Gelam honey attenuates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a mice model of allergic asthma

Revealing the mechanism and efficacy of natural products on treating the asthma: Current insights from traditional medicine to modern drug discovery

Asthma remains a significant global health challenge, demanding innovative approaches to treatment. Traditional medicine has a rich history of using natural products to alleviate asthmatic symptoms. However, transitioning from these traditional remedies to modern drug discovery approaches has provided fresh insights into the mechanisms and effectiveness of these natural products. This study provides our comprehensive review, which examines the current state of knowledge in the treatment of asthma. It delves into the mechanisms through which natural products ameliorate asthma symptoms, and it discusses their potential in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Our analysis reveals that natural products, traditionally employed for asthma relief, exhibit diverse mechanisms of action. These include anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, immunomodulatory effects, and reducing gene expression. In the context of modern drug discovery, these natural compounds serve as valuable candidates for the development of novel asthma therapies. The transition from traditional remedies to modern drug discovery represents a promising avenue for asthma treatment. Our review highlights the substantial efficacy of natural products in managing asthma symptoms, underpinned by well-defined mechanisms of action. By bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary approaches, we contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field, emphasizing the potential of natural products in shaping the future of asthma therapy.

Covalent conjugation with polyphenol reduced the sensitization of walnut and ameliorated allergy by enhancing intestinal epithelial barrier in mice

In order to reduce the sensitization of walnut protein (WP), the effects of the interaction between WP and (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin, trans-ferulic acid, and resveratrol were investigated. Covalent and non-covalent conjugations were compared. The results suggested that covalent conjugation reduced the free amino acid content, sulfhydryl content, and surface hydrophobicity. When compared to non-covalent conjugation, covalent modification showed a lower IgE binding capacity, accompanied by changes in protein conformation. Moreover, animal experiments revealed that there were up-regulation of transforming growth factor-β, T-box expressed in t cells, and forkhead transcription factor Foxp3 mRNA expression, and down-regulation of IL-4, IL-17, GATA binding protein 3 and retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt mRNA expression in the conjugate groups. These results suggested that covalent conjugation of polyphenols, especially EGCG, likely ameliorated allergy by promoting Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 balance and alleviating allergy-induced intestinal barrier damage, which might be a support in reducing the allergenicity of WP.

GPR120/FFAR4 stimulation attenuates airway remodeling and suppresses IL-4- and IL-13-induced airway epithelial injury via inhibition of STAT6 and Akt

BACKGROUND

Airway remodeling is associated with severity and treatment insensitivity in asthma. This study aimed to investigate the effects of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) stimulation on alleviating allergic inflammation and remodeling of airway epithelium.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged BALB/c mice and type-2-cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13)-exposed 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells were treated with GSK137647A, a selective GPR120 agonist. Markers of allergic inflammation and airway remodeling were determined.

RESULTS

GSK137647A attenuated inflammation and mucus secretion in airway epithelium of OVA-challenged mice. Stimulation of GPR120 in 16HBE suppressed expression of asthma-associated cytokines and cytokine-induced expression of pathogenic mucin-MUC5AC. These effects were abolished by co-treatment with AH7614, a GPR120 antagonist. Moreover, GPR120 stimulation in 16HBE cells reduced expression of fibrotic markers including fibronectin protein and ACTA2 mRNA and inhibited epithelial barrier leakage induced by type-2 inflammation via rescuing expression of zonula occludens-1 protein. Furthermore, GPR120 stimulation prevented the cytokine-induced airway epithelial remodeling via suppression of STAT6 and Akt phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that GPR120 activation alleviates allergic inflammation and remodeling of airway epithelium partly through inhibition of STAT6 and Akt. GPR120 may represent a novel therapeutic target for diseases associated with remodeling of airway epithelium, including asthma.

Discovery of Fungus-Derived Nornidulin as a Novel TMEM16A Inhibitor: A Potential Therapy to Inhibit Mucus Secretion in Asthma

Introduction

Inhibition of Ca2+-activated transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) Cl- channels has been proposed to alleviate mucus secretion in asthma. In this study, we identified a novel class of TMEM16A inhibitors from natural sources in airway epithelial Calu-3 cells and determine anti-asthmatic efficacy of the most potent candidate in a mouse model of asthma.

Methods

For electrophysiological analyses, IL-4-primed Calu-3 cell monolayers were mounted in Ussing chamber and treated with various fungus-derived depsidones prior to the addition of UTP, ionomycin, thapsigargin, or Eact to stimulate TMEM16A Cl- current. Ca2+-induced mucus secretion in Calu-3 cell monolayers was assessed by determining MUC5AC protein remaining in the cells using immunofluorescence staining. OVA-induced female BALB/c mice was used as an animal model of asthma. After the course of induction, cellular and mucus components in bronchoalveolar lavage were analyzed. Lungs were fixed and undergone with H&E and PAS staining for the evaluation of airway inflammation and mucus production, respectively.

Results

The screening of fungus-derived depsidones revealed that nornidulin completely abolished the UTP-activated TMEM16A current in Calu-3 cell monolayers with the IC50 and a maximal effect being at ~0.8 µM and 10 µM, respectively. Neither cell viability nor barrier function was affected by nornidulin. Mechanistically, nornidulin (10 µM) suppressed Cl- currents induced by ionomycin (a Ca2+-specific ionophore), thapsigargin (an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase), and Eact (a putative TMEM16A activator) without interfering with intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) levels. These results suggest that nornidulin exerts its effect without changing [Ca2+]i, possibly through direct effect on TMEM16A. Interestingly, nornidulin (at 10 µM) reduced Ca2+-dependent mucus release in the Calu-3 cell monolayers. In addition, nornidulin (20 mg/kg) inhibited bronchoalveolar mucus secretion without impeding airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice.

Discussion and Conclusion

Our study revealed that nornidulin is a novel TMEM16A inhibitor that suppresses mucus secretion without compromising immunologic activity. Further development of nornidulin may provide a new remedy for asthma or other diseases associated with allergic mucus hypersecretion without causing opportunistic infections.

The roles of strawberry and honey phytochemicals on human health: A possible clue on the molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the etiopathogenesis of several human chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Besides classic stimuli, such as reactive oxidant species, endotoxins (i.e., bacteria lipopolysaccharide), cytokines or carcinogens, oxidative stress and inflammation can be triggered by a poor diet and an excess of body fat and energy intake. Strawberry and honey are common rich sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds, widely studied for their roles exerted in health maintenance and disease prevention.

PURPOSE

This review aims to summarize and update the effects of strawberry and honey against oxidative stress and inflammation, with emphasis on metabolism and on the main molecular mechanisms involved in these effects.

METHODS

A wide range of literature, published in the last 10 years, elucidating the effects of strawberry and honey in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro (whole matrix and digested fractions) and in vivo was collected from online electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) and reviewed.

RESULTS

Strawberry and honey polyphenols may potentially prevent the chronic diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Several in vitro and in vivo studies reported the effects of these foods in suppressing the oxidative stress, by decreasing ROS production and oxidative biomarkers, restoring the antioxidant enzyme activities, ameliorating the mitochondrial antioxidant status and functionality, among others, and the inflammatory process, by modulating the mediators of acute and chronic inflammation essential for the onset of several human diseases. These beneficial properties are mediated in part through their ability to target multiple signaling pathways, such as p38 MAPK, AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB and Nrf2.

CONCLUSIONS

Available scientific literature show that strawberry and honey may be effective in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation. The deep evaluation of the factors that affect their metabolism as well as the assessment of the main molecular mechanisms involved are of extreme importance for the possible therapeutic and preventive benefit against the most common human diseases. However, published literature is still scarce so that deeper studies should be performed in order to evaluate the bioavailability of these food matrices and their effects after digestion.

The treatment of asthma using the Chinese Materia Medica

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Asthma is a costly global health problem that negatively influences the quality of life of patients. The Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) contains remedies that have been used for the treatment of asthma for millennia. This article strives to systematically summarize the current research progress so that more comprehensive examinations of various databases related to CMM anti-asthma drugs, can be performed, so as to sequentially provide effective basic data for development and application of anti-asthma drugs based on the CMM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research data published over the past 20 years for asthma treatment based on traditional CMM remedies were retrieved and collected from libraries and online databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Spring Link, Web of Science, PubChem Compound, Wan Fang, CNKI, Baidu, and Google Scholar). Information was also added from classic CMM, literature, conference papers on classic herbal formulae, and dissertations (PhD or Masters) based on traditional Chinese medicine.

RESULTS

This review systematically summarizes the experimental studies on the treatment of asthma with CMM, covering the effective chemical components, typical asthma models, important mechanisms and traditional anti-asthma CMM formulae. The therapy value of the CMM for anti-asthma is clarified, and the original data and theoretical research foundation are provided for the development of new anti-asthmatic data and research for the CMM.

CONCLUSIONS

Substantial progress against asthma has been made through relevant experimental research based on the CMM. These advances improved the theoretical basis of anti-asthma drugs for CMM and provided a theoretical basis for the application of a asthma treatment that is unique. By compiling these data, it is expected that the CMM will now contain a clearer mechanism of action and a greater amount of practical data that can be used for future anti-asthma drug research.

Syringin alleviates ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in BALB/c mice asthma model via NF-κB signaling pathway

Asthma is an allergic chronic inflammatory disease of the pulmonary airways, characterized by the infiltration of white blood cells and release of inflammatory cytokines of complex pathways linked to its pathogenesis. Syringin extracted from various medicinal plants has been used extensively for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Hence, this study was conducted to further explore the protective effects of the syringin in ovalbumin (OVA) induced-asthma mice model. OVA-sensitized BALB mice were treated intraperitonealy with three doses (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) of the syringin which was validated by the alteration in the immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, cytokines levels, histopathological evaluation inflammatory cell count, lung weight, nitrite (NO) levels, oxidative stress biomarkers and gene markers. The treatment of syringin intensely reduced the increased IgE, inflammatory cytokines, WBC count and restored the antioxidant stress markers OVA stimulated animals. In addition, a significant reduction in inflammation and mucus production was evidenced in histopathological analysis which was further validated by suppression NF-κB pathway activation by syringin. These results suggest that syringin may improve asthma symptoms in OVA-induced mice by modulating NF-κB pathway activation.

The Potential use of Honey as a Remedy for Allergic Diseases: A Mini Review

Honey has been conventionally consumed as food. However, its therapeutic properties have also gained much attention due to its application as a traditional medicine. Therapeutic properties of honey such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and wound healing have been widely reported. A number of interesting studies have reported the potential use of honey in the management of allergic diseases. Allergic diseases including anaphylaxis, asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are threatening around 20% of the world population. Although allergic reactions are somehow controllable with different drugs such as antihistamines, corticosteroids and mast cell stabilizers, modern dietary changes linked with allergic diseases have prompted studies to assess the preventive and therapeutic merits of dietary nutrients including honey. Many scientific evidences have shown that honey is able to relieve the pathological status and regulate the recruitment of inflammatory cells in cellular and animal models of allergic diseases. Clinically, a few studies demonstrated alleviation of allergic symptoms in patients after application or consumption of honey. Therefore, the objective of this mini review is to discuss the effectiveness of honey as a treatment or preventive approach for various allergic diseases. This mini review will provide insights into the potential use of honey in the management of allergic diseases in clinical settings.

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) Extract Ameliorates Hepatic Damage Induced by Ovalbumin in Mice

The liver is the most vital organ that could be influenced by inducers of hypersensitivity such as ovalbumin. The current study was carried out to explore the effects of butterbur (Petasites hybridus) extract on the ovalbumin-induced liver hypersensitivity in Swiss albino male mice. Animals were divided into 4 groups, 1^st group served as a control group, 2^nd group treated with daily oral administration of 75 mg/kg of butterbur extract, 3^rd group received single oral dose 100 mg/kg of ovalbumin to induce hypersensitivity, and 4^th group treated with oral administration of butterbur extract one-day post to the hypersensitivity induction. Ovalbumin induces a significant increase in the activity of liver enzymes and MDA and decreased the activity of CAT after the ovalbumin treatment. Histopathological investigations revealed marked pathological alterations in liver tissues in the form of hyaline degeneration and fibrosis. Additionally, heavy immune response indicated by immunostaining of MDA and TNF-α could be observed. In contrast, posttreatment with butterbur extract after hypersensitivity induction resulted in a significant decrease of liver enzymes and oxidative stress and reduced the inflammation and fibrosis of liver tissues. These results suggest that butterbur extract is considered as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapeutic herb for hypersensitivity treatment of liver.

Physicochemical and Medicinal Properties of Tualang, Gelam and Kelulut Honeys: A Comprehensive Review

Tualang, Gelam and Kelulut honeys are tropical rainforest honeys reported to have various medicinal properties. Studies related to the medicinal properties and physicochemical characteristics of these honeys are growing extensively and receiving increased attention. This review incorporated and analysed the findings on the biological and physicochemical properties of these honeys. Tualang, Gelam and Kelulut honeys were found to possess a wide variety of biological effects attributed to their physicochemical characteristics. Findings revealed that these honeys have anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties and effects on the cardiovascular system, nervous system and reproductive system. The physicochemical properties of these honeys were compared and discussed and results showed that they have high-quality contents and excellent antioxidant sources.

Wound healing efficacy of Jamun honey in diabetic mice model through reepithelialization, collagen deposition and angiogenesis

Diabetic patients are frequently afflicted with impaired wound healing where linear progression of molecular and cellular events compromised. Despite of meaningful progress in diabetic treatment, management of diabetic chronic wounds is still challenging. Jamun (Syzygium cumini) honey may be a promising candidate for diabetic wound healing and need to explore in detail. So present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Jamun honey (JH) for diabetic wound healing in in vitro wound (primary fibroblasts) model and in in vivo of diabetic mice (Streptozotocin induced) model. The fibroblast cell model was studied for migratory behaviour and myofibrolasts infiltration under honey interventions via scratch/migration assay, immuno-cytochemistry and western blot. We applied FDA approved Manuka honey (MH) as positive control and JH as test honey to evaluate wound re-epithelialization, sub-epithelial connective tissue modification and angiogenesis via histo-pathological and immuno-histochemical analysis. JH (0.1% v/v) dilution has notably improved wound closure, migration with concomitant α-SMA expressions in vitro. Topical application of JH in diabetic mice model showed significant (*p ≤ 0.05) wound closure, reepithelialization, collagen deposition (I/III) and balanced the myofibroblasts formation. It also modulated vital angiogenic markers (viz HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGF R-II) significantly (*p ≤ 0.05). All these observations depicted that JH promotes sequential stages of wound healing in diabetic mice model. The results of the present study established Jamun honey as good as Manuka honey considering wound closure, re-epithelialization, collagen deposition and pro-angiogenic potential.

Dexamethasone-loaded H2O2-activatable anti-inflammatory nanoparticles for on-demand therapy of inflammatory respiratory diseases

Asthma is a common airway inflammatory disorder, characterized by increased infiltration of leukocytes and bronchoconstriction. Dexamethasone (DEX) has been widely used in the treatment of allergic asthma. However, long-term and frequent use of DEX has side effects. We therefore reasoned that if drug carriers have intrinsic anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic activity and synergize with drug payloads, a low dose of DEX could exert sufficient therapeutic effects. In this study, we developed DEX-loaded H₂O₂-activatable boronate maltodextrin (DEX-BM) nanoparticles. DEX-BM nanoparticles released DEX in a H₂O₂-triggered manner and remarkably suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages and lung epithelial cells. In the studies of a murine allergic asthma model, DEX-BM nanoparticles (5 mg/kg) effectively inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration and airway inflammation than equivalent DEX and BM nanoparticles without noticeable side effects. We anticipate that DEX-BM nanoparticles hold great potential as therapeutic agents for various airway inflammatory diseases.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Honey Extract

Safflower honey is a unique type of monofloral honey collected from the nectar of Carthamus tinctorius L. in the Apis mellifera colonies of northwestern China. Scant information is available regarding its chemical composition and biological activities. Here, for the first time, we investigated this honey's chemical composition and evaluated its in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Basic physicochemical parameters of the safflower honey samples in comparison to established quality standards suggested that safflower honeys presented a good level of quality. The in vitro antioxidant tests showed that extract from Carthamus tinctorius L. honey (ECH) effectively scavenged DPPH and ABTS⁺ free radicals. In lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activated murine macrophages inflammatory model, ECH treatment to the cells inhibited the release of nitric oxide and down-regulated the expressions of inflammatory-relating genes (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1). The expressions of the antioxidant genes TXNRD, HO-1, and NQO-1, were significantly boosted in a concentration-dependent manner. ECH decreased the phosphorylation of IκBα and inhibited the nuclear entry of the NF-κB-p65 protein, in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, accompany with the increased expressions of Nrf-2 and HO-1, suggesting that ECH achieved the anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signal transduction and boosting the antioxidant system via activating Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling. These results, taken together, indicated that safflower honey has great potential into developing as a high-quality agriproduct.

The Role of Fucoidans Isolated from the Sporophylls of Undaria pinnatifida against Particulate-Matter-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation: Evidence of the Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses

Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a critical environment pollutant that promotes the onset and aggravation of respiratory diseases such as asthma through airway inflammation and hypersecretion of mucus. In this study, we aimed to identify the effects of fucoidans isolated from sporophylls of Undaria pinnatifida on asthma symptoms such as the inflammatory response and mucus secretion using a mouse model. Balb/c mice, intraperitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA, 10 μg) dissolved in 200 µL saline and 2 mg Al(OH)3, were exposed to PM (5 mg/m3) for 7 consecutive days. In parallel, along with PM exposure, we orally administrated fucoidans (100, 400 mg/Kg) or prednisone (5 mg/Kg), an anti-inflammatory drug. We found that oral administration of fucoidans significantly attenuated PM-induced lipid peroxidation and infiltration of inflammatory cells like F4/80+ macrophages, Gr-1+ granulocytes, and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Fucoidans also attenuated the level of PM-exacerbated IL-4, a primitive cytokine released in Th2 mediated eosinophilic asthma. This further suppressed mast cell activation, degranulation and IgE synthesis of PM exposed mice. Interestingly, fucoidans attenuated PM-exacerbated mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hyperplasia. Therefore, our results suggest that fucoidans are effective at alleviating PM-exacerbated allergic asthma symptoms by attenuating the airway inflammatory response and mucus hypersecretion.

Qi-Wei-Du-Qi-Wan and its major constituents exert an anti-asthmatic effect by inhibiting mast cell degranulation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In Asia, Qi-Wei-Du-Qi-Wan (QWDQW) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used to treat chest tightness, cough, shortness of breath, night sweats, frequent urination and asthma. QWDQW is recorded in Yi Zong Yi Ren Pian (Medical Physician's Compilation), which was written by Yang Cheng Liu during the Qing Dynasty.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The traditional Chinese medicine QWDQW is composed of 7 ingredients and has been used in the treatment of asthma in Asia for hundreds of years. However, the mechanism through which QWDQW affects the immune system in the treatment of asthma is not known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether QWDQW alleviates asthmatic symptoms in mice with chronic asthma induced by repeated stimulation with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and to explore the underlying immune modulatory mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BALB/c mice were stimulated intratracheally (i.t.) with Der p (40 μl, 2.5 μg/μl) once weekly for 6 weeks. Thirty minutes prior to Der p stimulation, the mice were treated with QWDQW (0.5 g/kg and 0.17 g/kg) orally. Three days after the last stimulation, the mice were sacrificed, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, lung histological characteristics, gene expression of lung and serum total IgE were assessed. In other experiments, RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA and then treated with QWDQW, quercetin, β-carotene, luteolin or a mixture of the three chemicals (Mix13) for 30 min, and the effects of the drugs on RBL-2H3 cell degranulation after DNP stimulation were determined.

RESULTS

QWDQW significantly reduced Der p-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and decreased total serum IgE and Der p-specific IgE levels. Histopathological examination showed that QWDQW reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and sputum secretion from goblet cells in the lungs. Gene expression analysis indicated that QWDQW reduced overproduction of IL-12、IFN-γ、IL-13、IL-4、RNATES、Eotaxin and MCP-1in lung. Additionally, QWDQW and Mix13 suppressed DNP induced RBL-2H3 degranulation, and the effect was maximal when quercetin, β-carotene and luteolin were administered together.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that QWDQW plays a role in suppressing excessive airway reaction and in specific immune modulation in a mouse model of chronic asthma and that QWDQW suppresses mast cell degranulation at defined doses of quercetin, β-carotene and luteolin.

Antidotal or protective effects of honey and one of its major polyphenols, chrysin, against natural and chemical toxicities

OBJECTIVE

Honey and its polyphenolic compounds are of main natural antioxidants that have been used in traditional medicine. The aim of this review was to identify the protective effects of honey and chrysin (a polyphenol available in honey) against the chemical and natural toxic agents.

METHOD

The scientific databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies on the antidotal effects of honey and chrysin against toxic agents.

RESULTS

This study found that honey had protective activity against toxic agents-induced organ damages by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. However, clinical trial studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of honey and chrysin as antidote agents in human intoxication.

CONCLUSION

Honey and chrysin may be effective against toxic agents. (www.actabiomedica.it).

S-Allyl cysteine reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation and mucus overproduction on ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma model

S-Allyl cysteine (SAC) is an active component in garlic and has various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities. In this study, we explored the suppressive effects of SAC on allergic airway inflammation induced in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse model. To induce asthma, BALB/c mice were sensitized to OVA on days 0 and 14 by intraperitoneal injection and exposed to OVA from days 21 to 23 using a nebulizer. SAC was administered to mice by oral gavage at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg from days 18 to 23. SAC significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell counts, and Th2 type cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid induced by OVA exposure, which was accompanied by reduced serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E. In histological analysis of the lung tissue, administration of SAC reduced inflammatory cell accumulation into lung tissue and mucus production in airway goblet cells induced by OVA exposure. Additionally, SAC significantly decreased MUC5AC expression and nuclear factor-κB phosphorylation induced by OVA exposure. In summary, SAC effectively suppressed allergic airway inflammation and mucus production in OVA-challenged asthmatic mice. Therefore, SAC shows potential for use in treating allergic asthma.