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Takiwaki M, Umemura H, Kikutani Y, Fukuzawa S, Abe K, Fujino K, Sugihara S, Tachibana K, Morizane S, Satoh M, Nakayama T, Yamasaki O. A method for measuring serum levels of melanin-associated indole metabolites using LC-MS/MS and its application to malignant melanoma. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 557:117873. [PMID: 38493943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS With the development of novel therapies for advanced malignant melanoma (MM), biomarkers that can accurately reflect the progression of MM are needed. Serum levels of melanin-related indole metabolites such as 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (5H6MI2C) and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (6H5MI2C) are potential biomarkers for MM. Here, we describe the development of a mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay to determine serum levels of 5H6MI2C and 6H5MI2C. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a stable isotope dilution-selective reaction monitoring-MS protocol using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure human serum 5H6MI2C and 6H5MI2C levels. Analytical evaluations of the method were performed and the method was applied to serum samples from MM patients (n = 81). RESULTS The method established in this study showed high reproducibility and linearity. This novel method also found that serum 6H5MI2C levels were significantly elevated in patients with metastatic MM compared to those with non-metastatic MM. Unfortunately, 5H6MI2C did not show a comparable significant difference. CONCLUSION We successfully established measurement methods for serum 5H6MI2C and 6H5MI2C levels using LC-MS/MS. Serum 6H5MI2C levels offer a potential marker for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takiwaki
- Medical Equipment Business Operations, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umemura
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kentaro Abe
- Medical Equipment Business Operations, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Fujino
- Medical Equipment Business Operations, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Sugihara
- Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kota Tachibana
- Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Morizane
- Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Division of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Clinical Proteomics, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamasaki
- Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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2
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Xu Z, Wang X, Jiang J. Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Clinical Applications: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37910438 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an attractive analytical method in clinical analysis due to its comprehensive advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity and high throughput. Separation techniques coupled MS detection (e.g., LC-MS/MS) have shown unique advantages over immunoassay and have developed as golden criterion for many clinical applications. This review summarizes the characteristics and applications of MS, and emphasizes the high efficiency of MS in clinical research. In addition, this review also put forward further prospects for the future of mass spectrometry technology, including the introduction of miniature MS instruments, point-of-care detection and high-throughput analysis, to achieve better development of MS technology in various fields of clinical application. Moreover, as ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) requires little or no sample pretreatment and improves the flux of MS, this review also summarizes its potential applications in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, P. R. China
| | - Yali Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Zhilong Xu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China
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3
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Wang D, Xiao H, Lv X, Chen H, Wei F. Mass Spectrometry Based on Chemical Derivatization Has Brought Novel Discoveries to Lipidomics: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-32. [PMID: 37782560 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2261130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, as one of the most important organic compounds in organisms, are important components of cells and participate in energy storage and signal transduction of living organisms. As a rapidly rising field, lipidomics research involves the identification and quantification of multiple classes of lipid molecules, as well as the structure, function, dynamics, and interactions of lipids in living organisms. Due to its inherent high selectivity and high sensitivity, mass spectrometry (MS) is the "gold standard" analysis technique for small molecules in biological samples. The combination chemical derivatization with MS detection is a unique strategy that could improve MS ionization efficiency, facilitate structure identification and quantitative analysis. Herein, this review discusses derivatization-based MS strategies for lipidomic analysis over the past decade and focuses on all the reported lipid categories, including fatty acids and modified fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols and saccharolipids. The functional groups of lipids mainly involved in chemical derivatization include the C=C group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, amino group, carbonyl group. Furthermore, representative applications of these derivatization-based lipid profiling methods were summarized. Finally, challenges and countermeasures of lipid derivatization are mentioned and highlighted to guide future studies of derivatization-based MS strategy in lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huaming Xiao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xin Lv
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fang Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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4
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Di Meo A, Yazdanpanah M, Higgins V, Nichols M, Bohn MK, Tan A, Zainab S, Sepiashvili L, Adeli K. Highly sensitive tandem mass spectrometric measurement of serum estradiol without derivatization and pediatric reference intervals in children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1820-1828. [PMID: 37036784 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monitoring estradiol (E2) is important for determining the onset of pubertal development as well as in the evaluation of girls with precocious puberty. However, E2 measurement remains an analytical challenge in children, who have lower circulating levels. We developed and evaluated a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS procedure for serum E2 quantification in pediatric populations and established age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals. METHODS Residual patient serum samples were used to evaluate the analytical performance of our in-house LC-MS/MS E2 assay. The evaluation included accuracy, precision, linearity, functional sensitivity (LLoQ), and method comparison. Age- and sex-specific pediatric E2 reference intervals were also established from a cohort of 405 healthy children (birth to 18 years) recruited with informed consent. Age- and sex-specific differences were assessed, and outliers were removed. Reference intervals were established using the robust method. RESULTS The assay imprecision was <5.3 %. Assay linearity ranged from 13.7 to 1923.3 pmol/L. The LLoQ corresponding to a CV of 20 % was determined to be 8.9 pmol/L. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a mean bias of 29.3 pmol/L or 9.1 % between our LC-MS/MS E2 assay and an external reference laboratory measuring E2 by LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSIONS Our LC-MS/MS E2 assay shows acceptable accuracy, precision, functional sensitivity (LLoQ), and linearity for E2 quantification. Our LC-MS/MS E2 assay also showed good agreement with an external reference laboratory measuring E2 by LC-MS/MS. In addition, using CALIPER samples, we established robust age- and sex-specific pediatric E2 reference intervals to improve accuracy of test result interpretation and clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Di Meo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mehrdad Yazdanpanah
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Higgins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Nichols
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Kathryn Bohn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agnes Tan
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shazina Zainab
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lusia Sepiashvili
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Wang Q, Xu PJ, Mesaros C. Ultrasensitive quantification of estrogens in serum and plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:433-452. [PMID: 37802582 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope dilution (SID) methodology coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is rapidly becoming the gold standard for measuring estrogens in serum and plasma due to improved specificity, high accuracy, and the ability to conduct a more comprehensive analysis. A general consideration of the problems associated with measuring estrogens and two detailed derivatization methods are described in this chapter. These methods quantify estrogens and their metabolites in serum and plasma samples using this state-of-art technology, which is applicable to the routine clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peining Jimmy Xu
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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6
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Yang D, Li S, Zhao D, Zou T, Liu X, Pang J, Zhuang W, Yan Z. Secondary growth synthesis of covalent organic framework modified electrospun nanofibers for extraction of estrogens in milk samples. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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7
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Li ZM, Kannan K. Determination of 19 Steroid Hormones in Human Serum and Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2022; 10:687. [PMID: 36422894 PMCID: PMC9699436 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a methodology for simultaneous determination of 19 steroid hormones, viz. estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone, 17α-OH-progesterone, 17α-OH-pregnenolone, cortisone, cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, aldosterone, and corticosterone, in 500-µL of urine or serum/plasma. The method was optimized using isotopically labeled internal standards and liquid-liquid extraction followed by detection using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Dansylation of estrogens significantly improved their sensitivities (~11- to 23-fold) and chromatographic separation. The respective limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of all analytes were 0.04−0.28 and 0.14−0.92 ng/mL in human urine, and 0.11−0.35 and 0.38−1.18 ng/mL in human serum/plasma. Recoveries of all analytes (except for progesterone) fortified at 10, 20, and 200 ng/mL in urine and serum were 80−120%, with standard deviations ranging from 0 to 17.3%. Repeated analysis of similarly fortified urine and serum samples yielded intra-day and inter-day variations of 0−21.7% and 0.16−11.5%, respectively. All analytes except cortisone exhibited weak matrix effects in urine and serum (−13.9−18.2%). The method was further validated through the analysis of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) plasma Standard Reference Material (SRM1950) with certified concentrations for cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone (coefficient of variation: 3−11%). The developed method was applied in the analysis of urine samples from 20 volunteers, which revealed the occurrence of 16 analytes with detection frequencies (DFs) > 80%. Furthermore, 15 analytes were found in plasma SRM1950, indicating the feasibility of our method in the analysis of steroid hormones in urine and serum/plasma. This method will facilitate analysis of steroid hormones in population-based biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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8
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Andrieu T, du Toit T, Vogt B, Mueller MD, Groessl M. Parallel targeted and non-targeted quantitative analysis of steroids in human serum and peritoneal fluid by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7461-7472. [PMID: 35043262 PMCID: PMC9482906 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry method for the absolute quantification of 51 steroids for clinical analysis of human serum and, for the first time, peritoneal fluid. Data acquisition was performed in both targeted and untargeted mode simultaneously, thus allowing the accurate and precise quantification of the main components of the classical steroid pathways (17 steroids) as well as the analysis of 34 additional non-classical steroids. For targeted analysis, validation was performed according to FDA guidelines, resulting, among other parameters, in accuracy < 13% RSD and precision < 10% relative error, for both inter- and intra-day validation runs. By establishing steroid-specific response factors, the calibration curves of the targeted analytes can be extended to untargeted analytes. This approach opens novel possibilities for the post hoc analysis of clinical samples as the data can be examined for virtually any steroid even after data acquisition, enabling facile absolute quantification once a standard becomes available. We demonstrate the applicability of the approach to evaluate the differences in steroid content between peripheral serum and peritoneal fluid across the menstrual cycle phases, as well as the effect of the synthetic gestagen dienogest on the steroid metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrieu
- Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Therina du Toit
- Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Gravitte A, Archibald T, Cobble A, Kennard B, Brown S. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applications for quantification of endogenous sex hormones. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5036. [PMID: 33226656 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, presents a powerful tool for the quantification of the sex steroid hormones 17-β estradiol, progesterone and testosterone from biological matrices. The importance of accurate quantification with these hormones, even at endogenous levels, has evolved with our understanding of the role these regulators play in human development, fertility and disease risk and manifestation. Routine monitoring of these analytes can be accomplished by immunoassay techniques, which face limitations on specificity and sensitivity, or using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. LC-MS/MS is growing in capability and acceptance for clinically relevant quantification of sex steroid hormones in biological matrices and is able to overcome many of the limitations of immunoassays. Analyte specificity has improved through the use of novel derivatizing agents, and sensitivity has been refined through the use of high-resolution chromatography and mass spectrometric technology. This review highlights these innovations, among others, in LC-MS/MS steroid hormone analysis captured in the literature over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gravitte
- James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Timothy Archibald
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Allison Cobble
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin Kennard
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Stacy Brown
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
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10
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Nouri MZ, Kroll KJ, Webb M, Denslow ND. Quantification of steroid hormones in low volume plasma and tissue homogenates of fish using LC-MS/MS. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 296:113543. [PMID: 32598883 PMCID: PMC7447131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of steroid hormones in fish is an important step for toxicology and endocrinology studies. Among the hormone analysis techniques, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has widely been used for measuring hormones in various biological samples. Despite all improvements in the technique, detection of several hormones in a low volume of serum or plasma is still challenging. We developed a robust method for simultaneous quantification of 14 steroid hormones including corticosterone, cortisol, 11-ketotestosterone, progesterone, testosterone, 17OH-progesterone, aldosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, ethinylestradiol, levonorgestrel and equilin from volumes as low as 10 µL serum or plasma in a short run by LC-MS/MS. The lowest limit of detection in 10 µL serum was 0.012 ng/mL measured for cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, 17OH-progesterone and estrone. Use of high (25 times more) serum volume improved detection limit of hormones by 2-40 times. The method was compared with the radioimmunoassay technique in which testosterone and 17β-estradiol were highly correlated with R2 of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. We validated the method by measuring four selected hormones, in low and high plasma volumes of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In addition, we developed a method to quantify hormones in whole body fish homogenates of small fish and compared the values to plasma concentrations, using fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Calculated concentrations of the hormones in plasma were consistent with those in the homogenate and 11-ketotestosterone and 17β-estradiol were significantly different in males and females. The ability to measure hormones from whole body homogenates was further evaluated in two model small fish species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and juvenile silverside (Menidia beryllina). These results suggest that whole tissue homogenate is a reliable alternative for hormone quantification when sufficient plasma is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Molly Webb
- USFWS, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, Bozeman, MT 59517, United States
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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11
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Handelsman DJ, Gibson E, Davis S, Golebiowski B, Walters KA, Desai R. Ultrasensitive Serum Estradiol Measurement by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Postmenopausal Women and Mice. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa086. [PMID: 33154982 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate measurement of very low circulating estradiol (E2) (<5 pg/ml) in postmenopausal women and in mice is essential to investigating sex steroid action in target tissues. However, direct immunoassays are too inaccurate and conventional mass spectrometry-based measurement too insensitive at these serum E2 levels. We report application of an ultrasensitive method using a novel estrogen-selective derivatization in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure serum E2, with a detection limit of 0.25 pg/ml in small (0.2 ml) serum volumes that can quantify serum E2 in 98% and serum E1 in 100% of healthy postmenopausal women. Aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer further reduces serum E2 by 85% and serum estrone (E1) by 80%. The wide scatter of circulating E2 in AI-treated women suggests that the degree of sustained E2 depletion, now quantifiable, may be an efficacy or safety biomarker of adjuvant AI treatment. This ultrasensitive method can also measure serum E2 in most (65%) female but not in any male mice. Further studies are warranted using this and comparable ultrasensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry estrogen measurements to investigate the relationship of circulating E2 (and E1) in male, postmenopausal female, and childhood health where accurate quantification of serum estrogens was not previously feasible. This will focus on the direct impact of estrogens as well as the indirect effects of androgen aromatization on reproductive, bone, and brain tissues and, notably, the efficacy and safety of AIs in adjuvant breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma Gibson
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Davis
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsty A Walters
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Moseley RL, Druce T, Turner-Cobb JM. 'When my autism broke': A qualitative study spotlighting autistic voices on menopause. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 24:1423-1437. [PMID: 32003226 PMCID: PMC7376624 DOI: 10.1177/1362361319901184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Autistic girls are known to struggle with the onset of menstruation, reporting that during their period, sensory sensitivities are heightened, it becomes more difficult to think clearly and control their emotions and they struggle more with everyday life and self-care. Yet surprisingly, nothing is known about how autistic women handle the menopausal transition in midlife. In non-autistic women, the menopause brings many physical changes and challenging symptoms from hot flushes to feeling more anxious and depressed. Because autistic women are already vulnerable to suicide, poor physical and mental health, and because they may already struggle with planning, controlling their emotions and coping with change, the menopause may be an especially challenging time. Yet, not one single study exists on the menopause in autism, so we conducted an online discussion (focus group) with seven autistic women. They confirmed that very little is known about menopause in autistic people, very little support is available and that menopause might be especially difficult for autistic people. Autism-related difficulties (including sensory sensitivity, socializing with others and communicating needs) were reported to worsen during the menopause, often so dramatically that some participants suggested they found it impossible to continue to mask their struggles. Participants also reported having extreme meltdowns, experiencing anxiety and depression, and feeling suicidal. This study highlights how important it is that professionals pay attention to menopause in autism, and discusses future research directions.
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Xiong X, Li D, Du Z, Xiong C, Jiang H. Magnetic solid-phase extraction modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe method combined with pre-column derivatization and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of estrogens and estrogen mimics in pork and chicken samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Bonfoh SI, Li D, Xiong X, Du Z, Xiong C, Jiang H. Novel PEP-PAN@PSF rods extraction of EDCs in environmental water, sediment, and fish homogenate followed by pre-column derivatization and UHPLC-MS/MS detection. Talanta 2020; 210:120661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Petraitiene I, Valuniene M, Jariene K, Seibokaite A, Albertsson-Wikland K, Verkauskiene R. Sex Hormones, Gonad Size, and Metabolic Profile in Adolescent Girls Born Small for Gestational Age with Catch-up Growth. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2020; 33:125-132. [PMID: 31707058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare sex hormone concentrations, and uterine and ovarian volumes in adolescent girls born small for gestational age (SGA) who had experienced catch-up growth and girls born at a size appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and to investigate the association between these parameters and glucose metabolism, perinatal factors, and early growth. DESIGN A prospective, longitudinal, observational study from birth until adolescence. SETTING Mean age at final assessment was 12.7 ± 0.1 years. PARTICIPANTS We followed 55 girls (20 SGA, 35 AGA). INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sex hormone concentrations (gonadotropins, estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin) were analyzed, and the oral glucose tolerance test conducted. Uterine and ovarian sizes were assessed using pelvic ultrasound. RESULTS Uterine and ovarian volumes were smaller in SGA-born compared with AGA-born girls (P = .013 and P = .039, respectively). SGA girls had lower sex hormone binding globulin levels (P = .039) and higher testosterone levels (P = .003), free androgen index (P < .001), and glycemia 2 hours post glucose load (P = .005) compared with AGA-born girls. Birth weight and early infancy height velocity explained 37.4% of variation in ovarian volume (P = .004), and body mass index at birth, increase in peripheral skinfold thickness during second year of life, and early childhood height velocity explained 43.2% of variation in testosterone levels in adolescence (P = .006). CONCLUSION SGA-born girls who experienced catch-up growth remain at risk of biochemical hyperandrogenism in adolescence, and have reduced uterine and ovarian volumes, which might influence future reproductive function. Ovarian size and androgen levels in adolescence might be influenced by early growth and subcutaneous fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Petraitiene
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Margarita Valuniene
- Mother and Child Clinic, Republican Siauliai County Hospital, Siauliai, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Jariene
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrone Seibokaite
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kerstin Albertsson-Wikland
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Denver N, Khan S, Homer NZM, MacLean MR, Andrew R. Current strategies for quantification of estrogens in clinical research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105373. [PMID: 31112747 PMCID: PMC6726893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and their bioactive metabolites play key roles in regulating diverse processes in health and disease. In particular, estrogens and estrogenic metabolites have shown both protective and non-protective effects on disease pathobiology, implicating the importance of this steroid pathway in disease diagnostics and monitoring. All estrogens circulate in a wide range of concentrations, which in some patient cohorts can be extremely low. However, elevated levels of estradiol are reported in disease. For example, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) elevated levels have been reported in men and postmenopausal women. Conventional immunoassay techniques have come under scrutiny, with their selectivity, accuracy and precision coming into question. Analytical methodologies such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to single and tandem mass spectrometric approaches (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS) have been developed to quantify endogenous estrogens and in some cases their bioactive metabolites in biological fluids such as urine, serum, plasma and saliva. Liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction approaches are favoured with derivatization remaining a necessity for detection in lower volumes of sample. The limits of quantitation of individual assays vary but are commonly in the range of 0.5-5 pg/mL for estrone and estradiol, with limits for their bioactive metabolites being higher. This review provides an overview of current approaches for measurement of unconjugated estrogens in biological matrices by MS, highlighting the advances in this field and the challenges remaining for routine use in the clinical and research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
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17
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Associations between improvement in genitourinary symptoms of menopause and changes in the vaginal ecosystem. Menopause 2019; 25:500-507. [PMID: 29206774 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify associations between improvement in genitourinary symptoms of menopause (GSM) and vaginal microbiota, vaginal glycogen, and serum estrogen. METHODS Thirty postmenopausal women enrolled in a hot flash treatment trial (oral estradiol vs venlafaxine vs placebo) who reported GSM and provided vaginal swabs at 0, 4, and 8 weeks were studied. Bacterial communities were characterized using deep sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region. Participants selected a most bothersome genitourinary symptom (dryness, discharge, pain, itch/burn, or inability to have sex) and rated severity on a 10-point scale at baseline and 8 weeks. Vaginal glycogen and serum estradiol and estrone were measured at enrollment and 8 weeks. Comparisons according to improvement in most bothersome symptom (MBS) were made using χ, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, or Hotelling's t test. RESULTS Of 30 participants, 21 (70%) had improvement in MBS over the 8-week study and 9 (30%) had no improvement or worsening of MBS. A higher proportion of women receiving estradiol or venlafaxine reported improvement in MBS (88%, 78%) compared with placebo (54%; P = 0.28). MBS improvement was associated with Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbiota at enrollment (57% vs 22%, P = 0.08). Vaginal glycogen, serum estradiol, and estrone significantly increased in women whose MBS improved. CONCLUSIONS A larger proportion of women whose MBS improved had a Lactobacillus dominant microbiota at enrollment than those who had no improvement during the trial, though this difference was not statistically significant. Larger trials are needed to determine whether vaginal microbiota modify or mediate treatment responses in women with GSM.
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18
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Shackleton C, Pozo OJ, Marcos J. GC/MS in Recent Years Has Defined the Normal and Clinically Disordered Steroidome: Will It Soon Be Surpassed by LC/Tandem MS in This Role? J Endocr Soc 2018. [PMID: 30094411 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00135.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been used for steroid analysis since the 1960s. The advent of protective derivatization, capillary columns, and inexpensive electron ionization bench-top single quadrupole soon made it the method of choice for studying disorders of steroid synthesis and metabolism. However, the lengthy sample workup prevented GC/MS from becoming routine for steroid hormone measurement, which was dominated by radioimmunoassay. It was the emergence of liquid chromatography/tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) that sparked a renewed interest in GC/MS for the multicomponent analysis of steroids. GC/MS is excellent at providing an integrated picture of a person's steroid metabolome, or steroidome, as we term it. We review the recent work on newly described disorders and discuss the technical advances such as GC coupling to triple quadrupole and ion trap analyzers, two-dimensional GC/MS, and alternative ionization and detection systems such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and time of flight. We believe that no novel GC/MS-based technique has the power of GC(electron ionization)/MS/MS as a "discovery tool," although APCI might provide ultimate sensitivity, which might be required in tissue steroidomics. Finally, we discuss the role of LC/MS/MS in steroidomics. This remains a challenge but offers shorter analysis times and advantages in the detection and discovery of steroids with a known structure. We describe recent advances in LC/MS steroidomics of hydrolyzed and intact steroid conjugates and suggest the technique is catching up with GC/MS in this area. However, in the end, both techniques will likely remain complementary and both should be available in advanced analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Heimovics SA, Merritt JR, Jalabert C, Ma C, Maney DL, Soma KK. Rapid effects of 17β-estradiol on aggressive behavior in songbirds: Environmental and genetic influences. Horm Behav 2018; 104:41-51. [PMID: 29605636 PMCID: PMC6344317 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. 17β-estradiol (E2) has numerous rapid effects on the brain and behavior. This review focuses on the rapid effects of E2 on aggression, an important social behavior, in songbirds. First, we highlight the contributions of studies on song sparrows, which reveal that seasonal changes in the environment profoundly influence the capacity of E2 to rapidly alter aggressive behavior. E2 administration to male song sparrows increases aggression within 20 min in the non-breeding season, but not in the breeding season. Furthermore, E2 rapidly modulates several phosphoproteins in the song sparrow brain. In particular, E2 rapidly affects pCREB in the medial preoptic nucleus, in the non-breeding season only. Second, we describe studies of the white-throated sparrow, which reveal how a genetic polymorphism may influence the rapid effects of E2 on aggression. In this species, a chromosomal rearrangement that includes ESR1, which encodes estrogen receptor α (ERα), affects ERα expression in the brain and the ability of E2 to rapidly promote aggression. Third, we summarize studies showing that aggressive interactions rapidly affect levels of E2 and other steroids, both in the blood and in specific brain regions, and the emerging potential for steroid profiling by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Such studies of songbirds demonstrate the value of an ethologically informed approach, in order to reveal how steroids act rapidly on the brain to alter naturally-occurring behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Jalabert
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chunqi Ma
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna L Maney
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kiran K Soma
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Canada
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20
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Shackleton C, Pozo OJ, Marcos J. GC/MS in Recent Years Has Defined the Normal and Clinically Disordered Steroidome: Will It Soon Be Surpassed by LC/Tandem MS in This Role? J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:974-996. [PMID: 30094411 PMCID: PMC6080058 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been used for steroid analysis since the 1960s. The advent of protective derivatization, capillary columns, and inexpensive electron ionization bench-top single quadrupole soon made it the method of choice for studying disorders of steroid synthesis and metabolism. However, the lengthy sample workup prevented GC/MS from becoming routine for steroid hormone measurement, which was dominated by radioimmunoassay. It was the emergence of liquid chromatography/tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) that sparked a renewed interest in GC/MS for the multicomponent analysis of steroids. GC/MS is excellent at providing an integrated picture of a person's steroid metabolome, or steroidome, as we term it. We review the recent work on newly described disorders and discuss the technical advances such as GC coupling to triple quadrupole and ion trap analyzers, two-dimensional GC/MS, and alternative ionization and detection systems such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and time of flight. We believe that no novel GC/MS-based technique has the power of GC(electron ionization)/MS/MS as a “discovery tool,” although APCI might provide ultimate sensitivity, which might be required in tissue steroidomics. Finally, we discuss the role of LC/MS/MS in steroidomics. This remains a challenge but offers shorter analysis times and advantages in the detection and discovery of steroids with a known structure. We describe recent advances in LC/MS steroidomics of hydrolyzed and intact steroid conjugates and suggest the technique is catching up with GC/MS in this area. However, in the end, both techniques will likely remain complementary and both should be available in advanced analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between the composition of the vaginal microbiota and genitourinary menopausal symptoms, serum estrogen, and vaginal glycogen. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, 88 women aged 40 to 62 years, enrolled in a hot flash treatment trial, provided vaginal swabs and a blood sample at enrollment. Bacterial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA PCR and deep sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region. Quantities of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners were measured using qPCR. Self-reported genitourinary symptoms included: presence and severity of individual symptoms and identification of most bothersome symptom. Glycogen was measured fluorometrically in swab eluate. Serum estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) were measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Associations between bacteria, symptoms, glycogen, and serum estrogens were tested by linear regression or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, adjusted for multiple comparisons. Comparisons between groups used Kruskall-Wallis or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Of the 88 women, 33 (38%) had a majority of Lactobacillus species, whereas 58 (66%) had any Lactobacillus detected. Over half (53%) reported at least one vulvovaginal symptom (most commonly dryness), but symptoms were not associated with the presence of Lactobacillus species. Women with Lactobacillus-dominant communities had higher unconjugated serum estrone, but no difference in vaginal glycogen levels, compared with those with non-Lactobacillus-dominant communities. Higher serum E2 and E1 were not associated with either higher vaginal glycogen or detection of individual genera. CONCLUSIONS Presence of Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbiota was not associated with fewer vulvovaginal symptoms. Serum estrone was higher in women with Lactobacillus dominance, but vaginal-free glycogen was not associated with composition of the vaginal microbiota.
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22
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Wudy SA, Schuler G, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF. The art of measuring steroids: Principles and practice of current hormonal steroid analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:88-103. [PMID: 28962971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are small and highly important structural or signalling molecules in living organisms and their metabolism is complex. Due to the multiplicity of enzymes involved there are many different steroid related disorders. E.g., an individual enzyme defect is rather rare but can share various clinical symptoms and can thus be hardly diagnosed clinically. Therefore, reliable hormonal determination still presents the most reasonable initial diagnostic approach and helps to avoid uncritical and expensive attempts at molecular diagnostic testing. It also presents a backbone of monitoring these complex patients. In science, reliable hormone measurement is indispensable for the elucidation of new mechanisms of steroid hormone actions. Steroid analytics is highly challenging and should never be considered trivial. Most common methods for steroid determination comprise traditionally immunoassay, or more recently, mass spectrometry based methods. It is absolutely necessary that clinicians and scientists know the methods they are applying by heart. With the introduction of automated direct assays, a loss of quality could be observed over the last two decades in the field of steroid immunoassays. This review wants to meet the need for profound information and orientation in the field of steroid analysis. The pros and cons of the most important methods, such as immunoassays and mass spectrometry based methods will be discussed. The focus of the latter will lie on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Selected analytical applications from our Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Group FOR 1369 "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" will illustrate the contents. In brief, immunoassays have for long presented the traditional technique for steroid analysis. They are easy to set up. Only one analyte can be measured per immunoassay. Specificity problems can arise and caution has to be exerted especially regarding direct assays lacking purification steps. Mass spectrometry based methods provide structural information on the analyte and thus higher specificity. In combination with chromatographic techniques, they permit the simultaneous determination of a multitude of analytes. Highest specificity can be obtained using GC-MS, a sophisticated but most powerful tool for characterizing steroid metabolomes. LC-MS is a true high throughput technique and highly suited for detecting complex steroids. GC-MS and LC-MS are not competing but complementary techniques. Since reliable steroid determination requires extremely high expertise in the field of analytics as well as steroid biochemistry, it is recommended that collaborations and networking with highly specialized centers of expertise are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - G Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Vitku J, Kolatorova L, Hampl R. Occurrence and reproductive roles of hormones in seminal plasma. Basic Clin Androl 2017; 27:19. [PMID: 29046808 PMCID: PMC5640966 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-017-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Only 2-5% of seminal fluid is composed of spermatozoa, while the rest is seminal plasma. The seminal plasma is a rich cocktail of organic and inorganic compounds including hormones, serving as a source of nutrients for sperm development and maturation, protecting them from infection and enabling them to overcome the immunological and chemical environment of the female reproductive tract. In this review, a survey of the hormones found in human seminal plasma, with particular emphasis on reproductive hormones is provided. Their participation in fertilization is discussed including their indispensable role in ovum fertilization. The origin of individual hormones found in seminal plasma is discussed, along with differences in the concentrations in seminal plasma and blood plasma. A part of review is devoted to methods of measurement, emphasising particular instances in which they differ from measurement in blood plasma. These methods include separation techniques, overcoming the matrix effect and current ways for end-point measurement, focusing on so called hyphenated techniques as a combination of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry. Finally, the informative value of their determination as markers of male fertility disorders (impaired spermatogenesis, abnormal sperm parameters, varicocele) is discussed, along with instances where measuring their levels in seminal plasma is preferable to measurement of levels in blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vitku
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kolatorova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hampl
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Ke Y, Gonthier R, Labrie F. A sensitive and accurate LC-MS/MS assay with the derivatization of 1-Amino-4-methylpiperazine applied to serum allopregnanolone, pregnenolone and androsterone in pre- and postmenopausal women. Steroids 2017; 118:25-31. [PMID: 27913096 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of allopregnanolone (Allopreg), pregnenolone (Preg) and androsterone (ADT) are very low in the circulation, especially in postmenopausal women, resulting in a considerable challenge for their accurate measurements in serum or plasma. In this report, a sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS assay method has been developed using a simple sample preparation and the 1-Amino-4-methylpiperazine (AMP) derivatization procedure. A 5pg/ml (0.1pg on column) of low limit of quantitation has been achieved for Allopreg, Preg and ADT, with a sensitivity comparable to data obtained with the commercial reagent. The major benefit of this reagent is to limit the matrix effect since the excess amount of reagent can be removed during the reaction. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) from the derivatization of AMP not only increases the detection of these compounds but also provides a good resolution for Allopreg, Preg and ADT from interferences, especially for Allopreg from its isomers. Within the calibration range of 5pg/ml to 2000pg/ml, a good linearity was obtained with R>0.99 where the weighing factor is 1/X. Bias and coefficients of variance are within 15% for all QC levels. The matrix effect has been evaluated, well meeting the acceptance criteria according to the FDA guidelines. With this method, the concentrations of Allopreg, Preg and ADT in postmenopausal serum are in the range of 6.4-53.6pg/ml, 16.2-68.0pg/ml and 23.9-114.0pg/ml, respectively, while the ranges in premenopausal serum are 8.2-701.5pg/ml, 31.2-135.2pg/ml and 47.8-310.0pg/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada.
| | - Renaud Gonthier
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada.
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Frey AJ, Wang Q, Busch C, Feldman D, Bottalico L, Mesaros CA, Blair IA, Vachani A, Snyder NW. Validation of highly sensitive simultaneous targeted and untargeted analysis of keto-steroids by Girard P derivatization and stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Steroids 2016; 116:60-66. [PMID: 27743906 PMCID: PMC5127713 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A multiplexed quantitative method for the analysis of three major unconjugated steroids in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed and validated on a Q Exactive Plus hybrid quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometer. This quantification utilized isotope dilution and Girard P derivatization on the keto-groups of testosterone (T), androstenedione (AD) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to improve ionization efficiency using electrospray ionization. Major isomeric compounds to T and DHEA; the inactive epimer of testosterone (epiT), and the metabolite of AD, 5α-androstanedione (5α-AD) were completely resolved on a biphenyl column within an 18min method. Inter- and intra-day method validation using LC-HRMS with qualifying product ions was performed and acceptable analytical performance was achieved. The method was further validated by comparing steroid levels from 100μL of serum from young vs older subjects. Since this approach provides high-dimensional HRMS data, untargeted analysis by age group was performed. DHEA and T were detected among the top analytes most significantly different across the two groups after untargeted LC-HRMS analysis, as well as a number of other still unknown metabolites, indicating the potential for combined targeted/untargeted analysis in steroid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Christine Busch
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | - Lisa Bottalico
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Clementina A Mesaros
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Anil Vachani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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