and GC-MS/MS may underestimate some conjugates since hydrolysis is needed in sample processing. In the present work, a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous direct quantification of androsterone glucuronide, etiocholanolone glucuronide, and androstan-3α, 17β diol 17-glucuronide in postmenopausal women's serum. The quantification limits are 0.1ng/mL for 3α-diol-17G and 4ng/mL for both ADT-G and Etio-G, respectively, with an extraction from 200μL serum while the total run time is less than 6min for all three glucuronides. In this method, solid phase extraction is used for sample preparation. The assay has been validated in compliance with EndoCeutics SOPs and FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method development and validation. The recovery of glucuronides in stripped serum is consistent with that in unstripped serum, where the average difference in stripped and unstripped is less than 10%. A linear regression model fits well the standard curves of all three compounds with R≥0.99 where the weighting factor is 1/X. Interday accuracy and CV for all levels of QCs are within the range of 15% in both stripped and unstripped serum while all calibration curves are within the range of 6% except for LLOQs, which are within the range of 9%. Other parameters have also been assessed such as selectivity, matrix, lipemic and hemolysis effects as well as stabilities in solution and matrix. Incurred sample reanalysis has been performed with a result of over 93% within 20% of the original values. This reliable, sensitive and fast method is ready for large-scale clinical sample assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Inc., Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Alain Y Dury
- EndoCeutics Inc., Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fabregat A, Marcos J, Ventura R, Casals G, Jimenez W, Reichenbach V, Segura J, Pozo OJ. Formation of Δ(1) and Δ(6) testosterone metabolites by human hepatocytes. Steroids 2015; 95:66-72. [PMID: 25541059 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The existence of urinary testosterone (T) metabolites conjugated with cysteine has been recently reported. The formation of a ring double bond by a phase I metabolic transformation and the subsequent nucleophilic conjugation with glutathione was proposed as a putative metabolic pathway for the occurrence of these metabolites in urine. The main goal of the present study was to confirm the first step of the postulated pathway. For that purpose, human hepatocyte cells systems were incubated with a pure T standard. The cell culture supernatants were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using a selected reaction monitoring method. Major T metabolites such as androsterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione, together with the recently reported Δ(1) and Δ(6) metabolites were simultaneously quantified. The formation of 1,4-androstadien-3,17-dione, 4,6-androstadien-3,17-dione, 17β-hydroxy-4,6-androstadien-3-one and 17β-hydroxy-1,4-androstadien-3-one (boldenone) after incubation of T in hepatocyte cell cultures was demonstrated by comparing the retention times and the ion ratios of the metabolites with those obtained by analysis of commercial standards. Thus, the formation of double bonds Δ(1) and Δ(6) by hepatic phase I metabolism of T was confirmed. Analogously to T, this pathway might also be present in other steroids, opening the possibility of targeting additional biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarrroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wladimiro Jimenez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarrroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vedrana Reichenbach
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarrroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Blaszykowski C, Sheikh S, Thompson M. A survey of state-of-the-art surface chemistries to minimize fouling from human and animal biofluids. Biomater Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fouling of artificial surfaces by biofluids is a plague Biotechnology deeply suffers from. Herein, we inventory the state-of-the-art surface chemistries developed to minimize this effect from both human and animal biosamples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Sheikh
- University of Toronto
- Department of Chemistry – St. George campus
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Michael Thompson
- Econous Systems Inc
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
- University of Toronto
- Department of Chemistry – St. George campus
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Matabosch X, Pozo OJ, Pérez-Mañá C, Papaseit E, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Evaluation of the reporting level to detect triamcinolone acetonide misuse in sports. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:94-102. [PMID: 25260353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is prohibited in sport competitions using systemic administrations (e.g., intramuscular, IM), and it is allowed by other routes (e.g., intranasal, IN, or topical, TOP). A reporting level of 30 ng/mL is used to discriminate between forbidden and allowed administrations. We examined urinary profiles of TA metabolites after TOP, IN and IM administrations to evaluate the suitability of the current reporting level and to define the best criteria to discriminate between these administrations. TA was administered to healthy volunteers by different routes: a single IM dose (n=2), IN doses for three days (n=6), and TOP doses for five days followed by a single IM dose (n=8). Urine samples were collected at different time intervals and they were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure TA and eight metabolites. After TOP and IN administrations, concentrations of the metabolites were significantly lower (p<0.05) than after IM administrations. Concentrations of TA after IM administration were lower than 30 ng/mL for all volunteers (range 0.7-29.7 ng/mL), and they were lower than 5 ng/mL after multiple IN or TOP doses (0.1-3.6 ng/mL and 0-1.7 ng/mL, respectively). For 6β-hydroxy-TA, the main TA metabolite, greater concentrations were obtained: 10.7-469.1 ng/mL, 2.2-90.6 ng/mL and 0-57.2 ng/mL after IM, IN and TOP administrations, respectively. These results suggest that the current reporting level is not suitable to detect forbidden IM administration of TA. A lower concentration of the parent drug or the use of specific metabolites could discriminate IM from TOP or IN administrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Matabosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sobolevsky T, Krotov G, Dikunets M, Nikitina M, Mochalova E, Rodchenkov G. Anti-doping analyses at the Sochi Olympic and Paralympic Games 2014. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1087-101. [PMID: 25312500 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory anti-doping services during XXII Winter Olympic and XI Paralympic games in Sochi in 2014 were provided by a satellite laboratory facility located within the strictly secured Olympic Park. This laboratory, established and operated by the personnel of Antidoping Center, Moscow, has been authorized by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to conduct doping control analyses. The 4-floor building accommodated the most advanced analytical instrumentation and became a place of attraction for more than 50 Russian specialists and 25 foreign experts, including independent observers. In total, 2134 urine and 479 blood samples were delivered to the laboratory and analyzed during the Olympic Games (OG), and 403 urine and 108 blood samples - during the Paralympic Games (PG). The number of erythropoietin tests requested in urine was 946 and 166 at the OG and PG, respectively. Though included in the test distribution plan, a growth hormone analysis was cancelled by the Organizing Committee just before the Games. Several adverse analytical findings have been reported including pseudoephedrine (1 case), methylhexaneamine (4 cases), trimetazidine (1 case), dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (1 case), clostebol (1 case), and a designer stimulant N-ethyl-1-phenylbutan-2-amine (1 case).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- Moscow Antidoping Centre, 105005 Moscow, Elizavetinsky per. 10, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Andersen DW, Linnet K. Screening for Anabolic Steroids in Urine of Forensic Cases Using Fully Automated Solid Phase Extraction and LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:637-44. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
47
|
Kersey DC, Dehnhard M. The use of noninvasive and minimally invasive methods in endocrinology for threatened mammalian species conservation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:296-306. [PMID: 24798579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrinology is an indispensable tool in threatened species research. The study of endocrinology in threatened species not only advances knowledge of endocrine mechanism but also contributes to conservation efforts of studied species. To this end, endocrinology has been traditionally used to understand reproductive and adrenocortical endocrine axes by quantifying excreted steroid metabolites. From these studies a large body of knowledge was created that contributed to the field of endocrinology, aided conservation efforts, and created a template by which to validate and conduct this research for other species. In this regard noninvasive hormone monitoring has become a favored approach to study the basic endocrinology of wildlife species. Due to the increased understanding of endocrine physiology of threatened species, breeding rates of captive population have improved to levels allowing for reintroduction of species to restored natural ecosystems. Although these approaches are still employed, advances in biochemical, molecular, and genomic technologies are providing inroads to describe lesser known endocrine activity in threatened species. These new avenues of research will allow for growth of the field with greater depth and breadth. However, for all approaches to endocrinology, limitations on resources and access to animals will require innovation of current methodologies to permit broad application for use in threatened species research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Kersey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91768, United States.
| | - Martin Dehnhard
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Confirmatory analysis of stanozolol metabolites in bovine, pig and sheep urines using an optimized clean-up and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
49
|
Juang YM, She TF, Chen HY, Lai CC. Comparison of CID versus ETD-based MS/MS fragmentation for the analysis of doubly derivatized steroids. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1349-1356. [PMID: 24338890 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a commonly used technique to analyze the chemical composition of steroids. However, steroids are structurally similar compounds, making it difficult to interpret their product-ion spectra. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD), a relatively new technique for protein and peptide fragmentation, has been shown to provide more detailed structural information. In this study, we compared the ability of CID with that of ETD to differentiate between eight 3,20-dioxosteroids that had been derivatizated with a quaternary ammonium salt, Girard reagent P (GirP), at room temperature or after exposure to microwave irradiation to generate doubly charged ions. We found that the derivatization of steroid with GirP hydrazine occurred in less than 10 min when the reaction was carried out in the presence of microwave irradiation compared to 30 min when the reaction was carried out at room temperature. According to the MS/MS spectra, CID provided rich, structurally informative ions; however, the spectra were complex, thereby complicating the peak assignment. In contrast, ETD generated simpler spectra, making it easier to recognize individual peaks. Remarkably, both CID and ETD were allowed to differentiate of steroid isomers, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and deoxycorticosterone (DOC), but the signature ions obtained from CID were less intense than those generated by ETD, which generated much clearer spectra. These results indicate that ETD in conjunction with CID can provide more structural information for precise characterization of steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Juang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Optimization of a pre-MEKC separation SPE procedure for steroid molecules in human urine samples. Molecules 2013; 18:14013-32. [PMID: 24232737 PMCID: PMC6269957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181114013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many steroid hormones can be considered as potential biomarkers and their determination in body fluids can create opportunities for the rapid diagnosis of many diseases and disorders of the human body. Most existing methods for the determination of steroids are usually time- and labor-consuming and quite costly. Therefore, the aim of analytical laboratories is to develop a new, relatively low-cost and rapid implementation methodology for their determination in biological samples. Due to the fact that there is little literature data on concentrations of steroid hormones in urine samples, we have made attempts at the electrophoretic determination of these compounds. For this purpose, an extraction procedure for the optimized separation and simultaneous determination of seven steroid hormones in urine samples has been investigated. The isolation of analytes from biological samples was performed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with dichloromethane and compared to solid phase extraction (SPE) with C18 and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) columns. To separate all the analytes a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECK) technique was employed. For full separation of all the analytes a running buffer (pH 9.2), composed of 10 mM sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax), 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 10% methanol was selected. The methodology developed in this work for the determination of steroid hormones meets all the requirements of analytical methods. The applicability of the method has been confirmed for the analysis of urine samples collected from volunteers--both men and women (students, amateur bodybuilders, using and not applying steroid doping). The data obtained during this work can be successfully used for further research on the determination of steroid hormones in urine samples.
Collapse
|