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Chen T, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Anabolic steroids in livestock production: Background and implications for chemical food safety. Steroids 2024; 206:109420. [PMID: 38580048 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of steroids in livestock animals is a source of concern for consumers because of the risks associated with the presence of their residues in foodstuffs of animal origin. Technological advances such as mass spectrometry have made it possible to play a fundamental role in controlling such practices, firstly for the discovery of marker metabolites but also for the monitoring of these compounds under the regulatory framework. Current control strategies rely on the monitoring of either the parent drug or its metabolites in various matrices of interest. As some of these steroids also have an endogenous status specific strategies have to be applied for control purposes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of analytical strategies, whether targeted or non-targeted, and whether they focus on markers of exposure or effect in the specific context of chemical food safety regarding the use of anabolic steroids in livestock. The role of new approaches in data acquisition (e.g. ion mobility), processing and analysis, (e.g. molecular networking), is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes 44300, France
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2
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Bovee TF, Heusinkveld HJ, Dodd S, Peijnenburg A, Rijkers D, Blokland M, Sprong RC, Crépet A, Nolles A, Zwart EP, Gremmer ER, Ven LTVD. Dose addition in mixtures of compounds with dissimilar endocrine modes of action in in vitro receptor activation assays and the zebrafish sexual development test. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114432. [PMID: 38176580 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to pesticides is being associated with feminisation for which a decrease of the anogenital distance (AGD) is a sensitive endpoint. Dose addition for the cumulative risk assessment of pesticides in food is considered sufficiently conservative for combinations of compounds with both similar and dissimilar modes of action (MoA). OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to test the dose addition hypothesis in a binary mixture of endocrine active compounds with a dissimilar mode of action for the endpoint feminisation. METHODS Compounds were selected from a list of chemicals of which exposure is related to a decrease of the AGD in rats and completed with reference compounds. These chemicals were characterised using specific in vitro transcriptional activation (TA) assays for estrogenic and androgenic properties, leading to a final selection of dienestrol as an ER-agonist and flutamide, linuron, and deltamethrin as AR-antagonists. These compounds were then tested in an in vivo model, i.e. in zebrafish (Danio rerio), using sex ratio in the population as an endpoint in order to confirm their feminising effect and MoA. Ultimately, the fish model was used to test a binary mixture of flutamide and dienestrol. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the binary mixture of flutamide and dienestrol in the fish sexual development tests (FSDT) with zebrafish supported dose addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine Fh Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Dodd
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Corinne Sprong
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antsje Nolles
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin P Zwart
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Tm van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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3
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da Silva MC, Rocha DG, Lana MAG, de Assis DCS, Pereira MDPM, Faria AF. Multiresidue Determination of Growth Promoters in Bovine Serum using QuEChERS and UHPLC-Q-ORBITRAP: Validation and In Vivo Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15766-15773. [PMID: 37843073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A reliable method using a QuEChERS approach and liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was optimized and validated for the quantification of 20 growth promoters in bovine serum. The recoveries ranged from 91.4-114.1%, relative standard deviations varied between 0.3-4.0%, and CCα values were between 0.023-0.350 μg L-1. The developed method was applied in an in vivo study using steers, which were intramuscularly treated with commercial injections containing stanozolol. A rapid metabolization was observed, with a detection window ranging from 3 to 10 days. The stability of incurred stanozolol was confirmed after 240 days at -20 °C and also after 5 freeze-thaw cycles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which an in vivo study was performed to support the monitoring of stanozolol in bovine serum. In addition, the use of Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry allows for retrospective analysis from a surveillance perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Diego G Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais - Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária - Brazil, Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Marianna de P M Pereira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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4
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Jongedijk E, Fifeik M, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Polzer J, Blokland M, Sterk S. Use of high-resolution mass spectrometry for veterinary drug multi-residue analysis. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Palstra AP, Bouwman LJ, Jéhannet P, Kruijt L, Schipper H, Blokland MH, Swinkels W, Heinsbroek LTN, Lokman PM. Steroid implants for the induction of vitellogenesis in feminized European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). Front Genet 2022; 13:969202. [PMID: 36061169 PMCID: PMC9428156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.969202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted propagation of the European eel will lead to a closed production cycle supplying the aquaculture industry with juvenile glass eels. Females require long-term weekly treatment with pituitary extract (PE), which is stressful and causes abnormalities in oogenesis. We tested the effects of 17α-methyltestosterone (17 MT), as potent androgen activating the androgen receptor, and 17β-estradiol (E2), as an inducer of vitellogenesis, to shorten the duration of PE treatment.Four groups of feminized eels were subjected to a simulated migration and subsequent injection with implants containing 17 MT (17 MT-group), E2 (E2-group) or 17 MT plus E2 (17 MT + E2-group) to test for synergistic effects, or without any steroids as controls (C-group). The effects of a 2-months treatment were investigated by determining the eye index (EI), hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic index (HSI and GSI, respectively), plasma steroid concentrations by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS), gonadal histology, expression of androgen receptors a and b (ara, arb); estrogen receptor 1 (esr1); FSH receptor (fshr); vitellogenin receptor (vtgr) and aromatase (cyp19), and the required number of weekly PE injections to fully mature. For many parameters, both the 17 MT and E2 groups showed an increase vs. controls, with the 17 MT + E2 group showing a synergistic effect, as seen for EI, GSI (3.4 for 17 MT and for E2, 6.6 for 17 MT + E2), oocyte diameter and ara, arb and esr1 expression. Concentrations of almost all focal steroids decreased with simulated migration and steroid treatment. Only eels of the 17 MT-group showed increased expression of cyp19 and of fshr, while fshr expression increased 44-fold in the 17 MT + E2 group, highlighting that co-implantation is most effective in raising fshr mRNA levels. Specific for eels of the E2 groups were vitellogenesis-associated changes such as an increase of HSI, plasma E2, and presence of yolk in the oocytes. Steroid treatments reduced the duration of PE treatment, again synergistically for co-implantation. In conclusion, E2 is necessary to start vitellogenesis, but 17 MT has specific effects on cyp19 and fshr expression. The combination is necessary for synergistic effects and as such, steroid implants could be applied in assisted reproduction protocols for European eel to improve oocyte quality leading to the production of more vital larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P. Palstra
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Arjan P. Palstra,
| | - Lotte J. Bouwman
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Pauline Jéhannet
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo Kruijt
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schipper
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco H. Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Leon T. N. Heinsbroek
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen Eel Reproduction Experts B.V, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - P. Mark Lokman
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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da Silva MC, Rocha DG, Pereira MDPM, Lana MAG, Assis DCSD, Faria AF. In Vivo Administration of Stanozolol in Cattle: Depletion and Stability Studies Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4749-4754. [PMID: 35380851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo study was performed in order to evaluate the depletion time of stanozolol and its main metabolites using naturally incurred urine sample collected after the administration of intramuscular injections in 12 steers. A stability study was also carried out to investigate the influence of the storage period and the freeze-thaw cycles. A fast parent drug metabolization was observed, because within 6 h after drug administration, the signal of the metabolite 16β-hydroxystanozolol was predominant. After the second drug administration, a detection window of 17 days was obtained. The stability was studied using ANOVA, in which a storage condition of -20 °C proved stable during 240 days, which was also confirmed after 5 freeze-thaw cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Diego G Rocha
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil, Av. Rômulo Joviano, s/no, Olaria, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Marianna de P M Pereira
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection of Minas Gerais, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil, Av. Rômulo Joviano, s/no, Olaria, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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8
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Costermans NGJ, Soede NM, van Tricht F, Blokland M, Kemp B, Keijer J, Teerds KJ. Follicular fluid steroid profile in sows: relationship to follicle size and oocyte quality†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:740-749. [PMID: 31786607 PMCID: PMC7068110 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of reliable characteristics of follicle quality and developmental competence has been pursued in numerous studies, but with inconsistent outcomes. Here, we aimed to identify these characteristics by analysis of the follicular fluid (FF) steroid profile in relation to cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) morphology and follicle size, followed by molecular substantiation. Multiparous sows at weaning were used to facilitate analysis at the start of the follicular phase of the oestrus cycle. Sows with a higher average follicle size (≥5 mm vs. < 5 mm) had a higher follicular fluid β-estradiol concentration, but did not differ in other measured steroids. Sows with high compared to low percentage high-quality COCs (<70% vs. ≥70% high-quality) had follicular fluid with a higher concentration of β-estradiol, 19-norandrostenedione, progesterone, and α-testosterone, while the concentration of cortisol was lower. Transcriptome analysis of granulosa cells of healthy follicles of sows with a high percentage high-quality COCs showed higher abundance of transcripts involved in ovarian steroidogenesis (e.g., CYP19A2 and 3, POR, VEGFA) and growth (IGF1) and differential abundance of transcripts involved in granulosa cell apoptosis (e.g., GADD45A, INHBB). Differences in aromatase transcript abundance (CYP19A1, 2 and 3) were confirmed at the protein level. In addition, sows with a high percentage high-quality COCs lost less weight during lactation and had higher plasma IGF1 concentration at weaning, which may have affected COC quality. To the best of our knowledge, this study is also the first to report the relation between FF steroid profile and COC quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G J Costermans
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - N M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F van Tricht
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K J Teerds
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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da Silva MC, Borgati TF, Rocha DG, Lana MAG, Faria AF. A Quantitative and Confirmatory Method Employing Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Hybrid High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and QuEChERS for the Determination of Thirty-Seven Growth Promoter Residues in Bovine Urine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7990-7996. [PMID: 34227807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 37 growth promoters were quantitatively determined in bovine urine using a QuEChERS approach with acetonitrile, NaCl, and MgSO4:PSA for sample extraction. The analytes were separated and detected by liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was validated in accordance with the Decision 657/2002/EC guidelines, in which recoveries fell within the range 84-113%, relative standard varied between 2 and 32%, and detection limit between 0.1 and 2.5 μg L-1. An adequate performance was evidenced during a proficiency test evaluation, and the developed method has been applied to routine analysis of growth promoters in Brazil. A highlight is the easiness of sample extraction combined with a quantitative determination of forbidden drugs using high-resolution mass spectrometry, which enables retrospective analysis in a surveillance perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C da Silva
- Department of Chemistry - Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Borgati
- Laboratory of Residues and Contaminants in Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais. Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Diego G Rocha
- Laboratory of Residues and Contaminants in Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais. Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Laboratory of Residues and Contaminants in Food of the Agricultural Defense Federal Laboratory of Minas Gerais. Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry - Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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10
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Costermans NGJ, Teerds KJ, Middelkoop A, Roelen BAJ, Schoevers EJ, van Tol HTA, Laurenssen B, Koopmanschap RE, Zhao Y, Blokland M, van Tricht F, Zak L, Keijer J, Kemp B, Soede NM. Consequences of negative energy balance on follicular development and oocyte quality in primiparous sows†. Biol Reprod 2021; 102:388-398. [PMID: 31504218 PMCID: PMC7016286 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic demands of modern hybrid sows have increased over the years, which increases the chance that sows enter a substantial negative energy balance (NEB) during lactation. This NEB can influence the development of follicles and oocytes that will give rise to the next litter. To study effects of a lactational NEB on follicular development, we used 36 primiparous sows of which 18 were subjected to feed restriction (3.25 kg/day) and 18 were full-fed (6.5 kg/day) during the last 2 weeks of a 24.1 ± 0.3 day lactation. Feed restriction resulted in a 70% larger lactational body weight loss and 76% higher longissimus dorsi depth loss, but similar amounts of backfat loss compared to the full fed sows. These changes were accompanied by lower plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and higher plasma creatinine levels in the restricted sows from the last week of lactation onward. Ovaries were collected 48 h after weaning. Restricted sows had a lower average size of the 15 largest follicles (−26%) and cumulus–oocyte complexes showed less expansion after 22 h in vitro maturation (−26%). Less zygotes of restricted sows reached the metaphase stage 24 h after in vitro fertilization and showed a higher incidence of polyspermy (+89%). This shows that feed restriction had severe consequences on oocyte developmental competence. Follicular fluid of restricted sows had lower IGF1 (−56%) and steroid levels (e.g., β-estradiol, progestins, and androgens), which indicated that follicles of restricted sows were less competent to produce steroids and growth factors needed for oocytes to obtain full developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G J Costermans
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K J Teerds
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Middelkoop
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B A J Roelen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E J Schoevers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H T A van Tol
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Laurenssen
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R E Koopmanschap
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Y Zhao
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F van Tricht
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Zak
- TopigsNorsvin Research Center B. V., Beuningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - N M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Characterisation and validation of an in vitro transactivation assay based on the 22Rv1/MMTV_GR-KO cell line to detect human androgen receptor agonists and antagonists. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112206. [PMID: 33887398 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the characterisation and validation of an androgen receptor (AR) transactivation assay for detection of AR agonists and antagonists using a stably transfected human prostate cancer cell line. This 22Rv1/mouse mammary tumour virus glucocorticoid knock-out cell line based AR transactivation assay was validated by criteria in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidance Document 34 to determine if the assay performed equally well to the AR EcoScreen Assay included in Test Guideline for AR Transactivation (OECD TG 458). There was no Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) crosstalk, and no changes in the AR DNA sequence in cells after the successful knock out of GR. Subsequently, the concordance of classifications of the 22 test chemicals was 100% in all laboratories. The AR agonistic and antagonistic inter-laboratory coefficients of variation based on log[10% effect for 10 nM DHT, PC10] and log[inhibitory response of 800 pM DHT by at 30%, IC30] from comprehensive tests were 2.75% and 2.44%, respectively. The AR agonist/antagonist test chemical classifications were consistent across AR EcoScreen ARTA assay data for 82/89%, and the balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 83/90%, 88/100% and 78/80%, respectively. This assay was successfully validated and was approved for inclusion in TG 458 in 2020.
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12
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Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080307. [PMID: 32727023 PMCID: PMC7463996 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and discriminatory ability of metabolic fingerprinting after the administration of 17β-testosterone esters to pigs. Plasma and urine samples were chromatographically separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column. High resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic fingerprints were analysed on a hybrid mass spectrometer Q-Exactive. Three independent multivariate statistical methods, namely principal component analysis, clustre analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the treated and control groups of pigs even 14 days after the administration of the hormonal drug. Plasma samples were also analysed by a conventional quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic curve was constructed based on the results. In this case, no testosterone residue was detected 14 days after the administration. The results clearly showed that a metabolomics approach can be a useful and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of banned anabolic steroids used illegally in pig fattening.
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13
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Yang X, Wang Y, Song C, Hu X, Wang F, Zeng X. Hapten Synthesis and the Development of an Ultrasensitive Indirect Competitive ELISA for the Determination of Diethylstilbestrol in Food Samples. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3270. [PMID: 32094434 PMCID: PMC7039971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An ultrasensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was developed for the specific detection of diethylstilbestrol (DES) residues. To establish an ELISA based on mAbs, hapten diethylstilbestrol mono-carboxypropyl-ether (DES-MCPE) was chemically synthetized and then conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for immunization in mice. This ic ELISA was further optimized for DES determination. The sensitivity of the ic ELISA was found to be 0.49 μg/kg and the limit of detection was 0.075 μg/kg. DES residues in salmon meat and pork were tested with the recovery range from 74.0 to 85.2% and the coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 10%. Parallel analysis of DES samples from salmon meat showed comparable results from the ic ELISA with high-performance liquid chromatography. The ic ELISA provides a useful screening method for the quantitative detection of DES residues in animal-derived food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Yang
- Institute of Food and Drug Inspection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yinbiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Song
- Food and Bioengineering College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, 461000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- Department of Veterinary science, college of Life science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, P.R. China.
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14
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Costermans NGJ, Soede NM, Blokland M, van Tricht F, Keijer J, Kemp B, Teerds KJ. Steroid profile of porcine follicular fluid and blood serum: Relation with follicular development. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14320. [PMID: 31883224 PMCID: PMC6934872 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify follicular fluid (FF) steroids which reflect follicular development in the early stages of the follicular phase and to establish whether the levels of these FF steroids correspond to their levels in serum. If these relations are established, serum steroid profiles may be used to monitor follicular development already in this early stage of the follicular phase. We used samples of two experiments, one with multiparous sows at the onset of the follicular phase (weaning) and one with primiparous sows at the midfollicular phase (48 hr after weaning). Complete steroid profiles were measured in pooled FF of the 15 largest follicles and serum using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In experiment 1, pooled FF volume, as a measure for average follicle size, tended to be positively related to higher FF 17β-estradiol levels (β = 0.56, p = .08). In experiment 2, a larger FF volume was related not only to FF higher 17β-estradiol levels (β = 2.11, p < .001) but also to higher levels of β-nortestosterone (β = 1.15, p < .0001) and its metabolite 19-norandrostenedione (β = 1.27, p < .01). In addition, FF volume was related to higher FF 17α-OH-pregnenolone (β = 1.63, p = .03) and 17α-OH-progesterone (β = 1.83, p < .001), which could indicate that CYP17,20-lyase activity is limiting for 17β-estradiol production in larger follicles at the beginning of the follicular phase. In serum, most of the steroids were present at lower levels compared to FF, except for the corticosteroids. Serum progestins and androgens were never related to follicle pool volume and steroid levels did not differ in the midfollicular phase compared to the onset of the follicular phase in the second experiment. Serum steroid levels therefore poorly reflect the developmental stage of the follicle pool in the first half of the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja G J Costermans
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike van Tricht
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja J Teerds
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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High-resolution mass spectrometry–based multi-residue method covering relevant steroids, stilbenes and resorcylic acid lactones in a variety of animal-based matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1054:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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