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Kim YJ, Jin J, Kim DH, Kim D, Lee YM, Byun JK, Choi YK, Park KG. SGLT2 inhibitors prevent LPS-induced M1 macrophage polarization and alleviate inflammatory bowel disease by downregulating NHE1 expression. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1981-1997. [PMID: 37770568 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classically activated M1 macrophages, characterized by aberrant glycolysis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, play pivotal roles in inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recently, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were shown to suppress Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1) activity, regulating downstream intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in cardiomyocytes. However, whether SGLT2 inhibitors regulate M1 macrophage polarization by downregulating NHE1 and NCX1 remains unknown. METHODS We analyzed cellular responses to SGLT2 inhibitors using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To induce IBD, we used a dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis mouse model. RESULTS We observed that NHE1 and NCX1 were overexpressed in LPS-treated macrophages, leading to M1 macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, NHE1 and NCX1-mediated Ca2+ accumulation in the macrophage resulted in enhanced glycolysis by promoting PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling. SGLT2 inhibitors suppressed both the expression levels and activities of NHE1 and NCX1, and consequently downregulated PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling and glycolysis in LPS-treated macrophages. We observed inhibition of LPS-stimulated M1 polarization and cytokine production by SGLT2 inhibitors in vitro, ex vivo, and in an IBD mouse model. CONCLUSIONS NHE1 promotes M1 macrophage polarization and SGLT2 inhibitors are a novel strategy to treat M1 macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases, including IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-Ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-Ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - You Mie Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807 Hoguk-Ro, Buk-Gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-Ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HS, Park HW, Lee SY. Rapamycin Restores Different Patterns of Cytokine Expression to Dexamethasone Treatment on CD14++CD16+ Monocytes from Steroid-Resistant Asthma Patients. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:542-551. [PMID: 37005298 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the differences in interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated CD14++CD16+ monocytes obtained from asthmatics after dexamethasone or dexamethasone plus rapamycin treatments between clinical steroid responders (R) and non-responders (NR). METHODS Cytokine expressions in LPS-stimulated CD14++CD16+ p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) monocytes from R and NR were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS IL-10high CD14++CD16+ p-mTOR population following LPS stimulation increased in the R group although decreased in the NR group with dexamethasone treatment. IL-1βhigh population decreased in the R group although increased in the NR group. Rapamycin treatment after LPS and dexamethasone resulted in a significant increase in the IL-10high population and a significant decrease in the IL-1βhigh population in the NR group. CONCLUSION Dexamethasone treatment resulted in different patterns of change in cytokine expressions in LPS-stimulated CD14++CD16+ p-mTOR monocytes between the R and NR. mTOR inhibition can restore steroid responsiveness involving IL-10 and IL-1β in CD14++CD16+ p-mTOR monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seung Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital
| | - Heung-Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Suh-Young Lee
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center
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Lu ZY, Feng L, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Li SW, Zhong CB, Zhou XQ. Dietary mannan oligosaccharides strengthens intestinal immune barrier function via multipath cooperation during Aeromonas Hydrophila infection in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella). Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010221. [PMID: 36177013 PMCID: PMC9513311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mannose oligosaccharide (MOS) as a functional additive is widely used in aquaculture, to enhance fish immunity. An evaluation of the effect of dietary MOS supplementation on the immune barrier function and related signaling molecules mechanism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was undertaken in the present study. Six diets with graded amounts of MOS supplementation (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg) were fed to 540 grass carp over 60 days. To examine the immune response and potential mechanisms of MOS supplementation on the intestine, a challenge test was conducted using injections of Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days. Results of the study on the optimal supplementation with MOS were found as follows (1) MOS enhances immunity partly related to increasing antibacterial substances content and antimicrobial peptides expression; (2) MOS attenuates inflammatory response partly related to regulating the dynamic balance of intestinal inflammatory cytokines; (3) MOS regulates immune barrier function may partly be related to modulating TLRs/MyD88/NFκB and TOR/S6K1/4EBP signalling pathways. Finally, the current study concluded that MOS supplementation could improve fish intestinal immune barrier function under Aeromonas hydrophila infected conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Lu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Wei Li
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Zhong
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Qiu Zhou,
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Gennari-Felipe M, Borges L, Dermargos A, Weimann E, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC, Hatanaka E. Hypertonic Solution in Severe COVID-19 Patient: A Potential Adjuvant Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:917008. [PMID: 35801207 PMCID: PMC9253300 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.917008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) features hyper-inflammation, cytokine storm, neutrophil function changes, and sodium chloride (NaCl) homeostasis disruption, while the treatment with NaCl hypertonic solutions (HS) controls electrolytic body homeostasis and cell functions. HS treatment is a simple, popular, economic, and feasible therapy to regulate leukocyte function with a robust anti-inflammatory effect in many inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the knowledge on the use of HS approaches against viral infection over the past years and to describe the mechanisms involved in the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and production of cytokine in severe lung diseases, such as COVID-19. We reported the consequences of hyponatremia in COVID-19 patients, and the immunomodulatory effects of HS, either in vitro or in vivo. We also described the relationship between electrolyte disturbances and COVID-19 infection. Although there is still a lack of clinical trials, hypertonic NaCl solutions have marked effects on neutrophil function and NETs formation, emerging as a promising adjuvant therapy in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Gennari-Felipe
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Borges
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Dermargos
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eleine Weimann
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
- Seção de Produção de Imunobiológicos, Centro Bioindustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Elaine Hatanaka,
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Mroweh M, Roth G, Decaens T, Marche PN, Lerat H, Macek Jílková Z. Targeting Akt in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1794. [PMID: 33670268 PMCID: PMC7917860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and its incidence is rising. HCC develops almost exclusively on the background of chronic liver inflammation, which can be caused by chronic alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, or an unhealthy diet. The key role of chronic inflammation in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis, including in the deregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, has been demonstrated. The inhibition of Akt (also known as Protein Kinase B) directly affects cancer cells, but this therapeutic strategy also exhibits indirect anti-tumor activity mediated by the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, as demonstrated by using Akt inhibitors AZD5363, MK-2206, or ARQ 092. Moreover, the isoforms of Akt converge and diverge in their designated roles, but the currently available Akt inhibitors fail to display an isoform specificity. Thus, selective Akt inhibition needs to be better explored in the context of HCC and its possible combination with immunotherapy. This review presents a compact overview of the current knowledge concerning the role of Akt in HCC and the effect of Akt inhibition on the HCC and liver tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Mroweh
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (M.M.); (G.R.); (T.D.); (P.N.M.); (H.L.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon
| | - Gaël Roth
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (M.M.); (G.R.); (T.D.); (P.N.M.); (H.L.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Service D’hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (M.M.); (G.R.); (T.D.); (P.N.M.); (H.L.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Service D’hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (M.M.); (G.R.); (T.D.); (P.N.M.); (H.L.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Lerat
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (M.M.); (G.R.); (T.D.); (P.N.M.); (H.L.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Zuzana Macek Jílková
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (M.M.); (G.R.); (T.D.); (P.N.M.); (H.L.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Service D’hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
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Lu ZY, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Kuang SY, Tang L, Yang J, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Mannan oligosaccharides supplementation enhanced head-kidney and spleen immune function in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:596-608. [PMID: 32841685 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the influences of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on the head-kidney and spleen immune function in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and its related mechanism. Fish were fed during 60 days at different levels of MOS (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg kg-1). Subsequently, 14 days after the feeding trial was injected intraperitoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila, the immune function was studied. The results are as follows: (1) appropriate MOS supplementation could increase the content of antibacterial compound and immunoglobulin (Ig), up-regulate antimicrobial peptides transcriptional levels in these two organs; (2) appropriate MOS supplementation attenuated inflammatory response in these two organs by regulating cytokines (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines) and related signalling pathways (NF-κB and TOR). The interesting points though, was, no differences were found in liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2A, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-4/13B, IκB kinase (IKK) α and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p52 gene expression in these two organs. Consequently, the present research suggests that MOS supplementation can enhance head-kidney and spleen immune function. Finally, we obtained these appropriate MOS dose (538.5 and 585.8 mg kg-1) by quadratic regression analysis of lysozyme activity (head-kidney) and phosphatase activity (spleen), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Lu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Enterprise Technology Center, Tongwei Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Murray KO, Brant JO, Iwaniec JD, Sheikh LH, de Carvalho L, Garcia CK, Robinson GP, Alzahrani JM, Riva A, Laitano O, Kladde MP, Clanton TL. Exertional heat stroke leads to concurrent long-term epigenetic memory, immunosuppression and altered heat shock response in female mice. J Physiol 2020; 599:119-141. [PMID: 33037634 DOI: 10.1113/jp280518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Exposure to exertional heat stroke (EHS) has been linked to increased long-term decrements of health. Epigenetic reprogramming is involved in the response to heat acclimation; however, whether the long-term effects of EHS are mediated by epigenetic reprogramming is unknown. In female mice, we observed DNA methylation reprogramming in bone marrow-derived (BMD) monocytes as early as 4 days of recovery from EHS and as late as 30 days compared with sham exercise controls. Whole blood, collected after 30 days of recovery from EHS, exhibited an immunosuppressive phenotype when challenged in vitro by lipopolysaccharide. After 30 days of recovery from EHS, BMD monocytes exhibited an altered in vitro heat shock response. The location of differentially methylated CpGs are predictive of both the immunosuppressive phenotype and altered heat shock responses. ABSTRACT Exposure to exertional heat stroke (EHS) has been linked to increased susceptibility to a second heat stroke, infection and cardiovascular disease. Whether these clinical outcomes are mediated by an epigenetic memory is unknown. Using a preclinical mouse model of EHS, we investigated whether EHS exposure produces a lasting epigenetic memory in monocytes and whether there are phenotypic alterations that may be consistent with these epigenetic changes. Female mice underwent forced wheel running at 37.5°C/40% relative humidity until symptom limitation, characterized by CNS dysfunction. Results were compared with matched exercise controls at 22.5°C. Monocytes were isolated from bone marrow after 4 or 30 days of recovery to extract DNA and analyse methylation. Broad-ranging alterations to the DNA methylome were observed at both time points. At 30 days, very specific alterations were observed to the promoter regions of genes involved with immune responsiveness. To test whether these changes might be related to phenotype, whole blood at 30 days was challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to measure cytokine secretion; monocytes were also challenged with heat shock to quantify mRNA expression. Whole blood collected from EHS mice showed markedly attenuated inflammatory responses to LPS challenge. Furthermore, monocyte mRNA from EHS mice showed significantly altered responses to heat shock challenge. These results demonstrate that EHS leads to a unique DNA methylation pattern in monocytes and altered immune and heat shock responsiveness after 30 days. These data support the hypothesis that EHS exposure can induce long-term physiological changes that may be linked to altered epigenetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Murray
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason O Brant
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John D Iwaniec
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laila H Sheikh
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lucas de Carvalho
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christian K Garcia
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gerard P Robinson
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jamal M Alzahrani
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Bioinformatics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael P Kladde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas L Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wang H, Liu S, Li J, Wang L, Wang X, Zhao J, Jiao H, Lin H. 5-Hydroxytryptophan Suppresses the Abdominal Fat Deposit and Is Beneficial to the Intestinal Immune Function in Broilers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:655. [PMID: 32595527 PMCID: PMC7304481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serotonin (5-HT), a monoaminergic neurotransmitter, involves in the regulation of many physiological functions. In the present study, the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the precursor of 5-HT, on lipid metabolism and intestinal immune function in broiler chickens were investigated in chickens. Methods Two hundred broilers were divided randomly into two groups and fed separately with a corn-soybean basal diet (CD) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.2% 5-HTP. Results The results showed that 5-HTP reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake and the abdominal fat pad weight. 5-HTP treatment tended to upregulate the mRNA level of adiponectin receptor 1 (ADP1R) and ADP2R in abdominal fat but had no significant influence on their protein levels (P > 0.05). In 5-HTP-chickens, lipopolysaccharide exposure decreased secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations in serum and the duodenal contents. Expression of mRNA encoding interleukin (IL), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) decreased after 5-HTP treatment; however, LPS increased expression significantly in 5-HTP-treated chickens compared with CD chickens. In 5-HTP-chickens, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were reduced, but the phosphorylation of ribosomal p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) was increased in the duodenum. Conclusion In summary, the result suggests that dietary 5-HTP supplementation reduces accumulation of abdominal fat and is beneficial to intestinal immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shaoqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Ayala TS, Tessaro FHG, Jannuzzi GP, Bella LM, Ferreira KS, Martins JO. High Glucose Environments Interfere with Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage Inflammatory Mediator Release, the TLR4 Pathway and Glucose Metabolism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11447. [PMID: 31391499 PMCID: PMC6686006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages may be a crucial aspect of diabetic complications associated with the inflammatory response. In this study, we examined how hyperglycaemia, a common aspect of diabetes, modulates bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) under an inflammatory stimulus. To perform this study, BMDMs from non-diabetic and diabetic (60 mg/kg alloxan, i.v.) male C57BL/6 mice (CEUA/FCF/USP-488) were cultured under normal (5.5 mM) and high glucose (HG, 25 or 40 mM) conditions and stimulated or not stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL). Compared to the BMDMs from the normoglycaemic mice, the LPS-stimulated BMDMs from the diabetic mice presented reduced TLR4 expression on the cell surface, lower phagocytic capacity, and reduced secretion of NO and lactate but greater oxygen consumption and greater phosphorylation of p46 SAPK/JNK, p42 ERK MAPK, pAKT and pPKC-δ. When the BMDMs from the non-diabetic mice were cultured under high-glucose conditions and stimulated with LPS, TLR4 expression was reduced on the cell surface and NO and H2O2 levels were reduced. In contrast, the diabetic BMDMs cultured under high glucose conditions presented increased levels of lactate and reduced phosphorylation of AKT, PKC-δ and p46 SAPK/JNK but enhanced phosphorylation of the p46 subunit of SAPK/JNK after LPS stimulation. High glucose levels appear to modify macrophage behaviour, affecting different aspects of diabetic and healthy BMDMs under the same LPS stimulus. Thus, hyperglycaemia leaves a glucose legacy, altering the basal steady state of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Soprani Ayala
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Galvão Tessaro
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Pereira Jannuzzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungus and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Analysis, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mendes Bella
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Biochemistry of Fungus and Protozoa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Analysis, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University Sao Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Chen J, Wu Y, Sun Y, Dong X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Dong G. Bacterial endotoxin decreased histone H3 acetylation of bovine mammary epithelial cells and the adverse effect was suppressed by sodium butyrate. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:267. [PMID: 31357995 PMCID: PMC6664593 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In practical production, dairy cows are frequently exposed to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) when they are subjected to high-concentrate diets, poor hygienic environments, as well as mastitis and metritis. Histone acetylation is an important epigenetic control of DNA transcription and a higher histone acetylation is associated with facilitated transcription. LPS might reduce histone acetylation in the mammary epithelial cells, resulting in lower transcription and mRNA expression of lactation-related genes. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of LPS on histone acetylation in bovine mammary epithelial cells and the efficacy of sodium butyrate (SB) in suppressing the endotoxin-induced adverse effect. Firstly, the bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T cells were treated for 48 h with LPS at different doses of 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 endotoxin units (EU)/mL (1 EU = 0.1 ng), and the acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4 as well as the histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity were measured. Secondly, the MAC-T cells were treated for 48 h as follows: control, LPS (100 EU/mL), and LPS (100 EU/mL) plus SB (10 mmol/L), and the acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4 as well as milk gene mRNA expressions were determined. RESULTS The results showed that HDAC activity increased linearly with increasing LPS doses (P < 0.01). The histone H3 acetylation levels were significantly reduced by LPS, while the histone H4 acetylation levels were not affected by LPS (P > 0.05). Sodium butyrate, an inhibitor of HDAC, effectively suppressed the endotoxin-induced decline of histone H3 acetylation (P < 0.05). As a result, SB significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of lactation-related genes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest one of the adverse effects of LPS on the lactation of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells was due to decreasing histone H3 acetylation through increasing HDAC activity, whereas the endotoxin-induced adverse effects were effectively suppressed by SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400716, China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400716, China
| | - Yawang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400716, China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Institute for Herbivorous Livestock Research, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Zili Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400716, China
| | - Zhu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400716, China
| | - Yanli Xiao
- College of International Studies, Southwest University, Beibei, 400716, China
| | - Guozhong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400716, China.
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11
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Mueed Z, Tandon P, Maurya SK, Deval R, Kamal MA, Poddar NK. Tau and mTOR: The Hotspots for Multifarious Diseases in Alzheimer's Development. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1017. [PMID: 30686983 PMCID: PMC6335350 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and the overexpression of mTOR are considered to be the driving force behind Aβ plaques and Neurofibrillay Tangles (NFT's), hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is now evident that miscellaneous diseases such as Diabetes, Autoimmune diseases, Cancer, etc. are correlated with AD. Therefore, we reviewed the literature on the causes of AD and investigated the association of tau and mTOR with other diseases. We have discussed the role of insulin deficiency in diabetes, activated microglial cells, and dysfunction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) in Autoimmune diseases, Presenilin 1 in skin cancer, increased reactive species in mitochondrial dysfunction and deregulated Cyclins/CDKs in promoting AD pathogenesis. We have also discussed the possible therapeutics for AD such as GSK3 inactivation therapy, Rechaperoning therapy, Immunotherapy, Hormonal therapy, Metal chelators, Cell cycle therapy, γ-secretase modulators, and Cholinesterase and BACE 1-inhibitors which are thought to serve a major role in combating pathological changes coupled with AD. Recent research about the relationship between mTOR and aging and hepatic Aβ degradation offers possible targets to effectively target AD. Future prospects of AD aims at developing novel drugs and modulators that can potentially improve cell to cell signaling, prevent Aβ plaques formation, promote better release of neurotransmitters and prevent hyperphosphorylation of tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Mueed
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, India
| | - Pallavi Tandon
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Ravi Deval
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, Hebersham, NSW, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
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12
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Commensal lactic acid-producing bacteria affect host cellular lipid metabolism through various cellular metabolic pathways: Role of mTOR, FOXO1, and autophagy machinery system. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide aggravates inherited retinal dystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:350. [PMID: 29500424 PMCID: PMC5834451 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases involve a scenario of inflammation and cell death that leads to morphological alterations and visual impairment. Non-ocular inflammatory processes could affect neurodegenerative retinal disorders and their progression, at least in part by activating microglial cells and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our purpose was to study the consequences of a systemic inflammatory process in the progression of retinal degeneration in P23H rats, a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model. In order to induce a mild chronic systemic inflammation, we administered low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from age P20 to P60 to dystrophic P23H rats and healthy SD rats. Visual responsiveness was assessed by electroretinography (ERG). The morphological state of the retinas was analyzed by fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC), evaluating the number, morphology, and connectivity of different neuronal populations by means of cell type-specific markers. Microglia density, distribution, and degree of activation were evaluated by IHC and flow cytometry. The expression levels of inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR arrays. Low-dose LPS administration did not induce significant functional or morphological changes in the retina of SD rats, although at the molecular level, we detected expression changes in genes related to apoptosis. Otherwise, systemic injection of LPS into P23H rats induced a further deterioration in the ERG response, with greater loss of photoreceptors and worsening of synaptic connectivity, accompanied by increasing numbers of microglial cells, which also showed a more intense activation state. Several inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes were upregulated. Our results indicate that chronic exacerbation of the inflammatory response in response to LPS accelerates neurodegeneration in dystrophic P23H rats, suggesting that in patients with ocular neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral damage, as a systemic infection or chronic inflammatory process, could accelerate disease progression, and should be taken into account in order to select an appropriate therapy to revert, block or slow-down the degenerative process.
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14
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Lee K, Kwak JH, Pyo S. Inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators by 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in macrophages through suppression of PI3K/NF-κB signaling pathways. Food Funct 2018; 7:3073-82. [PMID: 27264984 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00187d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many tryptophan metabolites have immunomodulatory effects on various immune cells. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid (3-HAA) is a tryptophan metabolite reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. The mechanism of this activity is unclear. The present study examined the immunomodulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of 3-HAA on macrophages. Pretreatment of 3-HAA (0.1-10 μg mL(-1)) for 2 h markedly inhibited NO and cytokine production in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Moreover, translocation and activation of NF-κB by LPS in the nucleus were abrogated through the prevention of IκB degradation by 3-HAA treatment. 3-HAA significantly suppressed LPS-induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation, whereas MAPKs were not affected by 3-HAA treatment. Furthermore, the inhibition of mTOR by 3-HAA resulted in decreased production of inflammatory mediators and NF-κB activity. Similar results were also observed in primary peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, 3-HAA modulated macrophage polarization. Collectively, the results suggest that 3-HAA has an immunomodulatory effect that may result from inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB activation, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungran Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Leucine alters immunoglobulin a secretion and inflammatory cytokine expression induced by lipopolysaccharide via the nuclear factor-κB pathway in intestine of chicken embryos. Animal 2017; 12:1903-1911. [PMID: 29271330 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been shown to be involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune responses in many mammal cells. Here, we suggest that the mTOR pathway is involved in the intestinal inflammatory responses evoked by LPS treatment in chicken embryos. The intestinal tissue from Specific pathogen free chick embryos was cultured in the presence of LPS for 2 h. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cytokines, and protein levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), mTOR and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) were determined. The results showed that LPS treatment increased sIgA concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA levels of interleukine (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 were upregulated by LPS treatment (P<0.05). Lipopolysaccharide increased the phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK and NF-κB (P<0.05) while decreasing the phosphorylation level of mTOR (P<0.05). Supplementation of leucine at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mM dose-dependently decreased sIgA production. Leucine supplementation at 40 mM restored the phosphorylation level of mTOR and p70S6K while suppressing the phosphorylation levels of NF-κB (P<0.05) and partially down-regulating the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK. The transcription of IL-6 was significantly decreased by leucine supplementation. These results suggested that leucine could alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory responses by down-regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and evoking mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, which may involve in the regulation of the intestinal immune system in chicken embryos.
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16
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Kim SS, Park SH, Lee JR, Jung JS, Suh HW. The activation of α 2-adrenergic receptor in the spinal cord lowers sepsis-induced mortality. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:495-507. [PMID: 28883754 PMCID: PMC5587600 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.5.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of clonidine administered intrathecally (i.t.) on the mortality and the blood glucose level induced by sepsis was examined in mice. To produce sepsis, the mixture of D-galactosamine (GaLN; 0.6 g/10 ml)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 27 µg/27 µl) was treated intraperitoneally (i.p.). The i.t. pretreatment with clonidine (5 µg/5 µl) increased the blood glucose level and attenuated mortality induced by sepsis in a dose-dependent manner. The i.t. post-treatment with clonidine up to 3 h caused an elevation of the blood glucose level and protected sepsis-induced mortality, whereas clonidine post-treated at 6, 9, or 12 h did not affect. The pre-treatment with oral D-glucose for 30 min prior to i.t. post-treatment (6 h) with clonidine did not rescue sepsis-induced mortality. In addition, i.t. pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) reduced clonidine-induced protection against mortality and clonidine-induced hyperglycemia, suggesting that protective effect against sepsis-induced mortality seems to be mediated via activating PTX-sensitive G-proteins in the spinal cord. Moreover, pretreatment with clonidine attenuated the plasma tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induced by sepsis. Clonidine administered i.t. or i.p. increased p-AMPKα1 and p-AMPKα2, but decreased p-Tyk2 and p-mTOR levels in both control and sepsis groups, suggesting that the up-regulations of p-AMPKα1 and p-AMPKα2, or down-regulations of p-mTOR and p-Tyk2 may play critical roles for the protective effect of clonidine against sepsis-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Su Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jae-Ryung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jun-Sub Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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17
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Identification and activation of TLR4-mediated signalling pathways by alginate-derived guluronate oligosaccharide in RAW264.7 macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1663. [PMID: 28490734 PMCID: PMC5431981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate, a natural acidic polysaccharide extracted from marine brown seaweeds, is composed of different blocks of β-(1, 4)-D-mannuronate (M) and its C-5 epimer α-(1, 4)-L-guluronate (G). Alginate-derived guluronate oligosaccharide (GOS) readily activates macrophages. However, to understand its role in immune responses, further studies are needed to characterize GOS transport and signalling. Our results show that GOS is recognized by and upregulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on RAW264.7 macrophages, followed by its endocytosis via TLR4. Increased expression of TLR4 and myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) results in Akt phosphorylation and subsequent activation of both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Moreover, GOS stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs); notably, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation depends on TLR4 initiation. All these events contribute to the production of inflammatory mediators, either together or separately. Our findings also reveal that GOS induces cytoskeleton remodelling in RAW264.7 cells and promotes macrophage proliferation in mice ascites, both of which improve innate immunity. Conclusively, our investigation demonstrates that GOS, which is dependent on TLR4, is taken up by macrophages and stimulates TLR4/Akt/NF-κB, TLR4/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and exerts impressive immuno-stimulatory activity.
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18
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The Effect of Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic Acid on CD14+ Monocyte Activation and Function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170806. [PMID: 28122021 PMCID: PMC5266297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play key roles in many disease states, including cellular and humoral rejection after solid organ transplantation (SOT). To suppress alloimmunity after SOT, immunosuppressive drug therapy is necessary. However, little is known about the effects of the immunosuppressive drugs tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid (MPA) on monocyte activation and function. Here, the effect of these immunosuppressants on monocytes was investigated by measuring phosphorylation of three intracellular signaling proteins which all have a major role in monocyte function: p38MAPK, ERK and Akt. In addition, biological functions downstream of these signaling pathways were studied, including cytokine production, phagocytosis and differentiation into macrophages. To this end, blood samples from healthy volunteers were spiked with diverse concentrations of tacrolimus and MPA. Tacrolimus (200 ng/ml) inhibited phosphorylation of p38MAPK by 30% (mean) in CD14+ monocytes which was significantly less than in activated CD3+ T cells (max 60%; p < 0.05). This immunosuppressive agent also partly inhibited p-AKT (14%). MPA, at a therapeutic concentration showed the strongest effect on p-AKT (27% inhibition). p-ERK was inhibited with a maximum of 15% after spiking with either tacrolimus or MPA. The production of IL-1β and phagocytosis by monocytes were not affected by tacrolimus concentrations, whereas MPA did inhibit IL-1β production by 50%. Monocyte/macrophage polarization was shifted to an M2-like phenotype in the presence of tacrolimus, while MPA increased the expression of M2 surface markers, including CD163 and CD200R, on M1 macrophages. These results show that tacrolimus and MPA do not strongly affect monocyte function, apart from a change in macrophage polarization, to a clinically relevant degree.
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19
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Jung BG, Wang X, Yi N, Ma J, Turner J, Samten B. Early Secreted Antigenic Target of 6-kDa of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stimulates IL-6 Production by Macrophages through Activation of STAT3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40984. [PMID: 28106119 PMCID: PMC5247711 DOI: 10.1038/srep40984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an essential virulence factor and macrophages are critical for tuberculosis infection and immunity, we studied ESAT-6 stimulated IL-6 production by macrophages. ESAT-6 stimulated significantly higher IL-6 secretion by murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) compared to culture filtrate protein 10 kDa (CFP10) and antigen 85A. Polymyxin B, an LPS blocker, did not affect ESAT-6 stimulated macrophage IL-6 production. ESAT-6 but not Pam3CSK4 induced IL-6 by TLR2 knockout BMDM. ESAT-6 induced phosphorylation and DNA binding of STAT3 and this was blocked by STAT3 inhibitors but not by rapamycin. STAT3 inhibitors suppressed ESAT-6-induced IL-6 transcription and secretion without affecting cell viability. This was confirmed by silencing STAT3 in macrophages. Blocking neither IL-6Rα/IL-6 nor IL-10 affected ESAT-6-induced STAT3 activation and IL-6 production. Infection of BMDM and human macrophages with Mtb with esat-6 deletion induced diminished STAT3 activation and reduced IL-6 production compared to wild type and esat-6 complemented Mtb strains. Administration of ESAT-6 but not CFP10 induced STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-6 expression in the mouse lungs, consistent with expression of ESAT-6, IL-6 and phosphorylated-STAT3 in Mtb-infected mouse lungs. We conclude that ESAT-6 stimulates macrophage IL-6 production through STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Na Yi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Justin Ma
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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20
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Brenner AK, Andersson Tvedt TH, Bruserud Ø. The Complexity of Targeting PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signalling in Human Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: The Importance of Leukemic Cell Heterogeneity, Neighbouring Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immunocompetent Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111512. [PMID: 27845732 PMCID: PMC6273124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of PI3K-Akt-mTOR is considered a possible strategy in human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML); the most important rationale being the proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects of direct PI3K/mTOR inhibition observed in experimental studies of human AML cells. However, AML is a heterogeneous disease and these effects caused by direct pathway inhibition in the leukemic cells are observed only for a subset of patients. Furthermore, the final effect of PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibition is modulated by indirect effects, i.e., treatment effects on AML-supporting non-leukemic bone marrow cells. In this article we focus on the effects of this treatment on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and monocytes/macrophages; both these cell types are parts of the haematopoietic stem cell niches in the bone marrow. MSCs have unique membrane molecule and constitutive cytokine release profiles, and mediate their support through bidirectional crosstalk involving both cell-cell contact and the local cytokine network. It is not known how various forms of PI3K-Akt-mTOR targeting alter the molecular mechanisms of this crosstalk. The effect on monocytes/macrophages is also difficult to predict and depends on the targeted molecule. Thus, further development of PI3K-Akt-mTOR targeting into a clinical strategy requires detailed molecular studies in well-characterized experimental models combined with careful clinical studies, to identify patient subsets that are likely to respond to this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K Brenner
- Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tor Henrik Andersson Tvedt
- Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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21
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Vangan N, Cao Y, Jia X, Bao W, Wang Y, He Q, Binderiya U, Feng X, Li T, Hao H, Wang Z. mTORC1 mediates peptidoglycan induced inflammatory cytokines expression and NF-κB activation in macrophages. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:111-118. [PMID: 27524262 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is the major structural component of the bacterial cell wall, especially gram positive bacteria, which induces inflammatory responses. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by antigens, while the function of mTORC1 in peptidoglycan induced inflammatory response is unknown. This study aims to examine the role and the regulatory mechanism of mTOR signaling pathway in peptidoglycan induced cytokine expression in mouse macrophages. We observed that peptidoglycan upregulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. mTORC1 positively regulates IL-6 and TNF-α, but negatively regulates IL-10 secretion. mTORC1 regulates NF-κB p65 activation by degrading IκB-α in response to peptidoglycan. mTOR, NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways are involved in peptidoglycan induced inflammatory cytokines expression via a TLR1/TLR2-dependent mechanism in macrophages. Thus, mTORC1 pathway regulates the innate immune response to bacterial peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamtsengel Vangan
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China; School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
| | - Yinfang Cao
- Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jia
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wenlei Bao
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiburi He
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Uyanga Binderiya
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xue Feng
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huifang Hao
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
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22
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Saric A, Hipolito VEB, Kay JG, Canton J, Antonescu CN, Botelho RJ. mTOR controls lysosome tubulation and antigen presentation in macrophages and dendritic cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:321-33. [PMID: 26582390 PMCID: PMC4713134 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) convert their lysosomes from small, punctate organelles into a network of tubules. Tubular lysosomes have been implicated in phagosome maturation, retention of fluid phase, and antigen presentation. There is a growing appreciation that lysosomes act as sensors of stress and the metabolic state of the cell through the kinase mTOR. Here we show that LPS stimulates mTOR and that mTOR is required for LPS-induced lysosome tubulation and secretion of major histocompatibility complex II in macrophages and dendritic cells. Specifically, we show that the canonical phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway regulates LPS-induced lysosome tubulation independently of IRAK1/4 and TBK. Of note, we find that LPS treatment augmented the levels of membrane-associated Arl8b, a lysosomal GTPase required for tubulation that promotes kinesin-dependent lysosome movement to the cell periphery, in an mTOR-dependent manner. This suggests that mTOR may interface with the Arl8b-kinesin machinery. To further support this notion, we show that mTOR antagonists can block outward movement of lysosomes in cells treated with acetate but have no effect in retrograde movement upon acetate removal. Overall our work provides tantalizing evidence that mTOR plays a role in controlling lysosome morphology and trafficking by modulating microtubule-based motor activity in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amra Saric
- Molecular Science Program and Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Victoria E B Hipolito
- Molecular Science Program and Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Johnathan Canton
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Molecular Science Program and Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Molecular Science Program and Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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23
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Lee DK, Kim JH, Kim WS, Jeoung D, Lee H, Ha KS, Won MH, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Lipopolysaccharide induction of REDD1 is mediated by two distinct CREB-dependent mechanisms in macrophages. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2859-65. [PMID: 26296313 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
REDD1 is induced by various cellular stresses; however, its expression in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has not been clearly elucidated in immune cells. LPS stimulated CREB-dependent and NF-κB-independent REDD1 expression in macrophages. Early increases in CREB phosphorylation and REDD1 expression at 8h following LPS treatment were blocked by inhibition of p38MAPK and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), but not PKA. However, delayed CREB-mediated REDD1 expression at 16h was suppressed by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PKA. It indicates that LPS induces REDD1 expression by two distinct CREB-mediated mechanisms, the early p38MAPK/MSK1 and the delayed COX-2/PGE2/PKA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Keon Lee
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Kim
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Wan-Sung Kim
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Departments of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Hansoo Lee
- Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea.
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Bao W, Wang Y, Fu Y, Jia X, Li J, Vangan N, Bao L, Hao H, Wang Z. mTORC1 Regulates Flagellin-Induced Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125910. [PMID: 25942007 PMCID: PMC4420466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin triggers inflammatory responses. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulate the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are induced by extrinsic antigens, but the function of mTORC1 in flagellin-induced inflammatory response is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the role and the mechanism of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in flagellin-induced cytokine expression in mouse macrophages. We observed that flagellin upregulated TNF-α time- and dose-dependently. Flagellin stimulated rapid (<15 min) PI3K/Akt/mTOR phosphorylation that was mediated by TLR5. Inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 and wortmannin, and of mTORC1 with rapamycin decreased flagellin-induced TNF-α and IL-6 expression and cell proliferation. The activation of NF-κB p65 and STAT3 was regulated by mTORC1 via degradation of IκBα and phosphorylation of STAT3 in response to flagellin, respectively. Thus, the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway regulates the innate immune response to bacterial flagellin. Rapamycin is potential therapy that can regulate host defense against pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Bao
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jia
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Lili Bao
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huifang Hao
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Yue Y, Wang Y, Li D, Song Z, Jiao H, Lin H. A central role for the mammalian target of rapamycin in LPS-induced anorexia in mice. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:37-47. [PMID: 25349249 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, induces profound anorexia. However, the LPS-provoked pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and the neural mechanisms underlying the development of anorexia are not clear. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of metabolism, cell growth, and protein synthesis. This study aimed to determine whether the mTOR pathway is involved in LPS-induced anorexia. Effects of LPS on hypothalamic gene/protein expression in mice were measured by RT-PCR or western blotting analysis. To determine whether inhibition of mTOR signaling could attenuate LPS-induced anorexia, we administered an i.c.v. injection of rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, on LPS-treated male mice. In this study, we showed that LPS stimulates the mTOR signaling pathway through the enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR(Ser2448) and p70S6K(Thr389). We also showed that LPS administration increased the phosphorylation of FOXO1(Ser256), the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (P<0.05), and FOXO1/3a(Thr) (24) (/) (32) (P<0.01). Blocking the mTOR pathway significantly attenuated the LPS-induced anorexia by decreasing the phosphorylation of p70S6K(Thr389), FOXO1(Ser256), and FOXO1/3a(Thr) (24) (/) (32). These results suggest promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of LPS-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshuang Yue
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease ControlDepartment of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease ControlDepartment of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease ControlDepartment of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease ControlDepartment of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease ControlDepartment of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Lin
- Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease ControlDepartment of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
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26
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Li X, Jiang L, Lin S, He Y, Shen G, Cai Z, Ling M, Ni J, Zhang H, Zhang M. Inhibition of mTORC1 renders cardiac protection against lipopolysaccharide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:8432-8442. [PMID: 25674207 PMCID: PMC4313975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction is a severe clinical problem. It is evident that rapamycin can protect heart from pathological injuries. However, there are no data demonstrating rapamycin reverse cardiac dysfunction induced by sepsis. In this study, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administrated to mice and H9c2 cells. After treatment, we further determined cardiac function by echocardiography, ANP, BNP and inflammatory markers by qPCR and apoptosis by TUNEL staining. Moreover, mTORC1 signaling pathway and Akt activity were measured by Western blots. We found that rapamycin attenuated cardiac dysfunction, increase in ANP and BNP as well as apoptosis induced by LPS both in mice and in H9c2 cells. Unexpectedly, LPS did not significantly affect the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, rapamycin further reduced the decrease in mTORC1 signaling and Akt activity induced by LPS. In conclusion, rapamycin can protect heart from LPS induced damages by inhibition mTORC1 signaling and elevation of Akt activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of ICU, Minhang Hospital, Fudan UniversityMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial HospitalLanzhou 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijing Jiang
- Department of ICU, Minhang Hospital, Fudan UniversityMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Jinjiang Hospital of Quanzhou Medical CollegeJinjiang 362200, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfen He
- Minhang District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of ShanghaiMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Department of ICU, Minhang Hospital, Fudan UniversityMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Cai
- Department of ICU, Minhang Hospital, Fudan UniversityMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meirong Ling
- Department of ICU, Minhang Hospital, Fudan UniversityMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindi Ni
- Department of ICU, Minhang Hospital, Fudan UniversityMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of ICU, Minhang Hospital, Fudan UniversityMinhang, Shanghai 201199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial HospitalLanzhou 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Luo D, Or TCT, Yang CLH, Lau ASY. Anti-inflammatory activity of iridoid and catechol derivatives from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:855-66. [PMID: 25065689 DOI: 10.1021/cn5001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and pro-inflammatory mediators play key roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including stroke, which account for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, the unsatisfactory pharmacotherapy and side effects of the drugs led to the development of alternative medicine for treating these diseases. Du Zhong (DZ), Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaves, is a commonly used herb in the therapy of stroke in China. We hypothesize that the components from DZ inhibit neuroinflammation. In this study, DZ was extracted and the bioactive fractions with inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglial cells were further separated using chromatography. Two purified bioactive compounds, genipin (compound C) and 4-(1,2-dimethoxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol (compound F), were isolated and identified after spectroscopic analysis. The results showed that they inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production. Genipin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, whereas compound F inhibited phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In conclusion, genipin and compound F have potential for developing into new drugs for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Molecular
Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Terry C. T. Or
- Molecular
Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cindy L. H. Yang
- Molecular
Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Allan S. Y. Lau
- Molecular
Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Cytokine
Biology Group, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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28
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Zhang X, Howell GM, Guo L, Collage RD, Loughran PA, Zuckerbraun BS, Rosengart MR. CaMKIV-dependent preservation of mTOR expression is required for autophagy during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and acute kidney injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2405-15. [PMID: 25070845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved homeostasis process regulating biomass quantity and quality, plays a critical role in the host response to sepsis. Recent studies show its calcium dependence, but the calcium-sensitive regulatory cascades have not been defined. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism in which calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV), through inhibitory serine phosphorylation of GSK-3β and inhibition of FBXW7 recruitment, prevents ubiquitin proteosomal degradation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and thereby augments autophagy in both the macrophage and the kidney. Under the conditions of sepsis studied, mTOR expression and activity were requisite for autophagy, a paradigm countering the current perspective that prototypically, mTOR inhibition induces autophagy. CaMKIV-mTOR-dependent autophagy was fundamentally important for IL-6 production in vitro and in vivo. Similar mechanisms were operant in the kidney during endotoxemia and served a cytoprotective role in mitigating acute kidney injury. Thus, CaMKIV-mTOR-dependent autophagy is conserved in both immune and nonimmune/parenchymal cells and is fundamental for the respective functional and adaptive responses to septic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Gina M Howell
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lanping Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Richard D Collage
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | | | - Matthew R Rosengart
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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29
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Choi SH, Yoon YH, Kim JY, Moon SW, Cho YD, Yeom JW. The effect of hypertonic saline on mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated polymorphonuclear cells. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 76:58-62. [PMID: 25067987 PMCID: PMC4110886 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertonic saline is often used to resuscitate patients experiencing shock. In such conditions, polymorphonuclear cells and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form an essential part of early induced innate immunity. Objective To investigate the immunomodulatory effect of hypertonic saline on polymorphonuclear cells by evaluating the changes in TLR-4 receptors and proinflammatory cytokines. Methods Polymorphonuclear cells were isolated from whole blood using Polymorphprep (Axis-Shield, Oslo, Norway). The isolated polymorphonuclear cells were plated at a density of 1 × 106 cells/mL in 6-well flat-bottomed culture plates and were stimulated with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The stimulated polymorphonuclear cells were cultured in hypertonic saline at 10, 20, or 40 mmol/L above isotonicity. After that, the changes in TLR-4 and cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Results The level of TLR-4 mRNA expression decreased after stimulation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, but hypertonic saline did not affect the TLR-4 mRNA expression. TLR-4 mRNA expression was clearly induced upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, and the addition of hypertonic saline restored TLR-4 mRNA expression in polymorphonuclear cells. The interleukin-1β mRNA expression was decreased in the hypertonic environment. On the other hand, the tumor necrosis factor-α value was not influenced by the addition of hypertonic saline. Conclusions Hypertonic saline has an immunomodulatory effect on polymorphonuclear cells through the TLR-4 pathway, and the interleukin–1β-associated pathway is influenced more by hypertonic saline than is the tumor necrosis factor–α-associated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Youn Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Moon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Duck Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Yeom
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Fuhrmann A, Lopes PC, Sereno J, Pedro J, Espinoza D, Pereira M, Reis F, Eriksson J, Carvalho E. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of cyclosporin A and sirolimus on glucose and lipid metabolism in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in an in vivo rat model. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:216-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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The emerging role of mTOR signalling in antibacterial immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:346-53. [PMID: 24518980 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular metabolic homeostasis that is highly conserved in evolution. Recent evidence has revealed the existence of a complex interplay between mTOR signalling and immunity. We review here the emerging role of mTOR signalling in the regulation of Toll-like receptor-dependent innate responses and in the activation of T cells and antigen-presenting cells. We also highlight the importance of amino-acid starvation-driven mTOR inhibition in the control of autophagy and intracellular bacterial clearance.
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32
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François A, Terro F, Janet T, Rioux Bilan A, Paccalin M, Page G. Involvement of interleukin-1β in the autophagic process of microglia: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:151. [PMID: 24330807 PMCID: PMC3878742 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a major pathway of protein and organelle degradation in the lysosome. Autophagy exists at basal constitutive level and can be induced as a defense mechanism under stress conditions. Molecular relationships between autophagy and inflammation at the periphery were recently evidenced, highlighting a role of autophagy in the regulation of inflammation. Impairment of autophagy (with accumulation of autophagic vacuoles) and substantial inflammation are found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the links between autophagy and inflammation in AD remain to be determined. METHODS Here, we examined the inflammatory reaction and autophagy in murine tri-cultures of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Tri-cultures were exposed to various inflammatory stresses (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), amyloid peptide (Aβ42) with or without cytokines) for 48 hours. Furthermore, the relationships between inflammation and autophagy were also analyzed in astrocyte- and microglia-enriched cultures. Data for multiple variable comparisons were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by a Newman-keuls' test. RESULTS Aβ42 induced a low inflammation without accumulation of acidic vesicles contrary to moderate or severe inflammation induced by LPS or the cytokine cocktail (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) or IL-1β alone which led to co-localization of p62 and LC3, two markers of autophagy, with acidic vesicles stained with Lyso-ID Red dye. Moreover, the study reveals a major role of IL-1β in the induction of autophagy in tri-cultures in the presence or absence of Aβ42. However, the vulnerability of the autophagic process in purified microglia to IL-1β was prevented by Aβ42. CONCLUSION These findings show a close relationship between inflammation and autophagy, in particular a major role of IL-1β in the induction of the microglial autophagy which could be the case in AD. New therapeutic strategies could target inflammasome and autophagy in microglia to maintain its role in the amyloid immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guylène Page
- EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's Disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers F-86022, France.
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33
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The transcriptomic response of rat hepatic stellate cells to endotoxin: implications for hepatic inflammation and immune regulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82159. [PMID: 24349206 PMCID: PMC3857241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With their location in the perisinusoidal space of Disse, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) communicate with all of the liver cell types both by physical association (cell body as well as cytosolic processes penetrating into sinusoids through the endothelial fenestrations) and by producing several cytokines and chemokines. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), circulating levels of which are elevated in liver diseases and transplantation, stimulates HSCs to produce increased amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Although recent research provides strong evidence for the role of HSCs in hepatic inflammation and immune regulation, the number of HSC-elaborated inflammatory and immune regulatory molecules may be much greater then known at the present time. Here we report time-dependent changes in the gene expression profile of inflammatory and immune-regulatory molecules in LPS-stimulated rat HSCs, and their validation by biochemical analyses. LPS strongly up-regulated LPS-response elements (TLR2 and TLR7) but did not affect TLR4 and down-regulated TLR9. LPS also up-regulated genes in the MAPK, NFκB, STAT, SOCS, IRAK and interferon signaling pathways, numerous CC and CXC chemokines and IL17F. Interestingly, LPS modulated genes related to TGFβ and HSC activation in a manner that would limit their activation and fibrogenic activity. The data indicate that LPS-stimulated HSCs become a major cell type in regulating hepatic inflammatory and immunological responses by altering expression of numerous relevant genes, and thus play a prominent role in hepatic pathophysiology including liver diseases and transplantation.
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34
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Moreira V, de Castro Souto PCM, Ramirez Vinolo MA, Lomonte B, María Gutiérrez J, Curi R, Teixeira C. A catalytically-inactive snake venom Lys49 phospholipase A2 homolog induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and production of prostaglandins through selected signaling pathways in macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 708:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Branched-chain amino acids influence the immune properties of microglial cells and their responsiveness to pro-inflammatory signals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:650-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Over B, Ziegler S, Foermer S, Weber AN, Bode KA, Heeg K, Bekeredjian-Ding I. IRAK4 turns IL-10+phospho-FOXO+monocytes into pro-inflammatory cells by suppression of protein kinase B. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1630-42. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Over
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Saskia Ziegler
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sandra Foermer
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | | | - Konrad A. Bode
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg; Germany
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Kim JY, Choi SH, Yoon YH, Moon SW, Cho YD. Effects of hypertonic saline on macrophage migration inhibitory factor in traumatic conditions. Exp Ther Med 2012; 5:362-366. [PMID: 23251299 PMCID: PMC3524247 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma-induced suppression of cellular immune function contributes to sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and mortality. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been revealed to be central to several immune responses. However, the role of MIF in trauma-like conditions is unknown. Therefore, the present study evaluated MIF in macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The effects of hypertonic saline (HTS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MIF levels were evaluated in macrophages. MIF concentrations were determined by an enzyme-linked immnosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell lysates were used for western blot analysis. The effects of HTS on N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced MIF were evaluated in PMNs. MIF concentrations were determined by ELISA, western blotting and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine MIF expression. MIF levels, which were measured by the ELISA, increased by 1.24±0.38 ng/ml in the supernatants of LPS-stimulated macrophages compared with the controls (0.79±0.07 ng/ml) at 2 h. HTS10 (150 mmol/l) partially restored MIF levels (0.84±0.22 ng/ml; P<0.05). Also, western blotting was performed and MIF protein levels were higher in the LPS-stimulated macrphages (20% increase in band density) compared with the controls (P<0.05). The addition of HTS decreased MIF protein expression. MIF levels in fMLP-stimulated PMN cells were unchanged compared with the controls according to the ELISA, western blotting and RT-PCR. No effects were observed following treatment with HTS. MIF concentrations and MIF expression were higher in LPS-stimulated macrophages than controls and HTS restored MIF levels to those of the controls. MIF levels were unchanged in PMNs stimulated by fMLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea
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Reeves EP, Molloy K, Pohl K, McElvaney NG. Hypertonic saline in treatment of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:465230. [PMID: 22645424 PMCID: PMC3356721 DOI: 10.1100/2012/465230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of lung disease in cystic fibrosis is characterised by decreased airway surface liquid volume and subsequent failure of normal mucociliary clearance. Mucus within the cystic fibrosis airways is enriched in negatively charged matrices composed of DNA released from colonizing bacteria or inflammatory cells, as well as F-actin and elevated concentrations of anionic glycosaminoglycans. Therapies acting against airway mucus in cystic fibrosis include aerosolized hypertonic saline. It has been shown that hypertonic saline possesses mucolytic properties and aids mucociliary clearance by restoring the liquid layer lining the airways. However, recent clinical and bench-top studies are beginning to broaden our view on the beneficial effects of hypertonic saline, which now extend to include anti-infective as well as anti-inflammatory properties. This review aims to discuss the described therapeutic benefits of hypertonic saline and specifically to identify novel models of hypertonic saline action independent of airway hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer P Reeves
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Sinha P, Beury DW, Clements VK. Cross-talk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), macrophages, and dendritic cells enhances tumor-induced immune suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:275-81. [PMID: 22313874 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex milieu of tumor and host cells. Host cells can include tumor-reactive T cells capable of killing tumor cells. However, more frequently the tumor and host components interact to generate a highly immune suppressive environment that frustrates T cell cytotoxicity and promotes tumor progression through a variety of immune and non-immune mechanisms. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a major host component contributing to the immune suppressive environment. In addition to their inherent immune suppressive function, MDSC amplify the immune suppressive activity of macrophages and dendritic cells via cross-talk. This article will review the cell-cell interactions used by MDSC to inhibit anti-tumor immunity and promote progression, and the role of inflammation in promoting cross-talk between MDSC and other cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Biological Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
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The Journal of Surgical Research – 2012. J Surg Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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