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Sharma S, Rousselle D, Parker E, Ekpruke CD, Alford R, Babayev M, Commodore S, Silveyra P. Sensitivity of Mouse Lung Nuclear Receptors to Electronic Cigarette Aerosols and Influence of Sex Differences: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:810. [PMID: 38929056 PMCID: PMC11203813 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The emerging concern about chemicals in electronic cigarettes, even those without nicotine, demands the development of advanced criteria for their exposure and risk assessment. This study aims to highlight the sensitivity of lung nuclear receptors (NRs) to electronic cigarette e-liquids, independent of nicotine presence, and the influence of the sex variable on these effects. Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to electronic cigarettes with 0%, 3%, and 6% nicotine daily (70 mL, 3.3 s, 1 puff per min/30 min) for 14 days, using the inExpose full body chamber (SCIREQ). Following exposure, lung tissues were harvested, and RNA extracted. The expression of 84 NRs was determined using the RT2 profiler mRNA array (Qiagen). Results exhibit a high sensitivity to e-liquid exposure irrespective of the presence of nicotine, with differential expression of NRs, including one (females) and twenty-four (males) in 0% nicotine groups compared to non-exposed control mice. However, nicotine-dependent results were also significant with seven NRs (females), fifty-three NRs (males) in 3% and twenty-three NRs (female) twenty-nine NRs (male) in 6% nicotine groups, compared to 0% nicotine mice. Sex-specific changes were significant, but sex-related differences were not observed. The study provides a strong rationale for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Dustin Rousselle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Erik Parker
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Carolyn Damilola Ekpruke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Rachel Alford
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Maksat Babayev
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Sarah Commodore
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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2
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Meister ML, Feresin RG. Blackberry consumption protects against e-cigarette-induced vascular oxidative stress in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:10709-10730. [PMID: 37937402 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity; however, evidence for their safety with chronic use is lacking. Acute e-cigarette exposure induces systemic oxidative stress in users and contributes to vascular endothelial dysfunction through reduction in nitric oxide (NO). Polyphenols, abundant in blackberries (BL), mitigate cardiovascular damage. We aimed to determine whether BL was protective against e-cigarette-induced cardiopulmonary detriments. Mice were fed a diet supplemented with or without 5% freeze-dried BL (w/w) for 16 weeks. E-cigarette exposure (1 h, 5 days per week) began at week 4. Additionally, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were treated with BL polyphenol extract (200 μg mL-1) and e-cigarette condensate (0.5% v/v). Twelve weeks of e-cigarette exposure induced multi-organ oxidative stress. E-cigarette exposure increased expression of pro-oxidant enzymes in the endothelium resulting in increased superoxide production diminishing NO bioavailability. Additionally, e-cigarettes reduced the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase, contributing to decreases in NO. Mice supplemented with BL were protected against decreases in NO and BL pre-treatment in vitro reduced superoxide production. However, BL was not able to attenuate oxidative stress responses in the heart or lungs. These studies demonstrate the contribution of e-cigarettes to vascular pathologies through an increase in superoxide-producing enzymes and the ability of BL polyphenols to mitigate these deleterious effects in the vasculature. Further studies should explore the role of polyphenol-rich foods in protecting against cardiopulmonary conditions induced by chronic e-cigarette use and explore their use in the recovery period post-e-cigarette cessation to properly align with current public health messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Meister
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30367, USA
| | - Rafaela G Feresin
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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3
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Commodore S, Sharma S, Ekpruke CD, Pepin R, Hansen AM, Rousselle D, Babayev M, Ndeke JM, Alford R, Parker E, Dickinson S, Sharma S, Silveyra P. Thirdhand vaping exposures are associated with pulmonary and systemic inflammation in a mouse model. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 2023; 2:22. [PMID: 38741701 PMCID: PMC11090496 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2023.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the accumulation of secondhand smoke on surfaces that ages with time. THS exposure is a potential health threat to children, partners of smokers, and workers in environments with current or past smoking, and needs further investigation. In this study, we hypothesized that thirdhand Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) exposures elicit lung and systemic inflammation due to resuspended particulate matter (PM) and inorganic compounds that remain after active vaping has ceased. To test our hypothesis, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to cotton towels contaminated with ENDS aerosols from unflavored vape fluid (6 mg nicotine in 50/50 propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin) for 1h/day, five days/week, for three weeks. We assessed protein levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using a multiplex protein assay. The mean ± sd for PM10 and PM2.5 measurements in exposed mouse cages were 8.3 ± 14.0 and 4.6 ± 7.5 μg/m3, compared to 6.1 ± 11.2 and 3.7 ± 6.6 μg/m3 in control cages respectively. Two compounds, 4-methyl-1, 2-dioxolane and 4-methyl-cyclohexanol, were detected in vape fluid and on ENDS-contaminated towels, but not on control towels. Mice exposed to ENDS-contaminated towels had lower levels of serum Il-7 (P = 0.022, n = 7), and higher levels of Il-13 in the BALF (P = 0.006, n = 7) than those exposed to control towels (n = 6). After adjusting for sex and age, Il-7 and Il-13 levels were still associated with thirdhand vaping exposure (P = 0.010 and P = 0.017, respectively). This study provides further evidence that thirdhand ENDS aerosols can contaminate surfaces, and subsequently influence lung and systemic health upon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Commodore
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Carolyn Damilola Ekpruke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Robert Pepin
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Angela M. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Dustin Rousselle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Maksat Babayev
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Jonas M. Ndeke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Rachel Alford
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Erik Parker
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Stephanie Dickinson
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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4
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Hod R, Mohd Nor NH, Maniam S. Systematic review on e-cigarette and its effects on weight gain and adipocytes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270818. [PMID: 35788209 PMCID: PMC9255744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. E-cigarette which was first introduced in 2000s is perceived as an effective alternative to conventional tobacco smoking. Limited knowledge is available regarding the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. This study systematically reviews the current literature on the effects of e-cigarettes on body weight changes and adipocytes. The search was performed using OVID Medline and Scopus databases and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were independently assessed. This review included all English language, empirical quantitative and qualitative papers that investigated the effects of e-cigarettes on bodyweight or lipid accumulation or adipocytes. Literature searches identified 4965 references. After removing duplicates and screening for eligibility, thirteen references which involve human, in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and appraised. High prevalence of e-cigarette was reported in majority of the cross sectional studies conducted among respondent who are obese or overweight. More conclusive findings were identified in in vivo studies with e-cigarette causing weight decrease. However, these observations were not supported by in vitro data. Hence, the effect of e-cigarette on body weight changes warrants further investigations. Well-designed population and molecular studies are needed to further elucidate the role of e-cigarettes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Hod
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Mohd Nor
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Maniam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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5
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Bagdas D, Kebede N, Zepei AM, Harris L, Minanov K, Picciotto MR, Addy NA. Animal Models to Investigate the Impact of Flavors on Nicotine Addiction and Dependence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2175-2201. [PMID: 35611777 PMCID: PMC9886843 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220524120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use in humans is a long-standing public health concern. Flavors are common additives in tobacco and alternative tobacco products, added to mask nicotine's harsh orosensory effects and increase the appeal of these products. Animal models are integral for investigating nicotine use and addiction and are helpful for understanding the effects of flavor additives on the use of nicotine delivery products. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on preclinical models to evaluate the contribution of flavor additives to nicotine addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted by authors up to May 2022. Original articles were selected. RESULTS The behavioral models of rodents described here capture multiple dimensions of human flavored nicotine use behaviors, including advantages and disadvantages. CONCLUSION The consensus of the literature search was that human research on nicotine use behavior has not caught up with fast-changing product innovations, marketing practices, and federal regulations. Animal models are therefore needed to investigate mechanisms underlying nicotine use and addiction. This review provides a comprehensive overvie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nardos Kebede
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andy Ma Zepei
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lilley Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karina Minanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nii A. Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Esquer C, Echeagaray O, Firouzi F, Savko C, Shain G, Bose P, Rieder A, Rokaw S, Witon-Paulo A, Gude N, Sussman MA. Fundamentals of vaping-associated pulmonary injury leading to severe respiratory distress. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/2/e202101246. [PMID: 34810278 PMCID: PMC8616545 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping of flavored liquids has been touted as safe alternative to traditional cigarette smoking with decreased health risks. The popularity of vaping has dramatically increased over the last decade, particularly among teenagers who incorporate vaping into their daily life as a social activity. Despite widespread and increasing adoption of vaping among young adults, there is little information on long-term consequences of vaping and potential health risks. This study demonstrates vaping-induced pulmonary injury using commercial JUUL pens with flavored vape juice using an inhalation exposure murine model. Profound pathological changes to upper airway, lung tissue architecture, and cellular structure are evident within 9 wk of exposure. Marked histologic changes include increased parenchyma tissue density, cellular infiltrates proximal to airway passages, alveolar rarefaction, increased collagen deposition, and bronchial thickening with elastin fiber disruption. Transcriptional reprogramming includes significant changes to gene families coding for xenobiotic response, glycerolipid metabolic processes, and oxidative stress. Cardiac systemic output is moderately but significantly impaired with pulmonary side ventricular chamber enlargement. This vaping-induced pulmonary injury model demonstrates mechanistic underpinnings of vaping-related pathologic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Esquer
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Echeagaray
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fareheh Firouzi
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa Savko
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Grant Shain
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pria Bose
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Rieder
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Rokaw
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Witon-Paulo
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Gude
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Fisher ML, Pauly JR, Froeliger B, Turner JR. Translational Research in Nicotine Addiction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a039776. [PMID: 32513669 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While commendable strides have been made in reducing smoking initiation and improving smoking cessation rates, current available smoking cessation treatment options are still only mildly efficacious and show substantial interindividual variability in their therapeutic responses. Therefore, the primary goal of preclinical research has been to further the understanding of the neural substrates and genetic influences involved in nicotine's effects and reassess potential drug targets. Pronounced advances have been made by investing in new translational approaches and placing more emphasis on bridging the gap between human and rodent models of dependence. Functional neuroimaging studies have identified key brain structures involved with nicotine-dependence phenotypes such as craving, impulsivity, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking cessation outcomes. Following up with these findings, rodent-modeling techniques have made it possible to dissect the neural circuits involved in these motivated behaviors and ascertain mechanisms underlying nicotine's interactive effects on brain structure and function. Likewise, translational studies investigating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the cholinergic, dopaminergic, and opioid systems have found high levels of involvement of these neurotransmitter systems in regulating the reinforcing aspects of nicotine in both humans and mouse models. These findings and coordinated efforts between human and rodent studies pave the way for future work determining gene by drug interactions and tailoring treatment options to each individual smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Fisher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
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8
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Sun YW, Chen KM, Atkins H, Aliaga C, Gordon T, Guttenplan JB, El-Bayoumy K. Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosols with Varying Levels of Nicotine on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1161-1168. [PMID: 33761748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To provide insights into the cause of e-cigarette (e-cig) associated lung injury, we examined the effects of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (G), two common solvent carriers used to deliver nicotine/flavor, on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in female B6C3F1 mice which had been used successfully in tobacco smoke (TS)-induced lung carcinogenesis. Mice exposed to air and TS were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Using LC-MS/MS, we showed that PG/G alone, in the absence of nicotine, significantly increased the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG or its tautomer 8-oxodG), a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, in lung and plasma of mice; moreover, addition of nicotine (12 and 24 mg/mL) in e-cig liquid appears to suppress the levels of 8-oxodG. Exposure to e-cig aerosols or TS induced nonsignificant increases of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation; nonetheless, the levels of fibronectin (FN), a biomarker of tissue injury, were significantly increased by e-cig aerosols or TS. Although preliminary, our data showed that exposure to e-cig aerosols induced a higher score of lung injury than did control air or TS exposure. Our results indicate that the B6C3F1 mouse model may be suitable for an in-depth examination of the impact of e-cig on lung injury associated with oxidative stress and inflammation and this study adds to the growing evidence that the use of e-cig can lead to lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Joseph B Guttenplan
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, United States
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9
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E-cigarette aerosols containing nicotine modulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and astroglial glutamate transporters in mesocorticolimbic brain regions of chronically exposed mice. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 333:109308. [PMID: 33242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine exposure increases the release of glutamate in part through stimulatory effects on pre-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To assess the impact of chronic electronic (e)-cigarette use on these drug dependence pathways, we exposed C57BL/6 mice to three types of inhalant exposures for 3 months; 1) e-cigarette aerosol generated from liquids containing nicotine (ECN), 2) e-cigarette aerosol generated from liquids containing vehicle chemicals without nicotine (Veh), and 3) air only (AC). We investigated the effects of daily e-cigarette exposure on protein levels of α7 nAChR and α4/β2 nAChR, gene expression and protein levels of astroglial glutamate transporters, including glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT), in the frontal cortex (FC), striatum (STR) and hippocampus (HIP). We found that chronic inhalation of ECN increased α4/β2 nAChR in all brain regions, and increased α7 nAChR expression in the FC and STR. The total GLT-1 relative mRNA and protein expression were decreased in the STR. Moreover, GLT-1 isoforms (GLT-1a and GLT-1b) were downregulated in the STR in ECN group. However, inhalation of e-cigarette aerosol downregulated xCT expression in STR and HIP compared to AC and Veh groups. ECN group had increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the STR compared to control groups. Finally, mass spectrometry detected high concentrations of the nicotine metabolite, cotinine, in the FC and STR in ECN group. This work demonstrates that chronic inhalation of nicotine within e-cigarette aerosols significantly alters the expression of nAChRs and astroglial glutamate transporters in specific mesocorticolimbic brain regions.
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10
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OpenVape: An Open-Source E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure Device for Rodents. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0279-20.2020. [PMID: 32859723 PMCID: PMC7598908 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0279-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of “vaping” has recently seen significant increases in North America, especially in adolescents. However, the behavioral correlates of vaping are largely unexplored. The uptake of existing technologies meant for rodent vapor inhalation remains limited because of a lack of affordability and versatility (ability to be used with a variety of vaporizers). The OpenVape (OV) offers an open-source, low-cost solution that can be used in a variety of research contexts. Here, we present a specific use case, combining the OV apparatus with JUUL e-cigarettes. This apparatus consists of Arduino-operated vacuum pumps that deliver vapor directly from e-cigarettes to exposure chambers. The OV is easy to build and customize for any type of vaporizer (e.g., nicotine pod or tank; cannabis flower or concentrates). To test the OV, we performed biochemical verification and behavioral studies. The behavioral test (conditioned place preference, CPP) was conducted using adolescent and adult animals to assess developmental differences in the rewarding effects of nicotine vapor, as previously observed with injected nicotine. These findings demonstrate that even after brief exposures to nicotine vapor, pharmacologically relevant nicotine and cotinine levels could be detected in plasma, and significant CPP was observed, especially in adolescent rats which showed preference at shorter puff delivery durations (lower nicotine doses) compared with adults. Together, these findings suggest that OV provides an affordable, open-source option for preclinical behavioral research into the effects of vaping.
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11
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Perez MF, Crotty Alexander LE. Why Is Vaping Going Up in Flames? Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020; 17:545-549. [PMID: 31944819 PMCID: PMC7263393 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201910-802ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E. Crotty Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California; and
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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12
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Hobkirk AL, Bitzer Z, Goel R, Sica CT, Livelsberger C, Yingst J, Houser KR, Rupprecht S, Trushin N, Karunanayaka P, Foulds J, Richie JP, Spreen L, Hoglen B, Wang J, Elias RJ, Yang QX. An Electronic Aerosol Delivery System for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 14:1178221820904140. [PMID: 32095075 PMCID: PMC7013112 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820904140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Public health concerns over the addictive potential of electronic cigarettes
(e-cigs) have heightened in recent years. Brain function during e-cig use
could provide an objective measure of the addictive potential of new vaping
products to facilitate research; however, there are limited methods for
delivering e-cig aerosols during functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI). The current study describes the development and feasibility testing
of a prototype to deliver up to four different e-cig aerosols during
fMRI. Methods: Standardized methods were used to test the devices’ air flow variability,
nicotine yield, and free radical production. MRI scans were run with and
without the device present to assess its safety and effects on MRI data
quality. Five daily smokers were recruited to assess plasma nicotine
absorption from e-liquids containing nicotine concentrations of 8, 11, 16,
24, and 36 mg/ml. Feedback was collected from participants through a
semi-structured interview and computerized questionnaire to assess comfort
and subjective experiences of inhaling aerosol from the device. Results: Nicotine yield captured from the aerosol produced by the device was highly
correlated with the nicotine concentration of the e-liquids used
(R2 = 0.965). Nicotine yield was reduced by a mean of 48% and
free radical production by 17% after traveling through the device. The
e-liquid containing the highest nicotine concentration tested (36 mg/ml)
resulted in the highest plasma nicotine boost (6.6 ng/ml). Overall,
participants reported that the device was comfortable to use and inhaling
the e-cig aerosols was tolerable. The device was determined to be safe for
use during fMRI and had insignificant effects on scan quality. Conclusions: With the current project, we were able to design a working prototype that
safely and effectively delivers e-cig aerosols during fMRI. The device has
the potential to be used to assess brain activation during e-cig use and to
compare brain reactivity to varying flavors, nicotine concentrations, and
other e-cig characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Hobkirk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T Sica
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Craig Livelsberger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Houser
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Rupprecht
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Spreen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Hoglen
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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13
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Hilpert M, Ilievski V, Coady M, Andrade-Gutierrez M, Yan B, Chillrud SN, Navas-Acien A, Kleiman NJ. A custom-built low-cost chamber for exposing rodents to e-cigarette aerosol: practical considerations. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:399-408. [PMID: 31797690 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1698678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To (1) design and build a low-cost exposure chamber system for whole-body exposure of rodents to electronic cigarette aerosol, (2) provide detailed instructions with particular focus on automated e-cigarette activation, and (3) develop a simple mathematical model for aerosol levels in the exposure chamber.Methods: We built the system with standard laboratory equipment and an open-source electronics platform (Arduino) for e-cigarette activation. Arduino is used to control a solenoid, which pushes the activation button of so-called "Mod" e-cigarettes, and a pump to move the aerosol from the mouthpiece of the e-cigarette into the chamber. For "Pods" and "Cigalikes," the solenoid is not used as they are activated by the vacuum created by the pump. Aerosol concentrations were measured with a light-scattering laser photometer.Results: The system allows varying the air exchange rate, monitoring aerosol levels, and programing arbitrary puff topography. Aerosol concentrations observed for different chamber operating conditions (puff time and period, e-cigarette power output, air exchange rate) were consistent with the mathematical model.Conclusions: Our low-cost exposure chamber can be used in animal experimental studies of the health effects of e-cigarettes. Our model allows estimating design parameters such as chamber volume, air exchange rate, and puff period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maxine Coady
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norman J Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Aghaloo T, Kim JJ, Gordon T, Behrsing HP. In Vitro Models, Standards, and Experimental Methods for Tobacco Products. Adv Dent Res 2019; 30:16-21. [PMID: 31538805 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519872474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traditional tobacco products have well-known systemic and local oral effects, including inflammation, vasoconstriction, delayed wound healing, and increased severity of periodontal disease. Specifically in the oral cavity and the lung, cigarette smoking produces cancer, increased infectivity, acute and chronic inflammation, changes in gene expression in epithelial lining cells, and microbiome changes. In recent years, cigarette smoking has greatly decreased in the United States, but the use of new tobacco products has gained tremendous popularity. Without significant knowledge of the oral sequelae of products such as electronic cigarettes, researchers must evaluate current in vitro and in vivo methods to study these agents, as well as develop new tools to adequately study their effects. Some in vitro testing has been performed for electronic cigarettes, including toxicologic models and assays, but these mostly study the effect on the respiratory tract. Recently, direct exposure of the aerosol to in vitro 3-dimensional tissue constructs has been performed, demonstrating changes in cell viability and inflammatory cytokines. For in vivo studies, a universal e-cigarette testing machine or standard vaping regime is needed. A standard research electronic cigarette has recently been developed by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, and other devices delivering aerosols with different nicotine concentrations are becoming available. One of the biggest challenges in this research is keeping up with the new products and the rapidly changing technologies in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aghaloo
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J J Kim
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - T Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - H P Behrsing
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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15
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Modeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 330:108458. [PMID: 31614162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco products is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Coordinated efforts have successfully reduced tobacco cigarette smoking in the United States; however, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) recently have replaced traditional cigarettes for many users. While the clinical risks associated with long-term ENDS use remain unclear, advancements in preclinical rodent models will enhance our understanding of their overall health effects. This review examines the peripheral and central effects of ENDS-mediated exposure to nicotine and other drugs of abuse in rodents and evaluates current techniques for implementing ENDS in preclinical research.
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16
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A mouse model for chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure exhibits nicotine pharmacokinetics resembling human vapers. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 326:108376. [PMID: 31361999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cig) use is increasing rapidly, particularly among youths. Animal models for E-cig exposure with pharmacokinetics resembling human E-cig users are lacking. We developed an E-cig aerosol exposure system for rodents and a chronic intermittent delivery method that simulates E-cig users who vape episodically during wakefulness and abstain during sleep. Mice were exposed to E-cig in a programmed schedule at very low, low, medium, or high doses defined by duration of each puff, number of puffs per delivery episode and frequency of episodes in the dark phase of a 12/12-h circadian cycle for 9 consecutive days. The plasma nicotine/cotinine levels and their time courses were determined using LC/MS-MS. We assessed the body weight, food intake and locomotor activity of Apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/-) mice exposed to chronic intermittent E-cig aerosol. Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were positively correlated with exposure doses. Nicotine and cotinine levels showed a circadian variation as they increased with time up to the maximum nicotine level of 21.8 ± 7.1 ng/mL during the daily intermittent E-cig exposure in the 12-h dark phase and then declined during the light phase when there was no E-cig delivery. Chronic E-cig exposure to ApoE-/- mice decreased body weight, food intake and increased locomotion. Our rodent E-cig exposure system and chronic intermittent exposure method yield clinically relevant nicotine pharmacokinetics associated with behavioral and metabolic changes. The methodologies are essential tools for in vivo studies of the health impacts of E-cig exposure on CNS, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic systems, metabolism and carcinogenesis.
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