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Janubová M, Žitňanová I. The effects of vitamin D on different types of cells. Steroids 2024; 202:109350. [PMID: 38096964 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is neccessary for regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in bones, affects imunity, the cardiovascular system, muscles, skin, epithelium, extracellular matrix, the central nervous system, and plays arole in prevention of aging-associated diseases. Vitamin D receptor is expressed in almost all types of cells and its activation leads to modulation of different signaling pathways. In this review, we have analysed the current knowledge of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 effects on metabolism of cells important for the function of the cardiovascular system (endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells and pericytes), tissue healing (fibroblasts), epithelium (various types of epithelial cells) and the central nervous system (neurons, astrocytes and microglia). The goal of this review was to compare the effects of vitamin D on the above mentioned cells in in vitro conditions and to summarize what is known in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Janubová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ingrid Žitňanová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Zhu W, Zhang H, Wang S. Vitamin D3 Suppresses Human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Vascular Endothelial Apoptosis via Rectification of Paradoxical m6A Modification of Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter mRNA, Which Is Regulated by METTL3 and YTHDF3. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:861734. [PMID: 35359726 PMCID: PMC8963461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.861734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can induce apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells, which may be the most important element of development and progression of reported atherosclerosis caused by HCMV. As there are no specific drugs to clear HCMV infection, exploration of relevant drugs and mechanisms that can intervene in HCMV-induced atherosclerosis is urgently needed. The present study confirmed that vitamin D3 protected vascular endothelial cells from HCMV-induced apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Mechanistically, HCMV infection could induce aberrantly elevated m6A modification, especially the increases of methyltransferases-“writers” (METTL3) and m6A binding proteins-“readers” (YTHDF3). METTL3 methylates mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), the main contributor to HCMV-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells, at three m6A residues in the 3′-UTR, which promotes the association of the YTHDF3 with methylated MCU mRNA and subsequently increases the translation and expression of MCU. Further analysis shows that ALKBH5 is the demethylases-“eraser” of MCU mRNA, which can negatively regulate the m6A modification process of MCU. Conversely, vitamin D3 downregulated the METTL3 by inhibiting the activation of AMPK, thereby inhibiting the m6A modification of MCU and cell apoptosis. Our findings extend the understanding of m6A driven machinery in virus-induced vascular endothelium damage and highlight the significance of vitamin D3 in the intervention of HCMV-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hongbo Zhang,
| | - Shao Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Science, Fuzhou, China
- Shao Wang,
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3
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Kurian SJ, Miraj SS, Benson R, Munisamy M, Saravu K, Rodrigues GS, Rao M. Vitamin D Supplementation in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Current Perspective. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:512-521. [PMID: 33045979 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816999201012195735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, as it can physically and emotionally impact the person. Its management can be challenging and expensive, depending on the severity of the wound and the presence of infection. BACKGROUND The fat-soluble molecule, vitamin D, has gained great importance ever since its pleiotropism has been recognized. Its efficacy could be attributed to the presence of vitamin D receptors in most of the body tissues. Vitamin D plays a significant role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune modulation. It modulates the T and B cells resulting in the suppression of the immunoglobulins, autoimmunity, and inflammation. METHODS We performed a literature search with the objective to highlight the role of vitamin D in peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy, which are the major risk factors for DFU, as well as evidences of its role in wound healing and management of DFU. RESULTS Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that vitamin D influences multiple phases of wound healing and thereby accelerates the process. It modulates various cells involved in proliferation and remodelling phases. Vitamin D also enhances the expression of antimicrobial peptides that help to eliminate the microbes, as well as suppress the proinflammatory responses while enhancing the anti-inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION This review concludes vitamin D to have a protective role in the immune and vascular system, improve glycaemic outcomes, and wound healing. Therefore, vitamin D could be a preferred adjuvant in the management of DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilia Jacob Kurian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Sonal Sekhar Miraj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Ruby Benson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Murali Munisamy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Gabriel Sunil Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka- 576104, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vitamin D and its derivatives are biologically active fat-soluble steroid hormones, which are transcription factors for numerous genes. The results of several observational studies suggest the relationship between plasma concentration of vitamin D and the risk of arterial hypertension, as well as between the intensity of insolation and the risk of arterial hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Based on the results of the abovementioned studies, it was hypothesized that vitamin D is characterized by the antihypertensive properties. Animal experiments have shown that vitamin D reduces activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and improves vasorelaxation of blood vessels. Results of clinical studies did not confirm these results. Moreover in interventional clinical trials, it was documented that supplementation of vitamin D did not reduce blood pressure. The influence of exposure to sunshine at different wave lengths on blood pressure was examined in clinical studies and it was found that ultraviolet A radiation (UVA) lead to the release of nitric oxide from the skin. This might explain lower level of blood pressure in subjects from the regions with a higher rate of insolation. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge concerning the relationship between vitamin D and arterial hypertension based on both observational and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Adamczak
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Francuska 20-24, 40-027, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Surma
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Francuska 20-24, 40-027, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Więcek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Francuska 20-24, 40-027, Katowice, Poland
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5
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Savastio S, Pozzi E, Tagliaferri F, Degrandi R, Cinquatti R, Rabbone I, Bona G. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Risk: which Implications in Children? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3536. [PMID: 32429489 PMCID: PMC7279000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (25OHD) pleiotropic effects are widely recognized and studied. Recently, vitamin D cardiovascular effects are gaining interest, especially in children, although the studies present conflicting data. Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that cardiovascular risk markers, such as lipid parameters, inflammation markers, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness, are unaffected by vitamin D supplementation. By contrast, other studies show that low vitamin D levels are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, and support that increased risk of these diseases occurs primarily in people with vitamin D deficiency. An update on these points in pediatric patients is certainly of interest to focus on possible benefits of its supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Savastio
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.P.); (F.T.); (R.D.); (R.C.); (I.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Erica Pozzi
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.P.); (F.T.); (R.D.); (R.C.); (I.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Francesco Tagliaferri
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.P.); (F.T.); (R.D.); (R.C.); (I.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Roberta Degrandi
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.P.); (F.T.); (R.D.); (R.C.); (I.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Roberta Cinquatti
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.P.); (F.T.); (R.D.); (R.C.); (I.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.P.); (F.T.); (R.D.); (R.C.); (I.R.); (G.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianni Bona
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.P.); (F.T.); (R.D.); (R.C.); (I.R.); (G.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Chen NC, Hsu CY, Mao PCM, Dreyer G, Wu FZ, Chen CL. The effects of correction of vitamin D deficiency on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105561. [PMID: 31809869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether nutritional vitamin D supplementation in vitamin d-deficient persons improves arterial stiffness. To conduct a meta-analysis of the effects of the nutritional vitamin D therapy on arterial stiffness in adults with vitamin D deficiency, the Scopus, PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for systematic reviews conducted up to October 5, 2018. Randomized clinical trials that compared nutritional vitamin D therapy with placebo in adults with vitamin D deficiency were eligible. Two reviewers independently evaluated eligibility of all retrieved studies based on titles and abstracts. Meta-analysis was performed using random effect or fixed effects model and inverse variance method was used to calculate the effect using standardized mean difference (SMD) and weighted mean difference. A leave-one-out method was used for sensitivity analysis. The main outcome was arterial stiffness, indicated by the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). We identified 237 records, of which 9 satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study. Our meta-analysis included relatively high-quality placebo-controlled randomized trials. In a random-effects model, nutritional vitamin D was associated with significant reductions in the pooled difference of PWV [(SMD: -0.29; 95 % CI: -0.51 to -0.06), p = 0.01; Cochran's Q test: chi2 = 21.85; df = 9; p = 0.009; I2 = 59 %; n = 909 from 9 studies]. All sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Nutritional vitamin D supplementation significantly improved arterial stiffness (PWV) in several subgroups by correcting vitamin D deficiency, for a study duration of ≥4 months and a daily dose of vitamin D3 ≥ 2000 IU. The study indicated that the correction of vitamin D deficiency by nutritional vitamin D supplementation may improve arterial stiffness in vitamin d-deficient persons, especially by the correction of vitamin D deficiency with a daily dose of vitamin D3 ≥ 2000 IU. However, further studies are required to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ching Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pili Chi-Ming Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Gavin Dreyer
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Fu-Zong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Medial artery calcification increases neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8193. [PMID: 31160618 PMCID: PMC6547750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification predicts accelerated restenosis after angioplasty and stenting. We studied the effects of calcification on neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in the rat carotid. Arterial calcification was induced by subcutaneous injection of vitamin D3 or by adventitial application of calcium chloride. After balloon catheter injury, neointimal hyperplasia was significantly increased in rats with medial calcification compared with controls. Neointimal cell proliferation in calcified arteries as assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining was also higher. In calcified arteries, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)levels were increased at the time of injury suggesting a possible explanation for the altered responses. In vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) grown under calcifying conditions , stimulation with BMP-2 significantly increased cell proliferation, however, this did not occur in those grown under non-calcifying conditions. These data suggest that neointimal hyperplasia is accelerated in calcified arteries and that this may be due in part to increased BMP-2 expression in medial SMCs. Treatments aimed at inhibiting restenosis in calcified arteries may differ from those that work in uncalcified vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- From Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Zhu Y, Li F, Shi W, Zhai C, Wang J, Yan X, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Yang L, Gao L, Li M. COP9 signalosome subunit 6 mediates PDGF -induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:379-388. [PMID: 30180991 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of mammalian COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6) and consequent reduction of SCF ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor β-transduction repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) have been shown to be associated with cancer cells proliferation. However, it is unclear whether CSN6 and β-TrCP are also involved in PDGF-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation. This study aims to address this issue and further explore its potential mechanisms. Our results indicated that PDGF phosphorylated Akt, stimulated PASMCs proliferation; while inhibition of PDGF receptor (PDGFR) by imatinib prevented these effects. PDGF further up-regulated CSN6 protein expression, this was accompanied with β-TrCP reduction and increase of Cdc25A. Inhibition of PDGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway reversed PDGF-induced such changes and cell proliferation. Prior transfection of CSN6 siRNA blocked PDGF-induced β-TrCP down-regulation, Cdc25A up-regulation and cell proliferation. Furthermore, pre-treatment of cells with MG-132 also abolished PDGF-induced β-TrCP reduction, Cdc25A elevation and cell proliferation. In addition, pre-depletion of Cdc25A by siRNA transfection suppressed PDGF-induced PASMCs proliferation. Taken together, our study indicates that up-regulation of CSN6 by PDGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway decreases β-TrCP by increasing its ubiquitinated degradation, and thereby increases the expression of Cdc25A, which promotes PDGF-induced PASMCs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangwei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Staiculescu MC, Kim J, Mecham RP, Wagenseil JE. Mechanical behavior and matrisome gene expression in the aneurysm-prone thoracic aorta of newborn lysyl oxidase knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H446-H456. [PMID: 28550176 PMCID: PMC5582924 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00712.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in lysyl oxidase (LOX) are associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD). Mice that do not express Lox (Lox-/- ) die soon after birth and have 60% and 40% reductions in elastin- and collagen-specific cross-links, respectively. LOX inactivation could also change the expression of secreted factors, the structural matrix, and matrix-associated proteins that constitute the aortic matrisome. We hypothesized that absence of Lox will change the mechanical behavior of the aortic wall because of reduced elastin and collagen cross-linking and alter the expression levels of matrisome and smooth muscle cell (SMC) genes in a vascular location-specific manner. Using fluorescence microscopy, pressure myography, and gene set enrichment analysis, we visualized the microarchitecture, quantified the mechanical behavior, and examined matrisome and SMC gene expression from ascending aortas (AAs) and descending aortas (DAs) from newborn Lox+/+ and Lox-/- mice. Even though Lox-/- AAs and DAs have fragmented elastic laminae and disorganized SMCs, the unloaded outer diameter and wall thickness were similar to Lox+/+ AAs and DAs. Lox-/- AAs and DAs have altered opening angles, circumferential stresses, and circumferential stretch ratios; however, only Lox-/- AAs have increased pressurized diameters and tangent moduli. Gene set enrichment analysis showed upregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulator gene set in Lox-/- AAs and DAs as well as differential expression of secreted factors, collagens, ECM-affiliated proteins, ECM glycoproteins, and SMC cell cycle gene sets that depend on the Lox genotype and vascular location. These results provide insights into the local chemomechanical changes induced by Lox inactivation that may be important for TAAD pathogenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Absence of lysyl oxidase (Lox) causes thoracic aortic aneurysms. The aortic mechanical behavior of Lox-/- mice is consistent with reduced elastin and collagen cross-linking but demonstrates vascular location-specific differences. Lox-/- aortas show upregulation of matrix remodeling genes and location-specific differential expression of other matrix and smooth muscle cell gene sets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Arterial Pressure
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Collagen/genetics
- Collagen/metabolism
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Elastin/genetics
- Elastin/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/genetics
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
- Vascular Stiffness
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Catalin Staiculescu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Jungsil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jessica E Wagenseil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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11
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Chen S, Swier VJ, Boosani CS, Radwan MM, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D Deficiency Accelerates Coronary Artery Disease Progression in Swine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1651-9. [PMID: 27255724 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of vitamin D deficiency in coronary artery disease (CAD) progression is uncertain. Chronic inflammation in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CAD. However, the molecular mechanism underlying vitamin D deficiency-enhanced inflammation in the EAT of diseased coronary arteries remains unknown. We examined a mechanistic link between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transporter, karyopherin α4 (KPNA4) expression and NF-κB activation in preadipocytes. Furthermore, we determined whether vitamin D deficiency accelerates CAD progression by increasing KPNA4 and nuclear NF-κB levels in EAT. APPROACH AND RESULTS Nuclear protein levels were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Exogenous KPNA4 was transported into cells by a transfection approach and constituted lentiviral vector. Swine were administered vitamin D-deficient or vitamin D-sufficient hypercholesterolemic diet. After 1 year, the histopathology of coronary arteries and nuclear protein expression of EAT were assessed. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced KPNA4 levels through increased vitamin D receptor expression. Exogenous KPNA4 rescued 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-dependent suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation and activation. Vitamin D deficiency caused extensive CAD progression and advanced atherosclerotic plaques, which are linked to increased KPNA4 and nuclear NF-κB levels in the EAT. CONCLUSIONS 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D attenuates NF-κB activation by targeting KPNA4. Vitamin D deficiency accelerates CAD progression at least, in part, through enhanced chronic inflammation of EAT by upregulation of KPNA4, which enhances NF-κB activation. These novel findings provide mechanistic evidence that vitamin D supplementation could be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcang Chen
- From the Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Vicki J Swier
- From the Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- From the Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- From the Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- From the Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE.
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12
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Chen S, Sun Y, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D deficiency and essential hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:885-901. [PMID: 26419755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) results when the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation is shifted in favor of vasoconstriction. This balance is controlled by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors. When there is an unstable balance, vitamin D deficiency as an epigenetic factor triggers a shift to the side of vasoconstriction. In this article, we critically analyze clinical findings on the effect of vitamin D on blood pressure, combined with progress in molecular mechanisms. We find that vitamin D repletion exerts a clinically significant antihypertensive effect in vitamin D-deficient EH patients. Of note, a few trials reported no antihypertensive effect from vitamin D due to suboptimal study design. Short-term vitamin D supplementation has no effect on blood pressure in normotensive subjects. This could explain the mixed results and may provide a theoretical basis for future trials to identify beneficial effects of vitamin D in intervention for EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcang Chen
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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Lee SM, Son YK, Kim SE, An WS. The effects of omega-3 fatty acid on vitamin D activation in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:741-55. [PMID: 25636157 PMCID: PMC4344599 DOI: 10.3390/md13020741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of cardiovascular disease and vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease patients is well known. Vitamin D activation by omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation may explain the cardioprotective effects exerted by omega-3 FA. We hypothesized that omega-3 FA and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) supplementation may increase 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) levels compared to 25(OH)D supplementation alone in hemodialysis (HD) patients that have insufficient or deficient 25(OH)D levels. We enrolled patients that were treated for at least six months with 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL (NCT01596842). Patients were randomized to treatment for 12 weeks with cholecalciferol supplemented with omega-3 FA or a placebo. Levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were measured after 12 weeks. The erythrocyte membrane FA contents were also measured. Levels of 25(OH)D were increased in both groups at 12 weeks compared to baseline. The 1,25(OH)2D levels at 12 weeks compared to baseline showed a tendency to increase in the omega-3 FA group. The oleic acid and monounsaturated FA content decreased, while the omega-3 index increased in the omega-3 FA group. Omega-3 FA supplementation may be partly associated with vitamin D activation, although increased 25(OH)D levels caused by short-term cholecalciferol supplementation were not associated with vitamin D activation in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-715, Korea.
| | - Young Ki Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-715, Korea.
| | - Seong Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-715, Korea.
| | - Won Suk An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-715, Korea.
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Carbone F, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Potential pathophysiological role for the vitamin D deficiency in essential hypertension. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:260-276. [PMID: 24944756 PMCID: PMC4062123 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i5.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been indicated as a pandemic emerging public health problem. In addition to the well-known role on calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in the bone, vitamin D-mediated processes have been recently investigated on other diseases, such as infections, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, both the discovery of paracrine actions of vitamin D (recognized as “local vitamin D system”) and the link of vitamin D with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the fibroblast growth factor 23/klotho pathways highlighted its active cardiovascular activity. Focusing on hypertension, this review summarizes the more recent experimental evidence involving the vitamin D system and deficiency in the cardiovascular pathophysiology. In particular, we updated the vascular synthesis/catabolism of vitamin D and its complex interactions between the various endocrine networks involved in the regulation of blood pressure in humans. On the other hand, the conflicting results emerged from the comparison between observational and interventional studies emphasize the fragmentary nature of our knowledge in the field of vitamin D and hypertension, strongly suggesting the need of further researches in this field.
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Valcheva P, Cardus A, Panizo S, Parisi E, Bozic M, Lopez Novoa JM, Dusso A, Fernández E, Valdivielso JM. Lack of vitamin D receptor causes stress-induced premature senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells through enhanced local angiotensin-II signals. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:247-55. [PMID: 24880896 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inhibition of the renal renin-angiotensin system by the active form of vitamin D contributes to the cardiovascular health benefits of a normal vitamin D status. Local production of angiotensin-II in the vascular wall is a potent mediator of oxidative stress, prompting premature senescence. Herein, our objective was to examine the impact of defective vitamin D signalling on local angiotensin-II levels and arterial health. METHODS Primary cultures of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from wild-type and vitamin D receptor-knockout (VDRKO) mice were used for the assessment of cell growth, angiotensin-II and superoxide anion production and expression levels of cathepsin D, angiotensin-II type 1 receptor and p57(Kip2). The in vitro findings were confirmed histologically in aortas from wild-type and VDRKO mice. RESULTS VSMC from VDRKO mice produced more angiotensin-II in culture, and elicited higher levels of cathepsin D, an enzyme with renin-like activity, and angiotensin-II type 1 receptor, than wild-type mice. Accordingly, VDRKO VSMC showed higher intracellular superoxide anion production, which could be suppressed by cathepsin D, angiotensin-II type 1 receptor or NADPH oxidase antagonists. VDRKO cells presented higher levels of p57(Kip2), impaired proliferation and premature senescence, all of them blunted upon inhibition of angiotensin-II signalling. In vivo studies confirmed higher levels of cathepsin D, angiotensin-II type 1 receptor and p57(Kip2) in aortas from VDRKO mice. CONCLUSION The beneficial effects of active vitamin D in vascular health could be a result of the attenuation of local production of angiotensin-II and downstream free radicals, thus preventing the premature senescence of VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Valcheva
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Cardus
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Sara Panizo
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Parisi
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Milica Bozic
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose M Lopez Novoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Adriana Dusso
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Elvira Fernández
- Nephrology Service and UDETMA, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose M Valdivielso
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain.
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Ellam T, Hameed A, ul Haque R, Muthana M, Wilkie M, Francis SE, Chico TJA. Vitamin D deficiency and exogenous vitamin D excess similarly increase diffuse atherosclerotic calcification in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88767. [PMID: 24586387 PMCID: PMC3929524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Observational data associate lower levels of serum vitamin D with coronary artery calcification, cardiovascular events and mortality. However, there is little interventional evidence demonstrating that moderate vitamin D deficiency plays a causative role in cardiovascular disease. This study examined the cardiovascular effects of dietary vitamin D deficiency and of vitamin D receptor agonist (paricalcitol) administration in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Methods Mice were fed atherogenic diets with normal vitamin D content (1.5IU/kg) or without vitamin D. Paricalcitol, or matched vehicle, was administered 3× weekly by intraperitoneal injection. Following 20 weeks of these interventions cardiovascular phenotype was characterized by histological assessment of aortic sinus atheroma, soluble markers, blood pressure and echocardiography. To place the cardiovascular assessments in the context of intervention effects on bone, structural changes at the tibia were assessed by microtomography. Results Vitamin D deficient diet induced significant reductions in plasma vitamin D (p<0.001), trabecular bone volume (p<0.01) and bone mineral density (p<0.005). These changes were accompanied by an increase in calcification density (number of calcifications per mm2) of von Kossa-stained aortic sinus atheroma (461 versus 200, p<0.01). Paricalcitol administration suppressed parathyroid hormone (p<0.001), elevated plasma calcium phosphate product (p<0.005) and induced an increase in calcification density (472 versus 200, p<0.005) similar to that seen with vitamin D deficiency. Atheroma burden, blood pressure, metabolic profile and measures of left ventricular hypertrophy were unaffected by the interventions. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency, as well as excess, increases atherosclerotic calcification. This phenotype is induced before other measures of cardiovascular pathology associated clinically with vitamin D deficiency. Thus, maintenance of an optimal range of vitamin D signalling may be important for prevention of atherosclerotic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ellam
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Risat ul Haque
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilkie
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila E. Francis
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. A. Chico
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Lai H, Detrick B, Fishman EK, Gerstenblith G, Brinker JA, Hollis BW, Bartlett J, Cofrancesco J, Tong W, Tai H, Chen S, Bhatia S, Lai S. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of subclinical coronary artery disease in African Americans with HIV infection: a preliminary study. J Investig Med 2013; 60:801-7. [PMID: 22481166 DOI: 10.2310/jim.0b013e318250bf99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major concern in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected African Americans. The objectives of the study were to estimate the incidence of subclinical CAD, defined by the presence of coronary plaque and/or calcification on cardiac computed tomography (CT), and to identify the associated risk factors in this vulnerable population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Between August 2003 and September 2010, 188 HIV-infected African Americans without known, or symptoms of, CAD underwent cardiac CT. The subset without demonstrable disease underwent a second cardiac CT approximately 2 years later. The incidence of disease over that period and the effects of antiretroviral treatment and other known and hypothesized risk factors were investigated. RESULTS Sixty-nine of these 188 African Americans had evidence of subclinical disease on the initial cardiac CT, confirming prior high prevalence reports. A second cardiac CT was performed on 119 African Americans without disease approximately 2 years later. The total person-years of follow-up was 284.4. Subclinical CAD was detected in 14 of these, yielding an overall incidence of 4.92/100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 2.69-8.26). Among the factors investigated, only male sex and vitamin D deficiency were independently associated with the development of subclinical CAD. The study did not find significant associations between CD4 count, HIV viral load, antiretroviral treatment use, or cocaine use and the incidence of subclinical CAD. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of subclinical CAD in African Americans with HIV infection is provocatively high. Larger studies are warranted to confirm the role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of CAD in HIV-infected African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lai
- Departments of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Viljoen A. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease - dilemma, delight or 'dont know?'. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67:939-42. [PMID: 24073970 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of sufficient evidence of vitamin D's role in CVD calls for perspective and caution to avoid that health claims, vitamin D testing and supplementations' sales will continue to run well ahead of the scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adie Viljoen
- Clinical Biochemistry, Lister Hospital, Coreys Mill Lane, Stevenage, United Kingdom.
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Kawar B, Ellam T, Jackson C, Kiely DG. Pulmonary hypertension in renal disease: epidemiology, potential mechanisms and implications. Am J Nephrol 2013; 37:281-90. [PMID: 23548763 DOI: 10.1159/000348804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is highly prevalent in end-stage renal disease. Several observational studies, based on an echocardiographic diagnosis of PH, have suggested a prevalence of 30-60% and an association with increased mortality and poorer outcome following renal transplantation. The pathogenesis of PH in this population remains poorly understood. Reported associations include arteriovenous fistulae, cardiac dysfunction, fluid overload, bone mineral disorder and non-biocompatible dialysis membranes. However, due to the small numbers, the cross-sectional nature of the majority of studies in this field, and the reliance on echocardiography for the diagnosis of PH, no consistent association with any individual risk factor has been demonstrated. There is no difference in prevalence between patients receiving different dialysis modalities and emerging evidence suggests that the onset of the condition may precede dialysis treatment in many patients. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of the 'uraemic vasculopathy' on the pulmonary vasculature. Given the similarities between vascular changes in uraemia and those seen in pulmonary arterial hypertension, it is possible that a pulmonary vasculopathy may be present in a proportion of patients. There is a need for better understanding of the natural history and the pathogenesis of the condition which would help to individualise treatment of PH in end-stage renal disease. To enable such understanding, prospective adequately powered studies with an integrated investigational approach including right heart catheterisation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kawar
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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Giallauria F, Milaneschi Y, Tanaka T, Maggio M, Canepa M, Elango P, Vigorito C, Lakatta EG, Ferrucci L, Strait J. Arterial stiffness and vitamin D levels: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3717-23. [PMID: 22767638 PMCID: PMC3674293 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The importance of vitamin D for bone health has long been acknowledged. Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D can also play a role in reducing the risk of several other diseases, including cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) is an independent cross-sectional correlate of central arterial stiffness in a normative aging study population. DESIGN AND SETTINGS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis. SUBJECTS We studied 1228 healthy volunteers (50% males; age, 70±12 yr) of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and 25-OH D levels. RESULTS We found a significant inverse association between PWV and 25-OH D levels (adjusted r2=0.27; β=-0.43; P=0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, season of blood draw, estimated glomerular filtration rate, physical activity level, cardiovascular risk factors score (smoking, visceral obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes), calcium/vitamin D supplementation, serum calcium, and PTH levels, the association between PWV and 25-OH D levels was only slightly reduced and remained statistically significant (adjusted r2=0.34; β=-0.34; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D levels are inversely associated with increased arterial stiffness in a normative aging population, irrespective of traditional risk factor burden. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism of this association and to test the hypothesis that vitamin D supplementation can reduce arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giallauria
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, 3001 South Hanover Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21225, USA.
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Nair-Shalliker V, Fenech M, Forder PM, Clements MS, Armstrong BK. Sunlight and vitamin D affect DNA damage, cell division and cell death in human lymphocytes: a cross-sectional study in South Australia. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:609-14. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sorenson M, Grant WB. Does vitamin D deficiency contribute to erectile dysfunction? DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:128-36. [PMID: 22928068 PMCID: PMC3427191 DOI: 10.4161/derm.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a multifactorial disease, and its causes can be neurogenic, psychogenic, hormonal and vascular. ED is often an important indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a powerful early marker for asymptomatic CVD. Erection is a vascular event, and ED is often a vascular disease caused by endothelial damage and subsequent inhibition of vasodilation. We show here that risk factors associated with a higher CVD risk also associate with a higher ED risk. Such factors include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arterial calcification and Inflammation in the vascular endothelium. Vitamin D deficiency is one of several dynamics that associates with increased CVD risk, but to our knowledge, it has not been studied as a possible contributor to ED. Here we examine research linking ED and CVD and discuss how vitamin D influences CVD and its classic risk factors-factors that also associate to increased ED risk. We also summarize research indicating that vitamin D associates with reduced risk of several nonvascular contributing factors for ED. We conclude that VDD contributes to ED. This hypothesis should be tested through observational and intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center; San Francisco, CA USA
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Nair-Shalliker V, Armstrong BK, Fenech M. Does vitamin D protect against DNA damage? Mutat Res 2012; 733:50-7. [PMID: 22366026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a secosteroid best known for its role in maintaining bone and muscle health. Adequate levels of vitamin D may also be beneficial in maintaining DNA integrity. This role of vitamin D can be divided into a primary function that prevents damage from DNA and a secondary function that regulates the growth rate of cells. The potential for vitamin D to reduce oxidative damage to DNA in a human has been suggested by clinical trial where vitamin D supplementation reduced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative damage, in colorectal epithelial crypt cells. Studies in animal models and in different cell types have also shown marked reduction in oxidative stress damage and chromosomal aberrations, prevention of telomere shortening and inhibition of telomerase activity following treatment with vitamin D. The secondary function of vitamin D in preventing DNA damage includes regulation of the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase activity in the DNA damage response pathway involved in the detection of DNA lesions. It is also able to regulate the cell cycle to prevent the propagation of damaged DNA, and to regulate apoptosis to promote cell death. Vitamin D may contribute to prevention of human colorectal cancer, though there is little evidence to suggest that prevention of DNA damage mediates this effect, if real. Very limited human data mean that the intake of vitamin D required to minimise DNA damage remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visalini Nair-Shalliker
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Unit, Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To offer a comprehensive overview of the best available evidence linking vitamin D status, including the effect of vitamin D supplementation, to the risk of cardiovascular events. RECENT FINDINGS There is an abundance of plausible mechanisms by which vitamin D might have a favorable effect on the cardiovascular risk profile in the general population. Epidemiological data strongly support such beneficial effects of vitamin D, but initial enthusiasm is giving way to skepticism as larger, well conducted, longitudinal observational trials fail to show an association between serum vitamin D levels and mortality from cardiovascular events. Moreover, the few existing prospective randomized controlled trials with vitamin D supplementation that report the incidence of cardiovascular events show no effect. Fortunately, larger and better designed prospective trials are underway. Nonetheless, one should also acknowledge that true vitamin D deficiency [<25 nmol/l (10 ng/ml)] remains prevalent in the general population and is convincingly associated with overall adverse outcomes. SUMMARY Currently, robust clinical data are lacking to support raising intake requirements and target vitamin D plasma levels based on a role for vitamin D in preventing cardiometabolic diseases. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the general population remains alarming and requires implementation of clear supplementation guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J Van der Schueren
- Laboratory and Clinic of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, März W, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Zittermann A, Cavalier E, Pieber TR, Lappe JM, Grant WB, Holick MF, Dekker JM. Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:575-84. [PMID: 21682758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A poor vitamin D status, i.e. low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], is common in the general population. This finding is of concern not only because of the classic vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal outcomes, but also because expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D metabolizing enzymes in the heart and blood vessels suggests a role of vitamin D in the cardiovascular system. VDR-knockout mice suffer from cardiovascular disease (CVD), and various experimental studies suggest cardiovascular protection by vitamin D, including antiatherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and direct cardio-protective actions, beneficial effects on classic cardiovascular risk factors as well as suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. In epidemiological studies, low levels of 25(OH)D are associated with increased risk of CVD and mortality. Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are sparse and have partially, but not consistently, shown some beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. arterial hypertension). We have insufficient data on vitamin D effects on cardiovascular events, but meta-analyses of RCTs indicate that vitamin D may modestly reduce all-cause mortality. Despite accumulating data suggesting that a sufficient vitamin D status may protect against CVD, we still must wait for results of large-scale RCTs before raising general recommendations for vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of CVD. In current clinical practice, the overall risks and costs of vitamin D supplementation should be weighed against the potential adverse consequences of untreated vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pilz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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