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Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. Studies of ultrastructure, gene expression, and marker analysis reveal that mouse bladder PDGFRA + interstitial cells are fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F299-F321. [PMID: 35834272 PMCID: PMC9394772 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are crucial to normal and abnormal organ and tissue biology, yet we lack basic insights into the fibroblasts that populate the bladder wall. Candidates may include bladder interstitial cells (also referred to as myofibroblasts, telocytes, and interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells), which express the fibroblast-associated marker PDGFRA along with VIM and CD34 but whose form and function remain enigmatic. By applying the latest insights in fibroblast transcriptomics, coupled with studies of gene expression, ultrastructure, and marker analysis, we observe the following: 1) that mouse bladder PDGFRA+ cells exhibit all of the ultrastructural hallmarks of fibroblasts including spindle shape, lack of basement membrane, abundant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, and formation of homotypic cell-cell contacts (but not heterotypic ones); 2) that they express multiple canonical fibroblast markers (including Col1a2, CD34, LY6A, and PDGFRA) along with the universal fibroblast genes Col15a1 and Pi16 but they do not express Kit; and 3) that PDGFRA+ fibroblasts include suburothelial ones (which express ACTA2, CAR3, LY6A, MYH10, TNC, VIM, Col1a2, and Col15a1), outer lamina propria ones (which express CD34, LY6A, PI16, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16), intermuscular ones (which express CD34, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16), and serosal ones (which express CD34, PI16, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16). Collectively, our study revealed that the ultrastructure of PDFRA+ interstitial cells combined with their expression of multiple canonical and universal fibroblast-associated gene products indicates that they are fibroblasts. We further propose that there are four regionally distinct populations of fibroblasts in the bladder wall, which likely contribute to bladder function and dysfunction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We currently lack basic insights into the fibroblasts that populate the bladder wall. By exploring the ultrastructure of mouse bladder connective tissue cells, combined with analyses of their gene and protein expression, our study revealed that PDGRA+ interstitial cells (also referred to as myofibroblasts, telocytes, and interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells) are fibroblasts and that the bladder wall contains multiple, regionally distinct populations of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Clayton
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sun B, Dong X, Zhao J, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Li L. Differentiation of human urine-derived stem cells into interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells by exogenous gene modification: A preliminary study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:10-17. [PMID: 31831171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human urine-derived stem cells (hUSCs) show multipotential differentiation ability and can differentiate into mesodermal cell lineages. Interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells (ICC-LCs) are crucial for the pace-making function of spontaneous contraction in the bladder. However, the mechanisms by which hUSCs generate ICC-LCs have not been elucidated. In this study, we developed a strategy for directional differentiation of hUSCs into ICC-LCs. hUSCs were transfected with lentiviral vectors encoding c-Kit, stem cell factor (SCF), hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4 (HCN4), and 5-azacytidine induced 2 (AZI2) genes, and the cells were cultured for an additional 7 days in specific medium. The expression of the surface marker c-Kit on ICC-LCs was determined at 7 days after transfection. hUSCs were successfully expanded and transfected with the four lentiviral vectors. hUSCs transfected with lentiviral-c-Kit, lentiviral-HCN4, and lentiviral-AZI2 showed higher expression of c-Kit 7 days after transfection, but only the lentiviral-HCN4-transfected cells showed morphological alterations in ICC-LCs. These cells also displayed visible HCN current amplitude and density. This approach may provide a new strategy for the treatment of underactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Pingyu Z, Binglei J, Qilong J, Tao W, Wei T. Cyclic Stretch Promotes Proliferation and Contraction of Human Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells by Cajal-Mediated c-kit Expression in Interstitial Cells. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4784-4792. [PMID: 31249285 PMCID: PMC6612242 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was performed to assess the effect of mechanical stretch on the proliferation and contractile function of hBSMCs. Material/Methods hBSMCs and ICCs were seeded at 8×104 cells/well in 6-well silicone elastomer-bottomed culture plates coated with type I collagen, and grown to 80% confluence in DMEM/10% FBS and a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37°C. Cells of hBSMCs and hBSMCs/ICCs of co-culture were then subjected to continuous cycles of stretch-relaxation using a computer-driven, stretch-inducing device. The treated concentration of imatinib was 10 μM. Mechanisms underlying observed hBSMCs contraction were examined using Western blotting and RT-PCR. The 0.1 μM carbachol was separately added to the experimental groups, and 300 s was recorded by laser scanning confocal microscope. Results We found that mechanical stretch increased contraction and proliferation of hBSMCs. Calcium ion activity increased significantly after mechanical stretch. The number of hBSMCs was significantly increased after the combination mechanical stretch with ICCs treatment. After combination mechanical stretch with hBSMCs/ICCs treatment, the mRNA and protein level of M2, M3, and c-kit were significantly increased. After combination of mechanical stretch with no imatinib treatment, the proliferation of hBSMCs was higher than others, and the mRNA and protein level of M2 and M3 were significantly increased. Conclusions We revealed that ICCs could promote hBSMC proliferation and contraction, and cyclic stretch could promote acetylcholine receptor M2 and M3 caused by c-kit in the ICCs, which promoted the contraction of hBSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Pingyu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Binglei
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Qilong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wu Tao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Tang Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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He F, Yang Z, Dong X, Fang Z, Liu Q, Hu X, Yi S, Li L. The role of HCN channels in peristaltic dysfunction in human ureteral tuberculosis. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:639-645. [PMID: 29460132 PMCID: PMC5878205 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the role of HCN channels in ureteral peristaltic dysfunction by comparing the changes in HCN channel levels between normal and tuberculous ureters. Methods A total of 32 specimens of human upper ureters were collected by nephrectomy from patients with renal tumor (control group, n = 16) or from patients with renal tuberculosis (experimental group, n = 16); the two groups did not receive radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or any other special treatment before the surgical procedure. An experimental study on smooth muscle strips of human upper ureters showed variation in contraction amplitude and frequency after adding ZD7288, a specific blocker of HCN channels. The expression of HCN channels in the ureter was confirmed by Western blot (WB) and by confocal analysis of double immunostaining for c-kit and HCN channel proteins. Results Before the addition of ZD7288, the experimental and control groups showed significant differences in the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous contraction of isolated ureteral smooth muscle strips. After ZD7288 was added, the frequency and amplitude of the contractions of the ureteral smooth muscle strips were significantly lower in both groups. The differences observed before and after ZD7288 treatment in each group were significant (P < 0.001), and the difference in contraction amplitude observed between the two groups before ZD7288 was also significantly different (P < 0.001). By using WB technology, we showed that the expression of HCN channels was present in normal human ureters, with the expression of HCN4 and HCN1 being the highest; the expression of HCN4 and HCN1 in the control and experimental groups were both statistically significant (P < 0.001). HCN4 and HCN1 were expressed in the mucosal and smooth muscle layers of human control ureters and tuberculous ureters, as revealed by a confocal analysis of double immunostaining for c-kit and HCNs proteins; there were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion Four HCN channels are expressed in the ureter, mainly HCN4 and HCN1, suggesting that HCN channels are involved in the peristaltic contraction of ureteral ICCs, which may be an important reason for peristaltic dysfunction in ureteric tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan He
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqiang Fang
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhong Yi
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapinba Dist., Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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Koh SD, Lee H, Ward SM, Sanders KM. The Mystery of the Interstitial Cells in the Urinary Bladder. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:603-623. [PMID: 28992432 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic mechanisms to restrain smooth muscle excitability are present in the bladder, and premature contractions during filling indicate a pathological phenotype. Some investigators have proposed that c-Kit+ interstitial cells (ICs) are pacemakers and intermediaries in efferent and afferent neural activity, but recent findings suggest these cells have been misidentified and their functions have been misinterpreted. Cells reported to be c-Kit+ cells colabel with vimentin antibodies, but vimentin is not a specific marker for c-Kit+ cells. A recent report shows that c-Kit+ cells in several species coexpress mast cell tryptase, suggesting that they are likely to be mast cells. In fact, most bladder ICs labeled with vimentin antibodies coexpress platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). Rather than an excitatory phenotype, PDGFRα+ cells convey inhibitory regulation in the detrusor, and inhibitory mechanisms are activated by purines and stretch. PDGFRα+ cells restrain premature development of contractions during bladder filling, and overactive behavior develops when the inhibitory pathways in these cells are blocked. PDGFRα+ cells are also a prominent cell type in the submucosa and lamina propria, but little is known about their function in these locations. Effective pharmacological manipulation of bladder ICs depends on proper identification and further study of the pathways in these cells that affect bladder functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Haeyeong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
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Feng J, Gao J, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhong Y, Shu Y, Meng MS, Yan J, Sun D, Fang Q, Sun D. Role of stem cell factor in the regulation of ICC proliferation and detrusor contraction in rats with an underactive bladder. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627603 PMCID: PMC5561986 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is critical in regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are closely associated with smooth muscle dysfunction. The present study aimed to examine the effect of SCF on ICC proliferation and detrusor contraction in rats with an underactive bladder. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups comprising control, control+SCF, detrusor underactivity (DU), and DU+SCF groups. The ICC count was determined using immunofluorescence; serum levels of SCF were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; mRNA and protein levels of c-kit and SCF in tissues were assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. Detrusor contractility was determined using muscle strips, based on the contraction amplitude and frequency determined in each specimen. Significantly fewer ICCs were observed in the DU group, in addition to decreased expression levels of SCF and c-kit, compared with the control group. In addition, the detrusor contraction frequency and amplitude were markedly reduced. However, the administration of SCF significantly increased the number of ICCs, and the levels of SCF and c-kit in animals with DU, and resulted in markedly amplified detrusor contraction frequency and amplitude. Similarly, the number of ICCs and levels of SCF and c-kit were higher in the control+SCF group, compared with the control group. Overall, these findings suggested that exogenous SCF improved the organ dysfunction caused by reduced ICC number, providing a novel approach for organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Feng
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Liu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Yong Shu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Ming Sen Meng
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Yan
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Danning Sun
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Daodong Sun
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
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7
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Hulls CM, Lentle RG, King QM, Reynolds GW, Chambers JP. Spatiotemporal analysis of spontaneous myogenic contractions in the urinary bladder of the rabbit: timing and patterns reflect reported electrophysiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F687-F698. [PMID: 28539334 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00156.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of propagating myogenic contractions in the wall of the resting ex vivo urinary bladder of the rabbit were characterized by spatiotemporal maps and related to cyclic variation in intravesical pressure (Pves). Patches of propagating contractions (PPCs) enlarged and involuted in near synchrony with peaks in Pves [mean 3.85 ± 0.3 cycles per minute (cpm)] and were preceded by regions of stretch. The maximum area of the bladder undergoing contraction (55.28 ± 2.65%) and the sizes of individual PPCs (42.61 ± 1.65 mm2) coincided with the peak in Pves PPCs originated and propagated within temporary patch domains (TPDs) and comprised groups of nearly synchronous cyclic propagating individual contractions (PICs). The TPDs were located principally along the vertical axis of the anterior surface of the bladder. The sites of origin of PICs within PPCs were inconsistent, consecutive contractions often propagating in opposite directions along linear maps of strain rate. Similar patterns of movement occurred in areas of the anterior bladder wall that had been stripped of mucosa. Pves varied cyclically with area of contraction and with the indices of aggregation of PPCs, indicating that they grew by peripheral enlargement and collision without annihilation. The synchronization of PICs within PPCs was sometimes lost, uncoordinated PICs then occurring irregularly (between 4 and 20 cpm) having little effect on Pves We postulate that the formation and involution of PPCs within a TPD resulted from cyclic variation in excitation that increased the incidence and distance over which component PICs propagated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hulls
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R G Lentle
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;
| | - Q M King
- Division of Urology, Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - G W Reynolds
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J P Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Levin RM, Xia L, Wei W, Schuler C, Leggett RE, Lin ADY. Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum shell-broken spore on oxidative stress of the rabbit urinary bladder using an in vivo model of ischemia/reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 435:25-35. [PMID: 28484937 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in specific disease pathophysiology and the aging process. In the history of human kind, many herbs were utilized for disease prevention and anti-aging treatment. However, there are few direct evidences provided by modern laboratory technology. The current study was designed to evaluate Ganoderma Lucidum's (GL) ability to reduce the damage from in vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) using a rabbit model of I/R that has been effectively utilized to prove the effects of drugs and supplements to reduce oxidative stress. Urinary bladder dysfunction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major affliction of aging men. One of the major etiologies of obstructive bladder dysfunction (OBD) is oxidative stress induced by I/R. Pharmaceutical studies and clinical research have proven that GL is useful in helping to prevent certain types of pathology and also helpful in prolonging human life in part by acting as an antioxidant. Using an in vivo model of I/R, we have investigated the ability of GL to protect bladder function from oxidative damage mediated by I/R. Our studies demonstrated that ischemia followed by reperfusion resulted in a significant decrease in bladder compliance and decreases in the contractile responses to a variety of forms of contractile stimulation. Pretreatment of rabbits with Ganoderma Lucidum prior to subjecting the rabbits to I/R completely inhibited the negative effects of I/R on both the compliance and contractile responses. These results demonstrate that Ganoderma provides excellent protection of bladder function following I/R (oxidative stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Levin
- Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Li Xia
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Wu Wei
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Alpha D-Y Lin
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., LTD., Beijing, China
- The Central-Clinic Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Urology Department, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Liu Q, Long Z, Dong X, Zhang T, Zhao J, Sun B, Zhu J, Li J, Wang Q, Yang Z, Hu X, Li L. Cyclophosphamide-induced HCN1 channel upregulation in interstitial Cajal-like cells leads to bladder hyperactivity in mice. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e319. [PMID: 28428632 PMCID: PMC6130216 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are confirmed to be expressed in bladder interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICC-LCs), but little is known about their possible role in cystitis-associated bladder dysfunction. The present study aimed to determine the functional role of HCN channels in regulating bladder function under inflammatory conditions. Sixty female wild-type C57BL/6J mice and sixty female HCN1-knockout mice were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, respectively. Cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis models were successfully established in these mice. CYP treatment significantly enhanced HCN channel protein expression and Ih density and significantly altered bladder HCN1 channel regulatory proteins. Carbachol (CCH) and forskolin (FSK) exerted significant effects on bladder ICC-LC [Ca2+]i in CYP-treated wild-type (WT) mice, and HCN1 channel ablation significantly decreased the effects of CCH and FSK on bladder ICC-LC [Ca2+]i in both naive and CYP-treated mice. CYP treatment significantly potentiated the spontaneous contractions and CCH (0.001–10 μM)-induced phasic contractions of detrusor strips, and HCN1 channel deletion significantly abated such effects. Finally, we demonstrated that the development of CYP-induced bladder overactivity was reversed in HCN1−/− mice. Taken together, our results suggest that CYP-induced enhancements of HCN1 channel expression and function in bladder ICC-LCs are essential for cystitis-associated bladder hyperactivity development, indicating that the HCN1 channel may be a novel therapeutic target for managing bladder hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Long
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Alcaino C, Farrugia G, Beyder A. Mechanosensitive Piezo Channels in the Gastrointestinal Tract. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2017; 79:219-244. [PMID: 28728818 PMCID: PMC5606247 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensation of mechanical forces is critical for normal function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and abnormalities in mechanosensation are linked to GI pathologies. In the GI tract there are several mechanosensitive cell types-epithelial enterochromaffin cells, intrinsic and extrinsic enteric neurons, smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. These cells use mechanosensitive ion channels that respond to mechanical forces by altering transmembrane ionic currents in a process called mechanoelectrical coupling. Several mechanosensitive ionic conductances have been identified in the mechanosensory GI cells, ranging from mechanosensitive voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels to the mechanogated ion channels, such as the two-pore domain potassium channels K2P (TREK-1) and nonselective cation channels from the transient receptor potential family. The recently discovered Piezo channels are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to cellular mechanosensitivity. Piezo1 and Piezo2 are nonselective cationic ion channels that are directly activated by mechanical forces and have well-defined biophysical and pharmacologic properties. The role of Piezo channels in the GI epithelium is currently under investigation and their role in the smooth muscle syncytium and enteric neurons is still not known. In this review, we outline the current state of knowledge on mechanosensitive ion channels in the GI tract, with a focus on the known and potential functions of the Piezo channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alcaino
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - G Farrugia
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - A Beyder
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
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Li N, He X, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang P. Partial bladder outlet obstruction is associated with decreased expression and function of the small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel in guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 49:17-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dong F, Yang S, Sun H, Yan J, Guo X, Li D, Zhou D. Persistent mechanical stretch-induced calcium overload and MAPK signal activation contributed to SCF reduction in colonic smooth muscle in vivo and in vitro. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:141-148. [PMID: 27400729 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2016.1203939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) distention is a common pathological characteristic in most GI motility disorders (GMDs), however, their detail mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we focused on Ca2+ overload of smooth muscle, which is an early intracellular reaction to stretch, and its downstream MAPK signaling and also reduction of SCF in vivo and in vitro. We successfully established colonic dilation mouse model by keeping incomplete colon obstruction for 8 days. The results showed that persistent colonic dilation clearly induced Ca2+ overload and activated all the three MAPK family members including JNK, ERK and p38 in smooth muscle tissues. Similar results were obtained from dilated colon of patients with Hirschsprung's disease and stretched primary mouse colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Furthermore, we demonstrated that persistent stretch-induced Ca2+ overload was originated from extracellular Ca2+ influx and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release identified by treating with different Ca2+ channel blockers, and was responsible for the persistent activation of MAPK signaling and SCF reduction in colonic SMCs. Our results suggested that Ca2+ overload caused by smooth muscle stretch led to persistent activation of MAPK signaling which might contribute to the decrease of SCF and development of the GMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Shu Yang
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Haimei Sun
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yan
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- c Experimental Teaching Center of Preclinical Medicine , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Deshan Zhou
- a Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research , Beijing , P. R. China
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Rosenberg J, Byrtus M, Stengl M. Original Research: Combined model of bladder detrusor smooth muscle and interstitial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1853-64. [PMID: 27328937 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216655402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although patients with lower urinary tract symptoms constitute a large and still growing population, understanding of bladder detrusor muscle physiology remains limited. Understanding the interactions between the detrusor smooth muscle cells and other bladder cell types (e.g. interstitial cells, IC) that may significantly contribute to coordinating and modulating detrusor contractions represents a considerable challenge. Computer modeling could help to elucidate some properties that are difficult to address experimentally; therefore, we developed in silico models of detrusor smooth muscle cell and interstitial cells, coupled through gap junctions. The models include all of the major ion conductances and transporters described in smooth muscle cell and interstitial cells in the literature. The model of normal detrusor muscle (smooth muscle cell and interstitial cells coupled through gap junctions) completely reproduced the experimental results obtained with detrusor strips in the presence of several pharmacological interventions (ryanodine, caffeine, nimodipine), whereas the model of smooth muscle cell alone (without interstitial cells) failed to reproduce the experimental results. Next, a model of overactive bladder, a highly prevalent clinical condition in both men and women with increasing incidence at older ages, was produced by modifying several processes as reported previously: a reduction of Ca(2+)-release through ryanodine receptors and a reduction of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-conductance with augmented gap junctional coupling. This model was also able to reproduce the pharmacological modulation of overactive bladder. In conclusion, a model of bladder detrusor muscle was developed that reproduced experimental results obtained in both normal and overactive bladder preparations. The results indicate that the non-smooth muscle cells of the detrusor (interstitial cells) contribute significantly to the contractile behavior of bladder detrusor muscle and should not be neglected. The model suggests that reduced Ca(2+)-release through ryanodine receptors and Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-conductance together with augmented gap junctional coupling might play a major role in overactive bladder pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Rosenberg
- New Technologies Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen 30614, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Byrtus
- Department of Mechanics, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen 30614, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Stengl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen 32300, Czech Republic Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen 32300, Czech Republic
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Chai TC, Russo A, Yu S, Lu M. Mucosal signaling in the bladder. Auton Neurosci 2015; 200:49-56. [PMID: 26422993 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The bladder mucosa is comprised of the multilayered urothelium, lamina propria (LP), microvasculature, and smooth muscle fibers (muscularis mucosae). The muscularis mucosae is not always present in the mucosa, and its presence is related to the thickness of the LP. Since there are no mucus secreting cells, "mucosa" is an imprecise term. Nerve fibers are present in the LP of the mucosa. Efferent nerves mediate mucosal contractions which can be elicited by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and various agonists. The source of mucosal contractility is unknown, but may arise from the muscularis mucosae or myofibroblasts. EFS also increases frequency of mucosal venule contractions. Thus, efferent neural activity has multiple effects on the mucosa. Afferent activity has been measured when the mucosa is stimulated by mechanical and stretch stimuli from the luminal side. Nerve fibers have been shown to penetrate into the urothelium, allowing urothelial cells to interact with nerves. Myofibroblasts are specialized cells within the LP that generate spontaneous electrical activity which then can modulate both afferent and efferent neural activities. Thus mucosal signaling is defined as interactions between bladder autonomic nerves with non-neuronal cells within the mucosa. Mucosal signaling is likely to be involved in clinical functional hypersensory bladder disorders (e.g. overactive bladder, urgency, urgency incontinence, bladder pain syndrome) in which mechanisms are poorly understood despite high prevalence of these conditions. Targeting aberrant mucosal signaling could represent a new approach in treating these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Urology, United States
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, United States
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Chen YB, Huang FS, Fen B, Yin JB, Wang W, Li YQ. Inhibitory effects of endomorphin-2 on excitatory synaptic transmission and the neuronal excitability of sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in young rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:206. [PMID: 26074773 PMCID: PMC4446531 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the urinary bladder is partly controlled by parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (PPNs) of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN). Our recent work demonstrated that endomorphin-2 (EM-2)-immunoreactive (IR) terminals form synapses with μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-expressing PPNs in the rat SPN. Here, we examined the effects of EM-2 on excitatory synaptic transmission and the neuronal excitability of the PPNs in young rats (24–30 days old) using a whole-cell patch-clamp approach. PPNs were identified by retrograde labeling with the fluorescent tracer tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (TMR). EM-2 (3 μM) markedly decreased both the amplitude and the frequency of the spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs and mEPSCs) of PPNs. EM-2 not only decreased the resting membrane potentials (RMPs) in 61.1% of the examined PPNs with half-maximal response at the concentration of 0.282 μM, but also increased the rheobase current and reduced the repetitive action potential firing of PPNs. Analysis of the current–voltage relationship revealed that the EM-2-induced current was reversed at −95 ± 2.5 mV and was suppressed by perfusion of the potassium channel blockers 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or BaCl2 or by the addition of guanosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt (GDP-β-S) to the pipette solution, suggesting the involvement of the G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channel. The above EM-2-invoked inhibitory effects were abolished by the MOR selective antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP), indicating that the effects of EM-2 on PPNs were mediated by MOR via pre- and/or post-synaptic mechanisms. EM-2 activated pre- and post-synaptic MORs, inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminals and decreasing the excitability of PPNs due to hyperpolarization of their membrane potentials, respectively. These inhibitory effects of EM-2 on PPNs at the spinal cord level may explain the mechanism of action of morphine treatment and morphine-induced bladder dysfunction in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Biao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou, China
| | - Fen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China ; Division of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Göteborg University Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ban Fen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Bin Yin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou, China ; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Several physiopathologic conditions lead to the manifestation of overactive bladder (OAB). These conditions include ageing, diabetes mellitus, bladder outlet obstruction, spinal cord injury, stroke and brain injury, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, interstitial cystitis, stress and depression. This review has discussed research findings in human and animal studies conducted on the above conditions. Several structural and functional changes under these conditions have not only been observed in the lower urinary tract, but also in the brain and spinal cord. Significant changes were observed in the following areas: neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, nerve growth factor, Rho-kinase, interstitial cells of Cajal, and ion and transient receptor potential channels. Interestingly, alterations in these areas showed great variation in each of the conditions of the OAB, suggesting that the pathophysiology of the OAB might be different in each condition of the disease. It is anticipated that this review will be helpful for further research on new and specific drug development against OAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani B Patra
- King of Prussia, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
| | - Sayani Patra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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Sanders KM, Ward SM, Koh SD. Interstitial cells: regulators of smooth muscle function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:859-907. [PMID: 24987007 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscles are complex tissues containing a variety of cells in addition to muscle cells. Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin interact with and form electrical connectivity with smooth muscle cells in many organs, and these cells provide important regulatory functions. For example, in the gastrointestinal tract, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα(+) cells have been described, in detail, and represent distinct classes of cells with unique ultrastructure, molecular phenotypes, and functions. Smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled to ICC and PDGFRα(+) cells, forming an integrated unit called the SIP syncytium. SIP cells express a variety of receptors and ion channels, and conductance changes in any type of SIP cell affect the excitability and responses of the syncytium. SIP cells are known to provide pacemaker activity, propagation pathways for slow waves, transduction of inputs from motor neurons, and mechanosensitivity. Loss of interstitial cells has been associated with motor disorders of the gut. Interstitial cells are also found in a variety of other smooth muscles; however, in most cases, the physiological and pathophysiological roles for these cells have not been clearly defined. This review describes structural, functional, and molecular features of interstitial cells and discusses their contributions in determining the behaviors of smooth muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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Kanai A, Fry C, Hanna-Mitchell A, Birder L, Zabbarova I, Bijos D, Ikeda Y. Do we understand any more about bladder interstitial cells?-ICI-RS 2013. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33:573-6. [PMID: 24838179 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To present a brief review on discussions from "Do we understand any more about lower urinary tract interstitial cells?" session at the 2013 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society (ICI-RS) meeting in Bristol, UK. METHODS Discussion focused on bladder interstitial cell (IC) subtypes, their localization and characterization, and communication between themselves, the urothelium, and detrusor smooth muscle. The role of ICs in bladder pathologies and new methods for studying ICs were also addressed. RESULTS ICs have been studied extensively in the lower urinary tract and have been characterized based on comparisons with ICs of Cajal in the gastro-intestinal tract. In fetal bladders it is believed that ICs drive intrinsic contractions to expel urine through the urachus. These contractions diminish postpartum as bladder innervation develops. Voiding in human neonates occurs when filling triggers a spinal cord reflex that contracts the detrusor; in rodents, maternal stimulation of the perineum triggers voiding. Following spinal cord injury, intrinsic contractions, and spinal micturition reflexes develop, similar to those seen during neonatal development. These enhanced contractions may stimulate nociceptive and mechanosensitive afferents contributing to neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence. The IC-mediated activity is believed to be initiated in the lamina propria by responding to urothelial factors. These IC may act syncytially through gap junction coupling and modulate detrusor activity through unknown mechanisms. CONCLUSION There has been a great deal of information discovered regarding bladder ICs, however, many of their (patho)physiological functions and mechanisms are still unclear and necessitates further research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:573-576, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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19
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Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in the urinary tract in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:103-55. [PMID: 24265069 PMCID: PMC3944045 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling is involved in a number of physiological and pathophysiological activities in the lower urinary tract. In the bladder of laboratory animals there is parasympathetic excitatory cotransmission with the purinergic and cholinergic components being approximately equal, acting via P2X1 and muscarinic receptors, respectively. Purinergic mechanosensory transduction occurs where ATP, released from urothelial cells during distension of bladder and ureter, acts on P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors on suburothelial sensory nerves to initiate the voiding reflex, via low threshold fibres, and nociception, via high threshold fibres. In human bladder the purinergic component of parasympathetic cotransmission is less than 3 %, but in pathological conditions, such as interstitial cystitis, obstructed and neuropathic bladder, the purinergic component is increased to 40 %. Other pathological conditions of the bladder have been shown to involve purinoceptor-mediated activities, including multiple sclerosis, ischaemia, diabetes, cancer and bacterial infections. In the ureter, P2X7 receptors have been implicated in inflammation and fibrosis. Purinergic therapeutic strategies are being explored that hopefully will be developed and bring benefit and relief to many patients with urinary tract disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Kim SO, Jeong HS, Jang S, Wu MJ, Park JK, Jiao HY, Jun JY, Park JS. Spontaneous electrical activity of cultured interstitial cells of cajal from mouse urinary bladder. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:531-6. [PMID: 24381503 PMCID: PMC3874441 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.6.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from the urinary bladder regulate detrusor smooth muscle activities. We cultured ICCs from the urinary bladder of mice and performed patch clamp and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) imaging to investigate whether cultured ICCs can be a valuable tool for cellular functional studies. The cultured ICCs displayed two types of spontaneous electrical activities which are similar to those recorded in intact bladder tissues. Spontaneous electrical activities of cultured ICCs were nifedipine-sensitive. Carbachol and ATP, both excitatory neurotransmitters in the urinary bladder, depolarized the membrane and increased the frequency of spike potentials. Carbachol increased [Ca2+]i oscillations and basal Ca2+ levels, which were blocked by atropine. These results suggest that cultured ICCs from the urinary bladder retain rhythmic phenotypes similar to the spontaneous electrical activities recorded from the intact urinary bladder. Therefore, we suggest that cultured ICCs from the urinary bladder may be useful for cellular and molecular studies of ICCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ouck Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 501-757, Korea
| | - Han-Seong Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 501-757, Korea
| | - Sujeong Jang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea
| | - Mei-Jin Wu
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea. ; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National Univertisity, Gwangju 501-757, Korea
| | - Jong Kyu Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Han-Yi Jiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Jae Yeoul Jun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Park
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea. ; Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 501-757, Korea. ; Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National Univertisity, Gwangju 501-757, Korea
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Dou XL, Qin RL, Qu J, Liao YH, Lu YC, Zhang T, Shao C, Li YQ. Synaptic connections between endomorphin 2-immunoreactive terminals and μ-opioid receptor-expressing neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62028. [PMID: 23671582 PMCID: PMC3643968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder is innervated by parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (PPNs) that express μ-opioid receptors (MOR) in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) at lumbosacral segments L6-S1. The SPN also contains endomorphin 2 (EM2)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers and terminals. EM2 is the endogenous ligand of MOR. In the present study, retrograde tract-tracing with cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) via the pelvic nerve combined with immunohistochemical staining for EM2 and MOR to identify PPNs within the SPN as well as synaptic connections between the EM2-IR terminals and MOR-expressing PPNs in the SPN of the rat. After CTb was injected into the pelvic nerve, CTb retrogradely labeled neurons were almost exclusively located in the lateral part of the intermediolateral gray matter at L6-S1 of the lumbosacral spinal cord. All of the them also expressed MOR. EM2-IR terminals formed symmetric synapses with MOR-IR, WGA-HRP-labeled and WGA-HRP/MOR double-labeled neuronal cell bodies and dendrites within the SPN. These results provided morphological evidence that EM2-containing axon terminals formed symmetric synapses with MOR-expressing PPNs in the SPN. The present results also show that EM2 and MOR might be involved in both the homeostatic control and information transmission of micturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang Dou
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Liang Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Qu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Hui Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya cheng Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (CS); (YQL)
| | - Yun Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (CS); (YQL)
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Yu W, Zeidel ML, Hill WG. Cellular expression profile for interstitial cells of cajal in bladder - a cell often misidentified as myocyte or myofibroblast. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48897. [PMID: 23145014 PMCID: PMC3492220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been identified in urinary bladder of several species, but their presence in mice remains uncertain. Meanwhile, dozens of reports indicate that dysregulation of connexin 43 plays an important role in bladder overactivity, but its localization has not been clearly defined, with reports of expression in either the smooth muscle or in myofibroblasts. We recently identified a population of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) positive cells that resemble ICC and are distinct from smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and neurons. Thus we sought to define more clearly the molecular signature of ICC and in doing so resolve some of these uncertainties. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Immunofluorescent localization revealed that NTPDase2-positive cells lie closely adjacent to smooth muscle but are separate from them. NTPDase2 positive cells exhibited co-localization with the widely accepted ICC marker - c-kit. They were further shown to co-localize with other ICC markers CD34 and Ano1, but not with mast cell marker tryptase. Significantly, they show convincing co-localization with connexin 43, which was not present in smooth muscle. The identity of these cells as ICC was further confirmed by the presence of three mesenchymal markers - vimentin, desmin, and PDGFβ receptor, which indicates their mesenchymal origin. Finally, we observed for the first time, the presence of merlin/neurofibromin 2 in ICC. Normally considered a neuronal protein, the presence of merlin suggests ICC in bladder may have a role in neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS NTPDase2 positive cells in mice bladder are ICC, which can be defined by the presence of c-Kit, CD34, Ano1, NTPDase2, connexin 43, vimentin, desmin, PDGFβ receptor and merlin/NF2. These data establish a definitive molecular expression profile, which can be used to assist in explorations of their functional roles, and the presence of NTPDase2 suggests that purinergic signaling plays a role in regulation of ICC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Yu
- Laboratory of Voiding Dysfunction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Min Y, He P, Wang Q, Jin X, Song B, Li L. The effects of the c-kit blocker glivec on the contractile response of urinary bladder. J Surg Res 2011; 171:e193-9. [PMID: 21962730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of imatinib (Glivec) on the urinary bladder contraction and excitation induced by neurostimulation, therefore to clarify the relationships between the bladder interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) and the neural signals. METHODS In in vivo experiments, pelvic nerves of rats were stimulated by square-wave pulses. The contractile response was recorded before and 40 min after the administration of medications (atropine, Glivec, and ketotifen). In in vitro experiments, the bladder contractile response induced by acetylcholine with or without Glivec was evaluated. The space relationship between ICC and neural fibers were observed with double-labeled fluorescence using primary antibodies (anti-c-kit and anti-vesicular acetylcholine transferase) and secondary fluorescent antibodies (Alexa 488 and Alexa 594; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). RESULTS Atropine and Glivec could significantly inhibit the bladder contractile response induced by the electrical stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, while ketotifen did not obviously affect bladder contractile response. In in vitro experiments, Glivec did not affect acetylcholine-induced bladder contractile response. The location of ICC in close proximity to cholinergic nerve fibers was confirmed by double-labeled fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS Bladder ICC play an important role as intermediaries in the transmission of cholinergic signals from nerve to smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Min
- Centre of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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