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Wang F, Eikeland E, Reidunsdatter RJ, Hagen L, Engstrøm MJ, Geisler J, Haanpää M, Hämäläinen E, Giskeødegård GF, Bathen TF. Quantification of multiple steroid hormones in serum and human breast cancer tissue by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1383104. [PMID: 38863629 PMCID: PMC11165045 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1383104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic and local steroid hormone levels may function as novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer patients. We aimed at developing a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous measurement of multiple, biologically pivotal steroid hormones in human serum and breast cancer tissue. Methods The quantitative method consisted of liquid-liquid extraction, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography for tissue extracts, and analysis of steroid hormones by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We analyzed serum and tissue steroid hormone levels in 16 and 40 breast cancer patients, respectively, and assessed their correlations with clinical parameters. Results The method included quantification of nine steroid hormones in serum [including cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione (A4), testosterone and progesterone) and six (including cortisone, corticosterone, E1, E2, A4, and testosterone) in cancer tissue. The lower limits of quantification were between 0.003-10 ng/ml for serum (250 µl) and 0.038-125 pg/mg for tissue (20 mg), respectively. Accuracy was between 98%-126%, intra-assay coefficient of variations (CV) was below 15%, and inter-assay CV were below 11%. The analytical recoveries for tissue were between 76%-110%. Tissue levels of E1 were positively correlated with tissue E2 levels (p<0.001), and with serum levels of E1, E2 and A4 (p<0.01). Tissue E2 levels were positively associated with serum E1 levels (p=0.02), but not with serum E2 levels (p=0.12). The levels of tissue E2 and ratios of E1 to A4 levels (an index for aromatase activity) were significantly higher in patients with larger tumors (p=0.03 and p=0.02, respectively). Conclusions The method was convenient and suitable for a specific and accurate profiling of clinically important steroid hormones in serum. However, the sensitivity of the profile method in steroid analysis in tissue samples is limited, but it can be used for the analysis of steroids in breast cancer tissues if the size of the sample or its steroid content is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Breast and Endocrine of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eline Eikeland
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Randi J. Reidunsdatter
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Hagen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- PROMEC Core Facility for Proteomics and Modomics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority Norway, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Monica J. Engstrøm
- Department of Breast and Endocrine of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikko Haanpää
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Guro F. Giskeødegård
- Department of Breast and Endocrine of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tone F. Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Sex Steroid Hormone Analysis in Human Tear Fluid Using a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314864. [PMID: 36499192 PMCID: PMC9735929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The marked sexual dimorphism prevalent in inflammatory/autoimmune diseases is mostly due to sex hormone actions. One common eye disease that disproportionately affects women is dry eye. Thus, our aim was to optimise our highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for steroid hormone quantification in tear fluid (TF). We used tears and matched serum samples from 10 heathy individuals. Estrone, estradiol testosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone, were quantified with an HPLC coupled with a Triple Quad 5500 MS. Estrone was measured in 80% of female and 20% of male TF samples (mean ± SD, 68.9 ± 62.2 pmol/L), whereas estradiol was undetectable in tears. Progesterone was identified in half of the female tear samples (2.91 ± 3.47 nmol/L) but in none of the male samples, whereas testosterone was quantifiable only in male tears (0.24 ± 0.1 nmol/L). TF hormone levels were, on average, from 1.4% to 55% of systemic values. Estrone, progesterone, and testosterone levels in tears correlated with the matching serum samples (r = 0.82, 0.79, and 0.85, respectively), but androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone showed no correlations. Our LC-MS/MS method could detect five out of the six steroid hormones studied in individual human TF samples and could therefore be used to analyse the role of sex steroids in eye diseases.
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Hetemäki N, Mikkola TS, Tikkanen MJ, Wang F, Hämäläinen E, Turpeinen U, Haanpää M, Vihma V, Savolainen-Peltonen H. Adipose tissue estrogen production and metabolism in premenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 209:105849. [PMID: 33610799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the ovaries produce the majority of estrogens in women before menopause, estrogen is also synthesized in peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue (AT). The typical female AT distribution, concentrated in subcutaneous and femoro-gluteal regions, is estrogen-mediated, but the significance of estrogen synthesis in AT of premenopausal women is poorly understood. DESIGN AND METHODS Serum and subcutaneous and visceral AT homogenates from 28 premenopausal women undergoing non-malignant surgery were analyzed for estrone, estradiol, and serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Isotopic precursors were used to measure enzyme activities of estrone-producing steroid sulfatase and estradiol-producing 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD). Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of genes for estrogen-metabolizing enzymes were analyzed using real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS While estradiol was the predominant circulating active estrogen, estrone dominated in AT, with a higher concentration in visceral than subcutaneous AT (median, 2657 vs 1459 pmol/kg; P = 0.002). Both AT depots converted circulating E1S to estrone, and estrone to estradiol. Median levels of estrone were five to ten times higher in subcutaneous and visceral AT than in serum (P < 0.001) and the estradiol level in visceral AT was 1.3 times higher than in serum (P < 0.005). The local estrone concentration in visceral AT correlated positively with mRNA expression of estrone-producing enzyme aromatase (r = 0.65, P = 0.003). Waist circumference correlated positively with increased estradiol production in subcutaneous AT (r = 0.60, P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Premenopausal AT demonstrated high estrogenic enzyme activity and considerable local estrogen concentrations. This may be a factor promoting female-typical AT distribution in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hetemäki
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Turpeinen
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Haanpää
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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van Winden LJ, Kok M, Acda M, Dezentje V, Linn S, Shi RZ, van Rossum HH. Simultaneous analysis of E1 and E2 by LC-MS/MS in healthy volunteers: estimation of reference intervals and comparison with a conventional E2 immunoassay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1178:122563. [PMID: 34224962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring estrogen levels, especially estradiol (E2), is amongst others important for determining menopausal status and guidance of breast cancer treatment. We validated a serum E2 and estrone (E1) liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry assay (LC-MS/MS) suitable for quantitation in human subjects. In addition, we compared our method with an E2 immunoassay (IA) and established preliminary reference values. Validation parameters were within the predetermined acceptance criteria. Assay linearity ranges were 4-1500 pmol/L for E1 and 4-2500 pmol/L for E2. Imprecision ranged from 7.4 to 9.6%. The lower limit of quantitation for E2 (8.0 pmol/L) was 11.4 times lower than the IA. The method comparison revealed differences in E2 quantitation up to 155% between both methods. The method allowed quantitation of E1 in all healthy volunteers, while E2 could not be detected in 95% versus 40% of the post-menopausal women using IA and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Male, pre-, peri- and postmenopausal female reference values were estimated. An LC-MS/MS based method combining E1 and E2 analysis was validated with superior E2 analytical sensitivity when compared to the IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart J van Winden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maik Kok
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Acda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Dezentje
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Linn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Run-Zhang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Huub H van Rossum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Miniewska K, Godzien J, Mojsak P, Maliszewska K, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. Mass spectrometry-based determination of lipids and small molecules composing adipose tissue with a focus on brown adipose tissue. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113623. [PMID: 32966938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been the subject of research for a very long time. Many studies perform a comprehensive analysis of different types of adipose tissue with an emphasis on brown adipose tissue. Mass spectrometry-based approaches are particularly useful in the exploration not only of the metabolic composition of adipose tissue but also its function. In the presented review, a complex and critical overview of publications devoted to the analysis of adipose tissue by means of mass spectrometry was performed. Detailed investigation of analytical aspects related to either untargeted or targeted analysis of adipose tissue was performed, leading to the formation of a collection of hints at the available analytical methods. Moreover, a profound analysis of the metabolic composition of brown adipose tissue was performed. Brown adipose tissue metabolome was characterized on structural and functional levels, providing information about its exact metabolic composition but also connecting these molecules and placing them into biochemical pathways. All our work resulted in a very broad picture of the analysis of adipose tissue, starting from the analytical aspects and finishing on the current knowledge about its composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Miniewska
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Godzien
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Patrycja Mojsak
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maliszewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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Influence of breast cancer risk factors and intramammary biotransformation on estrogen homeostasis in the human breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3013-3025. [PMID: 32572548 PMCID: PMC7415756 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding intramammary estrogen homeostasis constitutes the basis of understanding the role of lifestyle factors in breast cancer etiology. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify variables influencing levels of the estrogens present in normal breast glandular and adipose tissues (GLT and ADT, i.e., 17β-estradiol, estrone, estrone-3-sulfate, and 2-methoxy-estrone) by multiple linear regression models. Explanatory variables (exVARs) considered were (a) levels of metabolic precursors as well as levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in estrogen (biotrans)formation, (b) data on breast cancer risk factors (i.e., body mass index, BMI, intake of estrogen-active drugs, and smoking) collected by questionnaire, and (c) tissue characteristics (i.e., mass percentage of oil, oil%, and lobule type of the GLT). Levels of estrogens in GLT and ADT were influenced by both extramammary production (menopausal status, intake of estrogen-active drugs, and BMI) thus showing that variables known to affect levels of circulating estrogens influence estrogen levels in breast tissues as well for the first time. Moreover, intratissue (biotrans)formation (by aromatase, hydroxysteroid-17beta-dehydrogenase 2, and beta-glucuronidase) influenced intratissue estrogen levels, as well. Distinct differences were observed between the exVARs exhibiting significant influence on (a) levels of specific estrogens and (b) the same dependent variables in GLT and ADT. Since oil% and lobule type of GLT influenced levels of some estrogens, these variables may be included in tissue characterization to prevent sample bias. In conclusion, evidence for the intracrine activity of the human breast supports biotransformation-based strategies for breast cancer prevention. The susceptibility of estrogen homeostasis to systemic and tissue-specific modulation renders both beneficial and adverse effects of further variables associated with lifestyle and the environment possible.
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Laforest S, Pelletier M, Denver N, Poirier B, Nguyen S, Walker BR, Durocher F, Homer NZM, Diorio C, Andrew R, Tchernof A. Estrogens and Glucocorticoids in Mammary Adipose Tissue: Relationships with Body Mass Index and Breast Cancer Features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5680713. [PMID: 31853538 PMCID: PMC7065843 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adipose tissue is an important site for extragonadal steroid hormone biosynthesis through the expression and activity of P450 aromatase, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1, and 17β-HSDs. The contribution of steroid hormones produced by adjacent adipose tissue for the progression and survival of breast tumors is unknown. OBJECTIVE To quantify estrogens (estradiol, estrone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone) in breast adipose tissue from both healthy and diseased women and their relationships with adiposity indices and breast cancer prognostic markers. DESIGN AND SETTING Breast adipose tissue was collected at time of surgery. PATIENTS Pre- and postmenopausal women undergoing partial mastectomy for treatment of breast cancer (n = 17) or reduction mammoplasty (n = 6) were studied. INTERVENTIONS Relative estrogen and glucocorticoid amounts were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The targeted steroids were reliably detected and quantified in mammary adipose tissues. Women with ER+/PR+ tumor had higher relative estradiol amount than women with ER-/PR- tumor (P < .05). The ratio of estradiol-to-estrone was higher in lean women than in women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (P < .05). Mixed-model analyses showed that estradiol, cortisone, and cortisol were negatively associated with tumor size (P < .05). Relationships between glucocorticoids and tumor size remained significant after adjustment for BMI. The cortisol-to-cortisone ratio was negatively associated with tumor stage (P < .05) independently of BMI. CONCLUSIONS We reliably quantified estrogens and glucocorticoids in breast adipose tissue from healthy women and women suffering from breast cancer. Our findings suggest that smaller breast tumors are associated with higher relative amounts of estradiol and cortisol in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Laforest
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brigitte Poirier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Nguyen
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francine Durocher
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - André Tchernof
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: André Tchernof, PhD, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Y4212, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5. E-mail:
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Laforest S, Pelletier M, Denver N, Poirier B, Nguyen S, Walker BR, Durocher F, Homer NZM, Diorio C, Tchernof A, Andrew R. Simultaneous quantification of estrogens and glucocorticoids in human adipose tissue by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105476. [PMID: 31561001 PMCID: PMC7099401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of estrogens, androgens and glucocorticoids as well as their receptors and steroid converting enzymes in adipose tissue has been established. Their contribution to diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hormone-dependent cancers is an active area of research. Our objective was to develop a LC-MS/MS method to quantify bioactive estrogens and glucocorticoids simultaneously in human adipose tissue. Estrogens and glucocorticoids were extracted from adipose tissue samples using solid-phase extraction. Estrogens were derivatized using 1-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (PPZ) and methyl iodide to generate a permanently charged molecule (MPPZ). Steroids were separated and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The limit of quantitation for the steroids was between 15 and 100 pg per sample. Accuracy and precision were acceptable (<20%). Using this method, estradiol, estrone, cortisone and cortisol were quantified in adipose tissue from women with and without breast cancer. This novel assay of estrogens and glucocorticoids by LC-MS/MS coupled with derivatization allowed simultaneous quantification of a panel of steroids in human adipose tissue across the endogenous range of concentrations encountered in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Laforest
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Poirier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Nguyen
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK; Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Francine Durocher
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre des maladies du sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada; CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Endocrinology and Nephrology Division), School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Quebec Heart Lung Institute, Québec, Canada
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Pemp D, Kleider C, Schmalbach K, Hauptstein R, Geppert LN, Köllmann C, Ickstadt K, Eckert P, Neshkova I, Jakubietz R, Esch HL, Lehmann L. Qualitative and quantitative differences in estrogen biotransformation in human breast glandular and adipose tissues: implications for studies using mammary biospecimens. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2823-2833. [PMID: 31489452 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of its assumed role in breast cancer etiology, estrogen biotransformation (and interaction of compounds therewith) has been investigated in human biospecimens for decades. However, little attention has been paid to the well-known fact that large inter-individual variations exist in the proportion of breast glandular (GLT) and adipose (ADT) tissues and less to adequate tissue characterization. To assess the relevance of this, the present study compares estrogen biotransformation in GLT and ADT. GLT and ADT were isolated from 47 reduction mammoplasty specimens derived from women without breast cancer and were characterized histologically and by their percentages of oil. Levels of 12 unconjugated and five conjugated estrogens were analyzed by GC- and UHPLC-MS/MS, respectively, and levels of 27 transcripts encoding proteins involved in estrogen biotransformation by Taqman® probe-based PCR. Unexpectedly, one-third of specimens provided neat GLT only after cryosection. Whereas 17β-estradiol, estrone, and estrone-3-sulfate were detected in both tissues, estrone-3-glucuronide and 2-methoxy-estrone were detected predominately in GLT and ADT, respectively. Estrogen levels as well as ratios 17β-estradiol/estrone and estrone-3-sulfate/estrone differed significantly between GLT and ADT, yet less than between individuals. Furthermore, estrogen levels in GLT and ADT correlated significantly with each other. In contrast, levels of most transcripts encoding enzymes involved in biotransformation differed more than between individuals and did not correlate between ADT and GLT. Thus, mixed breast tissues (and plasma) will not provide meaningful information on local estrogen biotransformation (and interaction of compounds therewith) whereas relative changes in 17β-estradiol levels may be investigated in the more abundant ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pemp
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Kleider
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Schmalbach
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - René Hauptstein
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leo N Geppert
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claudia Köllmann
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katja Ickstadt
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Eckert
- Clinic for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Schürerstr. 3, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iva Neshkova
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Jakubietz
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald L Esch
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leane Lehmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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10
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Savolainen-Peltonen H, Vihma V, Wang F, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Haanpää M, Leidenius M, Tikkanen MJ, Mikkola TS. Estrogen biosynthesis in breast adipose tissue during menstrual cycle in women with and without breast cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:1039-1043. [PMID: 29790386 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1474868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating estrogens fluctuate during the menstrual cycle but it is not known whether this fluctuation is related to local hormone levels in adipose tissue. We analyzed estrogen concentrations and gene expression of estrogen-regulating enzymes in breast subcutaneous adipose tissue in premenopausal women with (n = 11) and without (n = 17) estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Estrone (E1) was the predominant estrogen in premenopausal breast adipose tissue, and E1 and mRNA expression of CYP19A1 in adipose tissue correlated positively with BMI. Adipose tissue estradiol (E2) concentrations fluctuated during the menstrual cycle, similarly to the serum concentrations. In women with breast cancer median adipose tissue E1 (1519 vs. 3244, p < .05) and E2 (404 vs. 889 pmol/kg, p < .05) levels were lower in the follicular than in the luteal phase whereas in control women no significant differences were observed. In the follicular phase, mRNA expressions of HSD17B1 (median 0.06; interquartile range 0.05-0.07 vs. 0.17; 0.03-0.2, p = .010) and CYP19A1 (0.08; 0.07-0.14 vs. 0.22; 0.09-0.54, p = .025) were lower in women with breast cancer than in controls. In conclusion, the changes in adipose tissue E1 and E2 concentrations and the estrogen-regulating CYP19A1 and HSD17B1 during the menstrual cycle may be related to dysfunctional local estrogen metabolism in women with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
- b Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Veera Vihma
- b Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum , Helsinki , Finland
- c Heart and Lung Center , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- b Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Esa Hämäläinen
- d HUSLAB , Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mikko Haanpää
- d HUSLAB , Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Marjut Leidenius
- e Breast Surgery Unit , Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- b Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum , Helsinki , Finland
- c Heart and Lung Center , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
- b Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum , Helsinki , Finland
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11
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Moon JY, McNamara KM, Lee JJ, Chung BC, Sasano H, Choi MH. Improved detectability of sex steroids from frozen sections of breast cancer tissue using GC-triple quadrupole-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:185-192. [PMID: 29269263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids in clinical endocrinology have been mainly investigated with peripheral blood and urine samples, while there is limited information regarding the local levels within tissues. To improve analytical properties of sex steroids from trace amounts of tissue samples, two-phase extractive ethoxycarbonlyation and subsequent pentafluoropropionyl derivatization coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed. The optimized analytical conditions led to excellent chromatographic separation of 15 estrogens, 6 androgens, and 2 progestins. The quantitative results were calculated based on in-house control samples as the steroid-free tissues, and the precision and accuracy were 4.2%-26.8% and 90.8%-116.4%, respectively. The on-column limit of quantification was from 180 fg to 0.5 pg for androgens and estrogens, and 1.25 pg for progestins, which were found to be linear (r2 > 0.990). The validated method was then applied to quantify 7 sex steroids from three 100-μm-thick frozen breast tissue slices from postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. This is the first report on the improved GC-MS/MS method for the detection of androgens and pregnenolone from breast cancer tissues, and it can be a useful technique to measure the local levels of sex steroids, thus, enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiological significances of steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Moon
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Keely May McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Hetemäki N, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tikkanen MJ, Wang F, Paatela H, Hämäläinen E, Turpeinen U, Haanpää M, Vihma V, Mikkola TS. Estrogen Metabolism in Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4588-4595. [PMID: 29029113 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue (AT) levels of estrogens exceed circulating concentrations. Although increased visceral AT after menopause is related to metabolic diseases, little is known about differences in estrogen metabolism between different AT depots. OBJECTIVE We compared concentrations of and metabolic pathways producing estrone and estradiol in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT in postmenopausal women. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS AT and serum samples were obtained from 37 postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for nonmalignant gynecological reasons. Serum and AT estrone, estradiol, and serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were quantitated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Activity of steroid sulfatase and reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes was measured using radiolabeled precursors. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of estrogen-converting enzymes was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Estrone concentration was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT (median, 928 vs 706 pmol/kg; P = 0.002) and correlated positively with body mass index (r = 0.46; P = 0.011). Both AT depots hydrolyzed E1S to estrone, and visceral AT estrone and estradiol concentrations correlated positively with serum E1S. Compared with visceral AT, subcutaneous AT produced more estradiol from estrone (median rate of estradiol production, 1.02 vs 0.57 nmol/kg AT/h; P = 0.004). In visceral AT, the conversion of estrone to estradiol increased with waist circumference (r = 0.65; P = 0.022), and estradiol concentration correlated positively with mRNA expression of HSD17B7 (r = 0.76; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Both estrone and estradiol production in visceral AT increased with adiposity, but estradiol was produced more effectively in subcutaneous fat. Both AT depots produced estrone from E1S. Increasing visceral adiposity could increase overall estrogen exposure in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hetemäki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Paatela
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Hennig K, Antignac JP, Bichon E, Morvan ML, Miran I, Delaloge S, Feunteun J, Le Bizec B. Steroid hormone profiling in human breast adipose tissue using semi-automated purification and highly sensitive determination of estrogens by GC-APCI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:259-275. [PMID: 29147745 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Body mass index is a known breast cancer risk factor due to, among other mechanisms, adipose-derived hormones. We developed a method for steroid hormone profiling in adipose tissue to evaluate healthy tissue around the tumor and define new biomarkers for cancer development. A semi-automated sample preparation method based on gel permeation chromatography and subsequent derivatization with trimethylsilyl (TMS) is presented. Progestagens and androgens were determined by GC-EI-MS/MS (LOQ 0.5 to 10 ng/g lipids). For estrogen measurement, a highly sensitive GC-APCI-MS/MS method was developed to reach the required lower limits of detection (0.05 to 0.1 ng/g lipids in matrix, 100-200 fg on column for pure standards). The combination of the two methods allows the screening of 27 androgens and progestagens and 4 estrogens from a single sample. Good accuracies and repeatabilities were achieved for each compound class at their respective limit of detection. The method was applied to determine steroid hormone profiles in adipose tissue of 51 patients, collected both at proximity and distant to the tumor. Out of the 31 tested steroid hormones, 14 compounds were detected in human samples. Pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstendione accounted together for 80% of the observed steroid hormone profiles, whereas the estrogens accounted for only 1%. These profiles did not differ based on sampling location, except for ß-estradiol; steroid hormone conversions from androgens to estrogens that potentially take place in adipose or tumoral tissue might not be detectable due a factor 100 difference in concentration of for example DHEA and ß-estradiol. Graphical Abstract Schematic overview of the determination of steroid hormones and metabolites in adipose tissue in proximity and distal to the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Hennig
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), ONIRIS, LUNAM Université, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Philippe Antignac
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), ONIRIS, LUNAM Université, 44307, Nantes, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Bichon
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), ONIRIS, LUNAM Université, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Line Morvan
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), ONIRIS, LUNAM Université, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Miran
- UMR981 INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Suzette Delaloge
- Breast Cancer Group, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean Feunteun
- UMR8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), ONIRIS, LUNAM Université, 44307, Nantes, France
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14
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Vihma V, Naukkarinen J, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Kaprio J, Rissanen A, Heinonen S, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Mikkola TS, Tikkanen MJ, Pietiläinen KH. Metabolism of sex steroids is influenced by acquired adiposity-A study of young adult male monozygotic twin pairs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:98-105. [PMID: 28619249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and ageing are associated with lower serum testosterone levels in men. How fat distribution or adipose tissue metabolism, independent of genetic factors and age, are related to sex steroid metabolism is less clear. We studied the associations between adiposity and serum sex hormone concentrations, and mRNA expression of genes regulating sex hormone metabolism in adipose tissue in young adult male monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. The subjects [n=18 pairs; mean age, 32 years; individual body mass indexes (BMIs) 22-36kg/m2] included 9 male MZ twin pairs discordant for BMI [intra-pair difference (Δ) in BMI ≥3kg/m2]. Sex steroid concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, and mRNA expressions from subcutaneous adipose tissue by Affymetrix. In BMI-discordant pairs (mean ΔBMI=5.9kg/m2), serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was lower [mean 1.9 (SD 0.7) vs. 2.4 (1.0) nmol/l, P=0.040] and mRNA expressions of DHT-inactivating AKR1C2 (P=0.021) and cortisol-producing HSD11B1 (P=0.008) higher in the heavier compared to the leaner co-twins. Serum free 17β-estradiol (E2) was higher [2.3 (0.5) vs. 1.9 (0.5) pmol/l, P=0.028], and in all twin pairs, serum E2 and estrone concentrations were higher in the heavier than in the leaner co-twins [107 (28) vs. 90 (22) pmol/l, P=0.006; and 123 (43) vs. 105 (27) pmol/l, P=0.025]. Within all twin pairs, i.e. independent of genetic effects and age, 1) the amount of subcutaneous fat inversely correlated with serum total and free testosterone, DHT, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations (P<0.01 for all), 2) intra-abdominal fat with total testosterone and SHBG (P<0.05), and 3) liver fat with SHBG (P=0.006). Also, 4) general and intra-abdominal adiposity correlated positively with mRNA expressions of AKR1C2, HSD11B1, and aromatase in adipose tissue (P<0.05). In conclusion, acquired adiposity was associated with decreased serum DHT and increased estrogen concentrations, independent of genetic factors and age. The reduction of DHT could be linked to its increased degradation (by AKR1C2 and HSD11B1) and increased estrogen levels to increased adiposity-related expression of aromatase in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Vihma
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Biomedicum C415, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jussi Naukkarinen
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, Obesity Research Unit, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, P.O. Box 20, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Turpeinen
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, P.O. Box 720, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, P.O. Box 720, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- University of Helsinki, FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, P.O. Box 20, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aila Rissanen
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, Obesity Research Unit, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Heinonen
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, Obesity Research Unit, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- University of Helsinki and HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Lundbom
- University of Helsinki and HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundbom
- University of Helsinki and HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology, P.O. Box 140, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Biomedicum C415, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, Obesity Research Unit, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital, Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, P.O. Box 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Lønning PE. Comments on paper: "Quantitative determination of estrone by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in subcutaneous adipose tissue from the breast in postmenopausal women" by Vihma et al. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:72. [PMID: 26925928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Eystein Lønning
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 86, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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16
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Vihma V, Tikkanen MJ, Hämäläinen E. Response to the comments by Per E. Lønning. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:70-1. [PMID: 26925930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veera Vihma
- University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Paatela H, Wang F, Vihma V, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Mikkola TS, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Jauhiainen M, Tikkanen MJ. Steroid sulfatase activity in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: a comparison between pre- and postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:167-75. [PMID: 26553725 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue is an important extragonadal site for steroid hormone biosynthesis. After menopause, estrogens are synthesized exclusively in peripheral tissues from circulating steroid precursors, of which the most abundant is dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Our aim was to study activity of steroid sulfatase, an enzyme hydrolyzing DHEAS, and expression of steroid-converting enzyme genes in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue derived from pre- and postmenopausal women. DESIGN Serum and paired abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained from 18 premenopausal and seven postmenopausal women undergoing elective surgery for non-malignant reasons in Helsinki University Central Hospital. METHODS To assess steroid sulfatase activity, radiolabeled DHEAS was incubated in the presence of adipose tissue homogenate and the liberated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was measured. Gene mRNA expressions were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Serum DHEAS, DHEA, and estrogen concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Steroid sulfatase activity was higher in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women in subcutaneous (median 379 vs 257 pmol/kg tissue per hour; P=0.006) and visceral (545 vs 360 pmol/kg per hour; P=0.004) adipose tissue. Visceral fat showed higher sulfatase activity than subcutaneous fat in premenopausal (P=0.035) and all (P=0.010) women. The mRNA expression levels of two estradiol-producing enzymes, aromatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12, were higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Steroid sulfatase activity in adipose tissue was higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women suggesting that DHEAS, derived from the circulation, could be more efficiently utilized in postmenopausal adipose tissue for the formation of biologically active sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Paatela
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Turpeinen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research CenterBiomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHeart and Lung Center, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalObstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki University Central HospitalHUSLAB, Helsinki, FinlandNational Institute for Health and WelfareGenomics and Biomarkers Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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