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Liu X, Song Y, Hao P, Chen X, Zhang J, Wei Y, Xie X, Li L, Jin ZW. Delayed development of vacuoles and recanalization in the duodenum: a study in human fetuses to understand susceptibility to duodenal atresia/stenosis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022; 41:568-575. [PMID: 33511891 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2021.1876191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveWe compared the cross-sectional areas of the duodenum to the distal small intestine during early gestation to determine if there is a difference in age for recanalization.MethodsSerial sagittal sections of six fetuses of gestational age (GA) 8-10 weeks were examined morphologically to compare the degree of recanalization of the duodenum with to the more distal small intestine.ResultsAt GA 8-9 weeks, the duodenum had more epithelial plugs and vacuoles with no or narrower spaces compared to the distal small bowel. Quantitative assessment at GA 10 weeks showed that the cross-sectional area of the duodenal cavity was significantly less than the distal small bowel.ConclusionThe development and recanalization of vacuoles in the duodenum occurs later than the jejunum and ileum may be involved in the more frequent development of atresia/stenosis of the duodenum compared to more distal gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelai Liu
- Department of Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbiao Song
- Central laboratory, Hebei Medical University affiliated 2nd Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peiyu Hao
- Department of Anatomy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Wei
- Department of Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Xie
- Department of Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Wu Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Kostouros A, Koliarakis I, Natsis K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Large intestine embryogenesis: Molecular pathways and related disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:27-57. [PMID: 32319546 PMCID: PMC7255481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestine, part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), is composed of all three germ layers, namely the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm, forming the epithelium, the smooth muscle layers and the enteric nervous system, respectively. Since gastrulation, these layers develop simultaneously during embryogenesis, signaling to each other continuously until adult age. Two invaginations, the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) and the caudal/posterior intestinal portal (CIP), elongate and fuse, creating the primitive gut tube, which is then patterned along the antero‑posterior (AP) axis and the radial (RAD) axis in the context of left‑right (LR) asymmetry. These events lead to the formation of three distinct regions, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. All the above‑mentioned phenomena are under strict control from various molecular pathways, which are critical for the normal intestinal development and function. Specifically, the intestinal epithelium constitutes a constantly developing tissue, deriving from the progenitor stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Epithelial differentiation strongly depends on the crosstalk with the adjacent mesoderm. Major molecular pathways that are implicated in the embryogenesis of the large intestine include the canonical and non‑canonical wingless‑related integration site (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch and hedgehog systems. The aberrant regulation of these pathways inevitably leads to several intestinal malformation syndromes, such as atresia, stenosis, or agangliosis. Novel theories, involving the regulation and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells, suggest an embryological basis for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, the present review article summarizes the diverse roles of these molecular factors in intestinal embryogenesis and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kostouros
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
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Kowalkowski A, Zaremba KM, Rogers AP, Hoffman OR, Turco AE, Nichol PF. Lack of discreet colocalization of epithelial apoptosis to the atretic precursor in the colon of the Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2IIIb mouse and staining consistent with cellular movement suggest a revised model of atresia formation. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:741-753. [PMID: 32100913 PMCID: PMC7266729 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic atresias in the Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2IIIb (Fgfr2IIIb) mouse model have been attributed to increased epithelial apoptosis and decreased epithelial proliferation at embryonic day (E) 10.5. We therefore hypothesized that these processes would colocalize to the distal colon where atresias occur (atretic precursor) and would be excluded or minimized from the proximal colon and small intestine. RESULTS We observed a global increase in intestinal epithelial apoptosis in Fgfr2IIIb -/- intestines from E9.5 to E10.5 that did not colocalize to the atretic precursor. Additionally, epithelial proliferations rates in Fgfr2IIIb -/- intestines were statistically indistinguishable to that of controls at E10.5 and E11.5. At E11.5 distal colonic epithelial cells in mutants failed to assume the expected pseudostratified columnar architecture and the continuity of the adjacent basal lamina was disrupted. Individual E-cadherin-positive cells were observed in the colonic mesenchyme. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that alterations in proliferation and apoptosis alone are insufficient to account for intestinal atresias and that these defects may arise from both a failure of distal colonic epithelial cells to develop normally and local disruptions in basal lamina architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowalkowski
- Surgery Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Andrew P Rogers
- Surgery Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Olivia R Hoffman
- Surgery Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne E Turco
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter F Nichol
- Surgery Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Jones MLM, Sarila G, Chapuis P, Hutson JM, King SK, Teague WJ. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 Signaling in Duodenal Atresia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:250. [PMID: 32210824 PMCID: PMC7076179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Duodenal atresia (DA) is a congenital bowel obstruction requiring major surgery in the first week of life. Three morphological phenotypes are described, reflecting increasing degrees of obstruction and discontinuity of the duodenum. The cause of DA is not known. Tandler’s original “solid cord” hypothesis conflicts with recent biological evidence, and is unable to account for differing DA types. In humans, a genetic etiology is supported by the association between Trisomy 21 and DA, and reports of familial inheritance patterns. Interruption of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling is the best demonstrated genetic link to DA in mice, with 35–75% of homozygous knockout embryos developing DA. Purpose This review examines the current evidence surrounding the etiology of DA. We focus on research regarding FGF10/FGFR2b signaling and its role in duodenal and other intestinal atresia. Further, we outline planned future research in this area, that we consider necessary to validate and better understand this murine model in order to successfully translate this research into clinical practice. Conclusion Determining the etiology of DA in humans is a clinical and scientific imperative. Fgf10/Fgfr2b murine models represent current science’s best key to unlocking this mystery. However, further research is required to understand the complex role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling in DA development. Such complexity is expected, given the lethality of their associated defects makes ubiquitous interruption of either Fgf10 or Fgfr2b genes an unlikely cause of DA in humans. Rather, local or tissue-specific mutation in Fgf10, Fgfr2b, or their downstream targets, is the hypothesized basis of DA etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L M Jones
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gulcan Sarila
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Chapuis
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Hutson
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Urology, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sebastian K King
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Warwick J Teague
- F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zaremba KM, Reeder AL, Kowalkowski A, Girma E, Nichol PF. Utility and limits of Hprt-Cre technology in generating mutant mouse embryos. J Surg Res 2014; 187:386-93. [PMID: 24360120 PMCID: PMC3959277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hprt-Cre doubles the prevalence of homozygous null embryos per litter versus heterozygous breedings without decreasing litter size. Resulting mutant embryos are genotypically and phenotypically equivalent between strategies. We set out to confirm the effectiveness of this approach with other alleles and hypothesized that it would increase efficiency in generating compound mutants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Null mutants for Cyp26b1, Pitx2, and Shh were generated with Hprt-Cre from conditional alleles as were double and triple allelic combinations of Fgfr2IIIb, Raldh2, and Cyp26b1. Embryos were genotyped and phenotyped by whole mount photography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fifty percent of Hprt-Cre litters were homozygous null for Cyp26b1 (15/29) and Pitx2 (75/143), with phenotypic and genotypic equivalence to mutants from standard heterozygous breedings. In multi-allele breedings, mutant embryos constituted half of litters without significant embryo loss. In contrast, Shh breedings yielded a smaller ratio of embryos carrying two recombined alleles (6 of 16), with a significant litter size reduction because of early embryonic lethality (16 live embryos from 38 deciduae). CONCLUSIONS Hprt-Cre can be used to efficiently generate large numbers of mutant embryos with a number of alleles. Compound mutant generation was equally efficient. However, efficiency is reduced for genes whose protein product potentially interacts with the Hprt pathway (e.g., Shh).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Zaremba
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin SMPH Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amy L Reeder
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin SMPH Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anna Kowalkowski
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin SMPH Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Eden Girma
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin SMPH Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Peter F Nichol
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin SMPH Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Exogenous Sonic hedgehog protein does not rescue cultured intestine from atresia formation. J Surg Res 2013; 187:14-8. [PMID: 24393341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of intestinal atresia formation remains undefined. Atresia in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2IIIb (Fgfr2IIIb(-/-)) mutant mouse embryos is preceded by endodermal apoptosis and involution of the surrounding mesoderm. We have observed that involution of the atretic segment is preceded by the downregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) in the endoderm, which is a critical organizer of the intestinal mesoderm. We hypothesized that supplementation of Fgfr2IIIb(-/-) intestinal tracts with exogenous SHH protein before atresia formation would prevent involution of the mesoderm and rescue normal intestinal development. METHODS In situ hybridization was performed on control and Fgfr2IIIb(-/-) intestinal tracts for Shh or forkhead box protein F1 (FoxF1) between embryonic (E) day 11.5 and E12.0. Control and Fgfr2IIIb(-/-) intestinal tracts were harvested at E10.5 and cultured in media supplemented with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10 + SHH, or FGF10 with a SHH-coated bead. In situ hybridization was performed at E12.5 for Foxf1. RESULTS SHH and Foxf1 expression were downregulated during intestinal atresia formation. Media containing exogenous FGF10 + SHH did not prevent colonic atresia formation (involution). A SHH protein point source bead did induce Foxf1 expression in controls and mutants. CONCLUSIONS Shh and Foxf1 expression are disrupted in atresia formation of distal colon, thereby serving as potential markers of atretic events. Application of exogenous SHH (in media supplement or as a point source bead) is sufficient to induce Foxf1 expression, but insufficient to rescue development of distal colonic mesoderm in Fgfr2IIIb(-/-) mutant embryos. Shh signal disruption is not the critical mechanism by which loss of Fgfr2IIIb function results in atresia formation.
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