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Bernoud-Hubac N, Lo Van A, Lazar AN, Lagarde M. Ischemic Brain Injury: Involvement of Lipids in the Pathophysiology of Stroke and Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:634. [PMID: 38929073 PMCID: PMC11200865 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain. Lipids are essential components of brain structure and function and play pivotal roles in stroke pathophysiology. Dysregulation of lipid signaling pathways modulates key cellular processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, exacerbating ischemic brain injury. In the present review, we summarize the roles of lipids in stroke pathology in different models (cell cultures, animal, and human studies). Additionally, the potential of lipids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, to promote neuroprotection and their use as biomarkers in stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, LAMCOS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (A.L.V.); (A.-N.L.); (M.L.)
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Asghari KM, Saleh P, Salekzamani Y, Dolatkhah N, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Hashemian M. The effect of curcumin and high-content eicosapentaenoic acid supplementations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38589346 PMCID: PMC11001914 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effect of curcumin and eicosapentaenoic acid, as one the main components of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on anthropometric, glucose homeostasis, and gene expression markers of cardio-metabolic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS/METHODS This clinical trial was conducted at the Endocrinology Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz. It aimed to determine the impact of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and curcumin supplements on various health indicators in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) from 2021.02.01 to 2022.02.01. The study was a randomized double-blinded clinical trial and conducted over 12 weeks with 100 participants randomly divided into four groups. Stratified randomization was used to assign participants to two months of supplementation based on sex and Body Mass Index (BMI). The study comprised four groups: Group 1 received 2 capsules of 500 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA, along with 1 nano-curcumin placebo; Group 2 received 1 capsule of 80 mg nano-curcumin and 2 omega 3 Fatty Acids placebos; Group 3 received 2 capsules of 500 mg EPA and 200 mg DHA, and 1 capsule of 80 mg nano-curcumin; Group 4, the control, received 2 omega 3 Fatty Acids placebos and 1 nano-curcumin placebo. RESULTS After twelve weeks of taking EPA + Nano-curcumin supplements, the patients experienced a statistically significant reduction in insulin levels in their blood [MD: -1.44 (-2.70, -0.17)]. This decrease was significantly greater than the changes observed in the placebo group [MD: -0.63 (-1.97, 0.69)]. The EPA + Nano-curcumin group also showed a significant decrease in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the EPA + Nano-curcumin group had a significant increase in Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), or Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) levels between the four groups (all p > 0.05). There were significant differences between the Nano-curcumin and EPA groups [MD: -17.02 (-32.99, -1.05)], and between the Nano-curcumin and control groups [MD: -20.76 (-36.73, -4.79)] in terms of lowering the serum cholesterol level. The difference in Triglycerides (TG) serum levels between the EPA + Nano-curcumin and placebo groups were not statistically significant (p = 0.093). The Nano-curcumin group showed significant decreases in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to the EPA group [MD: -20.12 (-36.90, -3.34)] and the control group [MD: -20.79 (-37.57, -4.01)]. There was a near-to-significant difference in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) serum levels between the EPA + Nano-curcumin and EPA groups (p = 0.056). Finally, there were significant differences in the decrease of serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels between the EPA and Nano-curcumin groups [MD: -127.50 (-247.91, -7.09)], the EPA and placebo groups [MD: 126.25 (5.83, 246.66)], the EPA + Nano-curcumin and Nano-curcumin groups [MD: -122.76 (-243.17, -2.35)], and the EPA + Nano- curcumin and placebo groups [MD: 121.50 (1.09, 241.92)]. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that 12-week supplementation with EPA and Nano-curcumin may positively impact inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes. The supplementation of EPA and Nano-curcumin may be a potential intervention to manage diabetes and reduce the risk of complications associated with diabetes. However, further research is needed to validate the study's findings and establish the long-term effects of EPA and Nano-curcumin supplementation in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Motlagh Asghari
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Saleh
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Salekzamani
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Dolatkhah
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Maryam Hashemian
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Utica University, Utica, NY, USA
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Immunomodulatory Properties. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020279. [PMID: 36829556 PMCID: PMC9953405 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Oils are an essential part of the human diet and are primarily derived from plant (or sometimes fish) sources. Several of them exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Specific diets, such as Mediterranean diet, that are high in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) have even been shown to exert an overall positive impact on human health. One of the most widely used supplements in the developed world is fish oil, which contains high amounts of PUFAs docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid. This review is focused on the natural sources of various polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the human diet, and their role as precursor molecules in immune signaling pathways. Consideration is also given to their role in CNS immunity. Recent findings from clinical trials utilizing various fatty acids or diets high in specific fatty acids are reviewed, along with the mechanisms through which fatty acids exert their anti-inflammatory properties. An overall understanding of diversity of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their role in several molecular signaling pathways is useful in formulating diets that reduce inflammation and increase longevity.
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Shirazi RS, Vyssotski M, Lagutin K, Thompson D, MacDonald C, Luscombe V, Glass M, Parker K, Gowing EK, Williams DBG, Clarkson AN. Neuroprotective activity of new Δ3-N-acylethanolamines in a focal ischemia stroke model. Lipids 2021; 57:17-31. [PMID: 34751447 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAE, also called ethanolamides) are significant lipid signaling molecules with anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, cell-protective, and anticancer properties. Here, we present the use of a hitherto unreported group of Δ3-NAE and also some Δ4- and Δ5-NAE, in in vitro and in vivo assays to gain a better understanding of their structure-bioactivity relationships. We have developed an efficient synthetic method to rapidly produce novel unlabeled and 13 C-labeled Δ3-NAE (NAE-18:5n-3, NAE-18:4n-6) and Δ4-NAE (NAE-22:5n-6). The new NAE with shorter carbon backbone structures confers greater neuroprotection than their longer carbon backbone counterparts, including anandamide (Δ5-NAE-20:4n-6) in a focal ischemia mouse model of stroke. This study highlights structure-dependent protective effects of new NAE following focal ischemia, in which some of the new NAE, administered intranasally, lead to significantly reduced infarct volume and improved recovery of limb use. The relative affinity of the new NAE toward cannabinoid receptors was assessed against anandamide, NAE-22:6n-3 and NAE-20:5n-3, which are known cannabinoid receptor ligands with high-binding constants. Among the newly synthesized NAE, Δ4-NAE-22:5n-6 shows the greatest relative affinity to cannabinoid receptors hCB1 and hCB2 , and inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate activity through hCB2 compared to anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christa MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Luscombe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kim Parker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D Bradley G Williams
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Reyes-Corral M, Sola-Idígora N, de la Puerta R, Montaner J, Ybot-González P. Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia: A Comprehensive Review of their Neuroprotective Properties, Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2524. [PMID: 33802413 PMCID: PMC7959318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a brain injury caused by oxygen deprivation to the brain due to birth asphyxia or reduced cerebral blood perfusion, and it often leads to lifelong limiting sequelae such as cerebral palsy, seizures, or mental retardation. HI remains one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide, and current therapies are limited. Hypothermia has been successful in reducing mortality and some disabilities, but it is only applied to a subset of newborns that meet strict inclusion criteria. Given the unpredictable nature of the obstetric complications that contribute to neonatal HI, prophylactic treatments that prevent, rather than rescue, HI brain injury are emerging as a therapeutic alternative. Nutraceuticals are natural compounds present in the diet or used as dietary supplements that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antiapoptotic properties. This review summarizes the preclinical in vivo studies, mostly conducted on rodent models, that have investigated the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals in preventing and reducing HI-induced brain damage and cognitive impairments. The natural products reviewed include polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, plant-derived compounds (tanshinones, sulforaphane, and capsaicin), and endogenous compounds (melatonin, carnitine, creatine, and lactate). These nutraceuticals were administered before the damage occurred, either to the mothers as a dietary supplement during pregnancy and/or lactation or to the pups prior to HI induction. To date, very few of these nutritional interventions have been investigated in humans, but we refer to those that have been successful in reducing ischemic stroke in adults. Overall, there is a robust body of preclinical evidence that supports the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals, and these may represent a safe and inexpensive nutritional strategy for the prevention of neonatal HI encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Reyes-Corral
- Neurodevelopment Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.R.-C.); (N.S.-I.); (P.Y.-G.)
| | - Noelia Sola-Idígora
- Neurodevelopment Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.R.-C.); (N.S.-I.); (P.Y.-G.)
| | - Rocío de la Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Neurodevelopment Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.R.-C.); (N.S.-I.); (P.Y.-G.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
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Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in ischemic stroke - A perspective of specialized pro-resolving mediators. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2974-2987. [PMID: 33509668 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been proposed as beneficial for cardiovascular health. However, results from both epidemiological studies and clinical trials have been inconsistent, whereas most of the animal studies showed promising benefits of PUFAs in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke. In recent years, it has become clear that PUFAs are metabolized into various types of bioactive derivatives, including the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs exert multiple biofunctions, such as to limit excessive inflammatory responses, regulate lipid metabolism and immune cell functions, decrease production of pro-inflammatory factors, increase anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as to promote tissue repair and homeostasis. Inflammation has been recognised as a key contributor to the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. Owing to their potent pro-resolving actions, SPMs are potential for development of novel anti-stroke therapy. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of epidemiological studies, basic research and clinical trials concerning PUFAs in stroke prevention and treatment, with special attention to SPMs as the unsung heroes behind PUFAs.
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Shi J, Wang W, Sang G, Xi H, Sun Y, Lu C, Ye H, Huang L. Short Term Usage of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ameliorate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in the Neonatal Rat Hippocampal Tissue. Front Nutr 2020; 7:572363. [PMID: 33282898 PMCID: PMC7705230 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.572363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in neonatal rat brain. Methods: Ninety-six 3-day-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control (saline/saline), LPS/ω-3, LPS/ω-6, and LPS/saline (n = 24/group). All rats, except those in the control group, were intraperitoneally challenged once with LPS (0.6 mg/kg) and were treated with ω-3 PUFAs, ω-6 PUFAs, or saline at 15 mL/kg for 1 or 5 consecutive days beginning on the day of LPS-challenge. Rats in the control group underwent the same procedures and received saline (vehicle). After 1 or 5 days of treatment, 12 rats from each group were sacrificed and their hippocampuses were collected. The expression of inflammation-related genes as well as the levels of oxidative stress markers in hippocampal tissues were determined. Results: After 1 or 5 days of treatment, the expression of toll-like receptor 4 and multiple proinflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased in the LPS/ω-3 group compared with those in the LPS/saline group. The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione (GSH) were significantly elevated, whereas amounts of malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the ratio of GSSG/GSH were remarkably lowered in the LPS/ω-3 group compared with those in the LPS/saline group after 1 day of treatment. Opposite effects were observed in the LPS/ω-6 group. Conclusion: ω-3 PUFAs may protect rat brain tissue against LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Guimei Sang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Huifang Xi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Yazhou Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Chaosheng Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hezhen Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, China
| | - Limi Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, China
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Power R, Nolan JM, Prado-Cabrero A, Coen R, Roche W, Power T, Howard AN, Mulcahy R. Targeted Nutritional Intervention for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Cognitive impAiRmEnt Study (CARES) Trial 1. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020043. [PMID: 32466168 PMCID: PMC7354621 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FAs), carotenoids, and vitamin E are important constituents of a healthy diet. While they are present in brain tissue, studies have shown that these key nutrients are depleted in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in comparison to cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, it is likely that these individuals will benefit from targeted nutritional intervention, given that poor nutrition is one of the many modifiable risk factors for MCI. Evidence to date suggests that these nutritional compounds can work independently to optimize the neurocognitive environment, primarily due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To date, however, no interventional studies have examined the potential synergistic effects of a combination of ω-3FAs, carotenoids and vitamin E on the cognitive function of patients with MCI. Individuals with clinically confirmed MCI consumed an ω-3FA plus carotenoid plus vitamin E formulation or placebo for 12 months. Cognitive performance was determined from tasks that assessed global cognition and episodic memory. Ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E were measured in blood. Carotenoid concentrations were also measured in tissue (skin and retina). Individuals consuming the active intervention (n = 6; median [IQR] age 73.5 [69.5–80.5] years; 50% female) exhibited statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05, for all) in tissue carotenoid concentrations, and carotenoid and ω-3FA concentrations in blood. Trends in improvements in episodic memory and global cognition were also observed in this group. In contrast, the placebo group (n = 7; median [IQR] 72 (69.5–75.5) years; 89% female) remained unchanged or worsened for all measurements (p > 0.05). Despite a small sample size, this exploratory study is the first of its kind to identify trends in improved cognitive performance in individuals with MCI following supplementation with ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (R.M.); Tel.: +353-01-845-505 (R.P.); +353-51-842-509 (R.M.)
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Robert Coen
- Mercer’s Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Warren Roche
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Tommy Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Alan N. Howard
- Howard Foundation, 7 Marfleet Close, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB22 5LA, UK;
| | - Ríona Mulcahy
- Age-Related Care Unit, Health Service Executive, University Hospital Waterford, Dunmore Road, X91 ER8E Waterford, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123 Stephen’s Green, Saint Peter’s, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (R.M.); Tel.: +353-01-845-505 (R.P.); +353-51-842-509 (R.M.)
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Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Ayuso MI, Sansone L, Bernal-Jiménez JJ, Ramos-Herrero VD, Sánchez-García E, Ramos TL, Abia R, Muriana FJG, Bermúdez B, Montaner J. Neuroprotective Effects of Diets Containing Olive Oil and DHA/EPA in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1109. [PMID: 31109078 PMCID: PMC6566717 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and while there is increasing evidence that a Mediterranean diet might decrease the risk of a stroke, the effects of dietary fat composition on stroke outcomes have not been fully explored. We hypothesize that the brain damage provoked by a stroke would be different depending on the source of dietary fat. To test this, male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 4 weeks with a standard low-fat diet (LFD), a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fatty acids (HFD-SFA), an HFD containing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) from olive oil (HFD-OO), or an HFD containing MUFAs from olive oil plus polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) (HFD-OO-ω3). These mice were then subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Behavioural tests and histological analyses were performed 24 and/or 48 h after tMCAo in order to elucidate the impact of these diets with different fatty acid profiles on the ischemic lesion and on neurological functions. Mice fed with HFD-OO-ω3 displayed better histological outcomes after cerebral ischemia than mice that received an HFD-SFA or LFD. Furthermore, PUFA- and MUFA-enriched diets improved the motor function and neurological performance of ischemic mice relative to those fed with an LFD or HFD-SFA. These findings support the use of DHA/EPA-omega-3-fatty acid supplementation and olive oil as dietary source of MUFAs in order to reduce the damage and protect the brain when a stroke occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville; Spain.
| | - María Irene Ayuso
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville; Spain.
| | - Loredana Sansone
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville; Spain.
| | - Juan José Bernal-Jiménez
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville; Spain.
| | - Víctor Darío Ramos-Herrero
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville; Spain.
| | - Enrique Sánchez-García
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville; Spain.
| | - Teresa L Ramos
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy and New Therapeutic Targets in Onco-Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Rocío Abia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra. de Utrera Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Francisco J G Muriana
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra. de Utrera Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Bermúdez
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Biology, University of Seville, Av. de la Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Av. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville; Spain.
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Av. Doctor Fedriani 3, 41007 Seville, Spain.
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Oxidative stress and stroke: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Power R, Prado-Cabrero A, Mulcahy R, Howard A, Nolan JM. The Role of Nutrition for the Aging Population: Implications for Cognition and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:619-639. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Improved life expectancy worldwide has resulted in a significant increase in age-related diseases. Dementia is one of the fastest growing age-related diseases, with 75 million adults globally projected to develop the condition by 2030. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and represents the most significant stage of cognitive decline. With no cure identified to date for AD, focus is being placed on preventative strategies to slow progression, minimize the burden of neurological disease, and promote healthy aging. Accumulating evidence suggests that nutrition (e.g., via fruit, vegetables, fish) is important for optimizing cognition and reducing risk of AD. This review examines the role of nutrition on cognition and AD, with specific emphasis on the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and key nutritional components of the MeDi, namely xanthophyll carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. Given their selective presence in the brain and their ability to attenuate proposed mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis (namely oxidative damage and inflammation), these nutritional compounds offer potential for optimizing cognition and reducing the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
| | - Ríona Mulcahy
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
- Age-Related Care Unit, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland X91 ER8E
| | - Alan Howard
- Howard Foundation, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB22 5LA
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
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Layé S, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Bazinet RP. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain: Physiological Mechanisms and Relevance to Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:12-38. [PMID: 29217656 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were largely thought to be relatively inert structural components of brain, largely important for the formation of cellular membranes. Over the past 10 years, a host of bioactive lipid mediators that are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, the main n-6 PUFA, and docosahexaenoic acid, the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, known to regulate peripheral immune function, have been detected in the brain and shown to regulate microglia activation. Recent advances have focused on how PUFA regulate the molecular signaling of microglia, especially in the context of neuroinflammation and behavior. Several active drugs regulate brain lipid signaling and provide proof of concept for targeting the brain. Because brain lipid metabolism relies on a complex integration of diet, peripheral metabolism, including the liver and blood, which supply the brain with PUFAs that can be altered by genetics, sex, and aging, there are many pathways that can be disrupted, leading to altered brain lipid homeostasis. Brain lipid signaling pathways are altered in neurologic disorders and may be viable targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we discuss in particular how n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites regulate microglia phenotype and function to exert their anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layé
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
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Baseline Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Memory Changes in Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treated Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2017; 2017:3674371. [PMID: 29230323 PMCID: PMC5688343 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3674371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated whether pretreatment oxidative stress, measured by lipid hydroperoxides (LPH), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), 8-isoprostane (8-ISO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), was associated with improvement in immediate recall among n-3 PUFA-treated coronary artery disease patients. Methods This was a secondary analysis of the CAROTID trial (NCT00981383). Composite immediate recall, measured using the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition, and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, was assessed. LPH, 4-HNE, 8-ISO, MDA, and n-3 PUFA concentrations were analysed from fasting blood. Patients then received either n-3 PUFA treatment or placebo for 12 weeks, after which composite immediate recall was reassessed. Linear regression was used to investigate relationships between lipid peroxidation markers and changes in composite immediate recall in each treatment group. Results Eighty-five patients (age = 61.1 ± 8.5, 77% male, mean years of education = 15.3 ± 3.4) were included (n = 46 placebo, n = 39 n-3 PUFA). After adjusting for multiple comparisons and potential confounders, greater baseline concentrations of LPH (β = 0.45, p = .002) and 4-HNE (β = 0.38, p = .005) were associated with greater improvement in composite immediate recall among n-3 PUFA-treated patients. No other associations were observed. Conclusions N-3 PUFA treatment may be more likely to improve immediate recall in patients with greater oxidative stress.
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Nadjar A, Leyrolle Q, Joffre C, Laye S. Bioactive lipids as new class of microglial modulators: When nutrition meets neuroimunology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:19-26. [PMID: 27392882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the central nervous system the traditional role of microglia has been in brain infection and disease, phagocytosing debris and secreting factors to modify disease progression. More recently, microglia have been found to be important for normal brain development, circuit refinement, and synaptic plasticity in ways that were previously unsuspected. Hence, the brain innate immune system appears to be key in all situations, ranging from physiology to pathology. This unique feature of microglia is established by the wide array of receptors it is equipped with to sense molecular patterns. This includes receptors to most if not all neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and purines. We here review novel, yet extensive literature on a new class of microglia modulators, namely bioactive fatty acids. These lipids are issued from metabolism of nutrients and can cross the blood brain barrier to reach the CNS. They appear to be direct modulators of microglial activity, triggering/inhibiting inflammatory processes or enhancing/inhibiting the ability of these cells to respond to hazardous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Q Leyrolle
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Laye
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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de Oliveira JN, Reis LO, Ferreira EDF, Godinho J, Bacarin CC, Soares LM, de Oliveira RMW, Milani H. Postischemic fish oil treatment confers task-dependent memory recovery. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:196-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Arteaga O, Álvarez A, Revuelta M, Santaolalla F, Urtasun A, Hilario E. Role of Antioxidants in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: New Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E265. [PMID: 28134843 PMCID: PMC5343801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage is an alarming health and economic problem in spite of the advances in neonatal care. It can cause mortality or detrimental neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, motor impairment and cognitive deficits in neonates. When hypoxia-ischemia occurs, a multi-faceted cascade of events starts out, which can eventually cause cell death. Lower levels of oxygen due to reduced blood supply increase the production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to oxidative stress, a higher concentration of free cytosolic calcium and impaired mitochondrial function, triggering the activation of apoptotic pathways, DNA fragmentation and cell death. The high incidence of this type of lesion in newborns can be partly attributed to the fact that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Since antioxidants can safely interact with free radicals and terminate that chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged, exogenous antioxidant therapy may have the potential to diminish cellular damage caused by hypoxia-ischemia. In this review, we focus on the neuroprotective effects of antioxidant treatments against perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, in the light of the most recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Francisco Santaolalla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basurto University Hospital, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Andoni Urtasun
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170 Zamudio, Spain.
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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DHA but Not EPA Emulsions Preserve Neurological and Mitochondrial Function after Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160870. [PMID: 27513579 PMCID: PMC4981459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Treatment with triglyceride emulsions of docosahexaenoic acid (tri-DHA) protected neonatal mice against hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury. The mechanism of this neuroprotection remains unclear. We hypothesized that administration of tri-DHA enriches HI-brains with DHA/DHA metabolites. This reduces Ca2+-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and attenuates brain injury. Methods 10-day-old C57BL/6J mice following HI-brain injury received tri-DHA, tri-EPA or vehicle. At 4–5 hours of reperfusion, mitochondrial fatty acid composition and Ca2+ buffering capacity were analyzed. At 24 hours and at 8–9 weeks of recovery, oxidative injury, neurofunctional and neuropathological outcomes were evaluated. In vitro, hyperoxia-induced mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ buffering capacity were measured in the presence or absence of DHA or EPA. Results Only post-treatment with tri-DHA reduced oxidative damage and improved short- and long-term neurological outcomes. This was associated with increased content of DHA in brain mitochondria and DHA-derived bioactive metabolites in cerebral tissue. After tri-DHA administration HI mitochondria were resistant to Ca2+-induced membrane permeabilization. In vitro, hyperoxia increased mitochondrial ROS production and reduced Ca2+ buffering capacity; DHA, but not EPA, significantly attenuated these effects of hyperoxia. Conclusions Post-treatment with tri-DHA resulted in significant accumulation of DHA and DHA derived bioactive metabolites in the HI-brain. This was associated with improved mitochondrial tolerance to Ca2+-induced permeabilization, reduced oxidative brain injury and permanent neuroprotection. Interaction of DHA with mitochondria alters ROS release and improves Ca2+ buffering capacity. This may account for neuroprotective action of post-HI administration of tri-DHA.
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18
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Possible Neuroprotective Mechanisms in the Model of Global Ischemia in Rats. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:6462120. [PMID: 27313881 PMCID: PMC4895039 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6462120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Omega-3 (ω3) administration was shown to protect against hypoxic-ischemic injury. The objectives were to study the neuroprotective effects of ω3, in a model of global ischemia. Methods. Male Wistar rats were subjected to carotid occlusion (30 min), followed by reperfusion. The groups were SO, untreated ischemic and ischemic treated rats with ω3 (5 and 10 mg/kg, 7 days). The SO and untreated ischemic animals were orally treated with 1% cremophor and, 1 h after the last administration, they were behaviorally tested and euthanized for neurochemical (DA, DOPAC, and NE determinations), histological (Fluoro jade staining), and immunohistochemical (TNF-alpha, COX-2 and iNOS) evaluations. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls as the post hoc test. Results. Ischemia increased the locomotor activity and rearing behavior that were partly reversed by ω3. Ischemia decreased striatal DA and DOPAC contents and increased NE contents, effects reversed by ω3. This drug protected hippocampal neuron degeneration, as observed by Fluoro-Jade staining, and the increased immunostainings for TNF-alpha, COX-2, and iNOS were partly or totally blocked by ω3. Conclusion. This study showed a neuroprotective effect of ω3, in great part due to its anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating translational studies focusing on its use in clinic for stroke managing.
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Zhang F, Yu H, Ni X, Zhu J, Wang S, Shen S. Effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the growth of IEC-6 cells injured by heavy metals. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:635-641. [PMID: 27123260 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a current area of focus worldwide, particularly heavy metal pollution. Feasible prevention or therapeutic strategies are required. Exploration of the correlation between ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and intestinal epithelial cells injured by heavy metals may be of significance for intestinal health. In the present study, the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on the rat intestinal crypt cell line (IEC-6) injured by heavy metals and its mechanisms were determined according to the evaluation of cell viability and expression levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The results demonstrated that ω-3 PUFAs can improve the viability of IEC-6 cells injured by heavy metals and the expression level of ROS was correlated with oxidative damage; the increased expression level of inflammatory factors is associated with cell apoptosis. In the present study, ω-3 PUFAs significantly decreased the expression levels of ROS, EGF and IL-6. This indicates that the protective action of ω-3 PUFAs was associated with a decrease of oxidative damage and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression against the damage of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Haining Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ni
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shengrong Shen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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Simón MV, Agnolazza DL, German OL, Garelli A, Politi LE, Agbaga MP, Anderson RE, Rotstein NP. Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid from eicosapentaenoic acid in retina neurons protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress. J Neurochem 2016; 136:931-46. [PMID: 26662863 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in activating photoreceptor death in several retinal degenerations. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina, protects cultured retina photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and promotes photoreceptor differentiation. Here, we investigated whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a metabolic precursor to DHA, had similar effects and whether retinal neurons could metabolize EPA to DHA. Adding EPA to rat retina neuronal cultures increased opsin expression and protected photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by the oxidants paraquat and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids had no protective effect, showing the specificity for DHA. We found that EPA supplementation significantly increased DHA percentage in retinal neurons, but not EPA percentage. Photoreceptors and glial cells expressed Δ6 desaturase (FADS2), which introduces the last double bond in DHA biosynthetic pathway. Pre-treatment of neuronal cultures with CP-24879 hydrochloride, a Δ5/Δ6 desaturase inhibitor, prevented EPA-induced increase in DHA percentage and completely blocked EPA protection and its effect on photoreceptor differentiation. These results suggest that EPA promoted photoreceptor differentiation and rescued photoreceptors from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through its elongation and desaturation to DHA. Our data show, for the first time, that isolated retinal neurons can synthesize DHA in culture. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in retina photoreceptors, and its precursor, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have multiple beneficial effects. Here, we show that retina neurons in vitro express the desaturase FADS2 and can synthesize DHA from EPA. Moreover, addition of EPA to these cultures protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress and promotes their differentiation through its metabolization to DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Simón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela L Agnolazza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Lorena German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Garelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Cell Biology, Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Ophthalmology/Cell Biology, Univ of Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Univ Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nagai K, Koshiba H, Shibata S, Matsui T, Kozaki K. Correlation between the serum eicosapentanoic acid-to-arachidonic acid ratio and the severity of cerebral white matter hyperintensities in older adults with memory disorder. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15 Suppl 1:48-52. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nagai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hitomi Koshiba
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shigeki Shibata
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsui
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Kozaki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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Trépanier MO, Hopperton KE, Orr SK, Bazinet RP. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal models with neuroinflammation: An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:187-206. [PMID: 26036964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a characteristic of a multitude of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Modulating inflammatory pathways offers a potential therapeutic target in these disorders. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties in the periphery, however, their effect on neuroinflammation is less studied. This review summarizes 61 animal studies that tested the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neuroinflammatory outcomes in vivo in various models including stroke, spinal cord injury, aging, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, lipopolysaccharide and IL-1β injections, diabetes, neuropathic pain, traumatic brain injury, depression, surgically induced cognitive decline, whole body irradiation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity and lupus. The evidence presented in this review suggests anti-neuroinflammatory properties of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, it is not clear by which mechanism omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exert their effect. Future research should aim to isolate the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neuroinflammatory signaling in vivo and elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Sarah K Orr
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
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Liu MH, Lin AH, Lu SH, Peng RY, Lee TS, Kou YR. Eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by inhibiting ROS-sensitive inflammatory signaling. Front Physiol 2014; 5:440. [PMID: 25452730 PMCID: PMC4231989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes chronic lung inflammation that is mainly regulated by redox-sensitive pathways. Our previous studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoke (CS) activates reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling resulting in induction of lung inflammation. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a major type of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is present in significant amounts in marine-based fish and fish oil. EPA has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. However, whether EPA has similar beneficial effects against CS-induced lung inflammation remains unclear. Using a murine model, we show that subchronic CS exposure for 4 weeks caused pulmonary inflammatory infiltration (total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), 11.0-fold increase), increased lung vascular permeability (protein level in BALF, 3.1-fold increase), elevated levels of chemokines (11.4–38.2-fold increase) and malondialdehyde (an oxidative stress biomarker; 2.0-fold increase) in the lungs, as well as lung inflammation; all of these CS-induced events were suppressed by daily supplementation with EPA. Using human bronchial epithelial cells, we further show that CS extract (CSE) sequentially activated NADPH oxidase (NADPH oxidase activity, 1.9-fold increase), increased intracellular levels of ROS (3.0-fold increase), activated both MAPKs and NF-κB, and induced interleukin-8 (IL-8; 8.2-fold increase); all these CSE-induced events were inhibited by pretreatment with EPA. Our findings suggest a novel role for EPA in alleviating the oxidative stress and lung inflammation induced by subchronic CS exposure in vivo and in suppressing the CSE-induced IL-8 in vitro via its antioxidant function and by inhibiting MAPKs/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Lu
- Department of Urology, Taipei City Hospital, Zhong-Xiao Branch Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yun Peng
- Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management Longtan Township, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Ru Kou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu Y, Nakamura T, Toyoshima T, Shinomiya A, Tamiya T, Tokuda M, Keep RF, Itano T. The effects of d-allose on transient ischemic neuronal death and analysis of its mechanism. Brain Res Bull 2014; 109:127-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Olszewska A, Bednarczyk P, Siemen D, Szewczyk A. Modulation of the mitochondrial large-conductance calcium-regulated potassium channel by polyunsaturated fatty acids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1602-10. [PMID: 25046142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites can modulate several biochemical processes in the cell and thus prevent various diseases. PUFAs have a number of cellular targets, including membrane proteins. They can interact with plasma membrane and intracellular potassium channels. The goal of this work was to verify the interaction between PUFAs and the most common and intensively studied mitochondrial large conductance Ca(2+)-regulated potassium channel (mitoBKCa). For this purpose human astrocytoma U87 MG cell lines were investigated using a patch-clamp technique. We analyzed the effects of arachidonic acid (AA); eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), which is a non-metabolizable analog of AA; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The open probability (Po) of the channel did not change significantly after application of 10μM ETYA. Po increased, however, after adding 10μM AA. The application of 30μM DHA or 10μM EPA also increased the Po of the channel. Additionally, the number of open channels in the patch increased in the presence of 30μM EPA. Collectively, our results indicate that PUFAs regulate the BKCa channel from the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Detlef Siemen
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Ferreira EDF, Romanini CV, de Oliveira JN, Previdelli ITS, de Melo SR, de Oliveira RMW, Milani H. Fish oil provides a sustained antiamnesic effect after acute, transient forebrain ischemia but not after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in middle-aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 265:101-10. [PMID: 24561066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We reported that fish oil (FO) abolishes retrograde amnesia consistently following transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) in young rats, provided it covered the first days prior to and after ischemia. Here, we further evaluated whether FO given post-ischemia in older rats (15-18 months old) is equally effective in facilitating memory recovery. We also tested whether the antiamnesic effect of FO observed after TGCI can be reproduced after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). FO (300 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) was delivered orally 4h after TGCI and continued once per day for 9 days. In the CCH group, FO treatment began soon after the first stage of 4-VO/ICA and continued daily for 43 days. Two weeks after surgery, the animals were tested for retrograde memory performance across 5 weeks. Both TGCI and CCH caused persistent memory impairment and hippocampal and cortical neurodegeneration. TGCI-induced retrograde amnesia was reversed by FO, an effect that was sustained for at least 5 weeks after discontinuing treatment. In contrast, the memory deficit caused by CCH remained unchanged after FO treatment. Both hippocampal and cortical damage was not alleviated by FO. We conclude that the FO-mediated antiamnesic effect following TGCI can be extended to older rats, even when the treatment begins 4h postischemia. Such efficacy was not reproduced after CCH. Therefore, the present results support the notion that FO may have therapeutic utility in treating learning/memory dysfunction after acute/transient cerebral ischemia and suggest that such benefits may not apply when a state of chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilene Dias Fiuza Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Health Science Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Cássia Valério Romanini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Health Science Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Janaina Nicolau de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Health Science Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana Regina de Melo
- Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Biological Science Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Maria Weffort de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Health Science Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Health Science Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
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Bauer I, Crewther S, Pipingas A, Sellick L, Crewther D. Does omega-3 fatty acid supplementation enhance neural efficiency? A review of the literature. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:8-18. [PMID: 24285504 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and mood benefits of omega-3 supplementation containing long chain fatty acids (LCPUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are manifest, there is no scientific consensus regarding their effects on neurocognitive functioning. This review aimed to examine the current literature on LCPUFAs by assessing their effects on cognition, neural functioning and metabolic activity. In order to view these findings together, the principle of neural efficiency as established by Richard Haier ("smart brains work less hard") was extended to apply to the neurocognitive effects of omega-3 supplementation. METHODS We reviewed multiple databases from 2000 up till 2013 using a systematic approach and focused our search to papers employing both neurophysiological techniques and cognitive measures. RESULTS Eight studies satisfied the criteria for consideration. We established that studies using brain imaging techniques show consistent changes in neurochemical substances, brain electrical activity, cerebral metabolic activity and brain oxygenation following omega-3 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, where comparison is available, an increase in EPA intake is more advantageous than DHA in reducing "brain effort" relative to cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bauer
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
- University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Houston TX USA
| | - Sheila Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
- School of Psychological Science; La Trobe University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Laura Sellick
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - David Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
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Lu F, Nakamura T, Toyoshima T, Liu Y, Shinomiya A, Hirooka K, Okabe N, Miyamoto O, Tamiya T, Keep RF, Itano T. Neuroprotection of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor during the acute phase of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Brain Res 2013; 1548:49-55. [PMID: 24389073 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the potential protective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and underlying mechanisms in a gerbil model of global cerebral ischemia. We examined neuronal death, inflammatory reaction and neurogenesis in hippocampus 72 h after transient forebrain ischemia and investigated functional deficits. G-CSF was administered intraperitoneally 24 h before ischemia and then daily. Treatment with G-CSF at 25-50 μg/kg significantly reduced neuronal loss in the hippocampus CA1 area but not at 10 ug/kg. G-CSF at 50 μg/kg significantly decreased the level of TNF-α, the number of Iba1 (microglia marker) positive cells and reduced locomotor activity 72 h after transient forebrain ischemia. Furthermore, the number of DCX-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus increased in with G-CSF treatment. Our findings indicate that G-CSF reduces hippocampal neuronal cell death dose-dependently and attenuates sensorimotor deficits after transient forebrain ischemia. These neuroprotective effects of G-CSF may be linked to inhibition of inflammation and possibly increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nakamura
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhiko Toyoshima
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Aya Shinomiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Naohiko Okabe
- Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Toshifumi Itano
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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29
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Liu Y, Nakamura T, Toyoshima T, Lu F, Sumitani K, Shinomiya A, Keep RF, Yamamoto T, Tamiya T, Itano T. Ameliorative effects of yokukansan on behavioral deficits in a gerbil model of global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2013; 1543:300-7. [PMID: 24269335 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of yokukansan, a traditional Kampo medicine, on the behavioral dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in gerbils. Gerbils were treated with yokukasan by oral gavage for 30 days, once per day, until the day before induction of ischemia, which was induced by occluding the bilateral common carotid artery for 5 min. The effects of yokukansan (50, 100 and 300 mg/kg) were examined by measuring neuronal damage and behavioral deficits (locomotor activity, 8-arm radial maze task). The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of yokukansan were also examined. Administration of yokukansan at 300 mg/kg significantly reduced hippocampal neuronal death after brain ischemia, inhibited the ischemia-induced inflammatory response and DNA oxidative damage. Yokukansan also reduced ischemia-induced locomotor hyperactivity and improved memory impairment. These findings suggest that yokukansan can inhibit the inflammatory response, oxidative damage and subsequent neuronal death induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and also can contribute to improvement in neurological deficits following such injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nakamura
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan.
| | - Tetsuhiko Toyoshima
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sumitani
- Department of Medical Education, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Aya Shinomiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Richad F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Itano
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
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Lee SY, Lee SJ, Han C, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU. Oxidative/nitrosative stress and antidepressants: targets for novel antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:224-35. [PMID: 23022673 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain is an organ predisposed to oxidative/nitrosative stress. This is especially true in the case of aging as well as several neurodegenerative diseases. Under such circumstances, a decline in the normal antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to an increase in the vulnerability of the brain to the deleterious effects of oxidative damage. Highly reactive oxygen/nitrogen species damage lipids, proteins, and mitochondrial and neuronal genes. Unless antioxidant defenses react appropriately to damage inflicted by radicals, neurons may experience microalteration, microdysfunction, and degeneration. We reviewed how oxidative and nitrosative stresses contribute to the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and reviewed the clinical implications of various antioxidants as future targets for antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yup Lee
- Department of Medicine, Medical Science, The Graduate School of Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation improves neurologic recovery and attenuates white matter injury after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1474-84. [PMID: 23801244 PMCID: PMC3764381 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids is a safe, economical mean of preventive medicine that has shown protection against several neurologic disorders. The present study tested the hypothesis that this method is protective against controlled cortical impact (CCI). Indeed, mice fed with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diet for 2 months exhibited attenuated short and long-term behavioral deficits due to CCI. Although ω-3 PUFAs did not decrease cortical lesion volume, these fatty acids did protect against hippocampal neuronal loss after CCI and reduced pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, ω-3 PUFAs prevented the loss of myelin basic protein (MPB), preserved the integrity of the myelin sheath, and maintained the nerve fiber conductivity in the CCI model. ω-3 PUFAs also directly protected oligodendrocyte cultures from excitotoxicity and blunted the microglial activation-induced death of oligodendrocytes in microglia/oligodendrocyte cocultures. In sum, ω-3 PUFAs elicit multifaceted protection against behavioral dysfunction, hippocampal neuronal loss, inflammation, and loss of myelination and impulse conductivity. The present report is the first demonstration that ω-3 PUFAs protect against white matter injury in vivo and in vitro. The protective impact of ω-3 PUFAs supports the clinical use of this dietary supplement as a prophylaxis against traumatic brain injury and other nervous system disorders.
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32
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Fish oil provides robust and sustained memory recovery after cerebral ischemia: influence of treatment regimen. Physiol Behav 2013; 119:61-71. [PMID: 23770426 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that long-term treatment with fish oil (FO) facilitates memory recovery after transient, global cerebral ischemia (TGCI), despite the presence of severe hippocampal damage. The present study tested whether this antiamnesic effect resulted from an action of FO on behavioral performance itself, or whether it resulted from an anti-ischemic action. Different treatment regimens were used that were distinguished from each other by their initiation or duration with regard to the onset of TGCI and memory assessment. Naive rats were trained in an eight-arm radial maze, subjected to TGCI (4-VO model, 15 min), and tested for memory performance up to 6 weeks after TGCI. Fish oil (docosahexaenoic acid, 300 mg/kg/day) was given orally according to one of the following regimens: regimen 1 (from 3 days prior to ischemia until 4 weeks post-ischemia), regimen 2 (from 3 days prior to ischemia until 1 week post-ischemia), and regimen 3 (from week 2 to week 5 post-ischemia). When administered according to regimens 1 and 2, FO abolished amnesia completely. This effect persisted for at least 5 weeks after discontinuing the treatment. Such an effect did not occur, however, in the group treated according to regimen 3. Hippocampal and cortical damage was not alleviated by FO. The present results demonstrate that FO-mediated memory recovery (or preservation) following TGCI is a reproducible, robust, and long-lasting effect. Moreover, such an effect was found with a relatively short period of treatment, provided it covered the first days prior to and after ischemia. This suggests that FO prevented amnesia by changing some acute, ischemia/reperfusion-triggered process and not by stimulating memory performance on its own.
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Ueda M, Inaba T, Nito C, Kamiya N, Katayama Y. Therapeutic impact of eicosapentaenoic acid on ischemic brain damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1519:95-104. [PMID: 23643859 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been shown to reduce ischemic neuronal injury. We investigated the effects of ethyl-EPA (EPA-E) on ischemic brain damage using a rat transient focal cerebral ischemia model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=105) were subjected to 90 min of focal cerebral ischemia. EPA-E (100mg/kg/day) or vehicle was administered once a day for 3, 5 or 7 days prior to ischemia. Different withdrawal intervals of 3, 5, and 7 days prior to ischemia following 7-day pretreatment with EPA-E or vehicle were also examined. In addition, post-ischemic administration of EPA-E was investigated. Pretreatment with EPA-E for 7 and 5 days, but not 3 days, showed significant infarct volume reduction and neurological improvements when compared with vehicle pretreatment. In addition, withdrawal of EPA-E administration for 3 days, but not 5 and 7 days, also demonstrated significant infarct volume reduction and neurological improvements when compared with vehicle treatment. Post-ischemic treatment of EPA-E did not show any neuroprotection. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 7-day pretreatment with EPA-E significantly reduced cortical expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (maker for oxidative DNA damage), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (maker for lipid peroxidation), phosphorylated adducin (marker for Rho-kinase activation) and von Willebrand factor (endothelial marker) when compared with vehicle pretreatment. In addition, phosphorylated adducin expression co-localized with von Willebrand factor immunoreactivity. The present study established the neuroprotective effect of EPA-E on ischemic brain damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats, which may be involved in the suppression of oxidative stress and endothelial Rho-kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
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Ikeya Y, Fukuyama N, Kitajima W, Ogushi Y, Mori H. Comparison of eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in plasma between patients with ischemic stroke and control subjects. Nutrition 2012; 29:127-31. [PMID: 23010418 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ω-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), prevent ischemic stroke. However, the clinical importance of EPA for ischemic stroke and its subtype has not been fully elucidated. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we determined whether ω-3 fatty acids were predictive factors for ischemic stroke. We compared common clinical parameters among 65 patients with ischemic stroke and 65 control subjects. The parameters included blood chemistry data; concentrations of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA); EPA/AA ratio; smoking; alcohol intake; fish consumption more than four times per week; and the incidence of underlying diseases. The comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to the significant factors in the non-parametric test. We also applied the same approach to the ischemic stroke subtypes, cardioembolism and large-artery atherosclerosis. RESULTS In the multiple logistic regression analysis after the Mann-Whitney U test, a lower EPA concentration was one of the significant risk factors for ischemic stroke, as were a lower body mass index, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking (sensitivity 0.846, specificity 0.831, positive predictive value 0.833). In the analysis of subtypes, a lower EPA/AA ratio and a lower body mass index were the significant risk factors for cardioembolism (sensitivity 0.800, specificity 0.733, positive predictive value 0.750). However, large-artery atherosclerosis was not related to the EPA concentration or the EPA/AA ratio. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the plasma EPA concentration and the EPA/AA ratio were potential predictive risk factors for ischemic stroke, especially for cardioembolism. Further prospective studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimori Ikeya
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Dietary Flaxseed Oil Protects against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats. Pulm Med 2012; 2012:457031. [PMID: 22919480 PMCID: PMC3423954 DOI: 10.1155/2012/457031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin, a widely used antineoplastic agent, has been associated with severe pulmonary toxicity, primarily fibrosis. Previous work has shown a reduction in bleomycin-induced lung pathology by long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Treatment by short-chain omega-3 fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, found in dietary flaxseed oil may also reduce lung fibrosis, as previously evidenced in the kidney. To test this hypothesis, 72 rats were divided between diets receiving either 15% (w/w) flaxseed oil or 15% (w/w) corn oil (control). These groups were further divided to receive either bleomycin or vehicle (saline) via an oropharyngeal delivery, rather than the traditional intratracheal instillation. Lungs were harvested at 2, 7, and 21 days after bleomycin or saline treatment. Animals receiving flaxseed oil showed a delay in edema formation (P = 0.025) and a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltrate and vasculitis (P = 0.04 and 0.007, resp.). At days 7 and 21, bleomycin produced a reduction in pulmonary arterial lumen patency (P = 0.01), but not in rats that were treated with flaxseed oil. Bleomycin-treated rats receiving flaxseed oil had reduced pulmonary septal thickness (P = 0.01), signifying decreased fibrosis. Dietary flaxseed oil may prove beneficial against the side effects of this highly effective chemotherapeutic agent and its known toxic effects on the lung.
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Lu F, Nakamura T, Toyoshima T, Liu Y, Hirooka K, Kawai N, Okabe N, Shiraga F, Tamiya T, Miyamoto O, Keep RF, Itano T. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, attenuates behavioral deficits following transient forebrain ischemia by inhibiting oxidative damage in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2011; 506:28-32. [PMID: 22040669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the neurological protective effects of edaravone against global brain ischemia. Gerbils were treated with edaravone (3mg/kg; i.p.) 30min before transient forebrain ischemia, which was induced by occluding the bilateral common carotid artery for 5min. The effects of edaravone were examined by measuring neuronal damage and behavioral deficits. Hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), oxidative stress markers, were also examined to assess the anti-oxidative effects of edaravone. Edaravone treatment significantly inhibited both lipid and DNA oxidative damage 72h after ischemia, and decreased neuronal damage. Edaravone also significantly reduced the locomotor activity deficit 72h after ischemia and improved memory impairment. These findings suggest that edaravone inhibits oxidative stress and attenuates neuronal damage induced by transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils and which may contribute to improvements in behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
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