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Flori E, Mosca S, Kovacs D, Briganti S, Ottaviani M, Mastrofrancesco A, Truglio M, Picardo M. Skin Anti-Inflammatory Potential with Reduced Side Effects of Novel Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:267. [PMID: 38203435 PMCID: PMC10778823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, although the balance between therapeutic benefits and side effects is still crucial in clinical practice. One of the major and well-known adverse effects of topical GCs is cutaneous atrophy, which seems to be related to the activation of the glucorticoid receptor (GR) genomic pathway. Dissociating anti-inflammatory activity from atrophogenicity represents an important goal to achieve, in order to avoid side effects on keratinocytes and fibroblasts, known target cells of GC action. To this end, we evaluated the biological activity and safety profile of two novel chemical compounds, DE.303 and KL.202, developed as non-transcriptionally acting GR ligands. In primary keratinocytes, both compounds demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties inhibiting NF-κB activity, downregulating inflammatory cytokine release and interfering with pivotal signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory process. Of note, these beneficial actions were not associated with GC-related atrophic effects: treatments of primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts with DE.303 and KL.202 did not induce, contrarily to dexamethasone-a known potent GC-alterations in extracellular matrix components and lipid synthesis, thus confirming their safety profile. These data provide the basis for evaluating these compounds as effective alternatives to the currently used GCs in managing inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (D.K.); (S.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Sarah Mosca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (D.K.); (S.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (D.K.); (S.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Stefania Briganti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (D.K.); (S.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Monica Ottaviani
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (D.K.); (S.B.); (M.O.)
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Mauro Truglio
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy;
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2
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Suzuki M, Cooksley C, Suzuki T, Ramezanpour M, Nakazono A, Nakamaru Y, Homma A, Vreugde S. TLR Signals in Epithelial Cells in the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:780425. [PMID: 35387020 PMCID: PMC8974762 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.780425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly at risk of invasion by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In particular, the mucosal epithelium of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is at the very forefront of the battles between the host and the invading pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that the epithelium not only constitutes a physical barrier but also takes an essential role in the activation of the immune system. One of the mechanisms equipped in the epithelium to fight against microorganisms is the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response. TLRs recognize common structural components of microorganisms and activate the innate immune system, resulting in the production of a plethora of cytokines and chemokines in the response against microbes. As the epithelia-derived cytokines are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR), the molecules involved in the TLR response may be utilized as therapeutic targets for these diseases. There are several differences in the TLR response between nasal and bronchial epithelial cells, and knowledge of the TLR signals in the upper airway is sparse compared to that in the lower airway. In this review, we provide recent evidence on TLR signaling in the upper airway, focusing on the expression, regulation, and responsiveness of TLRs in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). We also discuss how TLRs in the epithelium are involved in the pathogenesis of, and possible therapeutic targeting, for CRS and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Clare Cooksley
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mahnaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Akira Nakazono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamaru
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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3
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Bansal A, Mostafa MM, Kooi C, Sasse SK, Michi AN, Shah SV, Leigh R, Gerber AN, Newton R. Interplay between nuclear factor-κB, p38 MAPK and glucocorticoid receptor signaling synergistically induces functional TLR2 in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101747. [PMID: 35189144 PMCID: PMC8942839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While glucocorticoids act via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1) to reduce the expression of many inflammatory genes, repression is not an invariable outcome. Here, we explore synergy occurring between synthetic glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and budesonide) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL1B and TNF) on the expression of the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). This effect is observed in epithelial cell lines and both undifferentiated and differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBECs). In A549 cells, IL1B-plus-glucocorticoid–induced TLR2 expression required nuclear factor (NF)-κB and GR. Likewise, in A549 cells, BEAS-2B cells, and pHBECs, chromatin immunoprecipitation identified GR- and NF-κB/p65-binding regions ∼32 kb (R1) and ∼7.3 kb (R2) upstream of the TLR2 gene. Treatment of BEAS-2B cells with TNF or/and dexamethasone followed by global run-on sequencing confirmed transcriptional activity at these regions. Furthermore, cloning R1 or R2 into luciferase reporters revealed transcriptional activation by budesonide or IL1B, respectively, while R1+R2 juxtaposition enabled synergistic activation by IL1B and budesonide. In addition, small-molecule inhibitors and siRNA knockdown showed p38α MAPK to negatively regulate both IL1B-induced TLR2 expression and R1+R2 reporter activity. Finally, agonism of IL1B-plus-dexamethasone–induced TLR2 in A549 cells and pHBECs stimulated NF-κB- and interferon regulatory factor-dependent reporter activity and chemokine release. We conclude that glucocorticoid-plus-cytokine-driven synergy at TLR2 involves GR and NF-κB acting via specific enhancer regions, which combined with the inhibition of p38α MAPK promotes TLR2 expression. Subsequent inflammatory effects that occur following TLR2 agonism may be pertinent in severe neutrophilic asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where glucocorticoid-based therapies are less efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Bansal
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M Mostafa
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Medicine and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah K Sasse
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suharsh V Shah
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert Newton
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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4
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Haykin H, Rolls A. The neuroimmune response during stress: A physiological perspective. Immunity 2021; 54:1933-1947. [PMID: 34525336 PMCID: PMC7615352 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an essential adaptive response that enables the organism to cope with challenges and restore homeostasis. Different stressors require distinctive corrective responses in which immune cells play a critical role. Hence, effects of stress on immunity may vary accordingly. Indeed, epidemiologically, stress can induce either inflammation or immune suppression in an organism. However, in the absence of a conceptual framework, these effects appear chaotic, leading to confusion. Here, we examine how stressor diversity is imbedded in the neuroimmune axis. Stressors differ in the brain patterns they induce, diversifying the neuronal and endocrine mediators dispatched to the periphery and generating a wide range of potential immune effects. Uncovering this complexity and diversity of the immune response to different stressors will allow us to understand the involvement of stress in pathological conditions, identify ways to modulate it, and even harness the therapeutic potential embedded in an adaptive response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedva Haykin
- Department of immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Asya Rolls
- Department of immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel.
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5
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Hoppstädter J, Dembek A, Linnenberger R, Dahlem C, Barghash A, Fecher-Trost C, Fuhrmann G, Koch M, Kraegeloh A, Huwer H, Kiemer AK. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Release by Macrophages: An Anti-inflammatory Program Induced by Glucocorticoids and Lipopolysaccharide. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1634. [PMID: 31396208 PMCID: PMC6664002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely prescribed therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, and endogenous GCs play a key role in immune regulation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune cells, such as macrophages, to recognize a wide variety of microbial ligands, thereby promoting inflammation. The interaction of GCs with macrophages in the immunosuppressive resolution phase upon prolonged TLR activation is widely unknown. Treatment of human alveolar macrophages (AMs) with the synthetic GC dexamethasone (Dex) did not alter the expression of TLRs −1, −4, and −6. In contrast, TLR2 was upregulated in a GC receptor-dependent manner, as shown by Western blot and qPCR. Furthermore, long-term lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure mimicking immunosuppression in the resolution phase of inflammation synergistically increased Dex-mediated TLR2 upregulation. Analyses of publicly available datasets suggested that TLR2 is induced during the resolution phase of inflammatory diseases, i.e., under conditions associated with high endogenous GC production. TLR2 induction did not enhance TLR2 signaling, as indicated by reduced cytokine production after treatment with TLR2 ligands in Dex- and/or LPS-primed AMs. Thus, we hypothesized that the upregulated membrane-bound TLR2 might serve as a precursor for soluble TLR2 (sTLR2), known to antagonize TLR2-dependent cell actions. Supernatants of LPS/Dex-primed macrophages contained sTLR2, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Activation of metalloproteinases resulted in enhanced sTLR2 shedding. Additionally, we detected full-length TLR2 and assumed that this might be due to the production of TLR2-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs from macrophage supernatants were isolated by sequential centrifugation. Both untreated and LPS/Dex-treated cells produced vesicles of various sizes and shapes, as shown by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. These vesicles were identified as the source of full-length TLR2 in macrophage supernatants by Western blot and mass spectrometry. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that TLR2-containing EVs were able to bind the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4. In addition, the presence of EVs reduced inflammatory responses in Pam3CSK4-treated endothelial cells and HEK Dual reporter cells, demonstrating that TLR2-EVs can act as decoy receptors. In summary, our data show that sTLR2 and full-length TLR2 are released by macrophages under anti-inflammatory conditions, which may contribute to GC-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anna Dembek
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rebecca Linnenberger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmad Barghash
- Department of Computer Science, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Claudia Fecher-Trost
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Hanno Huwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Völklingen Heart Centre, Völklingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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6
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Desgeorges T, Caratti G, Mounier R, Tuckermann J, Chazaud B. Glucocorticoids Shape Macrophage Phenotype for Tissue Repair. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1591. [PMID: 31354730 PMCID: PMC6632423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex process which is highly conserved among species. Inflammation occurs in response to injury, infection, and cancer, as an allostatic mechanism to return the tissue and to return the organism back to health and homeostasis. Excessive, or chronic inflammation is associated with numerous diseases, and thus strategies to combat run-away inflammation is required. Anti-inflammatory drugs were therefore developed to switch inflammation off. However, the inflammatory response may be beneficial for the organism, in particular in the case of sterile tissue injury. The inflammatory response can be divided into several parts. The first step is the mounting of the inflammatory reaction itself, characterized by the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the infiltration of immune cells into the injured area. The second step is the resolution phase, where immune cells move toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and decrease the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The last stage of inflammation is the regeneration process, where the tissue is rebuilt. Innate immune cells are major actors in the inflammatory response, of which, macrophages play an important role. Macrophages are highly sensitive to a large number of environmental stimuli, and can adapt their phenotype and function on demand. This change in phenotype in response to the environment allow macrophages to be involved in all steps of inflammation, from the first mounting of the pro-inflammatory response to the post-damage tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Desgeorges
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
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7
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Torres-Ruiz J, Mejía-Domínguez NR, Zentella-Dehesa A, Ponce-de-León A, Morales-Padilla SR, Vázquez-Rodríguez R, Alvarado-Lara MR, Reyna-de-la-Garza RA, Tapia-Rodríguez M, Juárez-Vega G, Merayo-Chalico J, Barrera-Vargas A, Alcocer-Varela JC, Gómez-Martín D. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Infection Predictive Index (LIPI): A Clinical-Immunological Tool to Predict Infections in Lupus Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3144. [PMID: 30692998 PMCID: PMC6340073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have a unique predisposition to develop infections, which represents one of their main causes of morbidity and mortality. Many infections occur at disease diagnosis in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy, suggesting that the immunological abnormalities in SLE patients might be fundamental for the development of this complication. The aim of this study was to address the main clinical and immunological features associated with the development of infection and to create and validate a compound clinical-immunological infection predictive index in a cohort of SLE patients. We included 55 SLE patients with < 5 years since diagnosis. The clinical and immunological features were evaluated periodically and patients were followed-up during 1 year, searching for the development of infection. Immunophenotyping was performed by multiparametric flow cytometry and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were assessed by confocal microscopy. Eighteen patients (32.7%) presented 19 infectious events, 5 (26.3%) were severe. For the construction of the index, we performed a logistic regression analysis and the cutoff points were determined with ROC curves. Increased numbers of peripheral Th17 cells, B cell lymphopenia, and lower TLR2 expression in monocytes, as well as the use of cyclophosphamide were the major risk factors for the development of infection and thus were included in the index. Besides, patients that developed infection were characterized by increased numbers of low-density granulocytes (LDGs) and higher expression of LL-37 in NETs upon infection. Finally, we validated the index retrospectively in a nested case-control study. A score >1.5 points was able to predict infection in the following year (AUC = 0.97; LR- = 0.001, specificity 100%, P = 0.0003). Our index encompasses novel immunological features able to prospectively predict the risk of infection in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiram Torres-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Emergency Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy R Mejía-Domínguez
- Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Department of Infectology and Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Rubí Morales-Padilla
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Vázquez-Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario René Alvarado-Lara
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Adrián Reyna-de-la-Garza
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Tapia-Rodríguez
- Microscopy Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Vega
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Merayo-Chalico
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Barrera-Vargas
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge C Alcocer-Varela
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Flow Cytometry Unit, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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8
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Su Q, Weindl G. Glucocorticoids and Toll-like receptor 2 cooperatively induce acute-phase serum amyloid A. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:145-152. [PMID: 28941781 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a highly conserved acute-phase protein and extrahepatic produced SAA1/2 contributes to cutaneous inflammation. Prolonged systemic or topical treatment with glucocorticoids can provoke skin diseases such as steroid-induced acne. Glucocorticoids increase Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression, however, an inflammatory mediator linked to this side effect remains elusive. We report that TLR2 agonists in combination with dexamethasone substantially increase SAA expression and production in human keratinocytes and epithelial cells. Dexamethasone-mediated SAA1 induction depends on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In response to Propionibacterium acnes, TLR2-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways are critically involved in dexamethasone-induced SAA1 production. The formation of transcription factor complexes between GR or p300 and phospho-STAT3 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in dexamethasone- and P. acnes-stimulated keratinocytes. Furthermore, dexamethasone and P. acnes-increased TLR2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) contribute to induction of SAA1 and 2. Likewise, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces SAA1 in combination with dexamethasone. GR, transcription factors STAT3 and NF-κB, but not MKP-1, mediate TNF- and dexamethasone-induced SAA1. Conclusively, we provide evidence that glucocorticoids promote SAA1 production under infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions which may provide significant insights to the pathogenesis of steroid-induced acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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