Ginkgolide C reduced oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells

PPARγ-mediated amelioration of lipid metabolism abnormality by kaempferol

Kaempferol can exert biological functions by regulating various signaling pathways. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of kaempferol on lipid accumulation using oleic acid and palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells and high-fat diet mice. In vitro oil red O staining showed that kaempferol treatment improved lipid accumulation (p < 0.001 for TG content and p < 0.05 for TC content). Immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR showed that kaempferol could promote nuclear translocation of PPARγ and reduce the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPβ, and SREBP-1c. Dietary intervention with kaempferol could reduce the lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as attenuated serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in HFD-fed mice (p < 0.001 for IL-6 and p < 0.01 for TNF-α at kaempferol 60 mg/kg/d). Meanwhile, histopathological examination revealed that there was no substantial damage or distinct inflammation lesions in organs at the experimental dose, including the heart, lung, kidney, and spleen. The aforementioned research findings can serve as references for further preclinical investigations on the potential of kaempferol to mitigate lipid accumulation.

Exploring the multifaceted role of ginkgolides and bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba in mitigating metabolic disorders

The ancient Ginkgo biloba tree grows across various regions, with distinctive leaves emitting a unique fragrance. Its extract contains flavonoids, organic acids, and terpenoids. Ginkgolide and bilobalide, which are G. biloba leaf extracts, offer diverse pharmaceutical benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds are crucial for mitigating neurodegeneration, particularly in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, their effectiveness in countering oxidative stress and inflammation highlights their potential to prevent cardiovascular ailments. This study also suggests that these compounds have a promising impact on lipid metabolism, suggesting their significance in addressing obesity-related metabolic disorders. In conclusion, ginkgolides and bilobalide exhibit promising effects in sustaining the integrity of the nervous and endocrine systems, along with the modulation of lipid metabolism. The diverse health benefits suggest that these compounds could serve as promising therapeutic interventions for various conditions, including neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases.

Ginkgolide C attenuated Western diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via increasing AMPK activation

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a metabolic dysregulation-related disorder that is generally characterized by lipid metabolism dysfunction and an excessive inflammatory response. Currently, there are no authorized pharmacological interventions specifically designed to manage NASH. It has been reported that Ginkgolide C exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and modulates lipid metabolism. However, the impact and function of Ginkgolide C in diet-induced NASH are unclear.

METHODS

In this study, mice were induced by a Western Diet (WD) with different doses of Ginkgolide C with or without Compound C (adenosine 5 '-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor). The effects of Ginkgolide C were evaluated by assessing liver damage, steatosis, fibrosis, and AMPK expression.

RESULTS

The results showed that Ginkgolide C significantly alleviated liver damage, steatosis, and fibrosis in the WD-induced mice. In addition, Ginkgolide C markedly improved insulin resistance and attenuated hepatic inflammation. Importantly, Ginkgolide C exerted protective effects by activating the AMPK signaling pathway, which was reversed by AMPK inhibition.

CONCLUSION

Ginkgolide C alleviated NASH induced by WD in mice, potentially via activating the AMPK signaling pathway.

Gypenoside XIII regulates lipid metabolism in HepG2 hepatocytes and ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice

Gypenoside XIII is isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino. In mice, G. pentaphyllum extract and gypenoside LXXV have been shown to improve non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study investigated whether gypenoside XIII can regulate lipid accumulation in fatty liver cells or attenuate NASH in mice. We used HepG2 hepatocytes to establish a fatty liver cell model using 0.5 mM oleic acid. Fatty liver cells were treated with different concentrations of gypenoside XIII to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism. In addition, a methionine/choline-deficient diet induced NASH in C57BL/6 mice, which were given 10 mg/kg gypenoside XIII by intraperitoneal injection. In fatty liver cells, gypenoside XIII effectively suppressed lipid accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, gypenoside XIII significantly increased SIRT1 and AMPK phosphorylation to decrease acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, reducing fatty acid synthesis activity. Gypenoside XIII also decreased lipogenesis by suppressing sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and fatty acid synthase production. Gypenoside XIII also increased lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation by promoting adipose triglyceride lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, respectively. In an animal model of NASH, gypenoside XIII effectively decreased the lipid vacuole size and number and reduced liver fibrosis and inflammation. These findings suggest that gypenoside XIII can regulate lipid metabolism in fatty liver cells and improve liver fibrosis in NASH mice. Therefore, gypenoside XIII has potential as a novel agent for the treatment of NASH.

Alzheimer's disease: Molecular aspects and treatment opportunities using herbal drugs

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called senile dementia, is the most common neurological disorder. Around 50 million people, mostly of advanced age, are suffering from dementia worldwide and this is expected to reach 100-130 million between 2040 and 2050. AD is characterized by impaired glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, which is associated with clinical and pathological symptoms. AD is characterized clinically by loss of cognition and memory impairment and pathologically by senile plaques formed by Amyloid β deposits or neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) consisting of aggregated tau proteins. Amyloid β deposits are responsible for glutamatergic dysfunction that develops NMDA dependent Ca2+ influx into postsynaptic neurons generating slow excitotoxicity process leading to oxidative stress and finally impaired cognition and neuronal loss. Amyloid decreases acetylcholine release, synthesis and neuronal transport. The decreased levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, neuronal loss, tau aggregation, amyloid β plaques, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, bio-metal dyshomeostasis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction are the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of AD. Acetylcholinesterase, NMDA, Glutamate, BACE1, 5HT6, and RAGE (Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products) are receptors targeted in treatment of AD. The FDA approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Donepezil, Galantamine and Rivastigmine and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist Memantine provide symptomatic relief. Different therapies such as amyloid β therapies, tau-based therapies, neurotransmitter-based therapies, autophagy-based therapies, multi-target therapeutic strategies, and gene therapy modify the natural course of the disease. Herbal and food intake is also important as preventive strategy and recently focus has also been placed on herbal drugs for treatment. This review focuses on the molecular aspects, pathogenesis and recent studies that signifies the potential of medicinal plants and their extracts or chemical constituents for the treatment of degenerative symptoms related to AD.

Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy

Coronavirus infections are neuroinvasive and can provoke injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and long-term illness consequences. They may be associated with inflammatory processes due to cellular oxidative stress and an imbalanced antioxidant system. The ability of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, such as Ginkgo biloba, to alleviate neurological complications and brain tissue damage has attracted strong ongoing interest in the neurotherapeutic management of long COVID. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb) contains several bioactive ingredients, e.g., bilobalide, quercetin, ginkgolides A-C, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. They have various pharmacological and medicinal effects, including memory and cognitive improvement. Ginkgo biloba, through its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, impacts cognitive function and other illness conditions like those in long COVID. While preclinical research on the antioxidant therapies for neuroprotection has shown promising results, clinical translation remains slow due to several challenges (e.g., low drug bioavailability, limited half-life, instability, restricted delivery to target tissues, and poor antioxidant capacity). This review emphasizes the advantages of nanotherapies using nanoparticle drug delivery approaches to overcome these challenges. Various experimental techniques shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress response in the nervous system and help comprehend the pathophysiology of the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To develop novel therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, several methods for mimicking oxidative stress conditions have been used (e.g., lipid peroxidation products, mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors, and models of ischemic brain damage). We hypothesize the beneficial effects of EGb in the neurotherapeutic management of long-term COVID-19 symptoms, evaluated using either in vitro cellular or in vivo animal models of oxidative stress.

The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds-A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents

Ginkgo biloba is a relict tree species showing high resistance to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Its fruits and leaves have high medicinal value due to the presence of flavonoids, terpene trilactones and phenolic compounds. However, ginkgo seeds contain toxic and allergenic alkylphenols. The publication revises the latest research results (mainly from 2018-2022) regarding the chemical composition of extracts obtained from this plant and provides information on the use of extracts or their selected ingredients in medicine and food production. A very important section of the publication is the part in which the results of the review of patents concerning the use of Ginkgo biloba and its selected ingredients in food production are presented. Despite the constantly growing number of studies on its toxicity and interactions with synthetic drugs, its health-promoting properties are the reason for the interest of scientists and motivation to create new food products.

Heat-Killed Enterococcus faecalis Inhibit FL83B Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and High Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Damage in Rats by Activating Lipolysis through the Regulation the AMPK Signaling Pathway

Continuous consumption of high-calorie meals causes lipid accumulation in the liver and liver damage, leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A case study of the hepatic lipid accumulation model is needed to identify the mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism in the liver. In this study, the prevention mechanism of lipid accumulation in the liver of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001) was extended using FL83B cells (FL83Bs) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis. EF-2001 treatment inhibited the oleic acid (OA) lipid accumulation in FL83B liver cells. Furthermore, we performed lipid reduction analysis to confirm the underlying mechanism of lipolysis. The results showed that EF-2001 downregulated proteins and upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and AMPK signaling pathways, respectively. The effect of EF-2001 on OA-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in FL83Bs enhanced the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and reduced the levels of lipid accumulation proteins SREBP-1c and fatty acid synthase. EF-2001 treatment increased the levels of adipose triglyceride lipase and monoacylglycerol during lipase enzyme activation, which, when increased, contributed to increased liver lipolysis. In conclusion, EF-2001 inhibits OA-induced FL83B hepatic lipid accumulation and HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in rats through the AMPK signaling pathway.

Orally Administered Ginkgolide C Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis by Maintaining Gut Barrier Integrity, Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses, and Regulating Intestinal Flora

Ulcerative colitis (UC), one of the foremost common forms of inflammatory bowel disease, poses a serious threat to human health. Currently, safe and effective treatments are not available. This study investigated the protective effect of ginkgolide C (GC), a terpene lactone extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves, on UC and its underlying mechanism. The results showed that GC remarkably mitigated the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice, as demonstrated by decreased body weight loss, reduced disease activity index, mitigated tissue damage, and increased colon length. Furthermore, GC inhibited DSS-induced hyperactivation of inflammation-related signaling pathways (NF-κB and MAPK) to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators, thereby mitigating the inflammatory response in mice. GC administration also restored gut barrier function by elevating the number of goblet cells and boosting the levels of tight junction-related proteins (claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1). In addition, GC rebalanced the intestinal flora of DSS-treated mice by increasing the diversity of the flora, elevating the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Allobaculum, and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, and Turicibacter. Taken together, these results suggest that GC administration effectively alleviates DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting the inflammatory response, maintaining mucosal barrier integrity, and regulating intestinal flora. This study may provide a scientific basis for the rational use of GC in preventing colitis and other related diseases.

Identification of hepatoprotective traditional Chinese medicines based on the structure–activity relationship, molecular network, and machine learning techniques

The efforts focused on discovering potential hepatoprotective drugs are critical for relieving the burdens caused by liver diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important resource for discovering hepatoprotective agents. Currently, there are hundreds of hepatoprotective products derived from TCM available in the literature, providing crucial clues to discover novel potential hepatoprotectants from TCMs based on predictive research. In the current study, a large-scale dataset focused on TCM-induced hepatoprotection was established, including 676 hepatoprotective ingredients and 205 hepatoprotective TCMs. Then, a comprehensive analysis based on the structure–activity relationship, molecular network, and machine learning techniques was performed at molecular and holistic TCM levels, respectively. As a result, we developed an in silico model for predicting the hepatoprotective activity of ingredients derived from TCMs, in which the accuracy exceeded 85%. In addition, we originally proposed a material basis and a drug property-based approach to identify potential hepatoprotective TCMs. Consequently, a total of 12 TCMs were predicted to hold potential hepatoprotective activity, nine of which have been proven to be beneficial to the liver in previous publications. The high rate of consistency between our predictive results and the literature reports demonstrated that our methods were technically sound and reliable. In summary, systematical predictive research focused on the hepatoprotection of TCM was conducted in this work, which would not only assist screening of potential hepatoprotectants from TCMs but also provide a novel research mode for discovering the potential activities of TCMs.

Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals variation in the metabolites and genes of Platycodon grandiflorus roots from different regions

INTRODUCTION

Platycodon grandiflorum root (PG), a popular traditional Chinese medicine, contains considerable chemical components with broad pharmacological activities. The complexity and diversity of the chemical components of PG from different origins contribute to its broad biological activities. The quality of southern PG is superior to that of northern PG, but the mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

In order to study variation in the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), as well as their interactions and signalling pathways among PG from Anhui and Liaoning.

METHODS

The metabolomes based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the transcriptome based on high-throughput sequencing technology were combined to comprehensively analyse PGn and PGb.

RESULTS

A total of 6515 DEGs and 83 DAMs from the comparison of PG from Anhui and Liaoning were detected. Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data revealed that 215 DEGs and 57 DAMs were significantly enriched in 48 pathways according to KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and 15 DEGs and 10 DAMs significantly enriched in the main pathway sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis might play a key role in complex response or regulatory processes.

CONCLUSION

Differences in PG from southern and northern China might thus stem from differences in environmental factors, such as precipitation, light duration, and humidity. The results of our study provide new insight into geographic variation in gene expression and metabolite accumulation and will enhance the utilisation of PG resources.

Optimization of the extract from flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. and its inhibition of lipid accumulation

Flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. (CAVA) has been confirmed to have promising anti-obesity effects. However, the regulation of alkaloid extracts from flower of CAVA (Al) on lipid metabolism remain unknown. In this study, Al was optimized by ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were ultrasonic time 72 min, ethanol concentration 78% and liquid/solid ratio 30 ml/g with the maximum alkaloid yield 5.66%. LC-MS assay indicated that the alkaloid compounds were enriched in Al after optimization. Nine alkaloid compounds were identified in Al by LC-MS assay and stachydrine, caffeine and cathine appeared as the major alkaloid compounds. Bioactivity assay showed that Al treatment significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Al administration also reversed oleic acid-induced hepatic steatosis in Hep G2 cells by inhibiting the expression of lipogenesis-signaling genes including fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype γ (PPARγ), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and retinol binding protein (RBP4). However, OA-induced reduction of lipolysis-related gene carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) in Hep G2 cells was not improved by Al supplementation. Moreover, the increased SOD activity and decreased MDA and ROS contents were also observed in Caenorhabditis elegans by Al addition. Al intervention exhibited the ability to inhibit lipid accumulation in C. elegans by suppressing expression of lipid metabolism-related genes. These results suggested that the alkaloid extracts from the flower of CAVA showed great potential to regulate lipid metabolism. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The extraction of alkaloid extracts from the flower of CAVA was optimized with a maximum yield of 5.66%. The regulatory effects and mechanisms of Al on lipid metabolism of Hep G2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans were also investigated. More clinical studies are required to evaluate the potential of using alkaloids from the flower of CAVA as therapeutic agents against lipid metabolic disorders.

Dietary Supplementation of Salidroside Alleviates Liver Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Inflammatory Response to Promote Hepatocyte Regeneration via PI3K/AKT/Gsk3-β Pathway

Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a chronic hepatic disease which occurs when there is a disorder in lipid metabolism. FLHS is often observed in caged laying hens and characterized by a decrease in egg production and dramatic increase of mortality. Salidroside (SDS) is an herbal drug which has shown numerous pharmacological activities, such as protecting mitochondrial function, attenuating cell apoptosis and inflammation, and promoting antioxidant defense system. We aimed to determine the therapeutic effects of SDS on FLHS in laying hens and investigate the underlying mechanisms through which SDS operates these functions. We constructed oleic acid (OA)-induced fatty liver model in vitro and high-fat diet-induced FLHS of laying hens in vivo. The results indicated that SDS inhibited OA-induced lipid accumulation in chicken primary hepatocytes, increased hepatocyte activity, elevated the mRNA expression of proliferation related genes PCNA, CDK2, and cyclinD1 and increased the protein levels of PCNA and CDK2 (P < 0.05), as well as decreased the cleavage levels of Caspase-9, Caspase-8, and Caspase-3 and apoptosis in hepatocytes (P < 0.05). Moreover, SDS promoted the phosphorylation levels of PDK1, AKT, and Gsk3-β, while inhibited the PI3K inhibitor (P < 0.05). Additionally, we found that high-fat diet-induced FLHS hens had heavier body weight, liver weight, and abdominal fat weight, and severe steatosis in histology, compared with the control group (Con). However, hens fed with SDS maintained lighter body weight, liver weight, and abdominal fat weight, as well as normal liver without hepatic steatosis. In addition, high-fat diet-induced FLHS hens had high levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) compared to the Con group, however, in the Model+SDS group, the levels of TC, TG, ALT, and AST decreased significantly, whereas the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly (P < 0.05). We also found that SDS significantly decreased the mRNA expression abundance of PPARγ, SCD, and FAS in the liver, as well as increased levels of PPARα and MTTP, and decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in the Model+SDS group (P < 0.05). In summary, this study showed that 0.3 mg/mL SDS attenuated ROS generation, inhibited lipid accumulation and hepatocyte apoptosis, and promoted hepatocyte proliferation by targeting the PI3K/AKT/Gsk3-β pathway in OA-induced fatty liver model in vitro, and 20 mg/kg SDS alleviated high-fat-diet-induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in laying hens in vivo.

Astragaloside IV suppresses inflammatory response via suppression of NF-κB, and MAPK signalling in human bronchial epithelial cells

CONTEXT

Astragaloside IV isolated from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.), which was reported to have anti-tumor, anti-asthma, and suppressed cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice.

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated whether astragaloside IV reduced the expression of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells.

METHODS

BEAS-2B cells treated with astragaloside IV, and then stimulated with TNF-α or TNF-α/IL-4. The levels of cytokine and chemokine were analysed with ELISA and real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Astragaloside IV significantly inhibited the levels of CCL5, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8. Astragaloside IV also reduced ICAM-1 expression for blocked THP-1 monocyte adhesion to BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, astragaloside IV attenuated the phosphorylation of MAPK, and reduced the translocation of p65 into the nucleus. Astragaloside IV could increase the expression of HO-1 and Nrf2 for promoting the oxidant protective effect.

CONCLUSION

Aastragaloside IV has an anti-inflammatory and oxidative effect via regulated NF-κB, MAPK and HO-1/Nrf2 signalling pathways in human bronchial epithelial cells.

Ginkgo biloba in the Aging Process: A Narrative Review

Neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, insulin resistance, cancer, and other degenerative processes commonly appear with aging. Ginkgo biloba (GB) is associated with several health benefits, including memory and cognitive improvement, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and cancer. Its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions have effects on cognition and other conditions associated with aging-related processes, such as insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of the effects of GB in some age-related conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, CVD, and cancer. PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched, and the PRISMA guidelines were applied. Fourteen clinical trials were selected; the studies showed that GB can improve memory, cognition, memory scores, psychopathology, and the quality of life of patients. Moreover, it can improve cerebral blood flow supply, executive function, attention/concentration, non-verbal memory, and mood, and decrease stress, fasting serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin levels, body mass index, waist circumference, biomarkers of oxidative stress, the stability and progression of atherosclerotic plaques, and inflammation. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the use of GB can provide benefits in the prevention and treatment of aging-related conditions.

Ginkgo biloba: A Treasure of Functional Phytochemicals with Multimedicinal Applications

Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant species that is thought to provide a variety of health benefits to living organisms and contains plenty of bioactive components, making it a chemically diversified plant. G. biloba has been shown to have a variety of medicinal and pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antidementia, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antilipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipid peroxidation, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antiaging, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective effects and is frequently used to treat neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, such as tardive dyskinesia. Therefore, this review described the therapeutic applications of G. biloba. In addition to describing the therapeutic potential, this review also evaluates the chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effect, synergistic effect, and the clinical studies of this plant which have been utilized for therapeutic benefits but have demonstrated other consequences. The capacity of G. biloba components to act as free radical scavengers is critical, and combining its extract with other plant extracts has been shown to synergistically boost antioxidant properties. G. biloba used long-term or at high doses that resulted in some adverse effects. Severe drug interactions have also been reported in both animals and humans when combined with other medications. The available data established from both preclinical and clinical studies confirm the potential of G. biloba plant extract in various diseases. Besides, the safety and efficacy of G. biloba continue to require verification through additional experimentation to guide medicinal use.

Berbamine reduces body weight via suppression of small GTPase Rab8a activity and activation of paraventricular hypothalamic neurons in obese mice

Small GTPase Rab8a is involved in fat-specific protein 27 (Fsp27) mediated lipid droplet accumulation in adipocytes. By screening inhibitors of Rab8a GTPase from a natural compound library, berbamine (BBM), a marketing drug for treatment of leukopenia in China, was identified to inhibit the activity of Rab8a GTPase and block the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Animal study showed that BBM could reduce body weight, improved glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis in high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) C57BL/6 mice and db/db mice. Additional, BBM increased energy expenditure and inhibited food intake in mice but not in lean mice. Moreover, intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of BBM inhibited feeding behavior and increased c-Fos expression in paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) of mice. Our data suggest that BBM may improve obesity through the inhibition of Rab8a GTPase activity and the activation of anorexigenic energy-sensing neuron in PVH.

Abrogation of STAT3 activation cascade by Ginkgolide C mitigates tumourigenesis in lung cancer preclinical model

OBJECTIVES

Ginkgolide C (GGC) isolated from Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) leaf can demonstrate pleiotropic pharmacological actions. However, its anti-oncogenic impact in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) model has not been reconnoitered. As signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cascade can promote tumour growth and survival, we contemplated that GGC may interrupt this signalling cascade to expend its anti-cancer actions in NSCLC.

METHODS

The effect of GGC on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases, STAT3-regulated gene products, cellular proliferation and apoptosis was examined. The in-vivo effect of GGC on the growth of human NSCLC xenograft tumours in athymic nu/nu female mice was also investigated.

KEY FINDINGS

GGC attenuated the phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT3 upstream kinases effectively. Exposure to pervanadate modulated GGC-induced down-regulation of STAT3 activation and promoted an elevation in the level of PTPε protein. Indeed, silencing of the PTPε gene reversed the GGC-promoted abrogation of STAT3 activation and apoptosis. Moreover, GGC exposure significantly reduced NSCLC tumour growth without demonstrating significant adverse effects via decreasing levels of p-STAT3 in mice tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the findings support that GGC may exhibit anti-neoplastic actions by mitigation of STAT3 signalling cascade in NSCLC.

Dose- and Time-Dependent Effects of Oleate on Mitochondrial Fusion/Fission Proteins and Cell Viability in HepG2 Cells: Comparison with Palmitate Effects

Mitochondrial impairments in dynamic behavior (fusion/fission balance) associated with mitochondrial dysfunction play a key role in cell lipotoxicity and lipid-induced metabolic diseases. The present work aimed to evaluate dose- and time-dependent effects of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate on mitochondrial fusion/fission proteins in comparison with the saturated fatty acid palmitate in hepatic cells. To this end, HepG-2 cells were treated with 0, 10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 250 μM or 500 μM of either oleate or palmitate for 8 or 24 h. Cell viability and lipid accumulation were evaluated to assess lipotoxicity. Mitochondrial markers of fusion (mitofusin 2, MFN2) and fission (dynamin-related protein 1, DRP1) processes were evaluated by Western blot analysis. After 8 h, the highest dose of oleate induced a decrease in DRP1 content without changes in MFN2 content in association with cell viability maintenance, whereas palmitate induced a decrease in cell viability associated with a decrease mainly in MFN2 content. After 24 h, oleate induced MFN2 increase, whereas palmitate induced DRP1 increase associated with a higher decrease in cell viability with high doses compared to oleate. This finding could be useful to understand the role of mitochondria in the protective effects of oleate as a bioactive compound.

Delphinidin-3-sambubioside from Hibiscus sabdariffa. L attenuates hyperlipidemia in high fat diet-induced obese rats and oleic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 cells

Hibiscus sabdariffa. L is folk medicine that is often used for its hypolipidemic and antihypertensive effects; however, the active compound responsible for its anti-obesity effect is presently unknown. Delphinidin-3-sambubioside (Dp3-Sam) is an anthocyanin, was extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. The present research aimed to investigate the role of Dp3-Sam in the prevention of hyperlipidemia in vivo and in vitro. Rats were fed with a standard chow diet (Control group) or high-fat diet (HFD and DP group) for eight weeks. Besides, HepG2 cells were stimulated with 0.2 mM oleic acid, with or without Dp3-Sam (100-200 µg/ml). Lipid profiles were measured by commercial kits. Oil Red O staining was performed to measure the hepatic and intracellular lipid levels. The key genes of lipid metabolism were measured by RT-PCR. In HFD-fed rats, Dp3-Sam reduced the body weight gain, visceral fat, and abdominal fat and decreased hepatic lipid deposits. Dp3-Sam decreased intracellular TG levels and lipid accumulation in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Besides, Dp3-Sam downregulated the mRNA expression of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 c (SREBP-1 C), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and upregulated the mRNA expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase1 (CPT1), acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Dp3-Sam up-regulated the expression of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) in HFD-fed rats. Our findings indicated that Dp3-Sam possesses the potential to improve lipid metabolism dysfunction and our results offered evidence for the use of Dp3-Sam as therapy for the prevention of obesity and dyslipidemia.

Antioxidant Effect of Wheat Germ Extracts and Their Antilipidemic Effect in Palmitic Acid-Induced Steatosis in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 Cells

Wheat germ (WG) is a by-product of wheat milling and comprises many bioactive compounds. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant and antilipidemic effects of different WG extracts (WGEs) by analyzing candidate bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, tocopherols, γ-oryzanol, and biogenic amines by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The antilipidemic effect was evaluated in palmitic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cellular lipid accumulation was assessed by Oil Red O staining and a cellular triglyceride content assay. All analyzed WGEs showed significant antioxidant potential, although some bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol, were the highest in the ethanol extract. Correlation analysis revealed the antioxidant potential of all identified biogenic amines except for spermidine. Ethanol and n-hexane extracts significantly inhibited cellular lipid accumulation in cell models. These results suggest that WGEs exhibit promising antioxidant potential, with a variety of bioactive compounds. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that bioactive compounds in WGEs attenuate plasma lipid and oxidation levels. In conclusion, WG can be used as a natural antioxidant and nutraceutical using appropriate solvents and extraction methods.

Neuroprotective Effects of Acrocomia aculeata Pulp Oil Microcapsules on Rats Subjected to Chronic Stress

Acrocomia aculeata fruits are rich in monounsaturated fatty acid, β-carotene, tocopherol, and other antioxidant compounds. The aim of our study was to investigate and compare the protective effects of A. aculeata pulp oil and microencapsulated pulp oil on brain oxidative damage induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS) in rats (cortex, hippocampus, and striatum). Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into six treatment groups: C, P, and M groups received 1 μL/g of body weight of distilled water, pulp oil, and pulp oil microcapsules by daily gavage, respectively. The SC, SP, and SM groups received 1 μL/g of body weight of distilled water, pulp oil, and pulp oil microcapsules by daily gavage, respectively, and were then subjected to uninterrupted 6 h of CRS. After 21 days of testing, the rats were euthanized and the brain tissue of the groups was removed for evaluation for oxidative damage markers and antioxidant enzymes. Endpoints of oxidative stress (OS) markers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and reduced glutathione [GSH]) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were evaluated. By imposing chronic stress on rats, pulp oil and microcapsules of pulp oil induced positive antioxidant responses, mainly by increasing the GSH content, increasing the ability of neural tissues to deal with inherent OS, thus protecting against neurodegenerative diseases. The administration of A. aculeata pulp oil and microencapsulated pulp oil made the reversal of the oxidant parameters, which may protect the brain tissue of rats altered by CRS. The Clinical Trial Registration number: n° 1.008/2018 CEUA/UFMS.

Tomatidine ameliorates obesity-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Tomatidine is isolated from the leaves and green fruits of some plants in the Solanaceae family, and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. Previous studies have found that tomatidine decreases hepatic lipid accumulation via regulation of vitamin D receptor and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. However, whether tomatidine reduces weight gain and improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated how tomatidine ameliorates NAFLD in obese mice and evaluated the regulatory mechanism of lipogenesis in hepatocytes. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity and NAFLD, and treated with tomatidine via intraperitoneal injection. In vitro, FL83B hepatocytes were incubated with oleic acid and treated with tomatidine to evaluate lipid metabolism. Our results demonstrate that tomatidine significantly decreases body weight and fat weight compared to HFD-fed mice. In addition, tomatidine decreased hepatic lipid accumulation and improved hepatocyte steatosis in HFD-induced obese mice. We also found that tomatidine significantly regulated serum total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels, but the serum high-density lipoprotein and adiponectin concentrations were higher than in the HFD-fed obese mice. In vivo and in vitro, tomatidine significantly suppressed the expression of fatty acid synthase and transcription factors involved in lipogenesis, and increased the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase. Tomatidine promoted the sirtuin 1 (sirt1)/AMPK signaling pathway to increase lipolysis and β-oxidation in fatty liver cells. These findings suggest that tomatidine potentially ameliorates obesity and acts against hepatic steatosis by regulating lipogenesis and the sirt1/AMPK pathway.

New Insight into the Mechanisms of Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Vascular Aging Prevention

BACKGROUND

Aging-associated vascular dysfunction promotes cardiovascular diseases. Recently, Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has attracted considerable attention in the prevention of aged vasculature.

METHODS

This review discusses the pathophysiological alterations in aged vasculature and the underlying mechanisms of GBE in vascular aging suppression.

RESULTS

Both arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction are critical aging-related vascular phenotypes that result in the progression of cardiovascular diseases in the general population. Consistent oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction lead to vascular dysfunction. GBE ameliorates aging-related vascular dysfunction, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The main effects of GBE in aged vasculature might be associated with the longevity signaling pathways. GBE also attenuates the progression of vascular aging in diabetes mellitus via regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.

CONCLUSION

GBE plays an important role in the prevention of vascular aging process. It is a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate aging-related vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.

Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety

Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.

Anti-neoplastic Effect of Ginkgolide C through Modulating c-Met Phosphorylation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Ginkgolide C (GGC) derived from Ginkgo biloba, has been reported to exhibit various biological functions. However, the anti-neoplastic effect of GGC and its mechanisms in liver cancer have not been studied previously. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition receptor (c-Met) pathway can regulate tumor growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-neoplastic effect of GGC against HCC cells and we observed that GGC inhibited HGF-induced c-Met and c-Met downstream oncogenic pathways, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MEK/ERK. In addition, GGC also suppressed the proliferation of expression of diverse tumorigenic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin, IAP-1, IAP-2, Cyclin D1, and COX-2) and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the silencing of c-Met by small interfering RNA (siRNA) mitigated c-Met expression and enhanced GGC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, it was noted that GGC also significantly reduced the invasion and migration of HCC cells. Overall, the data clearly demonstrate that GGC exerts its anti-neoplastic activity through modulating c-Met phosphorylation and may be used as an effective therapy against HCC.

Tri-Herbal Medicine Divya Sarva-Kalp-Kwath (Livogrit) Regulates Fatty Acid-Induced Steatosis in Human HepG2 Cells through Inhibition of Intracellular Triglycerides and Extracellular Glycerol Levels

Steatosis is characterized by excessive triglycerides accumulation in liver cells. Recently, application of herbal formulations has gained importance in treating complex diseases. Therefore, this study explores the efficacy of tri-herbal medicine Divya Sarva-Kalp-Kwath (SKK; brand name, Livogrit) in treating free fatty acid (FFA)-induced steatosis in human liver (HepG2) cells and rat primary hepatocytes. Previously, we demonstrated that cytosafe SKK ameliorated CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the role of SKK in reducing FFA-induced cell-death, and steatosis in HepG2 through analysis of cell viability, intracellular lipid and triglyceride accumulation, extracellular free glycerol levels, and mRNA expression changes. Plant metabolic components fingerprinting in SKK was performed via High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Treatment with SKK significantly reduced the loss of cell viability induced by 2 mM-FFA in a dose-dependent manner. SKK also reduced intracellular lipid, triglyceride accumulation, secreted AST levels, and increased extracellular free glycerol presence in the FFA-exposed cells. SKK normalized the FFA-stimulated overexpression of SREBP1c, FAS, C/EBPα, and CPT1A genes associated with the induction of steatosis. In addition, treatment of rat primary hepatocytes with FFA and SKK concurrently, reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. Thus, SKK showed efficacy in reducing intracellular triglyceride accumulation and increasing extracellular glycerol release, along with downregulation of related key genetic factors for FFA-associated steatosis.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Resveratrol Butyrate Esters That Have the Ability to Prevent Fat Accumulation in a Liver Cell Culture Model

To facilitate broad applications and enhance bioactivity, resveratrol was esterified to resveratrol butyrate esters (RBE). Esterification with butyric acid was conducted by the Steglich esterification method at room temperature with N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and 4-dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP). Our experiments demonstrated the synthesis of RBE through EDC- and DMAP-facilitated esterification was successful and that the FTIR spectra of RBE revealed absorption (1751 cm⁻¹) in the ester region. ¹³C-NMR spectrum of RBE showed a peak at 171 ppm corresponding to the ester group and peaks between 1700 and 1600 cm⁻¹ in the FTIR spectra. RBE treatment (25 or 50 μM) decreased oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. This effect was stronger than that of resveratrol and mediated through the downregulation of p-ACC and SREBP-2 expression. This is the first study demonstrating RBE could be synthesized by the Steglich method and that resulting RBE could inhibit lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that RBE could potentially serve as functional food ingredients and supplements for health promotion.

Isolation and purification of acidic polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei Murill and evaluation of their lipid-lowering mechanism

Polysaccharides are important active constituents of Agaricus blazei Morrill. In the present study, WABM-A was isolated from WABM using DEAE-cellulose, and subsequently purified using sepharose CL-6B to obtain the acidic polysaccharide WABM-A-b. WABM-A-b is mainly composed of Glc dextran, with a molecular weight of 10 KDa and β-1,6-D-Glcp as its main chain. The results of in vivo experiments show that in comparison with the MG, WABM-A significantly reduced the serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C, increased the serum levels of HDL-C (P < 0.01), and upregulated the liver expression of PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1, and ABCG1 in rats with hyperlipidemia (P < 0.05). The results of in vitro experiments show that in comparison with the MG group, WABM-A-b-H significantly reduced the levels of TC and TG in HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid (P < 0.01), and significantly upregulated the protein expression of PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1, and ABCG1 (P < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that WABM-A-b is an acidic glucan with lipid-lowering activity. The lipid-lowering mechanism of WABM-A-b is via the activation of the PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1/ABCG1 cholesterol metabolism pathway. This is the first time that the hypolipidemic effect of Agaricus blazei Morrill acidic polysaccharides has been reported.

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.

Anti-obesity effect of plant diterpenes and their derivatives: A review

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat is accumulated by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. Obesity increases the risk of various diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and depression. This review focuses on most recent reports pertaining to the antiobesity activity of plant-derived diterpenes in different databases. For this, a search (until August 2019) was conducted in the PubMed and Science Direct databases with the following keywords: "plant diterpenes" or "plant diterpenoids" paired with "obesity" or "antiobesity effects." Overall, 729 references that used the aforementioned keywords were selected, among which 34 articles have been included in this review. Results from this search suggest that a number of diterpenes and their derivatives have been found to exert antiobesity effects through various mechanisms, such as overweight reduction or modification of body mass index, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition, lipase activity inhibition, antiadipogenesis effect, among others. Carnosic acid, carnosol and the derivatives of abietic acid, steviol, and andrographolide are examples of important antiobesity diterpenes and their derivatives. Of note, plant-derived diterpenes may be potential candidates for managing obesity and obesity-related diseases and disorders in human and other animals.

Bilobalide Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via the AMPK Signaling Pathway

Bilobalide, the only sesquiterpene compound from Ginkgo biloba leaf, exhibits various beneficial pharmaceutical activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and protective effects for the central nervous system. Several bioactive components extracted from Ginkgo biloba extract reportedly have the potential to attenuate lipid metabolism. However, the effect of bilobalide on lipid metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we used 3T3-L1 cells as the cell model to investigate the effect of bilobalide on adipogenesis. The results showed that bilobalide inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and intracellular lipid accumulation. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting results indicated that several specific adipogenic transcription factors and a few important adipogenesis-related genes were significantly down regulated on both mRNA and protein levels in bilobalide treatment groups. By contrast, the expression of some lipolytic genes, such as adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α, were all up-regulated by bilobalide treatment, and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, and HSL were stimulated. Furthermore, bilobalide treatment partially restored AMPK activity following its blockade by compound C (dorsomorphin). These results suggested that bilobalide inhibited adipogenesis and promoted lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.

Spilanthol from Traditionally Used Spilanthes acmella Enhances AMPK and Ameliorates Obesity in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

Spilanthol (SP) is a bioactive compound found in Spilanthes acmella, giving the flowers and leaves a spicy taste. Studies found that phyto-ingredients stored in spice plants act against obesity-related diseases. SP has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, but the effects on obesity are not yet known. We investigated the effects of SP in differentiated adipocytes (3T3-L1 cells) and mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). SP significantly inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation and significantly reduced the expression of lipogenesis-related proteins, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty-acid synthase (FAS). In contrast, SP increased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in adipocytes. However, SP suppressed the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phospho-p38 (pp38), and phospho-JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) (pJNK) in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated murine pre-adipocytes. SP administered to HFD-induced obese mice via intraperitoneal injections twice a week for 10 weeks decreased body weight gain, visceral adipose tissue weight, and adipocyte size. SP inhibited lipogenic proteins FAS and ACC, and suppressed adipogenic transcription factors, enhancing lipolysis and AMPK protein expression in the liver. SP has anti-obesity effects, upregulating AMPK to attenuate lipogenic and adipogenic transcription factors.