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Unosson H, Nyman MH, Brynhildsen KF, Friberg Ö. Risk factors for infection at the saphenous vein harvest site after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a retrospective cohort study. J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 19:310. [PMID: 38822404 PMCID: PMC11141009 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-024-02799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical site infection after saphenous vein harvest is common, with reported leg wound infection rates ranging from 2 to 24%. There have been few investigations into sex-related differences in complication rates. Moreover, varied effects of smoking have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors such as gender and smoking, associated with surgical site infection after vein graft harvesting in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. METHODS We included 2,188 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with at least one vein graft at our centre from 2009 to 2018. All patients were followed up postoperatively. Risk factors for leg wound infection requiring antibiotic treatment and surgical revision were analysed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 374 patients (17.1%) received antibiotic treatment and 154 (7.0%) underwent surgical revision for leg wound infection at the harvest site. Female sex, high body mass index, diabetes mellitus, longer operation time, peripheral vascular disease and direct oral anticoagulants were independently associated with any leg wound infection at the harvest site. Among surgically revised patients, female sex and insulin or oral treatment for diabetes mellitus as well as longer operation time were independent risk factors. Smoking was not associated with leg wound infection. CONCLUSION Female sex is associated with increased risk of leg wound infection. The underlying mechanism is unknown. In the current population, previous or current smoking was not associated with an increased risk of leg wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Unosson
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Maria Hälleberg Nyman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Karin Falk Brynhildsen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Örjan Friberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Kim AH, ElNemer W, Cartagena-Reyes MA, Marrache M, Thompson JM, Aiyer AA. The Cost-Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Programs for Prevention of Wound Complications Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Break-Even Analysis. FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2024; 9:24730114241239315. [PMID: 38510516 PMCID: PMC10952985 DOI: 10.1177/24730114241239315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco use significantly increases the rate of wound complications in patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Preoperative optimization through smoking cessation programs significantly minimizes the rate of infection and improves wound healing in arthroplasty procedures. Despite its utility, minimal research has examined the cost-effectiveness of preoperative smoking cessation programs to reduce the need for extracapsular irrigation and debridement (I&D) due to wound complications following TAA. Methods The cost of an I&D procedure was obtained from our institution's purchasing records. Baseline wound complication rates among tobacco users who have undergone TAA and smoking cessation program cost were obtained from literature. A break-even economic analysis was performed to determine the absolute risk reduction (ARR) to economically justify the implementation of preoperative smoking cessation programs. Different smoking cessation program and I&D costs were tested to account for variations in each factor. ARR was then used to calculate the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent a single I&D while remaining cost-effective. Results Smoking cessation programs were determined to be economically justified if it prevents 1 I&D surgery out of 8 TAAs among tobacco users (ARR = 12.66%) in the early postoperative period (<30 days). ARR was the same at the literature high (27.3%) and weighted literature average (13.3%) complication rates when using the cost of I&D surgery at our institution ($1757.13) and the literature value for a smoking cessation program ($222.45). Cost-effectiveness was maintained with higher I&D surgery costs and lower costs of smoking cessation treatment. Conclusion Our model's input data suggest that the routine use of smoking cessation programs among tobacco users undergoing TAA is cost-effective for risk reduction of I&D surgery in the early postoperative period. This intervention was also found to be economically warranted with higher I&D costs and lower smoking cessation program costs than those found in the literature and at our institution.Level of Evidence: Level III, economic and decision analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William ElNemer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Majd Marrache
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John M. Thompson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amiethab A. Aiyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Shahin Y, Gofus J, Harrer J, Šorm Z, Voborník M, Čermáková E, Smolák P, Vojáček J. Impact of smoking on the outcomes of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:43. [PMID: 36670443 PMCID: PMC9862783 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking has been associated with an increased risk of complications after conventional coronary surgery. However, the impact of smoking on the risk of postoperative complications in minimally invasive coronary surgery is yet to be studied. We aimed to analyze the impact of the preoperative smoking status on the short- and long-term outcomes of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB) in the context of isolated surgical revascularization or in association with percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study of all patients undergoing MIDCAB at our institution between 2006 and 2020. Patients were divided into three groups: active smokers, ex-smokers who have quit smoking for at least 1 month before surgery, and non-smokers. The groups were compared using conventional statistical methods. Multivariate analysis was then performed where significant differences were found to eliminate bias. RESULTS Throughout the study period, 541 patients underwent MIDCAB, of which 135 (25%) were active smokers, 183 (34%) were ex-smokers, and 223 (41%) were non-smokers. Smokers presented for surgery at a younger age (p < 0.0001), more frequently with a history of myocardial infarction (p < 0.001), peripheral artery disease (p < 0.001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p < 0.0001). Using multivariate analysis, active smoking was determined to be a significant risk factor for the need of urgent revascularization (odds ratio 2.36 [1.00-5.56], p = 0.049) and the composite of pulmonary complications (including pneumothorax, respiratory infection, respiratory dysfunction, subcutaneous emphysema and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; odds ratio 2.84 [1.64-4.94], p < 0.001). Preoperative smoking status did not influence the long-term survival (p = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS In our study, active smokers presented for MIDCAB at a younger age and more often with signs of atherosclerotic disease (history of myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease). Active smoking was found to be the most significant risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications, and is also associated with a more frequent need for urgent surgery at diagnosis. Long-term postoperative survival is not affected by the preoperative smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Shahin
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Gofus
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Harrer
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Šorm
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Voborník
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Čermáková
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Smolák
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vojáček
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Silverborn M, Heitmann LA, Sveinsdottir N, Rögnvaldsson S, Kristjansson TT, Gudbjartsson T. Non-infectious sternal dehiscence after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:249. [PMID: 36192764 PMCID: PMC9528060 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-02015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-infectious sternal dehiscence (NISD) is a known complication following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with previous studies estimating an incidence of 0.4–1% of surgeries. We aimed to study the incidence of NISD together with short- and long-term outcomes in a whole-nation cohort of patients.
Materials and methods A retrospective study on consecutive CABG patients diagnosed with NISD at Landspitali from 2001 to 2020. Patients diagnosed with infectious mediastinitis (n = 20) were excluded. NISD patients were compared to patients with an intact sternum regarding patient demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, intra- and postoperative data, and estimated overall survival. The median follow-up was 9.5 years. Results Twenty out of 2280 eligible patients (0.88%) developed NISD, and the incidence did not change over the study period (p = 0.98). The median time of diagnosis was 12 days postoperatively (range, 4–240). All patients were re-operated using a Robicsek-rewiring technique, with two cases requiring a titanium plate for fixation. Patients with NISD were older, had a higher BMI and EuroSCORE II, lower LVEF, and more often had a history of COPD, MI, and diabetes compared to those without NISD. Length of stay was extended by 15 days for NISD patients, but short and long-term survival was not statistically different between the groups. Conclusions The incidence of NISD was low and in line with previous studies. Although the length of hospital stay was extended, both short- and long-term survival of NISD patients was not significantly different from patients with an intact sternum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Silverborn
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Leon Arnar Heitmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Nanna Sveinsdottir
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sigurjon Rögnvaldsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Tomas Gudbjartsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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5
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Morrell Scott N, Lotto RR, Spencer E, Grant MJ, Penson P, Jones ID. Risk factors for post sternotomy wound complications across the patient journey: A systematised review of the literature. Heart Lung 2022; 55:89-101. [PMID: 35504241 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 36,000 cardiac operations are undertaken in the United Kingdom annually, with most procedures undertaken via median sternotomy. Wound complications occur in up to 8% of operations, with an associated mortality rate of around 47% in late or undetected cases. OBJECTIVE To undertake a systematised literature review to identify pre-operative, peri-operative and post-operative risk factors associated with sternal wound complications. METHODS Healthcare databases were searched for articles written in the English language and published between 2013 and 2021. Inclusion criteria were quantitative studies involving patients undergoing median sternotomy for cardiac surgery; sternal complications and risk factors. RESULTS 1360 papers were identified, with 25 included in this review. Patient-related factors included: high BMI; diabetes; comorbidities; gender; age; presenting for surgery in a critical state; predictive risk scores; vascular disease; severe anaemia; medication such as steroids or α-blockers; and previous sternotomy. Peri-operative risk increased with specific types and combinations of surgical procedures. Sternal reopening was also associated with increased risk of sternal wound infection. Post-operative risk factors included a complicated recovery; the need for blood transfusions; respiratory complications; renal failure; non-diabetic hyperglycaemia; sternal asymmetry and sepsis. CONCLUSION Pre, peri and post-operative risk factors increase the risk of sternal wound complications in cardiac surgery. Generic risk assessment tools are primarily designed to provide mortality risk scores, with their ability to predict risk of wound infection questionable. Tools that incorporate factors throughout the operative journey are required to identify patients at risk of surgical wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Morrell Scott
- School of Nursing and Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, United Kingdom; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - R R Lotto
- School of Nursing and Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, United Kingdom; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom.
| | - E Spencer
- School of Nursing and Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - M J Grant
- School of Nursing and Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - P Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - I D Jones
- School of Nursing and Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, United Kingdom; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom
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Iida H, Kai T, Kuri M, Tanabe K, Nakagawa M, Yamashita C, Yonekura H, Iida M, Fukuda I. A practical guide for perioperative smoking cessation. J Anesth 2022; 36:583-605. [PMID: 35913572 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-022-03080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The perioperative management of patients who are smokers presents anesthesiologists with various challenges related to respiratory, circulatory, and other clinical problems. Regarding 30-day postoperative outcomes, smokers have higher risks of mortality and complications than non-smokers, including death, pneumonia, unplanned tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Given the benefits of smoking cessation and the adverse effects of smoking on perioperative patient management, patients should quit smoking long before surgery. However, anesthesiologists cannot address these issues alone. The Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists established guidelines in 2015 (published in a medical journal in 2017) to enlighten surgical staff members and patients regarding perioperative tobacco cessation. The primary objective of perioperative smoking cessation is to reduce the risks of adverse cardiovascular and respiratory events, wound infection, and other perioperative complications. Perioperative preparations constitute a powerful teachable moment, a "golden opportunity" for smoking cessation to achieve improved primary disease outcomes and prevent the occurrence of tobacco-related conditions. This review updates the aforementioned guidelines as a practical guide to cover the nuts and bolts of perioperative smoking cessation. Its goal is to assist surgeons, anesthesiologists, and other medical professionals and to increase patients' awareness of smoking risks before elective surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Iida
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. .,Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, Central Japan International Medical Center, 1-1 Kenkonomachi, Minokamo, Gifu, 505-8510, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Kai
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michioki Kuri
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tanabe
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakagawa
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Chizuru Yamashita
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yonekura
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Iida
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fukuda
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Cardiovascular Center, Suita Tokushukai Hospital, Suita, Japan
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7
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Kao KD, Lee SYKC, Liu CY, Chou NK. Risk factors associated with longer stays in cardiovascular surgical intensive care unit after CABG. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:304-313. [PMID: 34030944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Monitoring ICU length of stay (LOS) after CABG and examining its risk factors can guide initiatives on the improvement of care. But few have evaluated this issue to include personal and clinical factors, and demands of ICU care. This study applied Donabedian model to identify risk factors for longer ICU stays after CABG. Lifestyle, clinical factors during and after CABG, TISS were viewed as structure factors, and infection and organ failures during ICU did as process factors. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used data via medical records at a medical center. A stratified randomized sample of 230 adults from a cohort of 690 isolated CABGs was to reflect the rate of 34.7% longer than 3-day-ICU LOS. The sample comprised of longer-stay group (n = 150) and shorter-stay group (n = 80). RESULT Hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that potential signs of infection (3-day average WBC higher than 10,000/μL, OR: 3.41 and the body temperature higher than 38 °C, OR:5.67) and acute renal failure (OR: 8.97) remained as the most significant predicted factors of stay longer than 3 ICU days. Along with higher TISS score within 24 hours (OR:1.06), structure factors of female gender (OR:4.16) smoking(OR: 4.87), higher CCI before surgery(OR:1.49), bypass during CABG (OR:3.51) had higher odds of risk to stay longer. CONCLUSION Further quality improvement initiatives to shorten ICU stay after CABG may include the promotion of a smoking cessation program in clinical practice, and better management of the manpower allocation, infection control and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Di Kao
- Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Yu Katie C Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Yu Liu
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Kuan Chou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
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8
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The Impact of Smoking on Early Postoperative Complications in Hand Surgery. J Hand Surg Am 2021; 46:336.e1-336.e11. [PMID: 32868099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smoking is a prevalent modifiable risk factor that has been associated with adverse postoperative outcomes across numerous surgical specialties. We examined the impact of smoking on 30-day complications in patients undergoing hand surgery procedures. METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data sets were queried for patients who underwent common hand surgery procedures from 2011 to 2016. Cohorts were divided into smoking and nonsmoking and compared in terms of demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and postoperative complications. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to control for demographic characteristics and comorbidities in assessing the association between smoking and postoperative infections as well as other major and minor complications. RESULTS We identified a cohort of 48,370 patients in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program who underwent certain outpatient and inpatient hospital facility-based hand surgery procedures from 2011 to 2016. Up to 22% of these patients reported active smoking. Compared with nonsmokers, smokers were more likely to be younger and male and to have a lower body mass index. In addition, they were more likely to have a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification and to report dyspnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multivariable logistic regression identified an independent association between smoking and major complications. Smoking was not significantly associated with minor complications. When regrouped by complication type, smoking was associated with infectious and wound healing complications. In subgroup analysis, smokers undergoing elective hand surgery had increased odds of wound healing complications but not major, minor, or infectious complications. CONCLUSIONS Smokers may be at a significantly higher odds of certain complications compared with nonsmokers. For patients undergoing the elective procedures evaluated in this study, perioperative smoking may increase the risk of wound-healing complications. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic II.
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9
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Teitelbaum JI, Grasse C, Quan D, Abi Hachem R, Goldstein BJ, Hua X, Jang DW. General Complications after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Smokers: A 2005-2016 NSQIP Analysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 130:350-355. [PMID: 32819161 DOI: 10.1177/0003489420952481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cigarette smoke has been associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications across a variety of surgical specialties. However, it is unclear if smoking increases this risk after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Because complication rates after ESS are relatively low, a large national database allows for a statistically meaningful study of this topic. METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) dataset from 2005 to 2016 was analyzed. Patients who underwent ESS were identified. Thirty-day postoperative complication rates between smokers and nonsmokers were compared. Complications included infection, thromboembolic events, reintubation, readmission, acute renal failure, and cardiovascular events. RESULTS 921 patients who underwent ESS were identified. 182 (20%) were smokers and 739 (80%) were nonsmokers. 609 patients underwent outpatient ESS, while 312 patients underwent inpatient ESS. A total of 12 patients experienced postoperative surgical site infections involving the deeper tissues beyond the wound (organ/space SSI). On univariate analysis, smoking was associated with a higher incidence of organ/space SSI (P = .0067) and pulmonary embolism (P = .0321) after ESS. On multivariate logistic regression, smoking was associated with increased odds (4.495, 1.11- 8.17, P = .0347) of organ/space SSI after ESS. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an association between exposure to cigarette smoke and potentially serious surgical site infections in the 30-day postoperative period after ESS. Our findings may help when counseling smokers who are considering ESS. Further study is required to understand the nature of these infections and ways to prevent them.Level of Evidence: 2c ("health outcomes").
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan I Teitelbaum
- Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Catie Grasse
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis Quan
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ralph Abi Hachem
- Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Hua
- Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David W Jang
- Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Camargo CP, Pfann RZ, Kubrusly MS, Silva MFR, Guimarães ET, Leite MS, Saldiva PHN, Gemperli R. Study of the Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on the Viability of Dorsal Cutaneous Flaps in Tobacco-Exposed Rats. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:979-985. [PMID: 32193614 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking causes a threefold increase in the risk of surgical complications in flaps. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases the viability of chronic wounds. However, there are few studies concerning the effects of HBOT on surgical flaps in patients who smoke. This study aimed to analyze the effect of HBOT on the viability of cutaneous flaps in tobacco-exposed rats. METHODS Twenty Wistar rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for two months. Following this period, all animals underwent a dorsal cutaneous flap (3 × 10 cm) surgery and were divided into two groups: control (n = 10) and HBOT (n = 10). HBOT was performed in seven daily sessions (2 ATA, 90 min). After seven days, the animals were euthanized. The outcomes were total area, viable area, viable area/total area rate, analysis of dermal appendages and angiogenesis (hematoxylin-eosin), and gene expression analysis of iNOS and VEGF-a biomarkers. RESULTS The HBOT group showed an increase in viable area compared with the control group (84% versus 47%, p = 0.009, respectively). The HBOT group also showed an increase in appendage units (1.69 ± 0.54 versus 1.87 ± 0.58, p = 0.04) and angiogenesis density (1.29 ± 0.45 versus 1.82 ± 0.64, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. There was a difference between the control and HBOT groups in iNOS levels (0.926 ± 1.4 versus 0.04 ± 0.1 p = 0.002, respectively). However, this study did not show a difference between the groups concerning the gene expression of VEGF-a. CONCLUSION The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy increased the viability of cutaneous flaps in tobacco-exposed rats and decreased iNOS mRNA levels; however, it did not change VEGF-a levels. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Camargo
- Laboratório de Microcirurgia E Cirurgia Plástica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455/1363, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil.
| | - R Z Pfann
- School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - M S Kubrusly
- Laboratório de Transplante de Cirurgia Do Fígado, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455/2302, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - M F R Silva
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455/1120, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - E T Guimarães
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455/1120, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - M S Leite
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455/1120, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - P H N Saldiva
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455/1120, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - R Gemperli
- Laboratório de Microcirurgia E Cirurgia Plástica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455/1363, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
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11
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Yoshikawa R, Katada J. Effects of active smoking on postoperative outcomes in hospitalised patients undergoing elective surgery: a retrospective analysis of an administrative claims database in Japan. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029913. [PMID: 31575535 PMCID: PMC6797353 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on prognosis after elective surgeries. Incidence of 30-day postoperative complications was compared between propensity score-matched 'ever-smoker' and 'never-smoker' cohorts. Thirty-day mortality and medical costs during the hospital stay were also compared. DESIGN AND SETTING A large-scale retrospective study using deidentified administrative claims data obtained from 372 acute care hospitals across Japan using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system (ie, a flat-fee payment system). PARTICIPANTS Inpatients who were hospitalised to undergo elective surgery. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary endpoint of this study was incidence of 30-day postoperative complications. Secondary endpoints were 30-day mortality and total medical costs during hospitalisation. Comparison between ever-smokers and never-smokers was conducted using matched cohorts created by 1:1 propensity score matching. RESULTS Using 561 598 eligible patients, matched ever-smoker and never-smoker cohorts (n=1 55 593 each) were created. Ever-smokers were defined as patients with Brinkman Index ≥1. The percentage of patients who were male was 76.7%, and mean ages for ever-smokers and never-smokers were 65.1±13.8 years old and 66.4±15.3 years old, respectively. The Brinkman Index of the ever-smoker cohort was 677.6±553.4. Smoking was significantly associated with higher risk of 30-day postoperative complications compared with not smoking (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001). Similarly, smoking was significantly associated with postoperative 30-day mortality, with OR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.39, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that smoking could be associated with risk of poor postoperative outcomes. In particular, a history of smoking may increase the risk of 30-day postoperative complications as well as that of 30-day mortality. The results suggest that smoking might have a harmful effect on postoperative outcomes irrespective of types of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Katada
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
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Paryad E, Rouhi Balasi L. Smoking cessation: Adherence based on patients' illness perception after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Indian Heart J 2019; 70 Suppl 3:S4-S7. [PMID: 30595298 PMCID: PMC6309235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) is a common treatment for coronary artery disease. The patient’s commitment to modify risk factors is necessary to achieve the desired after surgery outcomes. The current study aimed at determining illness perception of patients after CABG, its relation to smoking cessation, and detecting other predictors of smoking cessation. Methods The samples of the current cross sectional study were selected from a greater study that was done on patients’ adherence determining for 6 months after CABG surgery. Data collection was performed using a telephone questionnaire with 3 sections: personal and social information, smoking cessation, and illness perception. Data analysis was performed via descriptive statistics, independent t test, and multiple logistic regression analysis through SPSS version 16. Results The findings showed that 26.6% of the patients had not stopped smoking for 6 months after CABG, and the mean score of illness perception was 83.28 ± 6.11. The relationship between adherence to smoking cessation and illness perception was not significant. Regression logistics via backward selection to detect factors related to smoking cessation adherence after CABG showed only a lack of hypertension history could predict adherence to smoking cessation (OR = 0.199, P = 0.03). Conclusions Based on the results, about one-third of the subjects smoked cigarettes after CABG; therefore, it is critical to plan rehabilitation programs regarding smoking cessation after this surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat Paryad
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Leila Rouhi Balasi
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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13
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Lapp L, Bouamrane MM, Kavanagh K, Roper M, Young D, Schraag S. Evaluation of Random Forest and Ensemble Methods at Predicting Complications Following Cardiac Surgery. Artif Intell Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21642-9_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Bayfield NGR, Pannekoek A, Tian DH. Preoperative cigarette smoking and short-term morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. HEART ASIA 2018; 10:e011069. [PMID: 30397415 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2018-011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the choice of whether or not to electively operate on current smokers is varied among cardiothoracic surgeons. This meta-analysis aims to determine whether preoperative current versus ex-smoking status is related to short-term postoperative morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgical patients. Systematic literature searches of the PubMed, MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were carried out to identify all studies in cardiac surgery that investigated the relationship between smoking status and postoperative outcomes. Extracted data were analysed by random effects models. Primary outcomes included 30-day or in-hospital all-cause mortality and pulmonary morbidity. Overall, 13 relevant studies were identified, with 34 230 patients in current or ex-smoking subgroups. There was no difference in mortality (p=0.93). Current smokers had significantly higher risk of overall pulmonary complications (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.27 to 1.64; p<0.001) and postoperative pneumonia (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.06; p<0.001) as well as lower risk of postoperative renal complications (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.70 to 0.96; p=0.01) compared with ex-smokers. There was a trend towards an increased risk of postoperative MI (OR 1.29; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.75; p=0.10). No difference in postoperative neurological complications (p=0.15), postoperative sternal surgical site infections (p=0.20) or postoperative length of intensive care unit stay (p=0.86) was seen. Cardiac surgical patients who are current smokers at the time of operation do not have an increased 30-day mortality risk compared with ex-smokers, although they are at significantly increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Pannekoek
- Department of Clinical Services, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - David Hao Tian
- Collaborative Research (CORE) Group, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Helman SN, Brant JA, Moubayed SP, Newman JG, Cannady SB, Chai RL. Predictors of length of stay, reoperation, and readmission following total laryngectomy. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:1339-1344. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Helman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Jason A. Brant
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Sami P. Moubayed
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Mount Sinai Beth Israel; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Jason G. Newman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Steven B. Cannady
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond L. Chai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Mount Sinai Beth Israel; New York New York U.S.A
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