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Wu R, Hapiz A, Musa SA, ALOthman ZA, Sillanpää M, Jawad AH. Hydrothermal fabrication of composite chitosan grafted salicylaldehyde/coal fly ash/algae for malachite green dye removal: A statistical optimization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135897. [PMID: 39313051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, chitosan grafted salicylaldehyde/coal fly ash/algae (Chi-SL/CFA/Alg) was synthesized by assistance of hydrothermal process to be an effective adsorbent to remove cationic dye (malachite green: MG) from water. The physicochemical properties of the Chi-SL/CFA/Alg biomaterial were examined using SEM-EDX, pHpzc, specific surface area (BET), and FTIR analyses. The optimization process of the adsorption operation parameters for MG removal by Chi-SL/CFA/Alg were optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The selected adsorption operation parameters Chi-SL/CFA/Alg dosage (A: 0.02-0.1 g/100 mL), solution pH (B: 4-8), and contact time (C: 20-360 min). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was applied to determine the significant interaction between the adsorption operation parameters and to validate BBD output. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of MG dye by Chi-SL/CFA/Alg were well described by pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic and Freundlich isotherm model respectively. Thus, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of MG dye by Chi-SL/CFA/Alg was found to be 493.7 mg/g at basic pH environment (pH = 8) and working temperature 25 °C. The adsorption mechanism can be ascribed to various interactions, including hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, electrostatic attraction, and n-π interactions. Thus, Chi-SL/CFA/Alg can be considered as preferable and potential adsorbent for removing cationic dye from aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Wu
- Deparment of Chemistry, Hengshui University, 053500, Hebei Province, Hengshui, China; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Hapiz
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salis A Musa
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, 32093 Kuwait, Kuwait; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Ali H Jawad
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq.
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2
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Zhang X, Wang S, Zhu X, Zhu D, Wang W, Wang B, Deng S, Yu G. Efficient removal of per/polyfluoroalkyl substances from water using recyclable chitosan-coated covalent organic frameworks: Experimental and theoretical methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141942. [PMID: 38588893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) demonstrate remarkable potential for adsorbing per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Nevertheless, the challenge of recycling powdered COFs hampers their practical application in water treatment. In this research, a quaternary amine COF with inherent positive surface charge was synthesised to adsorb perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) via electrostatic interactions. The COF was then combined with chitosan (CS) through a simple dissolution-evaporation process, resulting in a composite gel material termed COF@CS. The findings indicated that the adsorption capacity of COF@CS significantly surpassed that of the original COF and CS. According to the Langmuir model, COF@CS achieved a maximum PFOA capacity of 2.8 mmol g-1 at pH 5. Furthermore, the adsorption rate increased significantly to 6.2 mmol g-1 h-1, compared to 5.9 mmol g-1 h-1 for COF and 3.4 mmol g-1 h-1 for CS. Notably, COF@CS exhibited excellent removal efficacy for ten other types of PFAS. Moreover, COF@CS could be successfully regenerated using a mixture of 70% ethanol and 1 wt% NaCl, and it exhibited stable reusability for up to five cycles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterisation, and theoretical calculations revealed that the quaternary amine functional group in COF served as the primary adsorption site in the composite gel material, while the protonated amino group on CS enhanced PFOA adsorption through electrostatic interaction. This study highlights the significant practical potential of COF@CS in the removal of PFAS from aqueous solution and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province, 810016, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province, 810016, China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province, 810016, China
| | - Donghai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province, 810016, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province, 810016, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519085, China.
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Wang H, Zhou L, Ao X, Huang G, Liu Y, Ouyang J, Adesina AA. Ion-imprinted macroporous polyethyleneimine incorporated chitosan/layered hydrotalcite foams for the selective biosorption of U(VI) ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131113. [PMID: 38531524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In order to prevent uranium pollution and recovery uranium resources, it was necessary to find a highly efficient adsorbent for radioactive wastewater treatment. Herein, U(VI) imprinted polyethyleneimine (PEI) incorporated chitosan/layered hydrotalcite composite foam (IPCL) was synthesized by combining ion-imprinting and freeze-drying techniques. IPCL has a high amino/imino content and an ultralight macroporous structure, making it capable of efficiently adsorbing U(VI) and easy to separate; Especially after ion-imprinting, vacancies matching the size of uranyl ions were formed, significantly improving U(VI) selectivity. The adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics were in accordance with the Freundlich model and PSO model respectively, indicating that heterogeneous adsorption of U(VI) by the adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of IPCL-2 for U(VI) reached 278.8. mg/g (under the conditions of optimal pH 5.0, temperature of 298 K, contact time of 2 h, and adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L), which is almost double of that for the non-imprinted foam (PCL-2, 138.2 mg/g), indicating that IPCL-2 can intelligently recognize U(VI). The heterogeneous adsorption mechanism of U(VI) by IPCL-2 involves complexation, ion-exchange and isomorphic substitution. The adsorption of U(VI) by IPCL-2 is spontaneous and endothermic. IPCL-2 has excellent adsorption performance for U(VI), and is a promising adsorbent for radioactive pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory for Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China.
| | - Xianqian Ao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Guolin Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China.
| | - Yanlin Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Jinbo Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
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Shu D, Zhang J, Ruan R, Lei H, Wang Y, Moriko Q, Zou R, Huo E, Duan D, Gan L, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Dai L. Insights into Preparation Methods and Functions of Carbon-Based Solid Acids. Molecules 2024; 29:247. [PMID: 38202830 PMCID: PMC10780815 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With the growing emphasis on green chemistry and the ecological environment, researchers are increasingly paying attention to greening materials through the use of carbon-based solid acids. The diverse characteristics of carbon-based solid acids can be produced through different preparation conditions and modification methods. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the current research progress on carbon-based solid acids, encompassing common carbonization methods, such as one-step, two-step, hydrothermal, and template methods. The composition of carbon source material may be the main factor affecting its carbonization method and carbonization temperature. Additionally, acidification types including sulfonating agent, phosphoric acid, heteropoly acid, and nitric acid are explored. Furthermore, the functions of carbon-based solid acids in esterification, hydrolysis, condensation, and alkylation are thoroughly analyzed. This study concludes by addressing the existing drawbacks and outlining potential future development prospects for carbon-based solid acids in the context of their important role in sustainable chemistry and environmental preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA;
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (H.L.); (Q.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
| | - Qian Moriko
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (H.L.); (Q.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rongge Zou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (H.L.); (Q.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Erguang Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China;
| | - Dengle Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Lu Gan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Leilei Dai
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA;
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5
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Ao X, Zhou L, Jin J, Liu Y, Ouyang J, Liu Z, Shehzad H. Macroporous and ultralight polyethyleneimine-grafted chitosan/nano-TiO 2 foam as a novel adsorbent with antibacterial activity for the efficient U(VI) removal. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126966. [PMID: 37729991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The radioactive contamination from the excessive discharge of uranium-containing wastewater seriously threatens environmental safety and human health. Herein, macroporous and ultralight polyethyleneimine-grafted chitosan/nano-TiO2 composite foam (PCT) with antibacterial activity was synthesized, which could quickly remove U(VI) from solution. Among different PCT adsorbents, PCT-2 had the best adsorption performance for U(VI), which could be due to its honeycomb macroporous structures and the presence of abundant amino/imine groups. The kinetics and adsorption isotherms data were found in agreement with the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model, respectively, indicating chemisorption or complexation as the main adsorption mechanism. The saturated adsorption capacity of PCT-2 for U(VI) reaches 259.91 mg/g at pH 5.0 and 298 K. The PCT-2 also presents good selectivity for U(VI) with the coefficient (βU/M) order of Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ni2+ > Co2+ > Mn2+ > Al3+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+. The adsorption mechanism was explored using FT-IR and XPS analysis, indicating that amino/imine groups and hydroxyl groups are responsible for U(VI) complexation. Thermodynamic calculations show that U(VI) adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The ease of preparation, excellent adsorption performance and environmental friendliness of PCT-2 make it a novel adsorbent with antibacterial activity for radioactive contamination control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqian Ao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory for Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China.
| | - Jieyun Jin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Jinbo Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, East China University of Technology, 330013 Nanchang, China
| | - Hamza Shehzad
- State Key Laboratory for Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, 330013 Nanchang, China; School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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6
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Tian Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Ma F, Zhang C, Dong H. Efficient removal of uranium (VI) from water by a hyper-cross-linked polymer adsorbent modified with polyethylenimine via phosphoramidate linkers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116160. [PMID: 37209988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Practical adsorbents with high efficiency are essential to effectively treating wastewater. Herein, a novel porous uranium adsorbent (PA-HCP) having a considerable amount of amine and phosphoryl groups was designed and synthesized by grafting polyethyleneimine (PEI) on a hyper-cross-linked fluorene-9-bisphenol skeleton via phosphoramidate linkers. Furthermore, it was used to treat uranium contamination in the environment. PA-HCP exhibited a large specific surface area (up to 124 m2/g) and a pore diameter of 2.5 nm. Batch uranium adsorptions on PA-HCP were investigated methodically. PA-HCP demonstrated a uranium sorption capacity of >300 mg/g in the pH range of 4-10 (C0 = 60 mg/L, T = 298.15 K), with its maximum capacity reaching 573.51 mg/g at pH = 7. The uranium sorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-order model and fitted well with the Langmuir isothermal. In the thermodynamic experiments, uranium sorption on PA-HCP was revealed to be an endothermic, spontaneous process. Even in the presence of competing metal ions, PA-HCP exhibited excellent sorption selectivity for uranium. Additionally, excellent recyclability can be achieved after six cycles. Based on FT-IR and XPS measurements, both the PO and -NH2 (and/or -NH-) groups on PA-HCP contributed to efficient uranium adsorption as a result of the strong coordination between these groups and uranium. Furthermore, the high hydrophilicity of the grafted PEI improved the dispersion of the adsorbents in water and facilitated uranium sorption. These findings suggest that PA-HCP can be used as an efficient and economical sorbent to remove U(VI) from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China; Yantai Research Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, China.
| | - Yudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Fuqiu Ma
- Yantai Research Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, China; College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China; Yantai Research Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, China.
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
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7
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Arni LA, Hapiz A, Abdulhameed AS, Khadiran T, ALOthman ZA, Wilson LD, Jawad AH. Design of separable magnetic chitosan grafted-benzaldehyde for azo dye removal via a response surface methodology: Characterization and adsorption mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125086. [PMID: 37247708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a magnetic chitosan grafted-benzaldehyde (CS-BD/Fe3O4) was hydrothermally prepared using benzaldehyde as a grafting agent to produce a promising adsorbent for the removal of acid red 88 (AR88) dye. The CS-BD/Fe3O4 was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, vibrating sample magnetometry, powder X-ray diffraction, CHN elemental analysis, and point of zero charge (pHPZC). The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was adopted to study the role of variables that influence AR88 dye adsorption (A: CS-BD/Fe3O4 dose (0.02-0.1 g), B: pH (4-10), and time C: (10-90 min)). The ANOVA results of the BBD model indicated that the F-value for the AR88 removal was 22.19 %, with the corresponding p-value of 0.0002. The adsorption profiles at equilibrium and dynamic conditions reveal that the Temkin model and the pseudo-first-order kinetics model provide an adequate description of the isotherm results, where the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) with the AR88 dye was 154.1 mg/g. Several mechanisms, including electrostatic attraction, n-π interaction, π-π interaction, and hydrogen bonding, regulate the adsorption of AR88 dyes onto CS-BD/Fe3O4 surface. As a result, this research indicates that the CS-BD/Fe3O4 can be utilized as an effective and promising bio-adsorbent for azo dye removal from contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laili Azmiati Arni
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Hapiz
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Tumirah Khadiran
- Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Ali H Jawad
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Anti-biofouling multi-modified chitosan/polyvinylalcohol air-blown nanofibers for selective radionuclide capture in wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Xin Q, Wang Q, Gan J, Lei Z, Hu E, Wang H, Wang H. Enhanced performance in uranium extraction by the synergistic effect of functional groups on chitosan-based adsorbent. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Sun Y, Yuan N, Ge Y, Ye T, Yang Z, Zou L, Ma W, Lu L. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of U(VI) onto phytic Acid-modified Biochar/MoS2 heterojunction materials. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Sakr AK, Al-Hamarneh IF, Gomaa H, Abdel Aal MM, Hanfi MY, Sayyed M, Khandaler MU, Cheira MF. Removal of uranium from nuclear effluent using regenerated bleaching earth steeped in β‒naphthol. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Huang J, Huang B, Jin T, Liu Z, Huang D, Qian Y. Electrosorption of uranium (VI) from aqueous solution by phytic acid modified chitosan: An experimental and DFT study. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Wang Y, Liu X, Xie Y, Chen B, Zhang Y. Effective and rapid adsorption of uranium via synergy of complexation and cation-π interaction. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Wang Y, Ai Y, Liu X, Chen B, Zhang Y. Indole-functionalized cross-linked chitosan for effective uptake of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01725j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel indole-modified cross-linked chitosan aerogel (IAA-CTSA) was fabricated by grafting 3-indoleacetic acid onto chitosan and adding glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent through a facile two-step one pot method. The...
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15
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Yao C. Research progress in the treatment of uranium(VI)-contaminated wastewater by modified chitosan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Hydrothermal synthesis of phosphorylated chitosan and its adsorption performance towards Acid Red 88 dye. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1716-1726. [PMID: 34742842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylated chitosan (P-CS) was successfully synthesized using a facile experimental setup of hydrothermal method that was applied to the adsorption of anionic Acid Red 88 (AR88) from aqueous media. The adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model. In contrast, the adsorption isotherm conformed to the Langmuir model, with the maximum adsorption capacity (qm = 230 mg g-1) at 303 K. Both external and intraparticle diffusion strongly influenced the rate of adsorption. The insights from this study reveal that P-CS could be easily prepared and regenerated for reusability applications. The adsorption mechanism and intermolecular interaction between P-CS and AR 88 were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and calculations via Density Functional Theory (DFT). The key modes of adsorption for the P-CS/AR 88 system are driven by electrostatic attractions, H-bonding, and n-π interactions. The findings herein reveal that P-CS is a promising adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes such as AR88 or similar pollutants from water.
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Tian Y, Liu L, Ma F, Zhu X, Dong H, Zhang C, Zhao F. Synthesis of phosphorylated hyper-cross-linked polymers and their efficient uranium adsorption in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126538. [PMID: 34323736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) is hazardous and radioactive, wastewater containing U(VI) should be treated before being discharged. Here, two novel uranium adsorbents, phosphorylated hyper-cross-linked bisphenol A (PHCP-1) and fluorene-9-bisphenol (PHCP-2) were separately synthesized via Friedel-Crafts reaction followed by phosphorylation using phosphorus oxychloride. PHCPs had a BET surface area (up to 564 m2/g) with pore sizes of 2.2-2.8 nm. These adsorbents were used for the first time for uranium adsorption from water and demonstrated outstanding adsorption performance. PHCP-2 had a great uranium adsorption capacity (297.14 mg/g) and a very fast sorption rate (85% removal rate within 5 min). The adsorption data were well fitted with Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. PHCPs displayed selective adsorption capacity for U(VI) from solution that including a variety of competing metal ions. The reusability was confirmed through three regeneration cycles. Based on a series of spectroscopic analyses, the mechanism of action between PHCPs and U(VI) is primarily derived from the complex between phosphate functional groups and U (VI). The sorption performance of PHCPs is attributed to their huge specific surface area and the strong complex between phosphate groups and U(VI). These findings suggest that PHCPs could be useful in the effective adsorption of uranium from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Yantai Research Institute and Graduate School of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, China.
| | - Fuqiu Ma
- Yantai Research Institute and Graduate School of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, China; College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Xiying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Yantai Research Institute and Graduate School of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Fangbo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
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Ahmed W, Núñez-Delgado A, Mehmood S, Ali S, Qaswar M, Shakoor A, Chen DY. Highly efficient uranium (VI) capture from aqueous solution by means of a hydroxyapatite-biochar nanocomposite: Adsorption behavior and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111518. [PMID: 34129867 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The exploration and rational design of easily separable and highly efficient sorbents with the sufficient capability of retaining radioactive and toxic uranium U(VI) is paramount. In this study, a hydroxyapatite (HAP) biochar nanocomposite (BR/HAP) was successfully fabricated from rice straw biochar (BR), to be used as a new and efficient adsorbent for removing U(VI) from aqueous solution. Both BR and the BR/HAP composite were characterized via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Batch test results showed that BR/HAP exhibited remarkably higher adsorption capacity than the raw BR. A pseudo-second order kinetic model thoroughly explained the adsorption kinetics, providing the maximum U(VI) adsorption capacities (qe) of 110.56 mg g-1 (R2 = 0.98) and 428.25 mg g-1 (R2 = 0.99), for BR and BR/HAP, respectively, which was indicative of the rate-limited sorption via diffusion or surface complexation after rapid initial adsorption steps. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the experimental data to accurately simulate the adsorption of U(VI) onto BR and BR/HAP (R2 = 0.97 and R2 = 0.99). The thermodynamic results showed negative values for ΔG°, clearly indicating that the reaction was spontaneous, as well as positive values for ΔH° (11.04 kJ mol-1 and 28.86 kJ mol-1, respectively) and ΔS° (88.97 kJ mol-1 K-1, and 183.42 kJ mol-1 K-1), making clear the endothermic nature of U(VI) adsorption onto both sorbents, with an increase in randomness at a molecular level. FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectrum further confirmed that the primary mechanisms were ion exchange with UO22+ and surface complexion by -OH and -COOH. In addition, BR/HAP showed an excellent reusability, making it a promising candidate as a new sorbent for U(VI) removal from wastewater. In view of that, it would be interesting to perform future research to explore practical implications of this sorbent material regarding protection from environmental and public health issues related to that pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou City, 570100, PR China
| | - Sehrish Ali
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Qaswar
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Awais Shakoor
- Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Di-Yun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Yao C. Highly efficient removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution using the Chitosan- Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene composite. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Yuan N, Ge Y, Dai Y, Yang Z, Lu L. Phosphorylated biomass-derived porous carbon material for efficient removal of U(VI) in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125282. [PMID: 33582468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple strategy to prepare cost-effective adsorbent materials for the removal of U(VI) in radioactive wastewater is of great significance to environmental protection. Here, activated orange peel was used as a precursor for the synthesis of biomass charcoal, and then a phosphorylated honeycomb-like porous carbon (HLPC-PO4) material was prepared through simple phosphorylation modification. FT-IR and XPS showed that P-O-C, P-C, and P˭O bonds appeared in HLPC-PO4, indicating that the phosphorylation process is mainly the reaction of C-O bonds on the surface of the material with -PO4. The results of the batch experiments showed that the uptake equilibrium of HLPC-PO4 to U(VI) occurred within 20 min, and the kinetic simulation showed that the process was monolayer chemical adsorption. Interestingly, the maximum U(VI) uptake capacity of HLPC-PO4 at T = 298.15 K and pH = 6.0 was 552.6 mg/g, which was more than 3 times that of HLPC. In addition, HLPC-PO4 showed an adsorption selectivity of 70.1% for U(VI). After 5 cycles, HLPC-PO4 maintained its original adsorption capacity of 90.5%. The adsorption mechanism can be explained as the complexation of U(VI) with P-O and P˭O on the surface of the adsorbent, confirming the strong bonding ability of -PO4 to U(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Sun
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China
| | - Haoyan Zhang
- The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Institute of China National Nuclear Corporation, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050022, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Nan Yuan
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China
| | - Yulin Ge
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China
| | - Ying Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China.
| | - Liang Lu
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China.
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Ababneh H, Hameed BH. Chitosan-derived hydrothermally carbonized materials and its applications: A review of recent literature. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:314-327. [PMID: 34197858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is a linear polysaccharide biopolymer, one of the most abundant biowastes in the environment. This makes chitosan a potential material for a wide range of applications. To improve CS's properties, chitosan has to be chemically modified. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a sustainable process for converting chitosan to solid carbonized material. This article presents a review on the applications of hydrothermally treated chitosan in different fields such as water treatment, heavy metals adsorption, carbon dioxide capturing, solar cells, energy storage, biosensing, supercapacitors, and catalysis. Moreover, this review covers the impact of HTC process parameters on the properties of the produced carbon material. The diversity of applications indicates the great possibilities and multifunctionality of hydrothermally carbonized chitosan and its derivatives. The utilization of HTC-CS is expected to further expand as a result of the movement toward sustainable, environmentally-friendly resources. Thus, this review also recommends a few suggestions to improve the properties of HTC chitosan and its comprehensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Ababneh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - B H Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Celikbıcak O, Bayramoglu G, Acıkgoz-Erkaya I, Arica MY. Aggrandizement of uranium (VI) removal performance of Lentinus concinnus biomass by attachment of 2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid ligand. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Biological effects of uranium in water, soil and rice in uranium deposits in southern China. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Adsorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution by phosphorylated luffa rattan activated carbon. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sun Y, Wei Y, Pei J, Nan H, Wang Y, Cao X, Liu Y. Study on adsorption of U(VI) from MOF-derived phosphorylated porous carbons. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhang S, Kang L, Hu S, Hu J, Fu Y, Hu Y, Yang X. Carboxymethyl chitosan microspheres loaded hyaluronic acid/gelatin hydrogels for controlled drug delivery and the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1598-1612. [PMID: 33220374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major drawback of oral treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the non-specific distribution of drugs during long-term treatment. Despite its effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory drug, curcumin (CUR) is limited by its low bioavailability in IBD treatment. Herein, a pH-sensitive composite hyaluronic acid/gelatin (HA/GE) hydrogel drug delivery system containing carboxymethyl chitosan (CC) microspheres loaded with CUR was fabricated for IBD treatment. The composition and structure of the composite system were optimized and the physicochemical properties were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, swelling, and release behavior studies. In vitro, the formulation exhibited good sustained release property and the drug release rate was 65% for 50 h. In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments indicated that high level of CUR was maintained in the colon tissue for more than 24 h; it also played an anti-inflammatory role by evaluating the histopathological changes through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and immunofluorescent staining. Additionally, the formulation substantially inhibited the level of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secreted by macrophages, compared to the control group. The pharmacodynamic experiment showed that the formulation group of CUR@gels had the best therapeutic effect on colitis in mice. The composite gel delivery system has potential for the effective delivery of CUR in the treatment of colitis. This study also provides a reference for the design and preparation of a new oral drug delivery system with controlled release behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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