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Omi M, Yamada H, Takahashi H, Mori H, Oba S, Hattori Y, Yokota K, Toyama K, Takahashi K. Differences in collateral vessel formation after experimental retinal vein occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and wild-type rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27160. [PMID: 38509953 PMCID: PMC10950832 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) can lead to visual impairment, but the development of collateral vessels can sometimes mitigate significant damage. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between collateral vessels and hypertension, the most common underlying condition associated with RVO, by comparing spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and wild-type Wister rats (WWRs). We also examined the differences between WWRs and SHRs in terms of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression and its product nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) expression, which are involved in the formation of collateral vessels after vascular occlusion. Methods Laser photocoagulation (PC) was used to occlude one randomly selected retinal vein in WWRs and SHRs, and the area surrounding the occluded vessel was examined using optical coherence tomography angiography. If reperfusion of the occluded vessel occurred within 2 weeks, the vessel was re-occluded repeatedly by PC. The number of eyes with successfully occluded vessels accompanied by collateral vessels was recorded. Then, WWRs and SHRs were divided into the following four groups: 1) control (no treatment), 2) vehicle (20% DMSO), 3) S1PR1 agonist (2 mg/mL SEW2871), and 4) S1PR1 antagonist (0.25 mg/mL VPC 23019) groups. The drugs were administered intravitreally in all groups except the control. The number of laser shots required for successful RVO was recorded. Histological evaluation and quantitative real-time PCR of S1PR1 and NOS3 were performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying collateral vessel formation. Results The proportion of eyes achieving successful vein occlusion was lower in SHRs (4/12 eyes, 33.3%) than in WWRs (8/10 eyes, 80%, p = 0.043). NOS3 expression at 6 h after PC was significantly higher in WWRs than in SHRs (p = 0.021). In WWRs treated with SEW2871, vein occlusion failed in 7 of 10 eyes (70%). The expression of NOS3 was significantly higher in the SEW2871 treatment group than in the untreated group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, NOS3 expression was significantly higher after SEW2871 treatment in WWRs than in SHRs (p = 0.011). Conclusion In hypertensive environments, collateral vessels are less likely to develop, and S1PR1 may be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Omi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hajime Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Shimpei Oba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yuki Hattori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kaito Yokota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Keiko Toyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kanji Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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Jain A, Ralta A, Batra G, Joshi R, Garg N, Bhatia A, Medhi B, Chakrabarti A, Prakash A. SEW2871 reduces seizures via the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 pathway in the pentylenetetrazol and phenobarbitone kindling model of drug-refractory epilepsy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 51:e13839. [PMID: 38302080 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by neuronal hypersynchronous discharge in the brain, leading to central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Despite the availability of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), resistance to AEDs is the greatest challenge in treating epilepsy. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor 1 (S1PR1) in drug-resistant epilepsy is unexplored. This study investigated the effects of SEW2871, a potent S1PR1 agonist, on a phenobarbitone (PHB)-resistant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled Wistar rat model. We measured the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) and multi-drug resistance protein 5 (MRP5) as indicators for drug resistance. Rats received PHB + PTZ for 62 days to develop a drug-resistant epilepsy model. From day 48, SEW2871 (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was administered for 14 days. Seizure scoring, behaviour, oxidative markers like reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, inflammatory markers like interleukin 1 beta tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and mRNA expression (MDR1 and MRP5) were assessed, and histopathological assessments were conducted. SEW2871 demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in seizure scoring and neurobehavioral parameters with a reduction in oxidative and inflammation-induced neuronal damage. The S1PR1 agonist also downregulated MDR1 and MRP5 gene expression and significantly decreased the number of dark-stained pyknotic nuclei and increased cell density with neuronal rearrangement in the rat brain hippocampus. These findings suggest that SEW2871 might ameliorate epileptic symptoms by modulating drug resistance through downregulation of MDR1 and MRP5 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Jain
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arti Ralta
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rupa Joshi
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science and Research, Ambala, India
| | - Nitika Garg
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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3
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Biose IJ, Oremosu J, Bhatnagar S, Bix GJ. Promising Cerebral Blood Flow Enhancers in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:863-889. [PMID: 36394792 PMCID: PMC10640530 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke presents a major global economic and public health burden. Although recent advances in available endovascular therapies show improved functional outcome, a good number of stroke patients are either ineligible or do not have access to these treatments. Also, robust collateral flow during acute ischemic stroke independently predicts the success of endovascular therapies and the outcome of stroke. Hence, adjunctive therapies for cerebral blood flow (CBF) enhancement are urgently needed. A very clear overview of the pial collaterals and the role of genetics are presented in this review. We review available evidence and advancement for potential therapies aimed at improving CBF during acute ischemic stroke. We identified heme-free soluble guanylate cyclase activators; Sanguinate, remote ischemic perconditioning; Fasudil, S1P agonists; and stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion as promising potential CBF-enhancing therapeutics requiring further investigation. Additionally, we outline and discuss the critical steps required to advance research strategies for clinically translatable CBF-enhancing agents in the context of acute ischemic stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifechukwude Joachim Biose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson, Ste 1300, Room 1349, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jadesola Oremosu
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Somya Bhatnagar
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Gregory Jaye Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson, Ste 1300, Room 1349, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA.
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Mohammed S, Bindu A, Viswanathan A, Harikumar KB. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling during infection and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101251. [PMID: 37633365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential components of all eukaryotic membranes. The bioactive sphingolipid molecule, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P), regulates various important biological functions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of S1P signaling pathway in various immune cell functions under different pathophysiological conditions including bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and cancer. We covered the aspects of S1P pathways in NOD/TLR pathways, bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and tumor immunology. This implies that targeting S1P signaling can be used as a strategy to block these pathologies. Our current understanding of targeting various components of S1P signaling for therapeutic purposes and the present status of S1P pathway inhibitors or modulators in disease conditions where the host immune system plays a pivotal role is the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Mohammed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State 695014, India
| | - Anu Bindu
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State 695014, India
| | - Arun Viswanathan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State 695014, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State 695014, India.
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Faber JE, Zhang H, Xenakis JG, Bell TA, Hock P, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Ferris MT, Rzechorzek W. Large differences in collateral blood vessel abundance among individuals arise from multiple genetic variants. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1983-2004. [PMID: 37572089 PMCID: PMC10676139 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231194956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Collateral blood flow varies greatly among humans for reasons that remain unclear, resulting in significant differences in ischemic tissue damage. A similarly large variation has also been found in mice that is caused by genetic background-dependent differences in the extent of collateral formation, termed collaterogenesis-a unique angiogenic process that occurs during development and determines collateral number and diameter in the adult. Previous studies have identified several quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to this variation. However, understanding has been hampered by the use of closely related inbred strains that do not model the wide genetic variation present in the "outbred" human population. The Collaborative Cross (CC) multiparent mouse genetic reference panel was developed to address this limitation. Herein we measured the number and average diameter of cerebral collaterals in 60 CC strains, their 8 founder strains, 8 F1 crosses of CC strains selected for abundant versus sparse collaterals, and 2 intercross populations created from the latter. Collateral number evidenced 47-fold variation among the 60 CC strains, with 14% having poor, 25% poor-to-intermediate, 47% intermediate-to-good, and 13% good collateral abundance, that was associated with large differences in post-stroke infarct volume. Collateral number in skeletal muscle and intestine of selected high- and low-collateral strains evidenced the same relative abundance as in brain. Genome-wide mapping demonstrated that collateral abundance is a highly polymorphic trait. Subsequent analysis identified: 6 novel QTL circumscribing 28 high-priority candidate genes harboring putative loss-of-function polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with low collateral number; 335 predicted-deleterious SNPs present in their human orthologs; and 32 genes associated with vascular development but lacking protein coding variants. Six additional suggestive QTL (LOD > 4.5) were also identified in CC-wide QTL mapping. This study provides a comprehensive set of candidate genes for future investigations aimed at identifying signaling proteins within the collaterogenesis pathway whose variants potentially underlie genetic-dependent collateral insufficiency in brain and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James G Xenakis
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy A Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pablo Hock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wojciech Rzechorzek
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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Bian EJ, Chen CW, Cheng CM, Kuan CY, Sun YY. Impaired post-stroke collateral circulation in sickle cell anemia mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1215876. [PMID: 37822524 PMCID: PMC10562566 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1215876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) have a high incidence of ischemic stroke, but are usually excluded from thrombolytic therapy due to concerns for cerebral hemorrhage. Maladaptation to cerebral ischemia may also contribute to the stroke propensity in SCA. Here we compared post-stroke cortical collateral circulation in transgenic sickle (SS) mice, bone marrow grafting-derived SS-chimera, and wildtype (AA) controls, because collateral circulation is a critical factor for cell survival within the ischemic penumbra. Further, it has been shown that SS mice develop poorer neo-collateral perfusion after limb ischemia. We used the middle cerebral artery (MCA)-targeted photothrombosis model in this study, since it is better tolerated by SS mice and creates a clear infarct core versus peri-infarct area. Compared to AA mice, SS mice showed enlarged infarction and lesser endothelial proliferation after photothrombosis. SS-chimera showed anemia, hypoxia-induced erythrocyte sickling, and attenuated recovery of blood flow in the ipsilateral cortex after photothrombosis. In AA chimera, cerebral blood flow in the border area between MCA and the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) trees improved from 44% of contralateral level after stroke to 78% at 7 d recovery. In contrast, blood flow in the MCA-ACA and MCA-PCA border areas only increased from 35 to 43% at 7 d post-stroke in SS chimera. These findings suggest deficits of post-stroke collateral circulation in SCA. Better understanding of the underpinnings may suggest novel stroke therapies for SCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Bian
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chih-Mei Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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7
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Faber JE, Zhang H, Xenakis JG, Bell TA, Hock P, de Villena FPM, Ferris MT, Rzechorzek W. Large differences in collateral blood vessel abundance among individuals arise from multiple genetic variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.28.542633. [PMID: 37398475 PMCID: PMC10312463 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.28.542633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Collateral blood flow varies greatly among humans for reasons that remain unclear, resulting in significant differences in ischemic tissue damage. A similarly large variation has also been found in mice that is caused by genetic background-dependent differences in the extent of collateral formation, termed collaterogenesis-a unique angiogenic process that occurs during development and determines collateral number and diameter in the adult. Previous studies have identified several quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to this variation. However, understanding has been hampered by the use of closely related inbred strains that do not model the wide genetic variation present in the "outbred" human population. The Collaborative Cross (CC) multiparent mouse genetic reference panel was developed to address this limitation. Herein we measured the number and average diameter of cerebral collaterals in 60 CC strains, their 8 founder strains, 8 F1 crosses of CC strains selected for abundant versus sparse collaterals, and 2 intercross populations created from the latter. Collateral number evidenced 47-fold variation among the 60 CC strains, with 14% having poor, 25% poor-to-intermediate, 47% intermediate-to-good, and 13% good collateral abundance, that was associated with large differences in post-stroke infarct volume. Genome-wide mapping demonstrated that collateral abundance is a highly polymorphic trait. Subsequent analysis identified: 6 novel QTL circumscribing 28 high-priority candidate genes harboring putative loss-of-function polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with low collateral number; 335 predicted-deleterious SNPs present in their human orthologs; and 32 genes associated with vascular development but lacking protein coding variants. This study provides a comprehensive set of candidate genes for future investigations aimed at identifying signaling proteins within the collaterogenesis pathway whose variants potentially underlie genetic-dependent collateral insufficiency in brain and other tissues.
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8
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Levesque MV, Hla T. Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation in the Endothelium. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:cshperspect.a041153. [PMID: 35667710 PMCID: PMC9722983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signals act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate homeostasis and adapt to stress. This involves rapid intracellular post-translational responses and long-lasting gene-expression changes that ultimately determine cellular phenotype and fate changes. The lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1PRs) are examples of well-studied GPCR signaling axis essential for vascular development, homeostasis, and diseases. The biochemical cascades involved in rapid S1P signaling are well understood. However, gene-expression regulation by S1PRs are less understood. In this review, we focus our attention to how S1PRs regulate nuclear chromatin changes and gene transcription to modulate vascular and lymphatic endothelial phenotypic changes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Because S1PR-targeted drugs approved for use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases cause substantial vascular-related adverse events, these findings are critical not only for general understanding of stimulus-evoked gene regulation in the vascular endothelium, but also for therapeutic development of drugs for autoimmune and perhaps vascular diseases.
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Li HD, Li R, Kong Y, Zhang W, Qi C, Wang D, Hao H, Liu Q. Selective Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Modulation Augments Thrombolysis of Low-Dose Tissue Plasminogen Activator Following Cerebrovascular Thrombosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801727. [PMID: 35720286 PMCID: PMC9198651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Results from our recent study demonstrate that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) modulation improves microvascular hemodynamics after cerebrovascular thrombosis. This study was to determine the microvascular hemodynamic effects of a sub-thrombolytic dose of tPA combined with a selective S1PR1 modulator ozanimod in a mouse model of cerebrovascular thrombosis. Methods Microvascular circulation in mice was monitored in vivo by two-photon microscopy. Thrombosis was induced in cortical arterioles by laser irradiation. Arteriolar flow velocity was measured by line-scanning following plasma-labeling with fluorescein-dextran. Results Laser-induced thrombosis led to a persistent reduction of flow velocity in cortical arterioles. Sub-thrombolytic dose of tPA along with vehicle control did not improve the flow velocity in cortical arterioles following thrombosis. In contrast, a sub-thrombolytic dose of tPA along with ozanimod dramatically restored flow velocity in cortical arterioles following thrombosis. Ozanimod did not affect coagulation and bleeding time. Notably, ozanimod reduced thrombus volume without altering microvascular lumen diameter. In addition, ozanimod reduced leukocyte components within the thrombus. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the thrombolytic effect of a sub-thrombolytic dose of tPA is markedly enhanced by S1PR1 modulation, implying that S1PR1 modulation may improve the therapeutic benefit of low-dose tPA in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Dong Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Caiyun Qi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongying Hao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Spampinato SF, Sortino MA, Salomone S. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in the cardiovascular system: pharmacology and clinical implications. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 94:95-139. [PMID: 35659378 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid that binds and activates five distinct receptor subtypes, S1P1, S1P2, S1P3, S1P4, S1P5, widely expressed in different cells, tissues and organs. In the cardiovascular system these receptors have been extensively studied, but no drug acting on them has been approved so far for treating cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, a number of S1P receptor agonists are approved as immunomodulators, mainly for multiple sclerosis, because of their action on lymphocyte trafficking. This chapter summarizes the available information on S1P receptors in the cardiovascular system and discusses their potential for treating cardiovascular conditions and/or their role on the clinical pharmacology of drugs so far approved for non-cardiovascular conditions. Basic research has recently produced data useful to understand the molecular pharmacology of S1P and S1P receptors, regarding biased agonism, S1P storage, release and vehiculation and chaperoning by lipoproteins, paracrine actions, intracellular non-receptorial S1P actions. On the other hand, the approval of fingolimod and newer generation S1P receptor ligands as immunomodulators, provides information on a number of clinical observations on the impact of these drugs on cardiovascular system which need to be integrated with preclinical data. S1P receptors are potential targets for prevention and treatment of major cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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11
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Zhang D, Qi D, Xu Y, Hu C, Zhang X, Yang Q, Shang Z, Zhang G. The S1PR1 agonist SEW2871 promotes the survival of skin flap. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1280-1287. [PMID: 34310896 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin flap transfer is an important method to repair and reconstruct various tissue defects; however, avascular necrosis largely affects the success of flap transfer. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) agonist SEW2871 has been proven to ameliorate ischemic injury; however, its effect on flap survival has not been reported. In this study, an experimental skin flap model was established in rats to investigate the roles of SEW2871. The results indicated that SEW2871 greatly increased the survival of the skin flap, alleviated pathological injury, promoted the angiogenesis, and inhibited cells apoptosis in skin flap tissues. SEW2871 activated S1PR1 downstream signaling pathways, including heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and protein kinase B (Akt). In addition, SEW2871 promoted the expression of S1PR1. These findings may provide novel insights for skin flap transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Qi
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhe Hu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjian Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Zikun Shang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
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12
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Effective silencing of miR-126 after ischemic stroke by means of intravenous α-tocopherol-conjugated heteroduplex oligonucleotide in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14237. [PMID: 34244578 PMCID: PMC8270953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain endothelial cells (BECs) are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Recently, several microRNAs (miRNAs) in BECs were reported to regulate the endothelial function in ischemic brain. Therefore, modulation of miRNAs in BECs by a therapeutic oligonucleotide to inhibit miRNA (antimiR) could be a useful strategy for treating ischemic stroke. However, few attempts have been made to achieve this strategy via systemic route due to lack of efficient delivery-method toward BECs. Here, we have developed a new technology for delivering an antimiR into BECs and silencing miRNAs in BECs, using a mouse ischemic stroke model. We designed a heteroduplex oligonucleotide, comprising an antimiR against miRNA-126 (miR-126) known as the endothelial-specific miRNA and its complementary RNA, conjugated to α-tocopherol as a delivery ligand (Toc-HDO targeting miR-126). Intravenous administration of Toc-HDO targeting miR-126 remarkably suppressed miR-126 expression in ischemic brain of the model mice. In addition, we showed that Toc-HDO targeting miR-126 was delivered into BECs more efficiently than the parent antimiR in ischemic brain, and that it was delivered more effectively in ischemic brain than non-ischemic brain of this model mice. Our study highlights the potential of this technology as a new clinical therapeutic option for ischemic stroke.
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Lu S, She M, Zeng Q, Yi G, Zhang J. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors in ischemia. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:25-33. [PMID: 34153277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a metabolite of sphingolipids, is mainly derived from red blood cells (RBCs), platelets and endothelial cells (ECs). It plays important roles in regulating cell survival, vascular integrity and inflammatory responses through its receptors. S1P receptors (S1PRs), including 5 subtypes (S1PR1-5), are G protein-coupled receptors and have been proved to mediate various and complex roles of S1P in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke by regulating endothelial function and inflammatory response as well as immune cell behavior. This review emphasizes the functions of S1PRs in atherosclerosis and ischemic diseases such as MI and ischemic stroke, enabling mechanistic studies and new S1PRs targeted therapies in atherosclerosis and ischemia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishu Lu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Meihua She
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Qun Zeng
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Guanghui Yi
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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14
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Dordoe C, Chen K, Huang W, Chen J, Hu J, Wang X, Lin L. Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671131. [PMID: 33967812 PMCID: PMC8102031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its treatment remains a challenge. Complex pathological processes are involved in stroke, which causes a reduction in the supply of oxygen and energy to the brain that triggers subsequent cascade events, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis, resulting in brain injury. Stroke is a devastating disease for which there are few treatments, but physical rehabilitation can help improve stroke recovery. Although there are very few treatments for stroke patients, the discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in mammals has led to the finding that FGFs can effectively treat stroke in animal models. As presented in this review, FGFs play essential roles by functioning as homeostatic factors and controlling cells and hormones involved in metabolism. They could be used as effective therapeutic agents for stroke. In this review, we will discuss the pharmacological actions of FGFs on multiple targets, including their ability to directly promote neuron survival, enhance angiogenesis, protect against blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and regulate microglial modulation, in the treatment of ischemic stroke and their theoretical mechanisms and actions, as well as the therapeutic potential and limitations of FGFs for the clinical treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children' Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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15
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Pepe G, Cotugno M, Marracino F, Giova S, Capocci L, Forte M, Stanzione R, Bianchi F, Marchitti S, Di Pardo A, Sciarretta S, Rubattu S, Maglione V. Differential Expression of Sphingolipid Metabolizing Enzymes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: A Possible Substrate for Susceptibility to Brain and Kidney Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073796. [PMID: 33917593 PMCID: PMC8038804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the metabolism of sphingolipids, a class of biologically active molecules in cell membranes with direct effect on vascular homeostasis, are increasingly recognized as important determinant in different vascular disorders. However, it is not clear whether sphingolipids are implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension-related cerebrovascular and renal damage. In this study, we evaluated the existence of possible abnormalities related to the sphingolipid metabolism in the brain and kidneys of two well validated spontaneously hypertensive rat strains, the stroke-prone (SHRSP) and the stroke-resistant (SHRSR) models, as compared to the normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat strain. Our results showed a global alteration in the metabolism of sphingolipids in both cerebral and renal tissues of both hypertensive strains as compared to the normotensive rat. However, few defects, such as reduced expression of enzymes involved in the metabolism/catabolism of sphingosine-1-phosphate and in the de novo biosynthetic pathways, were exclusively detected in the SHRSP. Although further studies are necessary to fully understand the significance of these findings, they suggest that defects in specific lipid molecules and/or their related metabolic pathways may likely contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertensive target organ damage and may eventually serve as future therapeutic targets to reduce the vascular consequences of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pepe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Cotugno
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Federico Marracino
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Susy Giova
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Luca Capocci
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Rosita Stanzione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Franca Bianchi
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Marchitti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Alba Di Pardo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (S.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina 04100, Italy;
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (S.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Vittorio Maglione
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli 86077, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.G.); (L.C.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (S.R.); (V.M.)
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16
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Kuang Y, Li X, Liu X, Wei L, Chen X, Liu J, Zhuang T, Pi J, Wang Y, Zhu C, Gong X, Hu H, Yu Z, Li J, Yu P, Fan H, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhang L. Vascular endothelial S1pr1 ameliorates adverse cardiac remodelling via stimulating reparative macrophage proliferation after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:585-599. [PMID: 32091582 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial cell (EC) homoeostasis plays an important role in normal physiological cardiac functions, and its dysfunction significantly influences pathological cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI). It has been shown that the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1pr1) was highly expressed in ECs and played an important role in maintaining endothelial functions. We thus hypothesized that the endothelial S1pr1 might be involved in post-MI cardiac remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Our study showed that the specific loss of endothelial S1pr1 exacerbated post-MI cardiac remodelling and worsened cardiac dysfunction. We found that the loss of endothelial S1pr1 significantly reduced Ly6clow macrophage accumulation, which is critical for the resolution of inflammation and cardiac healing following MI. The reduced reparative macrophages in post-MI myocardium contributed to the detrimental effects of endothelial S1pr1 deficiency on post-MI cardiac remodelling. Further investigations showed that the loss of endothelial S1pr1-reduced Ly6clow macrophage proliferation, while the pharmacological activation of S1pr1-enhanced Ly6clow macrophage proliferation, thereby ameliorated cardiac remodelling after MI. A mechanism study showed that S1P/S1pr1 activated the ERK signalling pathway and enhanced colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) expression, which promoted Ly6clow macrophage proliferation in a cell-contact manner. The blockade of CSF1 signalling reversed the enhancing effect of S1pr1 activation on Ly6clow macrophage proliferation and worsened post-MI cardiac remodelling. CONCLUSION This study reveals that cardiac microvascular endothelium promotes reparative macrophage proliferation in injured hearts via the S1P/S1PR1/ERK/CSF1 pathway and thus ameliorates post-MI adverse cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Medical School, Internal Medicine Department, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Xiuxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jingjiang Pi
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chenying Zhu
- Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zuoren Yu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Heart Failure Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
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17
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Hu Y, Chen M, Wang M, Li X. Flow-mediated vasodilation through mechanosensitive G protein-coupled receptors in endothelial cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:61-70. [PMID: 33406458 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation involves three main mechanisms: production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), synthesis of prostanoids by cyclooxygenase, and/or opening of calcium-sensitive potassium channels. Researchers have proposed multiple mechanosensors that may be involved in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and intercellular junction proteins, among others. However, GPCRs are considered the major mechanosensors that play a pivotal role in shear stress signal transduction. Among mechanosensitive GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptor 68, histamine H1 receptors, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, and bradykinin B2 receptors have been identified as endothelial sensors of flow shear stress regulating flow-mediated vasodilation. Thus, this review aims to expound on the mechanism whereby flow shear stress promotes vasodilation through the proposed mechanosensitive GPCRs in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.247, Beiyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China.
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China.
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, NO.238, Jingshi East Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Xiucun Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.247, Beiyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China; Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, NO.44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Takahashi H, Nakagawa K, Yamada H, Mori H, Oba S, Toyama K, Takahashi K. Time course of collateral vessel formation after retinal vein occlusion visualized by OCTA and elucidation of factors in their formation. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05902. [PMID: 33474512 PMCID: PMC7803649 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is clinically recognized that collateral vessels can form after retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in some cases and these vessels can lead to spontaneous recovery of the pathological condition. In recent years, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has become a decisive clinical instrument. Unlike previous angiography tests, OCTA enables the non-invasive visualization of fundus vasculature without the need for administration of a contrast agent. However, it remains to be determined if OCTA depicts the 'true' histological status as several studies have reported artifacts in OCTA imaging. METHODS We generated a laser-induced mouse RVO model, and evaluated the subsequent formation of collateral vessels in order to understand the mechanisms by which collateral vessels form using OCTA imaging, as well as molecular and histological assessments. RESULTS We succeeded in visualizing the time course of collateral vessel formation in a mouse RVO model and confirmed the similarity in formation of collateral vessels only within the deep layer of the retina in both human and mouse. We hypothesized that sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) may play important roles via vascular shear stress linking vein occlusion and collateral vessel formation. Results from OCTA revealed that collateral vessels are increased in response to administration of a S1PR1 agonist in a mouse RVO model. Based on quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), S1PR1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in the whole retina peaked 6 h after photocoagulation in this model. Immunohistochemical staining of retinal flat mounts revealed that S1PR1 staining occurred along the laser-occluded blood vessels. CONCLUSION We observed the temporal process of collateral vessel formation in a mouse RVO model and identified the relationship between S1PR1 and shear stress as one of the factors in collateral vessel formation in RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakagawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimpei Oba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Toyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanji Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Zhang H, Rzechorzek W, Aghajanian A, Faber JE. Hypoxia induces de novo formation of cerebral collaterals and lessens the severity of ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1806-1822. [PMID: 32423327 PMCID: PMC7430105 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20924107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pial collaterals provide protection in stroke. Evidence suggests their formation late during gestation (collaterogenesis) is driven by reduced oxygen levels in the cerebral watersheds. The purpose of this study was to determine if collaterogenesis can be re-activated in the adult to induce formation of additional collaterals ("neo-collateral formation", NCF). Mice were gradually acclimated to reduced inspired oxygen (FIO2) and maintained at 12, 10, 8.5 or 7% for two-to-eight weeks. Hypoxemia induced "dose"-dependent NCF and remodeling of native collaterals, and decreased infarct volume after permanent MCA occlusion. In contrast, no formation occurred of addition collateral-like intra-tree anastomoses, PComs, or branches within the MCA tree. Hypoxic NCF, remodeling and infarct protection were durable, i.e. retained for at least six weeks after return to normoxia. Hypoxia increased expression of Hif2α, Vegfa, Rabep2, Angpt2, Tie2 and Cxcr4. Neo-collateral formation was abolished in mice lacking Rabep2, a novel gene involved in VEGFA→Flk1 signaling and required for formation of collaterals during development, and inhibited by knockdown of Vegfa, Flk1 and Cxcr4. Rabep2-dependent NCF was also induced by permanent MCA occlusion. This is the first report that hypoxia induces new pial collaterals to form. Hypoxia- and occlusion-induced neo-collateral formation provide models to study collaterogenesis in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wojciech Rzechorzek
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amir Aghajanian
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Matsumoto N, Yamashita T, Shang J, Feng T, Osakada Y, Sasaki R, Tadokoro K, Nomura E, Tsunoda K, Omote Y, Takemoto M, Hishikawa N, Ohta Y, Abe K. Up-regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors and sphingosine kinase 1 in the peri-ischemic area after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Brain Res 2020; 1739:146831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Targeted role for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 in cerebrovascular integrity and inflammation during acute ischemic stroke. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135160. [PMID: 32561451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors are emerging as relevant therapeutic targets during acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Physiologically, the cerebrovascular endothelium plays a vital role in maintaining barrier integrity and cerebrovascular homeostasis. During a cerebral ischemic event, products from parenchymal cell death are released and trigger vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation leading to barrier integrity disruption. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and a breach in barrier property play a significant role in contributing to a vicious cycle which promotes brain edema formation and exacerbates neuronal injury post stroke. Data from experimental stroke models and clinical trials suggest that selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 1 (S1PR1) modulation improves endothelial health and function and, as a result, contributes to improved neurological outcome post ischemic injury. This review highlights the impact of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1PR1 signaling involved in blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and cerebrovascular inflammation following AIS. We focus on the beneficial actions of S1PR1 signaling during ischemic injury including barrier protection to lessen brain edema formation and reduction in the development and progression of vascular inflammation by attenuating endothelial cell activation resulting in reduced neurovascular inflammation. Potential gaps and future directions related to the role of S1PR during AIS are also discussed.
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Tanaka K, Matsumoto S, Yamada T, Yamasaki R, Suzuki M, Kido MA, Kira JI. Reduced Post-ischemic Brain Injury in Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Knockout Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:453. [PMID: 32477057 PMCID: PMC7235376 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose In the acute phase of ischemia-reperfusion, hypoperfusion associated with ischemia and reperfusion in microvascular regions and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contribute to post-ischemic brain injury. We aimed to clarify whether brain injury following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) is ameliorated in Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 knockout (Trpv4-/- ) mice. Methods tMCAO was induced in wild-type (WT) and Trpv4-/- mice aged 8-10 weeks. Ischemia-induced lesion volume was evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 24 h post-tMCAO. Tissue water content and Evans blue leakage in the ipsilateral hemisphere and a neurological score were evaluated at 48 h post-tMCAO. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to assess the morphological changes in microvasculature in the ischemic lesions at 6 h post-tMCAO. Results Compared with WT mice, Trpv4-/- mice showed reduced ischemia-induced lesion volume and reduced water content and Evans blue leakage in the ipsilateral hemisphere alongside milder neurological symptoms. The loss of zonula occludens-1 and occludin proteins in the ipsilateral hemisphere was attenuated in Trpv4-/- mice. TEM revealed that parenchymal microvessels in the ischemic lesion were compressed and narrowed by the swollen endfeet of astrocytes in WT mice, but these effects were markedly ameliorated in Trpv4-/- mice. Conclusion The present results demonstrate that TRPV4 contributes to post-ischemic brain injury. The preserved microcirculation and BBB function shortly after reperfusion are the key neuroprotective roles of TRPV4 inhibition, which represents a promising target for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Matsumoto
- Department of Comprehensive Strokology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mizuho A Kido
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Zou Y, Hu J, Huang W, Ye S, Han F, Du J, Shao M, Guo R, Lin J, Zhao Y, Xiong Y, Wang X. Non-Mitogenic Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Enhanced Angiogenesis Following Ischemic Stroke by Regulating the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate 1 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:59. [PMID: 32194396 PMCID: PMC7063943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes account for about 80% of all strokes and are associated with a high risk of mortality. Angiogenesis of brain microvascular endothelial cells may contribute to functional restoration following ischemia. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), a member of FGF superfamily, involved in embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, and neuron survival. However, the mitogenic activity of FGF1 is known to contribute to several human pathologies, thereby questioning the safety of its clinical applications. Here, we explored the effects and mechanism of action of non-mitogenic FGF1 (nmFGF1) on angiogenesis in mice after ischemia stroke and an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) injury model. We found that intranasal administration nmFGF1 significantly promoted angiogenesis in mice after stroke, and significantly increased the formation of matrigel tube and promoted scratch migration in a dose-dependent manner in OGD-induced HBMECs in vitro. However, the co-administration of an FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1)-specific inhibitor PD173074 significantly reversed the effects of nmFGF1 in vitro, suggesting that nmFGF1 functions via FGFR1 activation. Moreover, nmFGF1 activated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1, S1P1) in mice after stroke in vivo. S1P1 protein antagonist VPC23019 and agonist FTY720 were used to confirm that nmFGF1 promotes angiogenesis in vitro partially through the S1P1 pathway. OGD induced downregulation of S1P1 expression. The S1P1 antagonist VPC23019 blocked the stimulatory effects of nmFGF1, whereas the S1P1 agonist FTY720 exerted effects comparable with those of nmFGF1. Furthermore, PD173074 reversed the effect of nmFGF1 on upregulating S1P1 signaling. In conclusion, nmFGF1 enhanced angiogenesis in mice following stroke and OGD-induced HBMECs through S1P1 pathway regulation mediated via FGFR1 activation. This new discovery suggests the potential therapeutic role of nmFGF1 for the treatment of ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zou
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanyi Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingting Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Shao
- School of the First Clinical Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruili Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yeli Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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24
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Vanherle L, Matuskova H, Don-Doncow N, Uhl FE, Meissner A. Improving Cerebrovascular Function to Increase Neuronal Recovery in Neurodegeneration Associated to Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:53. [PMID: 32117979 PMCID: PMC7020256 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors elevates the incidence of cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia. CVD and associated decline in cardiovascular function can impair cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation, leading to the disruption of oxygen and nutrient supply in the brain where limited intracellular energy storage capacity critically depends on CBF to sustain proper neuronal functioning. During hypertension and acute as well as chronic CVD, cerebral hypoperfusion and impaired cerebrovascular function are often associated with neurodegeneration and can lead to CI and dementia. Currently, all forms of neurodegeneration associated to CVD lack effective treatments, which highlights the need to better understand specific mechanisms linking cerebrovascular dysfunction and CBF deficits to neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss vascular targets that have already shown attenuation of neurodegeneration or CI associated to hypertension, heart failure (HF) and stroke by improving cerebrovascular function or CBF deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Vanherle
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hana Matuskova
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicholas Don-Doncow
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Franziska E Uhl
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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25
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Fingolimod promotes angiogenesis and attenuates ischemic brain damage via modulating microglial polarization. Brain Res 2019; 1726:146509. [PMID: 31626784 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microglial activation plays a crucial role in the pathology of ischemic stroke. Recently, we demonstrated that fingolimod (FTY720) exerted neuroprotective effects via immunomodulation in ischemic white matter damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, which was accompanied by robust microglial activation. In this study, we assessed the pro-angiogenic potential of FTY720 in a murine model of acute cortical ischemic stroke. METHODS The photothrombotic (PT) method was used to induce cortical ischemic stroke in mice. We evaluated cortical damage, behavioral deficits, microglial polarization, and angiogenesis to identify the neuroprotective effects and possible molecular mechanisms of FTY720 in acute ischemic stroke. RESULTS In vivo, a reduction in neuronal loss and improved motor function were observed in FTY720-treated mice after PT stroke. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that robust microglial activation and the associated neuroinflammatory response in the peri-infarct area were ameliorated by FTY720 via its ability to polarize microglia toward the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro, angiogenesis was enhanced in the microglial M2 phenotype state. Behaviorally, a significant improvement in the FTY720-treated group compared to the control group was evident from days 7 to 14. CONCLUSIONS Our research indicated that FTY720 treatment promoted angiogenesis via microglial M2 polarization and exerted neuroprotection in PT ischemic stroke.
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Cao R, Li J, Kharel Y, Zhang C, Morris E, Santos WL, Lynch KR, Zuo Z, Hu S. Photoacoustic microscopy reveals the hemodynamic basis of sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced neuroprotection against ischemic stroke. Theranostics 2018; 8:6111-6120. [PMID: 30613286 PMCID: PMC6299683 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Emerging evidence has suggested that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive metabolite of sphingolipids, may play an important role in the pathophysiological processes of cerebral hypoxia and ischemia. However, the influence of S1P on cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism remains unclear. Material and Methods: Uniquely capable of high-resolution, label-free, and comprehensive imaging of hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in the mouse brain without the influence of general anesthesia, our newly developed head-restrained multi-parametric photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is well suited for this mechanistic study. Here, combining the cutting-edge PAM and a selective inhibitor of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) that can increase the blood S1P level, we investigated the role of S1P in cerebral oxygen supply-demand and its neuroprotective effects on global brain hypoxia induced by nitrogen gas inhalation and focal brain ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Results: Inhibition of SphK2, which increased the blood S1P, resulted in the elevation of both arterial and venous sO2 in the hypoxic mouse brain, while the cerebral blood flow remained unchanged. As a result, it gradually and significantly reduced the metabolic rate of oxygen. Furthermore, pre-treatment of the mice subject to tMCAO with the SphK2 inhibitor led to decreased infarct volume, improved motor function, and reduced neurological deficit, compared to the control treatment with a less potent R-enantiomer. In contrast, post-treatment with the inhibitor showed no improvement in the stroke outcomes. The failure for the post-treatment to induce neuroprotection was likely due to the relatively slow hemodynamic responses to the SphK2 inhibitor-evoked S1P intervention, which did not take effect before the brain injury was induced. Conclusions: Our results reveal that elevated blood S1P significantly changes cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism under hypoxia but not normoxia. The improved blood oxygenation and reduced oxygen demand in the hypoxic brain may underlie the neuroprotective effect of S1P against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Yugesh Kharel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Chenchu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Emily Morris
- Department of Chemistry and VT Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Webster L. Santos
- Department of Chemistry and VT Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Kevin R. Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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