1
|
Ye X, Yang Y, Yao J, Wang M, Liu Y, Xie G, Zeng Z, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Nuclear receptor RXRα binds the precursor of miR-103 to inhibit its maturation. BMC Biol 2023; 21:197. [PMID: 37735649 PMCID: PMC10512521 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maturation of microRNAs (miRNAs) successively undergoes Drosha, Dicer, and Argonaute -mediated processing, however, the intricate regulations of the individual miRNA maturation are largely unknown. Retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRα) belongs to nuclear receptors that regulate gene transcription by binding to DNA elements, however, whether RXRα binds to miRNAs to exert physiological functions is not known. RESULTS In this work, we found that RXRα directly binds to the precursor of miR-103 (pre-miR-103a-2) via its DNA-binding domain with a preferred binding sequence of AGGUCA. The binding of RXRα inhibits the processing of miR-103 maturation from pre-miR-103a-2. Mechanistically, RXRα prevents the nuclear export of pre-miR-103a-2 for further processing by inhibiting the association of exportin-5 with pre-miR-103a-2. Pathophysiologically, the negative effect of RXRα on miR-103 maturation correlates to the positive effects of RXRα on the expression of Dicer, a target of miR-103, and on the inhibition of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings unravel an unexpected role of transcription factor RXRα in specific miRNA maturation at post-transcriptional level through pre-miRNA binding, and present a mechanistic insight regarding RXRα role in breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yun Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jiayue Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Mo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guobin Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Ma L, Li M, Tian Z, Yang M, Wu X, Wang X, Shang G, Xie M, Chen Y, Liu X, Jiang L, Wu W, Xu C, Xia L, Li G, Dai S, Chen Z. Structures of human TR4LBD-JAZF1 and TR4DBD-DNA complexes reveal the molecular basis of transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1443-1457. [PMID: 36651297 PMCID: PMC9943680 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) modulates the transcriptional activation of genes and plays important roles in many diseases. The regulation of TR4 on target genes involves direct interactions with DNA molecules via the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and recruitment of coregulators by the ligand-binding domain (LBD). However, their regulatory mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report high-resolution crystal structures of TR4DBD, TR4DBD-DNA complexes and the TR4LBD-JAZF1 complex. For DNA recognition, multiple factors come into play, and a specific mutual selectivity between TR4 and target genes is found. The coactivators SRC-1 and CREBBP can bind at the interface of TR4 originally occupied by the TR4 activation function region 2 (AF-2); however, JAZF1 suppresses the binding through a novel mechanism. JAZF1 binds to an unidentified surface of TR4 and stabilizes an α13 helix never reported in the nuclear receptor family. Moreover, the cancer-associated mutations affect the interactions and the transcriptional activation of TR4 in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Overall, our results highlight the crucial role of DNA recognition and a novel mechanism of how JAZF1 reinforces the autorepressed conformation and influences the transcriptional activation of TR4, laying out important structural bases for drug design for a variety of diseases, including diabetes and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lulu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Li
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zizi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guohui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengjia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 10 62734078; Fax: +86 10 62734078;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wingrove J, de Hoog E, Spencer GE. Disruptions in network plasticity precede deficits in memory following inhibition of retinoid signaling. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:41-55. [PMID: 36448682 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00270.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, is important for vertebrate cognition and hippocampal plasticity, but few studies have examined its role in invertebrate learning and memory, and its actions in the invertebrate central nervous system are currently unknown. Using the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined operant conditioning of the respiratory behavior, controlled by a well-defined central pattern generator (CPG), and used citral to inhibit retinoic acid signaling. Both citral- and vehicle-treated animals showed normal learning, but citral-treated animals failed to exhibit long-term memory at 24 h. Cohorts of citral- or vehicle-treated animals were dissected into semi-intact preparations, either 1 h after training, or after the memory test 24 h later. Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings from the CPG pacemaker cell (right pedal dorsal 1; RPeD1) and an identified motorneuron (VI) were made while monitoring respiratory activity (pneumostome opening). Activity of the CPG pneumostome opener interneuron (input 3 interneuron; IP3) was also monitored indirectly. Vehicle-treated conditioned preparations showed significant changes in network parameters immediately after learning, such as reduced motorneuron bursting activity (from IP3 input), delayed pneumostome opening, and decoupling of coincident IP3 input within the network. However, citral-treated preparations failed to exhibit these network changes and more closely resembled naïve preparations. Importantly, these citral-induced differences were manifested immediately after training and before any overt changes in the behavioral response (memory impairment). These studies shed light on where and when retinoid signaling might affect a central pattern-generating network to promote memory formation during conditioning of a homeostatic behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel evidence for how conditioning-induced changes in a CPG network are disrupted when retinoid signaling is inhibited. Inhibition of retinoic acid signaling prevents long-term memory formation following operant conditioning, but has no effect on learning. Simultaneous electrophysiological and behavioral analyses indicate network changes immediately following learning, but these changes are prevented with inhibition of retinoid signaling, before any overt changes in behavior. These data suggest sites for retinoid actions during memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Wingrove
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric de Hoog
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Hoog E, Saba Echezarreta VE, Turgambayeva A, Foran G, Megaly M, Necakov A, Spencer GE. Molluscan RXR Transcriptional Regulation by Retinoids in a Drosophila CNS Organ Culture System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162493. [PMID: 36010570 PMCID: PMC9406730 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, is important for the appropriate development of the nervous system (e.g., neurite outgrowth) as well as for cognition (e.g., memory formation) in the adult brain. We have shown that many of the effects of retinoids are conserved in the CNS of the mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis. RXRs are predominantly nuclear receptors, but the Lymnaea RXR (LymRXR) exhibits a non-nuclear distribution in the adult CNS, where it is also implicated in non-genomic retinoid functions. As such, we developed a CNS Drosophila organ culture-based system to examine the transcriptional activity and ligand-binding properties of LymRXR, in the context of a live invertebrate nervous system. The novel ligand sensor system was capable of reporting both the expression and transcriptional activity of the sensor. Our results indicate that the LymRXR ligand sensor mediated transcription following activation by both 9-cis RA (the high affinity ligand for vertebrate RXRs) as well as the vertebrate RXR synthetic agonist, SR11237. The LymRXR ligand sensor was also activated by all-trans RA, and to a much lesser extent by the vertebrate RAR synthetic agonist, EC23. This sensor also detected endogenous retinoid-like activity in the CNS of developing Drosophila larvae, primarily during the 3rd instar larval stage. These data indicate that the LymRXR sensor can be utilized not only for characterization of ligand activation for studies related to the Lymnaea CNS, but also for future studies of retinoids and their functions in Drosophila development.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma S, Shen T, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Basavarajappa D, Mirzaei M, You Y, Krezel W, Graham SL, Gupta V. Retinoid X Receptor: Cellular and Biochemical Roles of Nuclear Receptor with a Focus on Neuropathological Involvement. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2027-2050. [PMID: 35015251 PMCID: PMC9015987 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) present a subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily with particularly high evolutionary conservation of ligand binding domain. The receptor exists in α, β, and γ isotypes that form homo-/heterodimeric complexes with other permissive and non-permissive receptors. While research has identified the biochemical roles of several nuclear receptor family members, the roles of RXRs in various neurological disorders remain relatively under-investigated. RXR acts as ligand-regulated transcription factor, modulating the expression of genes that plays a critical role in mediating several developmental, metabolic, and biochemical processes. Cumulative evidence indicates that abnormal RXR signalling affects neuronal stress and neuroinflammatory networks in several neuropathological conditions. Protective effects of targeting RXRs through pharmacological ligands have been established in various cell and animal models of neuronal injury including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. This review summarises the existing knowledge about the roles of RXR, its interacting partners, and ligands in CNS disorders. Future research will determine the importance of structural and functional heterogeneity amongst various RXR isotypes as well as elucidate functional links between RXR homo- or heterodimers and specific physiological conditions to increase drug targeting efficiency in pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Sharma
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ting Shen
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Unistra, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taylor E, Heyland A. Evolution of non-genomic nuclear receptor function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111468. [PMID: 34610359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are responsible for the regulation of diverse developmental and physiological systems in metazoans. NR actions can be the result of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms depending on whether they act inside or outside of the nucleus respectively. While the actions of both mechanisms have been shown to be crucial to NR functions, non-genomic actions are considered less frequently than genomic actions. Furthermore, hypotheses on the origin and evolution of non-genomic NR signaling pathways are rarely discussed in the literature. Here we summarize non-genomic NR signaling mechanisms in the context of NR protein family evolution and animal phyla. We find that NRs across groups and phyla act via calcium flux as well as protein phosphorylation cascades (MAPK/PI3K/PKC). We hypothesize and discuss a possible synapomorphy of NRs in the NR1 and NR3 families, including the thyroid hormone receptor, vitamin D receptor, ecdysone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, steroid receptors, and others. In conclusion, we propose that the advent of non-genomic NR signaling may have been a driving force behind the expansion of NR diversity in Cnidarians, Placozoans, and Bilaterians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Taylor
- University of Guelph, College of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biology, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada.
| | - Andreas Heyland
- University of Guelph, College of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biology, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schierwater B, Osigus HJ, Bergmann T, Blackstone NW, Hadrys H, Hauslage J, Humbert PO, Kamm K, Kvansakul M, Wysocki K, DeSalle R. The enigmatic Placozoa part 1: Exploring evolutionary controversies and poor ecological knowledge. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100080. [PMID: 34472126 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens is a tiny hairy plate and more simply organized than any other living metazoan. After its original description by F.E. Schulze in 1883, it attracted attention as a potential model for the ancestral state of metazoan organization, the "Urmetazoon". Trichoplax lacks any kind of symmetry, organs, nerve cells, muscle cells, basal lamina, and extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the placozoan genome is the smallest (not secondarily reduced) genome of all metazoan genomes. It harbors a remarkably rich diversity of genes and has been considered the best living surrogate for a metazoan ancestor genome. The phylum Placozoa presently harbors three formally described species, while several dozen "cryptic" species are yet awaiting their description. The phylogenetic position of placozoans has recently become a contested arena for modern phylogenetic analyses and view-driven claims. Trichoplax offers unique prospects for understanding the minimal requirements of metazoan animal organization and their corresponding malfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Osigus
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Neil W Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Heike Hadrys
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kai Kamm
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kathrin Wysocki
- Institute of Animal Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rob DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miglioli A, Canesi L, Gomes IDL, Schubert M, Dumollard R. Nuclear Receptors and Development of Marine Invertebrates. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010083. [PMID: 33440651 PMCID: PMC7827873 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors specific to metazoans that have the unique ability to directly translate the message of a signaling molecule into a transcriptional response. In vertebrates, NRs are pivotal players in countless processes of both embryonic and adult physiology, with embryonic development being one of the most dynamic periods of NR activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that NR signaling is also a major regulator of development in marine invertebrates, although ligands and transactivation dynamics are not necessarily conserved with respect to vertebrates. The explosion of genome sequencing projects and the interpretation of the resulting data in a phylogenetic context allowed significant progress toward an understanding of NR superfamily evolution, both in terms of molecular activities and developmental functions. In this context, marine invertebrates have been crucial for characterizing the ancestral states of NR-ligand interactions, further strengthening the importance of these organisms in the field of evolutionary developmental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Miglioli
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Laura Canesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Isa D. L. Gomes
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schubert
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; (A.M.); (I.D.L.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baker ME. Steroid receptors and vertebrate evolution. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 496:110526. [PMID: 31376417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Considering that life on earth evolved about 3.7 billion years ago, vertebrates are young, appearing in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion about 542 to 515 million years ago. Results from sequence analyses of genomes from bacteria, yeast, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates indicate that receptors for adrenal steroids (aldosterone, cortisol), and sex steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) also are young, with an estrogen receptor and a 3-ketosteroid receptor first appearing in basal chordates (cephalochordates: amphioxus), which are close ancestors of vertebrates. Duplication and divergence of the 3-ketosteroid receptor yielded an ancestral progesterone receptor and an ancestral corticoid receptor, the common ancestor of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, in jawless vertebrates (cyclostomes: lampreys, hagfish). This was followed by evolution of an androgen receptor, distinct glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and estrogen receptor-α and -β in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: sharks). Further evolution of mineralocorticoid signaling occurred with the evolution of aldosterone synthase in lungfish, a forerunner of terrestrial vertebrates. Adrenal and sex steroid receptors are not found in echinoderms and hemichordates, which are ancestors in the lineage of cephalochordates and vertebrates. The evolution of steroid receptors at key nodes in the evolution of vertebrates, in which steroid receptors act as master switches to regulate differentiation, development, reproduction, immune responses, electrolyte homeostasis and stress responses, suggests an important role for steroid receptors in the evolutionary success of vertebrates, considering that the human genome contains about 22,000 genes, which is not much larger than genomes of invertebrates, such as Caenorhabditis elegans (~18,000 genes) and Drosophila (~14,000 genes).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, 0693, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0693, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu W, Zhang X, Gao K, Wang X. Effect of astragaloside IV and the role of nuclear receptor RXRα in human peritoneal mesothelial cells in high glucose‑based peritoneal dialysis fluids. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3829-3839. [PMID: 31485615 PMCID: PMC6755149 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis is a serious complication that can occur during peritoneal dialysis (PD), which is primarily caused by damage to peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs). The onset of peritoneal fibrosis is delayed or inhibited by promoting PMC survival and inhibiting PMC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, the effect of astragaloside IV and the role of the nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) in PMCs in high glucose-based PD fluids was investigated. Human PMC HMrSV5 cells were transfected with RXRα short hairpin RNA (shRNA), or an empty vector, and then treated with PD fluids and astragaloside IV. Cell viability, apoptosis and EMT were examined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, and by determining the levels of caspase-3, E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) via western blot analysis. Cell viability and apoptosis were increased, as were the levels of E-cadherin in HMrSV5 cells following treatment with PD fluid. The protein levels of α-SMA and caspase-3 were increased by treatment with PD fluid. Exposure to astragaloside IV inhibited these changes; however, astragaloside IV did not change cell viability, apoptosis, E-cadherin or α-SMA levels in HMrSV5 cells under normal conditions. Transfection of HMrSV5 cells with RXRα shRNA resulted in decreased viability and E-cadherin expression, and increased apoptosis and α-SMA levels, in HMrSV5 cells treated with PD fluids and co-treated with astragaloside IV or vehicle. These results suggested that astragaloside IV increased cell viability, and inhibited apoptosis and EMT in PMCs in PD fluids, but did not affect these properties of PMCs under normal condition. Thus, the present study suggested that RXRα is involved in maintaining viability, inhibiting apoptosis and reducing EMT of PMCs in PD fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Kun Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xufang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krężel W, Rühl R, de Lera AR. Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110436. [PMID: 31026478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) control a wide variety of functions by virtue of their dimerization with other nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), contributing thereby to activities of different signaling pathways. We review known RXR ligands as transcriptional modulators of specific RXR-dimers and the associated biological processes. We also discuss the physiological relevance of such ligands, which remains frequently a matter of debate and which at present is best met by member(s) of a novel family of retinoids, postulated as Vitamin A5. Through comparison with other natural, but also with synthetic ligands, we discuss high diversity in the modes of ligand binding to RXRs resulting in agonistic or antagonistic profiles and selectivity towards specific subtypes of permissive heterodimers. Despite such diversity, direct ligand binding to the ligand binding pocket resulting in agonistic activity was preferentially preserved in the course of animal evolution pointing to its functional relevance, and potential for existence of other, species-specific endogenous RXR ligands sharing the same mode of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Johnson A, de Hoog E, Tolentino M, Nasser T, Spencer GE. Pharmacological evidence for the role of RAR in axon guidance and embryonic development of a protostome species. Genesis 2019; 57:e23301. [PMID: 31038837 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, functions through nuclear receptors, one of which is the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Though the RAR is essential for various aspects of vertebrate development, little is known about the role of RAR in nonchordate invertebrates. Here, we examined the potential role of an invertebrate RAR in mediating chemotropic effects of retinoic acid. The RAR of the protostome Lymnaea stagnalis is present in the growth cones of regenerating cultured motorneurons, and a synthetic RAR agonist (EC23), was able to mimic the effects of retinoic acid in inducing growth cone turning. We also examined the ability of the natural retinoids, all-trans RA and 9-cis RA, as well as the synthetic RAR agonists, to disrupt embryonic development in Lymnaea. Developmental defects included delays in embryo hatching, arrested eye, and shell development, as well as more severe abnormalities such as halted development. Developmental defects induced by some (but not all) synthetic RAR agonists were found to mimic those induced by addition of high concentrations of the natural retinoid isomers. These pharmacological data support a possible physiological role for the RAR in axon guidance and embryonic development of an invertebrate protostome species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alysha Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric de Hoog
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Tolentino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamara Nasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA.
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-mer, Sorbonne Universités, France.
| |
Collapse
|