1
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Vakhitova YV, Zainullina LF, Sadovskii MS, Mokrov GV, Seredenin SB. Analysis of the Mechanisms of Action of a TSPO Ligand (GML-3 Compound) in a Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Damage. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Tian Q, Yang X, Du J, Huang H, Liu W, Zhao P. Translocator Protein Ligand Etifoxine Attenuates MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:850904. [PMID: 35686060 PMCID: PMC9172994 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.850904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, but the currently available treatments for this disease are symptomatic treatments. There is evidence that translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) expression is upregulated in some neurodegenerative diseases, and TSPO ligands have obvious neuroprotective effects. However, the neuroprotective effects and other potential effects of the TSPO ligand etifoxine in PD remain unclear. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the impacts of etifoxine on a mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We found that etifoxine significantly reduced motor function deficits, decreased the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra, and attenuated the decrease in striatal dopamine levels in mice that received MPTP. Etifoxine diminished the production of inflammatory mediators and infiltration of leukocytes in the brain after MPTP exposure. In vitro studies suggested that microglia contribute to etifoxine’s neuroprotective effect. The results showed that etifoxine can alleviate MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation, providing a new idea for the treatment of PD.
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3
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Gallet Q, Bouteloup V, Locatelli M, Habert MO, Chupin M, Delrieu J, Lebouvier T, Robert G, David R, Bulteau S, Balageas AC, Surget A, Belzung C, Arlicot N, Ribeiro MJ, Barantin L, Andersson F, Cottier JP, Gissot V, El-Hage W, Camus V, Gohier B, Desmidt T. Benzodiazepine use and neuroimaging markers of Alzheimer's disease in nondemented older individuals: an MRI and 18F Florbetapir PET study in the MEMENTO cohort. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1114-1120. [PMID: 34893757 PMCID: PMC8938511 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests an association between benzodiazepines (BZDs) use and lower brain amyloid load, a hallmark of AD pathophysiology. Other AD-related markers include hippocampal atrophy, but the effect of BZDs on hippocampal volume remains unclear. We aimed at 1) replicating findings on BZDs use and brain amyloid load and 2) investigating associations between BZDs use and hippocampal volume, in the MEMENTO clinical cohort of nondemented older adults with isolated memory complaint or light cognitive impairment at baseline. Total Standardized Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) of brain amyloid load and hippocampal volume (HV) were obtained, respectively, from 18F Florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and compared between BZD chronic users and nonusers using multiple linear regressions adjusted for age, sex, educational level, ApoE ε4 genotype, cognitive and neuropsychiatric assessments, history of major depressive episodes and antidepressant intake. BZD users were more likely to manifest symptoms of depression, anxiety and apathy. In the MRI subgroup, BZD users were also more frequently females with low education and greater clinical impairments as assessed with the clinical dementia rating scale. Short- versus long-acting BZDs, Z-drugs versus non-Z-drugs BZDs, as well as dose and duration of BZD use, were also considered in the analyses. Total SUVR and HV were significantly lower and larger, respectively, in BZD users (n = 38 in the PET subgroup and n = 331 in the MRI subgroup) than in nonusers (n = 251 in the PET subgroup and n = 1840 in the MRI subgroup), with a medium (Cohen's d = -0.43) and low (Cohen's d = 0.10) effect size, respectively. Short-acting BZDs and Z-drugs were more significantly associated with larger HV. We found no effect of dose and duration of BZD use. Our results support the involvement of the GABAergic system as a potential target for blocking AD-related pathophysiology, possibly via reduction in neuronal activity and neuroinflammation. Future longitudinal studies may confirm the causal effect of BZDs to block amyloid accumulation and hippocampal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Gallet
- grid.411147.60000 0004 0472 0283Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Bouteloup
- Centre Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, CIC1401-EC, Institut de Santé Publique, d’Epidémiologie et de Développement, Université de Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle Santé Publique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maxime Locatelli
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM, U 1127, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM, U 1127, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie Chupin
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM, U 1127, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, F-75006 Paris, France ,Inserm, U1127 / CNRS, UMR 7225 / Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127 / ICM CATI, 1er étage, Paris, UK
| | - Julien Delrieu
- grid.414282.90000 0004 0639 4960Gérontopôle, Department of Geriatrics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France ,grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XUMR1027, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibaud Lebouvier
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845University of Lille, Inserm U1171, CHU, DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Gabriel Robert
- grid.411154.40000 0001 2175 0984Behavior and Basal Ganglia host team 4712, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France Department of Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, Guillaume Régnier Hospital Centre, Rennes, France
| | - Renaud David
- grid.410528.a0000 0001 2322 4179Department of Psychiatry, Memory Research and Resources Center, CHU Nice, Nice, France
| | - Samuel Bulteau
- grid.277151.70000 0004 0472 0371CHU de Nantes, addictology and liaison psychiatry department, 44000 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Arlicot
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France ,grid.12366.300000 0001 2182 6141INSERM CIC 1415, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Maria-Joao Ribeiro
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600CHU de Tours, Tours, France ,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France ,grid.12366.300000 0001 2182 6141INSERM CIC 1415, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Cottier
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600CHU de Tours, Tours, France ,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Valérie Gissot
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600CHU de Tours, Tours, France ,grid.12366.300000 0001 2182 6141INSERM CIC 1415, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600CHU de Tours, Tours, France ,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France ,grid.12366.300000 0001 2182 6141INSERM CIC 1415, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Camus
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600CHU de Tours, Tours, France ,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Bénédicte Gohier
- grid.411147.60000 0004 0472 0283Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Desmidt
- CHU de Tours, Tours, France. .,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
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Nutma E, Ceyzériat K, Amor S, Tsartsalis S, Millet P, Owen DR, Papadopoulos V, Tournier BB. Cellular sources of TSPO expression in healthy and diseased brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:146-163. [PMID: 33433698 PMCID: PMC8712293 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. TSPO binding, as measured with positron emission tomography (PET), is considered an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation. Indeed, TSPO expression is altered in neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases. In PET studies, the TSPO signal is often viewed as a marker of microglial cell activity. However, there is little evidence in support of a microglia-specific TSPO expression. This review describes the cellular sources and functions of TSPO in animal models of disease and human studies, in health, and in central nervous system diseases. A discussion of methods of analysis and of quantification of TSPO is also presented. Overall, it appears that the alterations of TSPO binding, their cellular underpinnings, and the functional significance of such alterations depend on many factors, notably the pathology or the animal model under study, the disease stage, and the involved brain regions. Thus, further studies are needed to fully determine how changes in TSPO binding occur at the cellular level with the ultimate goal of revealing potential therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stergios Tsartsalis
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philippe Millet
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R Owen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Avenue de la Roseraie, 64, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Hiser C, Montgomery BL, Ferguson-Miller S. TSPO protein binding partners in bacteria, animals, and plants. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:463-487. [PMID: 34191248 PMCID: PMC8243069 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ancient membrane protein TSPO is phylogenetically widespread from archaea and bacteria to insects, vertebrates, plants, and fungi. TSPO’s primary amino acid sequence is only modestly conserved between diverse species, although its five transmembrane helical structure appears mainly conserved. Its cellular location and orientation in membranes have been reported to vary between species and tissues, with implications for potential diverse binding partners and function. Most TSPO functions relate to stress-induced changes in metabolism, but in many cases it is unclear how TSPO itself functions—whether as a receptor, a sensor, a transporter, or a translocator. Much evidence suggests that TSPO acts indirectly by association with various protein binding partners or with endogenous or exogenous ligands. In this review, we focus on proteins that have most commonly been invoked as TSPO binding partners. We suggest that TSPO was originally a bacterial receptor/stress sensor associated with porphyrin binding as its most ancestral function and that it later developed additional stress-related roles in eukaryotes as its ability to bind new partners evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Hiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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6
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Maltsev DV, Spasov AA, Miroshnikov MV, Skripka MO. Current Approaches to the Search of Anxiolytic Drugs. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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De novo Neurosteroidogenesis in Human Microglia: Involvement of the 18 kDa Translocator Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063115. [PMID: 33803741 PMCID: PMC8003294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are potent modulators of microglial functions and are capable of counteracting their excessive reactivity. This action has mainly been ascribed to neuroactive steroids released from other sources, as microglia have been defined unable to produce neurosteroids de novo. Unexpectedly, immortalized murine microglia recently exhibited this de novo biosynthesis; herein, de novo neurosteroidogenesis was characterized in immortalized human microglia. The results demonstrated that C20 and HMC3 microglial cells constitutively express members of the neurosteroidogenesis multiprotein machinery-in particular, the transduceosome members StAR and TSPO, and the enzyme CYP11A1. Moreover, both cell lines produce pregnenolone and transcriptionally express the enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis. The high TSPO expression levels observed in microglia prompted us to assess its role in de novo neurosteroidogenesis. TSPO siRNA and TSPO synthetic ligand treatments were used to reduce and prompt TSPO function, respectively. The TSPO expression downregulation compromised the de novo neurosteroidogenesis and led to an increase in StAR expression, probably as a compensatory mechanism. The pharmacological TSPO stimulation the de novo neurosteroidogenesis improved in turn the neurosteroid-mediated release of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that de novo neurosteroidogenesis occurs in human microglia, unravelling a new mechanism potentially useful for future therapeutic purposes.
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Rivière G, Jaipuria G, Andreas LB, Leonov A, Giller K, Becker S, Zweckstetter M. Membrane-embedded TSPO: an NMR view. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 50:173-180. [PMID: 33354729 PMCID: PMC8071791 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translocator Protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is a mitochondrial transmembrane protein commonly used as a biomarker for neuroinflammation and is also a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Despite intensive research efforts, the function of TSPO is still largely enigmatic. Deciphering TSPO structure in the native lipid environment is essential to gain insight into its cellular activities and to design improved diagnostic and therapeutic ligands. Here, we discuss the influence of lipid composition on the structure of mammalian TSPO embedded into lipid bilayers on the basis of solid-state NMR experiments. We further highlight that cholesterol can influence both the tertiary and quaternary TSPO structure and also influence TSPO localization in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys Rivière
- Senior Research Group of Translational Structural Biology in Dementia, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Garima Jaipuria
- Senior Research Group of Translational Structural Biology in Dementia, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Loren B Andreas
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karin Giller
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Senior Research Group of Translational Structural Biology in Dementia, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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9
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Zhang H, Ma L, Guo WZ, Jiao LB, Zhao HY, Ma YQ, Hao XM. TSPO ligand etifoxine attenuates LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:178-184. [PMID: 33075418 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), once known as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, was reported to be related with several physiological functions. Etifoxine is a clinically available anxiolytic drug, and has recently shown neuroprotective effects as a TSPO ligand. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of etifoxine on LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. C57/BL6 male mice were injected with etifoxine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) three days before lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 500 μg/kg, i.p.) administration. Etifoxine pretreatment alleviated hippocampal inflammation, increased brain levels of progesterone, allopregnanolone and attenuated cognitive dysfunction in LPS-injected mice. While LPS increased expression of caspase-3 and decreased p-Akt/Akt, etifoxine returned caspase-3 and p-Akt/Akt to control levels. Finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor that blocked allopregnanolone production, partially reversed the effects of etifoxine. We concluded that etifoxine exerted neuroprotective effects in LPS-induced neuroinflammation and the neuroprotection may be related with increase of neurosteroids synthesis and decrease of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Air Force Medical Center of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lin-Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shouda E.E.N.T Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ya-Qun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xue-Mei Hao
- Operating Room, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
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10
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Qiu ZK, Liu X, Chen Y, Wu RJ, Guan SF, Pan YY, Wang QB, Tang D, Zhu T, Chen JS. Translocator protein 18 kDa: a potential therapeutic biomarker for post traumatic stress disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:695-707. [PMID: 32172519 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is widely regarded as a stress-related and trauma disorder. The symptoms of PTSD are characterized as a spectrum of vulnerabilities after the exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor. Considering as one of complex mental disorders, little progress has been made toward its diagnostic biomarkers, despite the involvement of PTSD has been studied. Many studies into the underlying neurobiology of PTSD implicated the dysfunction of neurosteroids biosynthesis and neuorinflammatory processes. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been considered as one of the promising therapeutic biomarkers for neurological stress disorders (like PTSD, depression, anxiety, et al) without the benzodiazepine-like side effects. This protein participates in the formation of neurosteroids and modulation of neuroinflammation. The review outlines current knowledge involving the role of TSPO in the neuropathology of PTSD and the anti-PTSD-like effects of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Medical Supplies Center of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Jia Wu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Feng Guan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yun Pan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Bo Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Acaz-Fonseca E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Burguete MC, Aliena-Valero A, Salom JB, Torregrosa G, García-Segura LM. Insight into the molecular sex dimorphism of ischaemic stroke in rat cerebral cortex: Focus on neuroglobin, sex steroids and autophagy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2756-2770. [PMID: 32243028 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Including sex is of paramount importance in preclinical and clinical stroke researches, and molecular studies dealing in depth with sex differences in stroke pathophysiology are needed. To gain insight into the molecular sex dimorphism of ischaemic stroke in rat cerebral cortex, male and female adult rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The expression of neuroglobin (Ngb) and other functionally related molecules involved in sex steroid signalling (oestrogen and androgen receptors), steroidogenesis (StAR, TSPO and aromatase) and autophagic activity (LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio, UCP2 and HIF-1α) was assessed in the ipsilateral ischaemic and contralateral non-ischaemic hemispheres. An increased expression of Ngb was detected in the injured female cerebral cortex. In contrast, increased expression of oestrogen receptor α, GPER, StAR, TSPO and UCP2, and decreased androgen receptor expression were detected in the injured male cortex. In both sexes, the ischaemic insult induced an upregulation of LC3B-II/-I ratio, indicative of increased autophagy. Therefore, the cerebral cortex activates both sex-specific and common molecular responses with neuroprotective potential after ischaemia-reperfusion, which globally results in similar stroke outcome in both sexes. Nonetheless, these different potential molecular targets should be taken into account when neuroprotective drugs aiming to reduce brain damage in ischaemic stroke are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Acaz-Fonseca
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María C Burguete
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis M García-Segura
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Serafini MM, Caruso D, Garcia-Segura LM, Viviani B, Melcangi RC. Sex differences in steroid levels and steroidogenesis in the nervous system: Physiopathological role. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100804. [PMID: 31689419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system, in addition to be a target for steroid hormones, is the source of a variety of neuroactive steroids, which are synthesized and metabolized by neurons and glial cells. Recent evidence indicates that the expression of neurosteroidogenic proteins and enzymes and the levels of neuroactive steroids are different in the nervous system of males and females. We here summarized the state of the art of neuroactive steroids, particularly taking in consideration sex differences occurring in the synthesis and levels of these molecules. In addition, we discuss the consequences of sex differences in neurosteroidogenesis for the function of the nervous system under healthy and pathological conditions and the implications of neuroactive steroids and neurosteroidogenesis for the development of sex-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Melania Maria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Viviani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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13
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Nozaki K, Ito H, Ohgidani M, Yamawaki Y, Sahin EH, Kitajima T, Katsumata S, Yamawaki S, Kato TA, Aizawa H. Antidepressant effect of the translocator protein antagonist ONO-2952 on mouse behaviors under chronic social defeat stress. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Desmidt T, Delrieu J, Lebouvier T, Robert G, David R, Balageas AC, Surget A, Belzung C, Arlicot N, Ribeiro MJ, Payoux P, Vellas B, El-Hage W, Tavernier E, Camus V. Benzodiazepine use and brain amyloid load in nondemented older individuals: a florbetapir PET study in the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Da Pozzo E, Tremolanti C, Costa B, Giacomelli C, Milenkovic VM, Bader S, Wetzel CH, Rupprecht R, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Martini C. Microglial Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Phenotypes Are Modulated by Translocator Protein Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184467. [PMID: 31510070 PMCID: PMC6770267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key role of the mitochondrial Translocator Protein 18 KDa (TSPO) in neuroinflammation has been recently proposed. However, little is known about TSPO-activated pathways underlying the modulation of reactive microglia. In the present work, the TSPO activation was explored in an in vitro human primary microglia model (immortalized C20 cells) under inflammatory stimulus. Two different approaches were used with the aim to (i) pharmacologically amplify or (ii) silence, by the lentiviral short hairpin RNA, the TSPO physiological function. In the TSPO pharmacological stimulation model, the synthetic steroidogenic selective ligand XBD-173 attenuated the activation of microglia. Indeed, it reduces and increases the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Such ligand-induced effects were abolished when C20 cells were treated with the steroidogenesis inhibitor aminoglutethimide. This suggests a role for neurosteroids in modulating the interleukin production. The highly steroidogenic ligand XBD-173 attenuated the neuroinflammatory response more effectively than the poorly steroidogenic ones, which suggests that the observed modulation on the cytokine release may be influenced by the levels of produced neurosteroids. In the TSPO silencing model, the reduction of TSPO caused a more inflamed phenotype with respect to scrambled cells. Similarly, during the inflammatory response, the TSPO silencing increased and reduced the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. In conclusion, the obtained results are in favor of a homeostatic role for TSPO in the context of dynamic balance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory mediators in the human microglia-mediated inflammatory response. Interestingly, our preliminary results propose that the TSPO expression could be stimulated by NF-κB during activation of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.D.P.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.T.); (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Tremolanti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.D.P.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.T.); (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.D.P.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.T.); (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.D.P.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.T.); (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Vladimir M. Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany; (V.M.M.); (S.B.); (C.H.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Stefanie Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany; (V.M.M.); (S.B.); (C.H.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Christian H. Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany; (V.M.M.); (S.B.); (C.H.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Neurosciences, University of Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany; (V.M.M.); (S.B.); (C.H.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.D.P.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.T.); (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.D.P.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.T.); (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.D.P.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.T.); (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
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Arbo B, Ribeiro M, Garcia-Segura L. Development of new treatments for Alzheimer's disease based on the modulation of translocator protein (TSPO). Ageing Res Rev 2019; 54:100943. [PMID: 31430564 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The increase in life expectancy of the world population is associated with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting currently 43 million people over the world. To date, most of the pharmacological interventions in AD are intended for the alleviation of some of its symptoms, and there are no effective treatments to inhibit the progression of the disease. Translocator protein (TSPO) is present in contact points between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes and is involved in the control of steroidogenesis, inflammation and apoptosis. In the last decade, studies have shown that TSPO ligands present neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of AD, both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this review is to analyze the data provided by these studies and to discuss if TSPO could be a viable therapeutic target for the development of new treatments for AD.
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Substrate Reduction Therapy for Sandhoff Disease through Inhibition of Glucosylceramide Synthase Activity. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1495-1506. [PMID: 31208914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronopathic glycosphingolipidoses are a sub-group of lysosomal storage disorders for which there are presently no effective therapies. Here, we evaluated the potential of substrate reduction therapy (SRT) using an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) to decrease the synthesis of glucosylceramide (GL1) and related glycosphingolipids. The substrates that accumulate in Sandhoff disease (e.g., ganglioside GM2 and its nonacylated derivative, lyso-GM2) are distal to the drug target, GCS. Treatment of Sandhoff mice with a GCS inhibitor that has demonstrated CNS access (Genz-682452) reduced the accumulation of GL1 and GM2, as well as a variety of disease-associated substrates in the liver and brain. Concomitant with these effects was a significant decrease in the expression of CD68 and glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma B protein (Gpnmb) in the brain, indicating a reduction in microgliosis in the treated mice. Moreover, using in vivo imaging, we showed that the monocytic biomarker translocator protein (TSPO), which was elevated in Sandhoff mice, was normalized following Genz-682452 treatment. These positive effects translated in turn into a delay (∼28 days) in loss of motor function and coordination, as measured by rotarod latency, and a significant increase in longevity (∼17.5%). Together, these results support the development of SRT for the treatment of gangliosidoses, particularly in patients with residual enzyme activity.
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18
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TSPO Ligands Promote Cholesterol Efflux and Suppress Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Choroidal Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123740. [PMID: 30477223 PMCID: PMC6321017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroidal endothelial cells supply oxygen and nutrients to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors, recycle metabolites, and dispose of metabolic waste through the choroidal blood circulation. Death of the endothelial cells of the choroid may cause abnormal deposits including unesterified and esterified cholesterol beneath RPE cells and within Bruch’s membrane that contribute to the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most prevalent cause of blindness in older people. Translocator protein (TSPO) is a cholesterol-binding protein that is involved in mitochondrial cholesterol transport and other cellular functions. We have investigated the role of TSPO in choroidal endothelial cells. Immunocytochemistry showed that TSPO was localized to the mitochondria of choroidal endothelial cells. Choroidal endothelial cells exposed to TSPO ligands (Etifoxine or XBD-173) had significantly increased cholesterol efflux, higher expression of cholesterol homeostasis genes (LXRα, CYP27A1, CYP46A1, ABCA1 and ABCG1), and reduced biosynthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids from [14C]acetate, when compared to untreated controls. Treatment with TSPO ligands also resulted in reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased antioxidant capacity, and reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF) induced by oxidized LDL. These data suggest TSPO ligands may offer promise for the treatment of AMD.
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Qiu ZK, Liu X, Tang D, Zhang Z, Fan QH, Pan YY, Chen YY, Huang MY, Zhu T, Wang YL, Cheng XF, Chen JS. Cytoprotective effects of paeoniflorin are associated with translocator protein 18 kDa. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:19-23. [PMID: 30075369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is one of the important active components in peony that are known to produce the neuroprotective effects. However, the involved cytoprotective factors on brain astrocytes are remain unclear. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) and its downstream neurosteroids biosynthesis play a significant role in cytoprotection. Based on these, the role of TSPO and neurosteroids biosynthesis in the cytoprotective effects of PF is evaluated. The astrocyte cells were cultured and AC-5216 (TSPO ligand) was selected as the positive control drug. The cytoprotective effects of PF and the levels of neurosteroids were quantified by water-soluble tetrazolium assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The cytoprotective activities of PF were relevant to neurosteroids (e.g. progsterone and allopregnanolone) biosynthesis, while these effects were totally blocked by PK11195, trilostane and finasteride, respectively. In summary, the cytoprotective effects of PF maybe mediated by TSPO and neurosteroids biosynthesis. The findings may provide the new insights into the cytoprotective effects of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qing-Hong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yun-Yun Pan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Mei-Yan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yu-Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fang Cheng
- Tuina and Pain Management Department, Shenzhen LongGang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital), Shenzhen 518172, PR China.
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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20
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Mendell AL, MacLusky NJ. Neurosteroid Metabolites of Gonadal Steroid Hormones in Neuroprotection: Implications for Sex Differences in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:359. [PMID: 30344476 PMCID: PMC6182082 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadal steroid hormones are neurotrophic and neuroprotective. These effects are modulated by local metabolism of the hormones within the brain. Such control is necessary to maintain normal function, as several signaling pathways that are activated by gonadal steroid hormones in the brain can also become dysregulated in disease. Metabolites of the gonadal steroid hormones—particularly 3α-hydroxy, 5α-reduced neurosteroids—are synthesized in the brain and can act through different mechanisms from their parent steroids. These metabolites may provide a mechanism for modulating the responses to their precursor hormones, thereby providing a regulatory influence on cellular responses. In addition, there is evidence that the 3α-hydroxy, 5α-reduced neurosteroids are neuroprotective in their own right, and therefore may contribute to the overall protection conferred by their precursors. In this review article, the rapidly growing body of evidence supporting a neuroprotective role for this class of neurosteroids will be considered, including a discussion of potential mechanisms that may be involved. In addition, we explore the hypothesis that differences between males and females in local neurosteroid production may contribute to sex differences in the development of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Loren Mendell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Neil James MacLusky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Christensen A, Pike CJ. TSPO ligand PK11195 improves Alzheimer-related outcomes in aged female 3xTg-AD mice. Neurosci Lett 2018; 683:7-12. [PMID: 29925037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is a multifactorial process that involves numerous pathways within the central nervous system. Thus, interventions that interact with several disease-related pathways may offer an increased opportunity for successful prevention and treatment of AD. Translocator protein 18 kD (TSPO) is a mitochondrial protein that is associated with regulation of many cellular processes including inflammation, steroid synthesis, apoptosis, and mitochondrial respiration. Although TSPO ligands have been shown to be protective in several neurodegenerative paradigms, little work has been done to assess their potential as treatments for AD. Female 3xTg-AD mice were administered the TSPO ligand PK11195 once weekly for 5 weeks beginning at 16 months, an age characterized by extensive β-amyloid pathology and behavioral impairments. Animals treated with PK11195 showed improvements in behavior and modest reductions of in both soluble and deposited β-amyloid. The finding that short-term PK11195 treatment was effective in improving both behavioral and pathological outcomes in a model of late-stage AD supports further investigation of TSPO ligands as potential therapeutics for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christensen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA.
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Li XB, Liu A, Yang L, Zhang K, Wu YM, Zhao MG, Liu SB. Antidepressant-like effects of translocator protein (18 kDa) ligand ZBD-2 in mouse models of postpartum depression. Mol Brain 2018; 11:12. [PMID: 29506545 PMCID: PMC5838882 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is primarily localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane of steroid-synthesizing cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. One of the protein’s main functions is transporting substrate cholesterol into the mitochondria in a prerequisite process for steroid synthesis. Clinical trials have indicated that TSPO ligands might be valuable in treating some neuropathies and psychopathies. However, limited information is known about the role of TSPO in postpartum depression (PPD). The TSPO ligand ZBD-2, a derivative of XBD173, was synthesized in our laboratory. Behavioral tests, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot were employed to evaluate ZBD-2’s efficacy against PPD and to elucidate the potential underlying molecular mechanism. The TSPO levels significantly decreased in the basolateral amygdala of PPD models. After treatment for 2 weeks, ZBD-2 alleviated depression-like behaviors and enhanced the TSPO level in a PPD animal model. The underlying mechanisms of ZBD-2 were related to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, enhance 5-HT and BDNF secretion, and maintain the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic protein expression to normal levels. Our results directly confirm that ZBD-2 exerts a therapeutic effect on PPD, which provides a new target for anti-PPD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bo Li
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - An Liu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an, 710038, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Chen Y, Veenman L, Singh S, Ouyang F, Liang J, Huang W, Marek I, Zeng J, Gavish M. 2-Cl-MGV-1 Ameliorates Apoptosis in the Thalamus and Hippocampus and Cognitive Deficits After Cortical Infarct in Rats. Stroke 2017; 48:3366-3374. [PMID: 29146879 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Focal cortical infarction causes neuronal apoptosis in the ipsilateral nonischemic thalamus and hippocampus, which is potentially associated with poststroke cognitive deficits. TSPO (translocator protein) is critical in regulating mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. We examined the effects of the novel TSPO ligand 2-(2-chlorophenyl) quinazolin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate (2-Cl-MGV-1) on poststroke cognitive deficits, neuronal mitochondrial apoptosis, and secondary damage in the ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus after cortical infarction. METHODS One hundred fourteen hypertensive rats underwent successful distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=76) or sham procedures (n=38). 2-Cl-MGV-1 or dimethyl sulfoxide as vehicle was administrated 2 hours after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and then for 6 or 13 days (n=19 per group). Spatial learning and memory were tested using the Morris water maze. Secondary degeneration and mitochondrial apoptosis in the thalamus and hippocampus were assessed using Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, JC-1 staining, and immunoblotting 7 and 14 days after surgery. RESULTS Infarct volumes did not significantly differ between the vehicle and 2-Cl-MGV-1 groups. There were more neurons and fewer glia in the ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus in the vehicle groups than in the sham-operated group 7 and 14 days post-distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. 2-Cl-MGV-1 significantly ameliorated spatial cognitive impairment and decreased neuronal death and glial activation when compared with vehicle treatment (P<0.05). The collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and cytoplasmic release of apoptosis-inducing factors and cytochrome c was prevented within the thalamus. Caspase cleavage and the numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling+ or Nissl atrophic cells were reduced within the thalamus and hippocampus. This was accompanied by upregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 and downregulation of Bax (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS 2-Cl-MGV-1 reduces neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathways and attenuates secondary damage in the nonischemic thalamus and hippocampus, potentially contributing to ameliorated cognitive deficits after cortical infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Chen
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.)
| | - Leo Veenman
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.)
| | - Sukhdev Singh
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.)
| | - Fubing Ouyang
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.)
| | - Jiahui Liang
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.)
| | - Weixian Huang
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.)
| | - Ilan Marek
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.)
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.).
| | - Moshe Gavish
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.C., F.O., J.L., W.H., J.Z.); Department of Neuroscience, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (L.V., M.G.); and Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (S.S., I.M.).
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24
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Arbo BD, Hoppe JB, Rodrigues K, Garcia-Segura LM, Salbego CG, Ribeiro MF. 4'-Chlorodiazepam is neuroprotective against amyloid-beta in organotypic hippocampal cultures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:281-287. [PMID: 28442392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein involved in the transport of cholesterol into the mitochondria, which is the first step for the synthesis of steroid hormones, as well as in the regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and apoptosis. Studies have shown that the activation of TSPO may promote neuroprotective actions in experimental models of neurodegeneration and brain injury. In a previous study, our group showed that 4'-chlorodiazepam (4'-CD), a TSPO ligand, was neuroprotective against amyloid-beta (Aβ) in SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate if 4'-CD was also neuroprotective against Aβ in organotypic hippocampal cultures and to identify its mechanisms of action. Aβ decreased the cell viability of organotypic hippocampal cultures, while 4'-CD had a neuroprotective effect when administered at 100nM and 1000nM. The neuroprotective effects of 4'-CD against Aβ were associated with an increased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD). No differences were found in the expression of catalase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Akt and procaspase-3. In summary, our results show that 4'-CD is neuroprotective against Aβ by a mechanism involving the modulation of SOD protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Arbo
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral - Department of Physiology - ICBS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - J B Hoppe
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Sinalização Celular - Department of Biochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - K Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Sinalização Celular - Department of Biochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - C G Salbego
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Sinalização Celular - Department of Biochemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral - Department of Physiology - ICBS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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25
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Baez E, Guio-Vega GP, Echeverria V, Sandoval-Rueda DA, Barreto GE. 4'-Chlorodiazepam Protects Mitochondria in T98G Astrocyte Cell Line from Glucose Deprivation. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:163-171. [PMID: 28405935 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), formerly known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is considered an important regulator of steroidogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in neurological disorders. Previous evidence suggests that TSPO ligands can protect cells during injury and prevent apoptosis in central nervous system (CNS) cells. However, its actions on astrocytic cells under metabolic injury are not well understood. In this study, we explored whether 4'-chlorodiazepam (Ro5-4864), a TSPO ligand, might protect astrocyte mitochondria under glucose deprivation. Our results showed that 4'-chlorodiazepam preserved cell viability and reduced nuclear fragmentation in glucose-deprived cells. These effects were accompanied by a reduced production of free radicals and maintenance of mitochondrial functions in cells treated with 4'-chlorodiazepam. Finally, our findings suggest that TSPO might be involved in reducing oxidative stress by preserving mitochondrial functions in astrocytic cells exposed to glucose withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Baez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Gina Paola Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Daniel Andres Sandoval-Rueda
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. .,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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26
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Dupont AC, Largeau B, Santiago Ribeiro MJ, Guilloteau D, Tronel C, Arlicot N. Translocator Protein-18 kDa (TSPO) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging and Its Clinical Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040785. [PMID: 28387722 PMCID: PMC5412369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo exploration of activated microglia in neurodegenerative diseases is achievable by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, using dedicated radiopharmaceuticals targeting the translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO). In this review, we emphasized the major advances made over the last 20 years, thanks to TSPO PET imaging, to define the pathophysiological implication of microglia activation and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and also in psychiatric disorders. The extent and upregulation of TSPO as a molecular biomarker of activated microglia in the human brain is now widely documented in these pathologies, but its significance, and especially its protective or deleterious action regarding the disease’s stage, remains under debate. Thus, we exposed new and plausible suggestions to enhance the contribution of TSPO PET imaging for biomedical research by exploring microglia’s role and interactions with other cells in brain parenchyma. Multiplex approaches, associating TSPO PET radiopharmaceuticals with other biomarkers (PET imaging of cellular metabolism, neurotransmission or abnormal protein aggregates, but also other imaging modalities, and peripheral cytokine levels measurement and/or metabolomics analysis) was considered. Finally, the actual clinical impact of TSPO PET imaging as a routine biomarker of neuroinflammation was put into perspective regarding the current development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Dupont
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | | | - Maria Joao Santiago Ribeiro
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Denis Guilloteau
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Claire Tronel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
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27
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Arbo BD, Vieira-Marques C, Ruiz-Palmero I, Ortiz-Rodriguez A, Arevalo MA, Garcia-Segura LM, Ribeiro MF. 4'-Chlorodiazepam modulates the development of primary hippocampal neurons in a sex-dependent manner. Neurosci Lett 2016; 639:98-102. [PMID: 28041963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and is involved in the cholesterol transport into the mitochondria and in the regulation of steroidogenesis and other mitochondrial functions. It is known that steroid hormones, such as estradiol, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are neuroprotective and regulate neuritogenesis in the CNS by different mechanisms. However, the developmental effects of TSPO ligands in the CNS are not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the developmental effects of 4'-chlorodiazepam (4'-CD), a TSPO ligand, in primary cultures of male and female mouse hippocampal neurons. We observed that female neurons showed an advanced neuritogenesis compared to male neurons after 2days in vitro. Moreover, it was shown that 4'-CD administration accelerated the maturation of male hippocampal neurons, without changing the development of female neurons. These findings, showing that 4'-CD modulates the development of hippocampal neurons in a sex-dependent manner, suggest that TSPO may be involved in the regulation of neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Arbo
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 (90050-170), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37 (28002), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Vieira-Marques
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 (90050-170), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37 (28002), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Ruiz-Palmero
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37 (28002), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ortiz-Rodriguez
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37 (28002), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37 (28002), Madrid, Spain
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37 (28002), Madrid, Spain
| | - M F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 (90050-170), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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28
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Lee JW, Nam H, Yu SW. Systematic Analysis of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Ligands on Toll-like Receptors-mediated Pro-inflammatory Responses in Microglia and Astrocytes. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:262-268. [PMID: 27790060 PMCID: PMC5081472 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.5.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a mitochondrial protein highly expressed on reactive microglia and astrocytes, and is considered as a biomarker for neurodegeneration and brain damage, especially neuroinflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely related with inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes and these signaling pathways regulate neuroinflammation. Previous reports have identified the anti-inflammatory effects of TSPO ligands, however study of their effects in relation to the TLR signaling was limited. Here, we investigated the effects of five representative TSPO ligands on microglia and astrocytes following activation by various TLR ligands. Our results show that TSPO ligands reduce the pro-inflammatory response elicited by the TLR ligands with more profound effects on microglia than astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hyeri Nam
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea.; Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
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29
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TSPO ligands stimulate ZnPPIX transport and ROS accumulation leading to the inhibition of P. falciparum growth in human blood. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33516. [PMID: 27641616 PMCID: PMC5027585 DOI: 10.1038/srep33516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
After invading red blood cells (RBCs), Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) can export its own proteins to the host membrane and activate endogenous channels that are present in the membrane of RBCs. This transport pathway involves the Voltage Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC). Moreover, ligands of the VDAC partner TranSlocator PrOtein (TSPO) were demonstrated to inhibit the growth of the parasite. We studied the expression of TSPO and VDAC isoforms in late erythroid precursors, examined the presence of these proteins in membranes of non-infected and infected human RBCs, and evaluated the efficiency of TSPO ligands in inhibiting plasmodium growth, transporting the haem analogue Zn-protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX) and enhancing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). TSPO and VDAC isoforms are differentially expressed on erythroid cells in late differentiation states. TSPO2 and VDAC are present in the membranes of mature RBCs in a unique protein complex that changes the affinity of TSPO ligands after Pf infection. TSPO ligands dose-dependently inhibited parasite growth, and this inhibition was correlated to ZnPPIX uptake and ROS accumulation in the infected RBCs. Our results demonstrate that TSPO ligands can induce Pf death by increasing the uptake of porphyrins through a TSPO2-VDAC complex, which leads to an accumulation of ROS.
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30
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TSPO: kaleidoscopic 18-kDa amid biochemical pharmacology, control and targeting of mitochondria. Biochem J 2016; 473:107-21. [PMID: 26733718 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) localizes in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) of cells and is readily up-regulated under various pathological conditions such as cancer, inflammation, mechanical lesions and neurological diseases. Able to bind with high affinity synthetic and endogenous ligands, its core biochemical function resides in the translocation of cholesterol into the mitochondria influencing the subsequent steps of (neuro-)steroid synthesis and systemic endocrine regulation. Over the years, however, TSPO has also been linked to core cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. It interacts and forms complexes with other mitochondrial proteins such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) via which signalling and regulatory transduction of these core cellular events may be influenced. Despite nearly 40 years of study, the precise functional role of TSPO beyond cholesterol trafficking remains elusive even though the recent breakthroughs on its high-resolution crystal structure and contribution to quality-control signalling of mitochondria. All this along with a captivating pharmacological profile provides novel opportunities to investigate and understand the significance of this highly conserved protein as well as contribute the development of specific therapeutics as presented and discussed in the present review.
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31
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Arbo BD, Marques CV, Ruiz-Palmero I, Ortiz-Rodriguez A, Ghorbanpoor S, Arevalo MA, Garcia-Segura LM, Ribeiro MF. 4'-Chlorodiazepam is neuroprotective against amyloid-beta through the modulation of survivin and bax protein expression in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1632:91-7. [PMID: 26707976 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein of 18kDa (TSPO) is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and is involved in the cholesterol transport into the mitochondria and in the regulation of steroidogenesis, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and apoptosis. TSPO ligands have been investigated as therapeutic agents that promote neuroprotective effects in experimental models of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the neuroprotective effects of 4'-chlorodiazepam (4'-CD), a ligand of TSPO, against amyloid-beta (Aβ) in SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells and its mechanisms of action. Aβ decreased the viability of SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells, while 4'-CD had a neuroprotective effect at the doses of 1nM and 10nM. The neuroprotective effects of 4'-CD against Aβ were associated with the inhibition of Aβ-induced upregulation of Bax and downregulation of survivin. In summary, our findings indicate that 4'-CD is neuroprotective against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by a mechanism that may involve the regulation of Bax and survivin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Arbo
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - C V Marques
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Ruiz-Palmero
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ortiz-Rodriguez
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Ghorbanpoor
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal - CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - M F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, Department of Physiology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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