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Ashe‐Jepson E, Arizala Cobo S, Basset Y, Bladon AJ, Kleckova I, Laird‐Hopkins BC, Mcfarlane A, Sam K, Savage AF, Zamora AC, Turner EC, Lamarre GPA. Tropical butterflies use thermal buffering and thermal tolerance as alternative strategies to cope with temperature increase. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1759-1770. [PMID: 37438871 PMCID: PMC10953451 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses a severe threat to many taxa, with increased mean temperatures and frequency of extreme weather events predicted. Insects can respond to high temperatures using behaviour, such as angling their wings away from the sun or seeking cool local microclimates to thermoregulate or through physiological tolerance. In a butterfly community in Panama, we compared the ability of adult butterflies from 54 species to control their body temperature across a range of air temperatures (thermal buffering ability), as well as assessing the critical thermal maxima for a subset of 24 species. Thermal buffering ability and tolerance were influenced by family, wing length, and wing colour, with Pieridae, and butterflies that are large or darker in colour having the strongest thermal buffering ability, but Hesperiidae, small, and darker butterflies tolerating the highest temperatures. We identified an interaction between thermal buffering ability and physiological tolerance, where species with stronger thermal buffering abilities had lower thermal tolerance, and vice versa. This interaction implies that species with more stable body temperatures in the field may be more vulnerable to increases in ambient temperatures, for example heat waves associated with ongoing climate change. Our study demonstrates that tropical species employ diverse thermoregulatory strategies, which is also reflected in their sensitivity to temperature extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Maestria de EntomologiaUniversity of PanamaPanamaRepublic of Panama
| | | | - Irena Kleckova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Benita C. Laird‐Hopkins
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Alex Mcfarlane
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Amanda F. Savage
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Ana Cecilia Zamora
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | | | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
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Yang J, Wang D, Liu H, Wang L, Jin L, Ahola V, Xu C, Wang R. Three amino acid substitutions contributing to thermostability of phosphoglucose isomerase in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:758-770. [PMID: 36342954 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that affect organisms, especially ectotherms, due to its effects on protein stability. Understanding the general rules that govern thermostability changes in proteins to adapt high-temperature environments is crucial. Here, we report the amino acid substitutions of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) related to thermostability in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). The PGI encoded by the most common allele in M. cinxia in the Chinese population (G3-PGI), which is more thermal tolerant, is more stable under heat stress than that in the Finnish population (D1-PGI). There are 5 amino acid substitutions between G3-PGI and D1-PGI. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the combination of amino acid substitutions of H35Q, M49T, and I64V may increase PGI thermostability. These substitutions alter the 3D structure to increase the interaction between 2 monomers of PGI. Through molecular dynamics simulations, it was found that the amino acid at site 421 is more stable in G3-PGI, confining the motion of the α-helix 420-441 and stabilizing the interaction between 2 PGI monomers. The strategy for high-temperature adaptation through these 3 amino acid substitutions is also adopted by other butterfly species (Boloria eunomia, Aglais urticae, Colias erate, and Polycaena lua) concurrent with M. cinxia in the Tianshan Mountains of China, i.e., convergent evolution in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Virpi Ahola
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chongren Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongjiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Zhang L, Zhang ZR, Zheng YQ, Zhang LJ, Wang MY, Wang XT, Yuan ML. Genome-wide gene expression profiles of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) under cold temperatures provide insights into body color variation. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21797. [PMID: 34272770 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold temperatures are one of the factors influencing color polymorphisms in Acyrthosiphon pisum, resulting in a change from a red to greenish color. Here we characterized gene expression profiles of A. pisum under different low temperatures (1°C, 4°C, 8°C, and 14°C) and durations (3, 6, 12, and 24 h). The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increased as temperatures decreased and time increased, but only a small number of significant DEGs were identified. Genes involved in pigment metabolism were downregulated. An interaction network analysis for 506 common DEGs in comparisons among aphids exposed to 1°C for four durations indicated that a cytochrome P450 gene (CYP, LOC112935894) significantly downregulated may interact with a carotenoid metabolism gene (LOC100574964), similar to other genes encoding CYP, lycopene dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase. We proposed that the body color shift in A. pisum responding to low temperatures may be regulated by CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Biology, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou-Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Biology, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Zheng
- Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
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Montejo-Kovacevich G, Martin SH, Meier JI, Bacquet CN, Monllor M, Jiggins CD, Nadeau NJ. Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb220426. [PMID: 32165433 PMCID: PMC7174841 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.220426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microclimatic variability in tropical forests plays a key role in shaping species distributions and their ability to cope with environmental change, especially for ectotherms. Nonetheless, currently available climatic datasets lack data from the forest interior and, furthermore, our knowledge of thermal tolerance among tropical ectotherms is limited. We therefore studied natural variation in the microclimate experienced by tropical butterflies in the genus Heliconius across their Andean range in a single year. We found that the forest strongly buffers temperature and humidity in the understorey, especially in the lowlands, where temperatures are more extreme. There were systematic differences between our yearly records and macroclimate databases (WorldClim2), with lower interpolated minimum temperatures and maximum temperatures higher than expected. We then assessed thermal tolerance of 10 Heliconius butterfly species in the wild and found that populations at high elevations had significantly lower heat tolerance than those at lower elevations. However, when we reared populations of the widespread H. erato from high and low elevations in a common-garden environment, the difference in heat tolerance across elevations was reduced, indicating plasticity in this trait. Microclimate buffering is not currently captured in publicly available datasets, but could be crucial for enabling upland shifting of species sensitive to heat such as highland Heliconius Plasticity in thermal tolerance may alleviate the effects of global warming on some widespread ectotherm species, but more research is needed to understand the long-term consequences of plasticity on populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Joana I Meier
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- St John's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Monica Monllor
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nicola J Nadeau
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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5
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Gleason LU, Strand EL, Hizon BJ, Dowd WW. Plasticity of thermal tolerance and its relationship with growth rate in juvenile mussels ( Mytilus californianus). Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2617. [PMID: 29669896 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex life cycles characterized by uncertainty at transitions between larval/juvenile and adult environments could favour irreversible physiological plasticity at such transitions. To assess whether thermal tolerance of intertidal mussels (Mytilus californianus) adjusts to post-settlement environmental conditions, we collected juveniles from their thermally buffered microhabitat from high- and low-shore locations at cool (wave-exposed) and warm (wave-protected) sites. Juveniles were transplanted to unsheltered cages at the two low sites or placed in a common garden. Juveniles transplanted to the warm site for one month in summer had higher thermal tolerance, regardless of origin site. By contrast, common-garden juveniles from all sites had lower tolerance indistinguishable from exposed site transplants. After six months in the field plus a common garden period, there was a trend for higher thermal tolerance at the protected site, while reduced thermal tolerance at both sites indicated seasonal acclimatization. Thermal tolerance and growth rate were inversely related after one but not six months; protected-site transplants were more tolerant but grew more slowly. In contrast to juveniles, adults from low-shore exposed and protected sites retained differences in thermal tolerance after common garden treatment in summer. Both irreversible and reversible forms of plasticity must be considered in organismal responses to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lani U Gleason
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, 1 LMU Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA .,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Emma L Strand
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, 1 LMU Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Brian J Hizon
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, 1 LMU Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - W Wesley Dowd
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, 1 LMU Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Franke K, Karl I, Centeno TP, Feldmeyer B, Lassek C, Oostra V, Riedel K, Stanke M, Wheat CW, Fischer K. Effects of adult temperature on gene expression in a butterfly: identifying pathways associated with thermal acclimation. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:32. [PMID: 30674272 PMCID: PMC6345059 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic plasticity is a pervasive property of all organisms and considered to be of key importance for dealing with environmental variation. Plastic responses to temperature, which is one of the most important ecological factors, have received much attention over recent decades. A recurrent pattern of temperature-induced adaptive plasticity includes increased heat tolerance after exposure to warmer temperatures and increased cold tolerance after exposure to cooler temperatures. However, the mechanisms underlying these plastic responses are hitherto not well understood. Therefore, we here investigate effects of adult acclimation on gene expression in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, using an RNAseq approach. RESULTS We show that several antioxidant markers (e.g. peroxidase, cytochrome P450) were up-regulated at a higher temperature compared with a lower adult temperature, which might play an important role in the acclamatory responses subsequently providing increased heat tolerance. Furthermore, several metabolic pathways were up-regulated at the higher temperature, likely reflecting increased metabolic rates. In contrast, we found no evidence for a decisive role of the heat shock response. CONCLUSIONS Although the important role of antioxidant defence mechanisms in alleviating detrimental effects of oxidative stress is firmly established, we speculate that its potentially important role in mediating heat tolerance and survival under stress has been underestimated thus far and thus deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Franke
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabell Karl
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tonatiuh Pena Centeno
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Molecular Ecology Group, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Lassek
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vicencio Oostra
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mario Stanke
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany. .,Present address: Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraße 1, D-56070, Koblenz, Germany.
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7
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Life-stage related responses to combined effects of acclimation temperature and humidity on the thermal tolerance of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Therm Biol 2019; 79:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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de Jong MA, Saastamoinen M. Environmental and genetic control of cold tolerance in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:636-645. [PMID: 29424462 PMCID: PMC5969317 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermal tolerance has a major effect on individual fitness and species distributions and can be determined by genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity. We investigate the effects of developmental and adult thermal conditions on cold tolerance, measured as chill coma recovery (CCR) time, during the early and late adult stage in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. We also investigate the genetic basis of cold tolerance by associating CCR variation with polymorphisms in candidate genes that have a known role in insect physiology. Our results demonstrate that a cooler developmental temperature leads to reduced cold tolerance in the early adult stage, whereas cooler conditions during the adult stage lead to increased cold tolerance. This suggests that adult acclimation, but not developmental plasticity, of adult cold tolerance is adaptive. This could be explained by the ecological conditions the Glanville fritillary experiences in the field, where temperature during early summer, but not spring, is predictive of thermal conditions during the butterfly's flight season. In addition, an amino acid polymorphism (Ala-Glu) in the gene flightin, which has a known function in insect flight and locomotion, was associated with CCR. These amino acids have distinct biochemical properties and may thus affect protein function and/or structure. To our knowledge, our study is the first to link genetic variation in flightin to cold tolerance, or thermal adaptation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. de Jong
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - M. Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Duplouy A, Wong SC, Corander J, Lehtonen R, Hanski I. Genetic effects on life-history traits in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3371. [PMID: 28560112 PMCID: PMC5446771 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to local habitat conditions may lead to the natural divergence of populations in life-history traits such as body size, time of reproduction, mate signaling or dispersal capacity. Given enough time and strong enough selection pressures, populations may experience local genetic differentiation. The genetic basis of many life-history traits, and their evolution according to different environmental conditions remain however poorly understood. METHODS We conducted an association study on the Glanville fritillary butterfly, using material from five populations along a latitudinal gradient within the Baltic Sea region, which show different degrees of habitat fragmentation. We investigated variation in 10 principal components, cofounding in total 21 life-history traits, according to two environmental types, and 33 genetic SNP markers from 15 candidate genes. RESULTS We found that nine SNPs from five genes showed strong trend for trait associations (p-values under 0.001 before correction). These associations, yet non-significant after multiple test corrections, with a total number of 1,086 tests, were consistent across the study populations. Additionally, these nine genes also showed an allele frequency difference between the populations from the northern fragmented versus the southern continuous landscape. DISCUSSION Our study provides further support for previously described trait associations within the Glanville fritillary butterfly species across different spatial scales. Although our results alone are inconclusive, they are concordant with previous studies that identified these associations to be related to climatic changes or habitat fragmentation within the Åland population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Swee C Wong
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Niitepõld K, Saastamoinen M. A Candidate Gene in an Ecological Model Species: Phosphoglucose Isomerase (Pgi) in the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). ANN ZOOL FENN 2017. [DOI: 10.5735/086.054.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Niitepõld
- Metapopulation Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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RNA sequencing reveals differential thermal regulation mechanisms between sexes of Glanville fritillary butterfly in the Tianshan Mountains, China. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1423-1433. [PMID: 27649991 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia; Nymphalidae) has been extensively studied as a model species in metapopulation ecology. We investigated in the earlier studies that female butterflies exhibit higher thermal tolerance than males in the Tianshan Mountains of China. We aim to understand the molecular mechanism of differences of thermal responses between sexes. We used RNA-seq approach and performed de novo assembly of transcriptome to compare the gene expression patterns between two sexes after heat stress. All the reads were assembled into 84,376 transcripts and 72,701 unigenes. The number of differential expressed genes (DEGs) between control and heat shock samples was 175 and 268 for males and females, respectively. Heat shock proteins genes (hsps) were up-regulated in response to heat stress in both males and females. Most of the up-regulated hsps showed higher fold changes in males than in females. Females expressed more ribosomal subunit protein genes, transcriptional elongation factor genes, and methionine-rich storage protein genes, participating in protein synthesis. It indicated that protein synthesis is needed for females to replace the damaged proteins due to heat shock. In addition, aspartate decarboxylase might contribute to thermal tolerance in females. These differences in gene expression may at least partly explain the response to high temperature stress, and the fact that females exhibit higher thermal tolerance.
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Li Y, Andersson S. The 3-D Structural Basis for the Pgi Genotypic Differences in the Performance of the Butterfly Melitaea cinxia at Different Temperatures. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160191. [PMID: 27462709 PMCID: PMC4962976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genotype-by-environment interaction has long been used to unveil the genetic variation that affects Darwinian fitness, the mechanisms underlying the interaction usually remain unknown. Genetic variation at the dimeric glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase (Pgi) has been observed to interact with temperature to explain the variation in the individual performance of the butterfly Melitaea cinxia. At relatively high temperature, individuals with Pgi-non-f genotypes generally surpass those with Pgi-f genotypes, while the opposite applies at relatively low temperature. In this study, we did protein structure predictions and BlastP homology searches with the aim to understand the structural basis for this temperature-dependent difference in the performance of M. cinxia. Our results show that, at amino acid (AA) site 372, one of the two sites that distinguish Pgi-f (the translated polypeptide of the Pgi-f allele) from Pgi-non-f (the translated polypeptide of the Pgi-non-f allele), the Pgi-non-f-related residue strengthens an electrostatic attraction between a pair of residues (Glu373-Lys472) that are from different monomers, compared to the Pgi-f-related residue. Further, BlastP searches of animal protein sequences reveal a dramatic excess of electrostatically attractive combinations of the residues at the Pgi AA sites equivalent to sites 373 and 472 in M. cinxia. This suggests that factors enhancing the inter-monomer interaction between these two sites, and therefore helping the tight association of two Pgi monomers, are favourable. Our homology-modelling results also show that, at the second AA site that distinguishes Pgi-f from Pgi-non-f in M. cinxia, the Pgi-non-f-related residue is more entropy-favourable (leading to higher structural stability) than the Pgi-f-related residue. To sum up, this study suggests a higher structural stability of the protein products of the Pgi-non-f genotypes than those of the Pgi-f genotypes, which may explain why individuals carrying Pgi-non-f genotypes outperform those carrying Pgi-f genotypes at stressful high temerature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wong SC, Oksanen A, Mattila ALK, Lehtonen R, Niitepõld K, Hanski I. Effects of ambient and preceding temperatures and metabolic genes on flight metabolism in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 85:23-31. [PMID: 26658138 PMCID: PMC4739062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flight is essential for foraging, mate searching and dispersal in many insects, but flight metabolism in ectotherms is strongly constrained by temperature. Thermal conditions vary greatly in natural populations and may hence restrict fitness-related activities. Working on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia), we studied the effects of temperature experienced during the first 2 days of adult life on flight metabolism, genetic associations between flight metabolic rate and variation in candidate metabolic genes, and genotype-temperature interactions. The maximal flight performance was reduced by 17% by 2 days of low ambient temperature (15 °C) prior to the flight trial, mimicking conditions that butterflies commonly encounter in nature. A SNP in phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) had a significant association on flight metabolic rate in males and a SNP in triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) was significantly associated with flight metabolic rate in females. In the Pgi SNP, AC heterozygotes had higher flight metabolic rate than AA homozygotes following low preceding temperature, but the trend was reversed following high preceding temperature, consistent with previous results on genotype-temperature interaction for this SNP. We suggest that these results on 2-day old butterflies reflect thermal effect on the maturation of flight muscles. These results highlight the consequences of variation in thermal conditions on the time scale of days, and they contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamics of flight metabolism and flight-related activities under conditions that are relevant for natural populations living under variable thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Chong Wong
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Alma Oksanen
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biology, P.O. Box 111, 80101 University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anniina L K Mattila
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine & Genome-Scale Biology Research Program Biomedicum 1, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristjan Niitepõld
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Mattila ALK. Thermal biology of flight in a butterfly: genotype, flight metabolism, and environmental conditions. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5539-51. [PMID: 27069604 PMCID: PMC4813115 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the effects of thermal conditions on animal movement and dispersal is necessary for a mechanistic understanding of the consequences of climate change and habitat fragmentation. In particular, the flight of ectothermic insects such as small butterflies is greatly influenced by ambient temperature. Here, variation in body temperature during flight is investigated in an ecological model species, the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). Attention is paid on the effects of flight metabolism, genotypes at candidate loci, and environmental conditions. Measurements were made under a natural range of conditions using infrared thermal imaging. Heating of flight muscles by flight metabolism has been presumed to be negligible in small butterflies. However, the results demonstrate that Glanville fritillary males with high flight metabolic rate maintain elevated body temperature better during flight than males with a low rate of flight metabolism. This effect is likely to have a significant influence on the dispersal performance and fitness of butterflies and demonstrates the possible importance of intraspecific physiological variation on dispersal in other similar ectothermic insects. The results also suggest that individuals having an advantage in low ambient temperatures can be susceptible to overheating at high temperatures. Further, tolerance of high temperatures may be important for flight performance, as indicated by an association of heat-shock protein (Hsp70) genotype with flight metabolic rate and body temperature at takeoff. The dynamics of body temperature at flight and factors affecting it also differed significantly between female and male butterflies, indicating that thermal dynamics are governed by different mechanisms in the two sexes. This study contributes to knowledge about factors affecting intraspecific variation in dispersal-related thermal performance in butterflies and other insects. Such information is needed for predictive models of the evolution of dispersal in the face of habitat fragmentation and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina L K Mattila
- Metapopulation Research Centre Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
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15
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Luo S, Ahola V, Shu C, Xu C, Wang R. Heat shock protein 70 gene family in the Glanville fritillary butterfly and their response to thermal stress. Gene 2015; 556:132-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Wang L, Yang S, Han L, Fan D, Zhao K. Phenotypic plasticity of HSP70s gene expression during diapause: signs of evolutionary responses to cold stress among Soybean Pod Borer populations (Leguminivora glycinivorella) in Northeast of China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109465. [PMID: 25330365 PMCID: PMC4198119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella Matsumura) successfully survives the winter because of its high expression of 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70s) during its overwintering diapause. The amount of HSP70s is different under different environmental stresses. In this study, inducible heat shock protein 70 and its constitutive heat shock cognate 70 were cloned by RT-PCR and RACE. These genes were named Lg-hsp70 and Lg-hsc70, respectively. Gene transcription and protein expression after cold stress treatment (5°C to −5°C) were analyzed by western blotting and by qRT-PCR for four populations that were sampled in the northeast region of China, including Shenyang, Gongzhuling, Harbin and Heihe, when the soybean pod borer was in diapause. As the cold shock temperature decreased, the levels of Lg-HSP70s were significantly up-regulated. The amount of cold-induced Lg-HSP70s was highest in the southernmost population (Shenyang, 41°50′N) and lowest in the northernmost population (Heihe, 50°22′N). These results support the hypothesis that the soybean pod borer in the northeast region of China displays phenotypic plasticity, and the accumulation of Lg-HSP70s is a strategy for overcoming environmental stress. These results also suggest that the induction of HSP70 synthesis, which is a complex physiological adaptation, can evolve quickly and inherit stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lanlan Han
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Fan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kuijun Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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